forestsasa renewable source of vital ......3 programme committee chairman – andrey selikhovkin,...
TRANSCRIPT
2009 IAWS PLENARY MEETING AND CONFERENCE
FORESTS AS A RENEWABLE SOURCE
OF VITAL VALUES FOR CHANGING WORLD
15 – 21 June 2009
Saint-Petersburg – Moscow, Russia
Saint-Petersburg, Russia
2009
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ORGANIZED BY
INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF WOOD SCIENCE
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy
Moscow State Forest University
with support of Regional Coordinating Council of Wood Science
Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Science
EFI Project Center PROCES
Proceeding Editor: Prof. Andrey Selikhovkin
The organizing committee is not responsible for the content of this publication.
Additional copies may be obtained at St. Petersburg Forest Technical Academy,
Institutsky per., 5 194021, St. Petersburg, Russia
Congress Department
e-mail: [email protected]
tel.: +7 812 550 02 53
fax: +7 812 550 25 73
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Programme committee
Chairman –
Andrey Selikhovkin, Rector of Saint-Petersburg State Forest
Technical Academy
Co-chairman – Xavier Deglise, Past President of IAWS
Co-chairman – Viktor Sanaev, Rector of Moscow State Forestry University
Co-chairman – Vyacheslav Suslov, Rector of Saint-Petersburg State University
of Plant Polimers
Vice-Chairman – Alexander Alekseev, Vice-rector for Education and International
Activity of Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy
Vice-Chairman – Valentin Shalaev, Vice-rector for International Activity of
Moscow State Forestry University
Lev Utkin, Vice-rector for Research Work of Saint-Petersburg
State Forest Technical Academy
Boris Ugolev, Professor of Moscow State Forestry University
Mikhail Zarubin, Head of Department of Saint-Petersburg State
Forest Technical Academy
Victor Soloviev, Head of Department of Saint-Petersburg State
Forest Technical Academy
Ivan Deyneko, Professor of Saint-Petersburg State Forest
Technical Academy
Dmitry Ponomarev, Professor of Saint-Petersburg State Forest
Technical Academy
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CONTENT
WELCOMING WORDS..................................................................................................................... 13
Lennart Salmén, Vice-president IAWS............................................................................................. 13 Rector of SPb FTA, Professor Andrey Selikhovkin.......................................................................... 15 Rector of Moscow State Forest University, Victor G.SANAEV ....................................................... 16 ACADEMY LECTURE: WOOD AS NATURAL SMART MATERIAL
Boris UGOLEV ................................................................................................................................ 17 FORESTS AND FOREST RESOURCES OF RUSSIA AND THEIR USE
Alexander Alekseev .......................................................................................................................... 20 EFFECT OF BARK CONTENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD-HDPE
Rostampour haftkhani Akbar, Ebrahimi Ghanbar........................................................................... 21 STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION OF CELL WALL POLYMERS DURING EARLYWOOD AND
LATEWOOD FORMATION IN LARCH
Galina F. Antonova .......................................................................................................................... 22 DRYING OF THE PINEWOOD MODEL MATERIAL BY THE PNEUMOIMPULSE METHOD
Andis Antons, Jānis Dolacis, Anatolijs Engelbrehts........................................................................ 23 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PHLOEM AND XYLEM IN THE STEMS OF TREES WITH
DIFFERENT GROWTH RATE
N. V. Astrahantseva, V. P. Cherkashin, V. V. Stasova, G. F. Antonova .......................................... 24 EFFECT OF SEA LEVEL VARIATION ON WOOD PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF CYPRESS (CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS) Reza Bakhshi, Majid Kiaei ............................................................................................................... 25 THE EFFECT OF TREATMENTS OF HEATING AND STEAMING ON THE CHANGING OF
DIMENSION AND WEIGH SAMPLES (FIR AND PINE)
Ali Bayatkashkoli, Mohammad Dahmardeh, Mohammad Shamsian, Mortaza Nazerian ............... 26 THE EFFECT OF TREATMENTS OF HEATING AND STEAMING ON THE CHANGING OF
DIMENSION AND WEIGH SAMPLES (POPLAR AND BEECH)
Ali Bayatkashkoli, Mohammad Dahmardeh, Mohammad Shamsian, Mortaza Nazerian ............... 27 EFFECT OF ORGANO-MODIFIED LAYERED SILICATES ON FLAMMABILITY
PERFORMANCE OF WOOD POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE
Behzad Kord ..................................................................................................................................... 28 PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLYWOOD MADE FROM DENSIFIED
VENEER
Bekhta P., Hiziroglu S., Sheplyuk O................................................................................................. 29 AN AGEING EXPRESSION IN TREE-RING WIDTH VARIATION IN CONIFERS, GROWING
IN THE NORTHERN TIMBERLINE
Vera E. Benkova, Alexander V. Shashkin, Anna V. Kuptsova ......................................................... 30 PROPERTIES OF FIRE-RETARDANT VIBRATION-ABSORBING PLYWOOD
Vitaliy G. Biryukov, Sergey N. Mishkov, Andrey V. Sobolev........................................................... 31
5
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF LIGNIN-CARBOHYDRATE
MATRIX
