forest management diseases and pests that effect a good harvest stand
TRANSCRIPT
Forest Management
Diseases and Pests
that effect a good harvest stand
What is a Disease?
Definition disorder that is
caused by something specific with consistant symptoms.
Types of Diseases…Abiotic
nonliving agent causeBiotic
living agent causes• fungus, bacteria,
parasite, virus, nematodes
Fungus
Most destructive in forests Threadlike plants that do not make their
own food.Parasitic- when taking food from a living
treeSaprophytic- when taking food from dead
trees to aid in humus production.
Biotic Diseases of Trees
Wood Rots
Cause: Fungus decay in trees Break down cellulose
and lignin in cell walls Very harmful because
they are hard to detect from the outside of a living tree.
2 TypesWhite Rot- break
down of cellulose and lignin in the cell walls.
Brown Rot- only break down cellulose
70% of all timber lost
Biotic Disease continued...
Symptoms Conk- specialized
growth on outside containing fungal spores spread when opened. • Look like
mushrooms growing on the sides of the trunk
Prevention Prevent scaring of
trees Rotate harvest age Harvest more
frequently in mixed age forests
Using these methods doesn’t give fungus the chance to grow.
CankerCause
fungus entering through wounds in the bark
cause lesions that produce callus tissue and damage the woody tissue of the tree, making it less valuable
Symptoms weak trees decay for no apparent
reason lesions may be present
CankerTreatment
Eliminate infected trees from the stand
Prevention avoid scaring trees discard infected trees
RustWhite Pine Blister
fungus disease that contain different spores; effects trees, currents, and gooseberries.
White Pine and Oak is very susceptible
Fusiform fungal disease that
affects Southern Pine and some Oak.
Rust continued...Symptoms
spotted red or brown discoloration of stems and/or leaves
may infest in cones, needles, and stems of conifers
infest only leaves of certain hardwoods
Treatment/Prevention fungicidal treatments plant resistant
varieties rid host plants
** All fungi that causes rust spends its live on two different unrelated host plants
WiltCause
fungus invades and grows in the vessles of the xylem tissue.
Why is this harmful?
EX) Dutch Elm Disease is a form of wilt.
Treatment/Prevention Eliminate insects as
they spread disease discard infected trees be award of root graft
• tree roots grow together underground
** Notice that the oak trees affected by wilt will drop their leaves in the middle of summer.
All three trees in picture show signs of wilt
Sunscald
Cause direct sunlight for
extended amount of time
freezing temps followed by a few days of hot sun in late winter/early spring
Symptoms bark damage color change
Prevention/Treatment None weather related
Insects
Types of Damage Bark Borers Defoliators Root Feeders Terminal Feeders Sucking Insects
Bark Borers
Bore tunnels into bark and woody parts
Female lays eggs in tunnelsLarvae feed on xylem and
phloem tissues
Why is this a big deal?
Defoliators
Insects feed off leaves and needlesFew insects can completely remove foliage
from tree in a single seasonHow does this affect the tree?
Birch, Maple (both black and sugar)
Root Feeders
Destroy the rooting tissue when tender and prevent growth.
Insects include: wireworms, grubs, weevilWhy is this a concern?
Terminal Feeders
Insects that feed on terminal leaders terminal leaders determine which way a
branch will grow
Cause deformities in branches and quality of trunk is reduced.
Insects include: Pine moth and weevil
Sucking InsectsInsects equipped with mouthparts
that imbed into the leaves and suck out all the chlorophyll and produce honeydew.
Why is this bad??Insects include: Aphids, mites,
leafhoppers, lice, scales, cicadas, spittlebugs
Affects all trees
Air Pollution
Abiotic disease caused by Sulfur and Nitrogen compounds given off by exhaust fumes and factories
Damage occurs in leaves and effects photosynthesis
How can we control these problems?
Mechanical/Biological Control remove dead, decayed trees invite birds into territory introduced predator insects ex)ladybug, ants
Chemical Control insecticides, fungicides must be careful when applying
Integrated Pest Management
IPM makes use of all methods in a safe way
depends on the use of natural insects first then adds other defense mechanisms
Encourages genetically engineered resistant crops to be planted