Konstantin G. Bogolitsyn ................................................................................................................. 32 STUDY OF СО2 EXCHANGE IN SILVER BIRCH (BETULA PENDULA VAR. PENDULА) AND CURLY BIRCH (BETULA PENDULA VAR. CARELICA) SAPLINGS Victor K. Bolondinskiy ..................................................................................................................... 34 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRIED SPRUCE WOOD
Marc Borrega and Petri P. Kärenlampi .......................................................................................... 35 CONTINUOUS QUALITY CONTROL OF GLUED LAMINATED BEAM
A.N. Chubinsky, A.A. Tambi............................................................................................................. 36 THE MANUFACTURE OF PARTICLEBOARDS USING MIXTURE OF REED (SURFACE
LAYER) AND COMMERICAL SPECIES (MIDDLE LAYER)
Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghalehno, Morteza Nazerian, Ali Bayat Kashkooli ................................ 37 INVESTIGATION ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION VARIATION OF PLANTED MAPLE
(ACER VELUTINUM) Eshagh Ebadi, Ramin Vaysi ............................................................................................................. 38 SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND USES OF RESINS FROM PHILIPPINE RESIN-
PRODUCING TIMBER SPECIES
Arsenio B. Ella ................................................................................................................................. 39 GREEN KERFING IN A WORLD OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Erickson, Peterson, Seavey .............................................................................................................. 40 THE RADIAL-GROETH VARIATIONS WITH CLIMATE CHANGES IN BEECH FOREST ON
THE NORTHERN OF IRAN (CASE STUDY: ASALEM REGION)
A. Eslami, M. Roshani...................................................................................................................... 41 TESTING OF ADHESION STRENGTH MATERIALS ON BASIS OF WOOD IN MICRO- AND
NANO - SCALES
Y.M. Evdokimov................................................................................................................................ 42 WOOD DELIGNIFICATION AS THE PROCESS OF LIGNIN FUNCTIONALIZATION
Edward Evstigneyev ......................................................................................................................... 43 SILICON CARBIDE CERAMICS MADE FROM WOOD WASTES
Filonov K.N., Klassen N.V., Kurlov V.N., Konovalov N.T............................................................... 44 CERTAIN PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF WOOD DRYING PROCESS USING MICROWAVE
RADIATION
V.P. Galkin ....................................................................................................................................... 45 LONG-TERM TREE-RING CHRONOLOGY FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION CLIMATE
ALTAI-SAYAN REGION DURING TWO LAST CENTURIES
Gerasimova O.V., Myglan V.S., Ojdupaa O.C................................................................................. 46 STUDY ON THE PRACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BAGASSE-POPLAR COMPOSITE
BOARD
Mohammad Ghofrani, Habib Noori................................................................................................. 47
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ON THE AGING OF HINOKI WOOD FROM THE JAPANESE CULTURAL HERITAGE
J. Gril, M. Yokoyama, M. Matsuo, K. Umemura, B. Clair, J. Sugiyama, T. Mitsutani, S. Kubodera, H. Ozaki, M. Sakamoto, M. Imamura, S. Kawai............................................................ 47 DEVELOPMENT OF WOOD PANELS FOR THE VALORISATION OF WOOD RESIDUES
AND WASTED PLASTIC MATERIALS
Daniel G. GUITARD, Edmond C. ADJOVI, Amos E. FOUDJET ................................................... 49 USE OF FTIR AS A TOOL FOR PREDICTION OF SERVICE LIFE OF WOODEN CLADDING
Barun Shankar Gupta, Bjørn Petter Jelle, Per Jostein Hovde, Petra Rüther ................................. 50 DIVERSITY PATTERN IN STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES AND USES OF COMMERCIAL
TIMBERS OF INDIA
Sangeeta Gupta ................................................................................................................................ 51 APPLICATION OF NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST FOR ASSESSING PROPERTY CHANGES IN
DECAYED WOOD OF IRANIAN BEECH (FAGUS ORIENTALIS) Mohsen Hashemi, Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghaleno...................................................................... 52 KNOTS IN TREES – AN EXCEPTIONALLY RICH SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE POLYPHENOLS
Bjarne Holmbom .............................................................................................................................. 53 THE INVESTIGATION ON THE POSSIBILITY OF PRODUCING PARTICLEBOARD FROM
KIWI PRUNING PARTICLES AND INDUSTRIAL WOOD PARTICLES
Hoseinzadeh, A., Noorbakhsh, A., and Varshoei, A......................................................................... 54 PREFABRICATED BAMBOO PANEL HOUSE FOR DISASTER RELIEF
Jiang Zehui, Chen Xuhe, Yu Yan and Wang Zheng ......................................................................... 55 CYPROCONAZOLE IMPREGNATION INTO WOOD USING SUB-CRITICAL CARBON
DIOXIDE
Sung-Mo Kang, Myeung-Won Cho, Suk-Kuwon Kim ...................................................................... 56 DEVELOPING ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF
DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUMCHLORIDE (DDAC) USING HPLC-MS (APPLICATION
TO TREATING SOLUTION AND PRESERVATIVES TREATED WOOD)
Sung-Mo Kang, Myeung-Won Cho, Suk-Kuwon Kim ...................................................................... 57 MASS LOSS OF STUMPS AND LOGS IN RESULT OF DECOMPOSITION IN BOREAL
FORESTS
Kapitsa E.A., Shorohova E.V., Kuznetsov A.A., Rjabinin B.N. ........................................................ 58 NEW EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO MODELLING TREE STEM FORM AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
Natalya Kaplina ............................................................................................................................... 59 CONCEPTION OF LIGNIN’S TOPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Karmanov A.P. ................................................................................................................................. 60 WOOD DECOMPOSITION EFFECT CAUSED BY LIGNIN-DEGRADING FUNGI
PHANEROCHAETE SANGUINEA AND CERIPORIOPSIS SUBVERMISPORA Igor A. Kazartsev, Victor A. Soloviev .............................................................................................. 61 A STUDY ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NETTLE TREE IN CASPIAN OF FORESTS
F. Kazemnezhad & J. Afroze............................................................................................................ 62
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SCRUTINY PERCENT BARK VOLUME BEECH AND HORNBEAM IN THE CASPIAN OF
FOREST
F. Kazemnezhad & S. Akhshabi ....................................................................................................... 63 SOME OF PHYSICAL AND STATIC BENDING PROPERTIES OF CYPRESS WOOD
(CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENCE) IN NORTH’S OF IRAN NATURAL FOREST Majid Kiaeai, Reza Bakhshi ............................................................................................................. 64 EFFECT ELEVATION ALTITUDES OF SEA LEVEL ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
HORNBEAM (CASE STUDY IN MASHELAK FOREST OF IRAN)
Majid Kiaeai, Reza Bakhshi ............................................................................................................. 65 WOOD OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS AS AN INFORMATION RESOURCE
Margarita Kisternaya, Valery Kozlov.............................................................................................. 66 TREE RING STABLE ISOTOPES (δ
13С AND δ
18О) IN DENDROCLIMATIC STUDIES OF
CENTRAL SIBERIA
A.A. Knorre, A.V. Kirdyanov, Мatthias Saurer, Olga V. Sidorova, Rolf T.W. Siegwolf ............... 67 INVESTIGATION OF POPLAR WOOD POPULUS NIGRA AND PINE WOOD PINUS SILVESTRIS CELLS QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF LIGNIN’S ULTRASTRUCTURE Kocheva L.S., Karmanov A.P........................................................................................................... 68 FOREST MANAGEMENT IN PINE STANDS AND THEIR IMPACT ON WOOD QUALITY
Valery Kozlov, Margarita Kisternaya.............................................................................................. 69 NEW APPROACH TO TIMBER INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STANDARDIZATION
Anatoliy Kuritsyn.............................................................................................................................. 70 STATE OF THE KARELIAN BIRCH IN KARELIA
N. V. Laur ......................................................................................................................................... 71 INCREASING OF ECOLOGICALLY HIGH QUALITY OF WOOD BOARDS ON CARBAMIDE-
FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Leonovich A.A., Dolgih O.L. ............................................................................................................ 72 A HEARTWOOD FORMATION PROCESS IN CONNECTION WITH CHANGE OF WOOD
PROPERTIES WITH THE AGE
L.L. Leontiev..................................................................................................................................... 73 CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH AND WOOD FORMATION OF THE LINDEN IN VARIOS
CONDITIONS
L.L. Leontiev..................................................................................................................................... 73 STUDYING OF PROPERTIES OF WOOD OF THE PINE IN GEOGRAPHICAL CULTURES IN
NORTHWEST OF RUSSIA
L.L. Leontiev, M.A. Nikolaeva.......................................................................................................... 74 FUEL RESOURCE OF FOREST BIOENERGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. MODERN
CONDITION AND IMMEDIATE PROSPECTS
Andry B. Levin, Yury P. Semenov, Valery S. Sukhanov ................................................................... 75 THE PECULIARITIES OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF SIBERIAN FIR-TREE AND
BALSAM FIR-TREE INTRODUCED IN MOSCOW REGION
Viktor D. Lomov, Mikhail D. Merzlenko, Alla A. Zakharova .......................................................... 76
8
THE THEORY OF MICROPORE VOLUME FILLING: NEW APPROACH TO ANALYSIS OF
WATER SORPTION ISOTHERMS BY WOOD
Sergei R. Loskutov............................................................................................................................ 77 TO THE DEFINITION OF NORMS YIELDS OF LOGS QUARTER SAWN TIMDER WITH
CLEAVE-SECTOR METHOD OF CUTTING
Natalya V. Marchenko, George B. Inozemzev ................................................................................. 78 PAPER MILL SLUDGE AS FIBER ADDITIVE IN ASPHALT MIX FOR ROAD PAVEMENT
Mari, E. L, Moran, Ma. S. R. and Austria, C.O. .............................................................................. 78 STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIO IN TREE RINGS OF HINOKI EXPOSED TO AIR
POLLUTION
Suyako Mizuno, Ayato Kohzu, Takeshi Nakatuka and Junji Sugiyama............................................ 79 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF LAMINATED VENEER
LUMBER: EFFECTS OF WOOD SPECIES (POPULUS DELTOIDS AND TAMARIX APHILA) AND LOADING DIRECTION
Morteza Nazerian, Hossin Kermaniyan, Hossin Rangavar ............................................................. 80 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ROMANIAN FORESTRY SECTOR, AS A REACTION
TO FOREST RELATED ILLEGAL PRACTICES
Raluca NICHIFOREL, Liviu NICHIFOREL.................................................................................... 81 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND SELECTED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
WOOD
Peter Niemz, Daniel Keunecke, Walter Sonderegger ...................................................................... 82 MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF BIRCH SAPLINGS TO NITROGEN
AVAILABILITY
Nadezhda N. Nikolaeva, Diana S. Zapevalova ................................................................................ 83 STUDY ON VARIATIONS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF
TAMARIX APHYLLA IN TROPICAL ARID REGIONS IN SOUTH EAST OF IRAN
Abbasali Nourisadegh, Mohammad Dahmardeh, Majid Kiaeai ..................................................... 84 MECHANISMS OF FORMATION AND INHERITANCE OF WOOD STRACTURAL
ABNORMALITIES LIKE KARELIAN BIRCH (BETULA PENDULA VAR. CARELICA) L.L. Novitskaya................................................................................................................................. 85 THE PHYSICAL BASES IN DESIGNED MODELS OF COMPOSITES TECHNOLOGICAL
CYCLES BASED ON WOODEN COMPOUNDS
A.N. Oblivin, I.V. Sapozhnikov......................................................................................................... 86 MICROCLIMATE OF A SUGI-WOODEN HOUSE BUILT IN SHANGHAI, CHINA
Takeshi Okano, Takashi Nakai, Zhao Chuan, Tatsuya Yamazumi, Shigeto Fukudome, Hideomi Yoshihara, Kojiro Nakamura, He Minjuan...................................................................................... 87 DYNAMICS OF DEAD WOOD IN OAK FORESTS OF NORTH-EAST OF UKRAINE
Volodymyr Pasternak, Volodymyr Yarotsk'iy .................................................................................. 88 STUDIES OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LATVIA’S INNOVATIVE
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FROM WILD CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM L.) WOOD GUNĀRS PAVLOVIČS, JĀNIS DOLACIS, MUDRĪTE DAUGAVIETE, DACE CĪRULE, ANDA ALKSNE, ILZĪTE LAVNIKOVIČA, ANDIS ANTONS...................................................................... 89
9
SAW TIMBER DRYING TECHNOLOGY WITH SETTING INDICES OF DREYING QUALITY
Helen A. Pinchevskaya, Valery S.Koval........................................................................................... 90 BIOLOGICAL CORROSION OF THE CONSTRUCTIONS AND PRODUCTS MADE OF
WOOD
Elena Pokrovskaya, Ilya Chistov ..................................................................................................... 90 DEFENSE RESPONSE OF PINE TO METABOLITES OF PATHOGENIC FUNGUS
Polyakova G.G., Stasova V.V., Pashenova N.V. .............................................................................. 91 THE VEGETATION ON THE WASTE BANKS OF NOVOVOLYN MINING REGION OF
UKRAINE
Popovych V. V. ................................................................................................................................. 92 APPLICATION OF RECYCLED BANKNOTE IN MANUFACTURING OF GYPSUM WOOD
PLASTERBOARD
H. Rangavar ..................................................................................................................................... 93 THE STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY OF THE USAGE OF SPRUCE SPECIES BARK
OBTAINED FROM PLYWOOD AND PAPER MANUFACTURERS IN THE MIDDLE LAYER
OF PARTICLEBOARD
H. Rangavar and M. Nazerian ......................................................................................................... 94 ECO- FRIENDLY COMPOSITES FROM BAGASSE AND SOY-BASED RESIN
Ghonche Rassam .............................................................................................................................. 95 THE CULTURE OF WOOD UTILIZATION AND MODERN WOODWORKING
TECHNOLOGIES
Stanislaw N. Rikunin, Elena G. Vladimirova................................................................................... 96 CREATING THE RUSSIAN PLATFORM FOR RECYCLING WOOD-BASED PANELS TO
EXPAND THE WOOD ECO-CYCLE
Tatyana V. Rukavitsyna.................................................................................................................... 97 PINACEA COLLECTION DENDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MAIN
BOTANICAL GARDER OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Denis E. Rumyantsev........................................................................................................................ 98 A TECHNICAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF REPRODUCING RIPE WOOD UNDER
FIRST TARGET PROGRAMS ON IMPROVEMENT CUTTINGS IN UKRAINE
Alexander P. Ryabokon.................................................................................................................... 99 SYNTHESIS OF LIGNIN MODEL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS IN
BRONSTED SUPERACIDS DESTRUCTION OF LIGNIN IN THE SUPERACIDS
D.S. Ryabukhin, R.G. Sherstnev, A.V. Nemceva, D.V. Labutin, A.V. Pranovich, A.V. Vasilyev, M. Ya. Zarubin................................................................................................................ 100 STRUCTURES OF SURFACES OF PROTECTIVELY-DECORATIVE COVERINGS ON WOOD
Boris M. Rybin, Boris A. Loginov, Irina A. Zavrazhnova, Valery F. Krisanov ............................. 101 INVESTIGATION ON HOT-PRESSING CONDITIONS ON PROPERTIES OF HORNBEAM
WOOD (CARPINUS BETULUS L.) Mohsen Saffari ............................................................................................................................... 102
10
PRECISION OF MEASURMENT OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN BENDING OF LUMBER
IN STRUCTURAL SIZES
Alexander Salenikovich .................................................................................................................. 103 TOPOCHEMICAL AND TEM / FE-SEM STUDIES ON TENSION WOOD FIBRES OF ACER SPP., FAGUS SYLVATICA L. AND QUERCUS ROBUR L. Schmitt U., Lehringer C., Daniel G., Gierlinger N., Koch G. ....................................................... 104 SAINT-PETERSBURG STATE FOREST TECHNICAL ACADEMY – HISTORY AND
MODERN STATE
Andrey Selikhovkin, Alexander Alekseev ....................................................................................... 105 THE METHOD OF PREDICTING THE COLOR OF HEAT- TREATMENT WOOD
Yuriy Semenov, Michael Ermochenkov, Aleksey Evstigneev, Tatyana Kuvik................................ 106 RUSSIAN FOREST SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL FOREST INFORMATIONAL
SERVICE (GFIS) PROJECT CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES
Shalaev V.S., Chumachenko S.I., Yakovleva A.I., Pentelkina O.S. ................................................ 107 MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPEN (POPULUS ALBA) FOR ESTABLISHING ITS ALLOWABLE DESIGN VALUES Mohammad Shamsian, Ghanbar Ebrahimi, Mehdi Tajvidi, Abbas Ghalandar Zadeh ................. 108 MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK
COTTONWOOD (POPULUS EURAMERICANA) FOR ESTABLISHING ITS ALLOWABLE
DESIGN VALUES
Mohammad Shamsian, Ghanbar Ebrahimi.................................................................................... 109 MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EASTERN
COTTONWOOD (POPULUS DELTOIDES) FOR ESTABLISHING ITS ALLOWABLE DESIGN VALUES
Mohammad Shamsian, Ghanbar Ebrahimi.................................................................................... 110 STUDY OF BEHAVIOR AND MEASUREMENT OF SEISMIC RESISTANT CONNECTIONS IN
LIGHT STRUCTURAL FRAME OUT OF ASPEN
Mohammad Shamsian, Ghanbar Ebrahimi, Mehdi Tajvidi, Abbas Ghalandar Zadeh ................. 111 GENOTYPIC CONDITIONALITY OF WOOD STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS
Viktor K. Shirnin, Viktor A. Kostrikin ............................................................................................ 112 VARIABILITY OF MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF WOOD
Viktor K. Shirnin, Julia N. Djukova, Andrei N. Shapovalov.......................................................... 113 EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SILVER BIRCH AND CURLY BIRCH SAPLINGS
Tamara A. Shulyakovskaya, Andrei V. Repin, Svetlana M. Shreders ............................................ 114 THE MULTIPARAMETER ANALYSIS OF CONIFEROUS TREE-RINGS
Pavel P. Silkin, Natalia V. Ekimova............................................................................................... 115 ANALYSIS OF WOOD DENSITY AND ISOTOPE COMPOSITION
IN TREE RINGS OF ACER
PSEUDOPLATANUS L., FAGUS SYLVATICA L. AND FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR L. Skomarkova M.V., Vaganov E.A., Schulze E.-D. ........................................................................... 116
11
ECOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF COMPONENTS OF SUBURBAN FORESTS
Skripalshikova L.N., Stasova V.V., Tatarintzev A.I., Zubareva O N., Greshilova N.V.................. 117 POLARIZING MICROSCOPY OF DESTRUCTIVE CHANGES OF WOOD AFFECTED BY
FUNGUS PHANEROCHAETE SANGUINEA IN SITU Vladimir B. Skupchenko, Olga N. Malysheva ................................................................................ 118 MICROSTRUCTURE OF WOOD SURFACE AND EXTERNAL MASS TRANSFER
N. V. Skuratov................................................................................................................................. 119 MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS OF EUROPEAN HAZEL BUSH (СORYLUS AVELLANA L.) Valeriy E. Sliusarchuk.................................................................................................................... 120 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOISTURAL AND
VISCOELASTICITY STATES OF WOOD IN THE PROCESS OF DRYING
Yaroslaw Sokolowskyy, Myhailo Dendiuk, Anton Bakaletz ........................................................... 120 RESEARCH OF THE BOUNDARY DEFLECTED MODE OF WOOD DURING DESICCATION
Yaroslaw Sokolowskyy, Bogdan Pobereyko................................................................................... 121 THE PRINCIPLE OF STEADY STATE OF CARBON POOLS IN WOOD PROCESSING
PRODUCTS AND WASTE
Victor A. Soloviev ........................................................................................................................... 122 THE RESPONSE OF STEM TISSUES IN PINE AND BIRCH TO TECHNOGENIC AND
RECREATIONAL LOADINGS
Stasova V.V., Skripalshikova L.N., Tatarintzev A.I., Zubareva O N., Greshilova N.V.................. 123 THE ROLE OF THE FOREST-BASED SECTOR IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF
POLAND
W. Strykowski ................................................................................................................................. 124 OXIDATIVE STRESS IMPACT ON INTENSITY OF WOOD FORMATION IN PINE
PLANTATIONS WITH DIFFERENT DENSITY
N.E.Sudachkova, I.L.Milyutina, L.I.Romanova, I.V.Plaksina........................................................ 125 SYNCHROTRON X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY – WOOD IDENTIFICATION FOR CULTURAL
HERITAGE–
Junji Sugiyama and Suyako Mizuno .............................................................................................. 126 NEW APPROACH TO SUBMOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE
Dmitry Sukhov ................................................................................................................................ 127 APPLICATION OF THE DFRC METHOD TO HYDROLYTIC LIGNINS STUDY
Sumersky I.V., Krutov S.M., Zarubin M.Ya.................................................................................... 127 THE PECULIARITIES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF MAIN CONIFEROUS SPECIES IN
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF EASTERN SIBERIA SOUTH
Galina G. Suvorova........................................................................................................................ 128 LUMEN DIAMETER-TO-WALL THICKNESS RATIO IN TRACHEID: OPTIMIZATION
APPROACH
Sviderskaya I., Shipitsina E., Soukhovolsky V., Kirdyanov A. ....................................................... 129
12
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTIVE CONTENT ON THE LONGITUDINAL GAS
PERMEABILITY OF JUVENILE WOOD AND MATURE WOOD OF POPULUS DELTOIDES (69/55) AND POPULUS × EUROAMERICANA (CV. I-214) (GROWN IN GILAN PROVINCE, IRAN)
Hamid Reza Taghiyari, Kambiz Pourtahmasi ............................................................................... 130 EVALUATION OF FIRE RETARDANT EFFECTS OF THE BORIC ACID _ BORAX COMPLEX
IN DIPPING AND SPRAY METHODS
V. Tazakor Rezaee, M. Soltani, Iman Moolai ................................................................................ 131 DEVELOPMENT OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR WOOD
Tiitta M., Tomppo L., Lappalainen R............................................................................................. 132 THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LARIX SIBIRICA WOOD Elif TOPALOĞLU, Nurgül AY ....................................................................................................... 133 WOOD PROPERTIES AS PRE-BREEDING OPTION IN SPECIES SELECTION FOR
PLANTATION FORESTRY IN UGANDA
Turinawe, Esegu............................................................................................................................. 134 RADIAL INCREMENT OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. AND PINUS SYLVESTRIS KRYLOVII IN
THE AREA OF EAST TRANSBAIKAL REGION
Irina Vakhnina................................................................................................................................ 135 IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE THE EXTRACTIVES CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN
NATURAL AND PLANTED CYPRESS TREE BY GC/MS
Ramin Vaysi, E.D.Taherinia .......................................................................................................... 135 INVESTIGATION ON THE OPTICAL BEHAVIOR OF ACETYLATED AND BLEACHED
BEECH CMP PULP FOLLOWING ACCELERATED IRRADIATION AGING
R.Vaysi, S.A. Mirshokraie .............................................................................................................. 136 INVESTIGATION ON THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY OF NSSC PULP AND FLUTING
PAPER FROM KIWI RESIDUES
Ramin Vaysi.................................................................................................................................... 137 VARIATIONS OF A CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF BIRCHES LEAF-BUDS OF THE ST.-
PETESBURG FOREST TECHNICAL ACADEMY TREE NURSERY
Vedernikov D.N., Neverovsky V.Yu., Roshchin V. I. ...................................................................... 138 THE EFFECT OF BROWN-ROT DECAY ON HYGROSCOPICITY AND CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF SCOTS PINE HEARTWOOD
Venäläinen, M., Harju. A., Laakso, T., and Karppanen, O. .......................................................... 139 COMPLEX CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF A BARK OF AN ASPEN
V.I. Yagodin, V.A. Sokolova ........................................................................................................... 140 REACTIONS OF GROB’S FRAGMENTATION AND ELECTOPHILIC AROMATIC
DISPLACEMENT OF SUBSTITUENTS BY PROTON IN LIGNIN STRUCTURAL UNITS
M.Ja. Zarubin, S.M. Krutov, D.V. Labutin..................................................................................... 141 TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF OAK TIMBER OF THE KHARKOV REGION FOR THE
COOPERAGE
Sergey G. Zrazhva .......................................................................................................................... 142
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WELCOMING WORDS
Lennart Salmén, Vice-president IAWS It gives me a great pleasure to welcome all participants to the ANNUAL 2009 IAWS
PLENARY MEETING and CONFERENCE on the important topic: FORESTS as a RENEWABLE SOURCE of VITAL VALUES for a CHANGING WORLD.
I have to thank the organizing committee of the two prestigious institutions, the Forest Technical Academy in Saint Petersburg and the Moscow State Forestry University, for having proposed to organize our annual plenary Meeting 2009 in Russia. In relation to the internationally recognized scientific quality of Wood Science in your Country we are very grateful for this opportunity.
The International Academy of Wood Science is a non-profit organization of wood scientists, recognizing all fields of wood science and associated technology, with worldwide representation, founded in Paris on 2 June 1966. There are currently over 325 Fellows (7 from Russia + 1 newly elected) and 27 Supporting Members, representing 36 countries.
The objectives of the Academy are to: Recognize meritorious wood scientists by their election as Fellows Honouring distinguished achievements in the science of wood Promoting a high standard of research and publication Promoting quality and assisting in the publication of the Journal of Wood Science and
Technology Certification of Research programs and Graduate schools
The IAWS is managed by Executive Officers;
Frank C Beall, President Uwe Schmidt, Secretary Lennart Salmén, Vice-President Howard Rosen, Treasurer Xavier Deglise, Past President John Barnett, Bulletin editor
and an Academy Board;
K. Ruel, (2010), Chair, CNRS Grenoble, France R.W. Allison, (2010), SCION, New Zealand T. Zhang, (2012), F.P. Innovation, Canada O. Faix, (2010), U-Hamburg, Germany B. Lachenbruch, (2012, OSU, USA G. Jeronimidis, (2012) Univ. of Reading, UK F. Kamke (2014), OSU., USA
S. Kelley, (2012), NREL, USA G. Meshitsuka, (2010), Univ. of Tokyo, Japan F. Nakatsubo (2014), Kyoto Univ., Japan P. Saranpaa (2014), METLA, Finland A. Singh, (2014), SCION, New Zealand
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Scientific Business Meetings has been held since 2002 in China, Latvia, France, Chile, Australia, Japan, UK and now Russia. In the next years, we will have meetings in USA, Sweden, Germany…
The Academy Lecture program was established to promote the objectives of IAWS. It
honours distinguished achievements in wood science, which in turn encourages high standards of research and publication. Until now, 48 Fellows have been chosen to give an Academy Lecture. The 49th will be delivered, during this conference, by Fellow Boris Ugolev.
The scientific program put together for this 2009 annual IAWS plenary meeting shows
to be most interesting. On behalf of the President of IAWS, Professor emeritus Frank Beall, I wish you all a very successful meeting.
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Ladies and gentlemen, dear colleagues!
Rector of SPb FTA, Professor Andrey Selikhovkin
I am glad to welcome you in the cultural and scientific center of Russia St.-Petersburg, where
one of oldest forest educational establishments St.-Petersburg State Forest Technical
Academy is located. Purpose of the conference “Forests as a renewable source of vital values
for a changing world” is rather essential. Forests have huge economic, ecological and social
importance in global scale. The future of this ecosystem in many respects depends on our
joint efforts.
I wish to the participants of the conference successful and fruitful work. I hope on a distant
neck development of the cooperation with International Academy of Wood Science.
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Dear participants of IAWS 2009 Annual Plenary Meeting and Conference!
Dear guests!
Rector of Moscow State Forest University, Victor G.SANAEV
I welcome you in the Capital of Russian Federation and I congratulate on the beginning
of Moscow part of the Conference. Moscow State Forest University – the university you are going to visit tomorrow – is the biggest educational and research centre in fields of forestry, logging, mechanical and chemical wood processing and forest economy. University has 12 faculties with more than 700 instructors for over 12000 students. There are a lot of well-known scientists and basic textbook authors among MSFU employees. The research area comprises wide subject spectrum from wood anatomy to global forest space monitoring.
MSFU is an interstate of Educational and Methodical Association in forest education. The part of this association is Regional Coordinating Council on Wood Sciences. Byelorussia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania Slovakia and Ukraine also have their representatives in the RCCWS.
RCCWS arranges annual sessions and seminars in various cities of Russia. It organizes international symposiums on “Wood structure, properties and quality” subject and issues the Annual Information Bulletin. The list of wood and related sciences’ experts contains over 130 names and is getting renewed yearly.
RCCWS was organized in 1968 and since 1991 it works on IAWS establishment. Its sessions and symposiums reports are published in IAWS Bulletins. Our University is IAWS supporting member since 2002.
We did our best to prepare an interesting scientific program for you and we also suggest the Moscow sightseeing tours for you to know our city better. We hope that your participation in IAWS-2009 Conference will strength and wide the global network of wood scientists and researchers in applied sciences. We also hope your stay in Moscow will be pleasant and full of new and positive impressions.
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ACADEMY LECTURE
WOOD AS NATURAL SMART MATERIAL
Boris UGOLEV Professor Emeritus
Moscow State Forestry University, Russian Federation
“Smart Materials” (SM) creation is one of the most perspective trends in society development. SM provide useful reactions to different exterior actions. The dominant feature of artificial SM is the “shape memory” effect. This phenomenon is based on quazi-residual frozen strains (FS). They were detected by us at constrained shrinkage in the early 1960s. In 1971 in collaboration with Y.Lapshin the integral law of wood deforming under loading and moisture content and/or temperature changing was formulated. Different character of deforming at drying and wetting were taken into account. This law was applied for calculation of wood drying stresses; the developing of drying schedules; nondestructive stress control by differential shrinkage method; and for conditional treatment after drying. In 1952 wood internal stresses measurement method was proposed, it raised this key problem research to a quantitative level. Stress memory and strain memory effects for wood were found. Wood has ability to recollect the type of load (tension or compression) which it had undergone. For example, the size of unloaded dried wood specimen decreases at heating. In order to recognize in complex strains the kind of constituent strain (thermo-frozen or hygro-frozen) they were “marked” by the type of loading that had induced the strain. This approach in particular was applied in working out the method of removing veneer waviness by creation of counter frozen strains of both types. The research conducted in collaboration with the Institute of Solid State Physics using method of IR spectroscopy showed that at drying of loaded wood the degree of orientation in amorphous areas of cellulose increases; expected by us increasing of wood stiffness was experimentally proved. Lately we have suggested the classification of hygromechanical strains which includes the notions “reduced wood shrinkage” and “frozen shrinkage”. Thus it takes into account decreasing of shrinkage coefficient at sufficiently high level of tension loading. These terms reflecting the nature of wood behaviour at drying is more correct than “mechano-sorptive creep” (MSC). MSC can be observed at cyclical change of moisture content in loaded wood. “Hygrofatigue” of wood plays main role in this process. It can be seen from the suggested conception of thermo-hygrofrozen strains, that at drying or cooling of loaded wood its total strain doesn’t decrease, in spite of the increase of the stiffness of wood. This phenomenon can be found in the studies of other researches. Further investigations of deformative conversions will permit to improve wood technology and create new smart wood composites.
The Lecturer
Boris Ugolev is Professor of Moscow Forest State University (MSFU), Mytischi, Russia, from which he graduated in 1948 with diploma of mechanical engineer. His education includes PhD (1953), DSc. (tech., 1968), Professor (Wood Science) of Moscow Forest Engineering Institute (now Moscow State Forest University). His research carrier started as a
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postgraduate student and then he was a research scientist associate at the Central Institute of Wood-working, Moscow-Khimki. In 1957 he returned to his alma mater where he is working until now.
For forty years he was Head of Wood Science Department. His textbooks have been published many times since 1975. He is the author of more than 300 books, articles and patents. His fields of research are to the wood physics and mechanics. For more than half a century he has been studying wood behavior at drying. Besides, he together with his pupils, made an essential contribution to the development of rheology, nondestructive testing methods, research of density, strength, moisture content, shrinkage, colour, luster and other properties of wood. He is a scientific adviser to various encyclopedia, member of editorial boards of Woodworking Industry (Russia) and Wood Research (Slovakia). For many years he works in the field of home state and international standardization of wood testing methods, timber quality and terminology. He is the President of Regional Coordinating Council of Wood Science for East European countries. In 1991 he was elected Fellow of IAWS and retained membership in IAWS Board of Directors from 1998 till 2004. He was also a member of IUFRO and RILEM Working Groups. He took part in conferences and Plenary Meetings of IAWS (1975, 1997, 2003).Нe delivered tutorial lesson at the third IUFRO Wood Drying Conference, Vienna, 1992 and presented Honorary keynote on the ninth IUFRO conference, Nanjing 2005. He delivered lectures in many European countries, USA and Canada. He was the Professional Guarantor of RCCWS International Symposiums on «Wood structure, properties and quality» in Mytishi, Moscow, Petrozavodsk, St.Petersburg, Russia (1990, 1996, 2000, 2004). He has been awarded a title «The prominent Scientist of Russia» (1995), elected an Honorary member of the Russian Academy of Natural Science (1996), awarded the medal of Zvolen Technical University, Slovakia (1998), elected Dr.h.c. of the University of West Hungary (2006).
Lecture is scheduled 19th June 2009 during the 2009 IAWS Plenary Meeting in Saint
Petersburg – Moscow
The International Academy of Wood Science
IAWS was founded in Paris on 2 June 1966. It is a non-profit organization of wood scientists, recognizing all fields of wood science and associated technology, with worldwide representation. The objectives of the Academy are: Recognizing meritorious wood scientists by their election as Fellows Honoring distinguished achievements in the science of wood Promoting a high standard of research and publication
Executive Officers of IAWS
Frank C Beall, President Uwe Schmidt, Secretary Lennart Salmèn, Vice-President Howard Rosen, Treasurer Xavier Deglise, Past President
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IAWS Membership
Members of the Academy belong to one of the two classes: Fellows or Supporting Members. Supporting Members are elected by the Board and include educational, research, industrial, or governmental organizations and individuals that are actively engaged in or promoting research in wood science or the enhanced utilization of wood on the basis of scientific or technological principles and practices. Nominations of candidates as new Fellows can be made only by a Fellow who must provide supporting documentation. There are currently over 307 Fellows and 24 Supporting Members, representing 35 countries.
The Academy Lecture
The Academy Lecture program was established to promote the objectives of IAWS. It honors distinguished achievements in wood science, which in turn encourages high standards of research and publication. Academy Lectures are presented in different parts of the world, in connection with meetings of the IAWS or related professional organizations. The topic chosen for the Academy Lecture is to be of current concern in the field of wood science and associated technology, and relevant to the audience.
IAWS Lecturers 1973 Günther Becker 1976 Erich Adler 1980 Wilfred Côté 1981 Tore E. Timell Suezone Chow 1982 Josef Gierer 1983 Olof H. Samuelson Bruce J. Zobel 1984 David A. I. Goring 1985 William E. Hillis 1986 Walter Liese 1988 Walter G. Kauman Ricardo O. Foschi Takayoshi Higuchi 1989 Karl-Erik Eriksson Knut P. Kringstad 1990 Dietrich Fengel Josef Bauch 1991 Henry I. Bolker 1992 Robert H. Leicester 1994 John M. Dinwoodie 1995 Robert W. Kennedy Horst H. H. Nimz Noritsugo Terashima Hikaru Sasaki
1997 Frank C. Beall Bjarne R. Holmbom 1999 James L. Bowyer 2000 Antonio Pizzi Gyozuke Meshitsuka Tomasz Wodzicki 2001 H-M. Chang 2002 Rajai H. Atalla
Kunio Hata 2003 Robert Evans
Gösta Brunow Jack Saddler
2004 Norman P. Kutscha Daniel Guitard
2005 Helmuth Resch Rafael Vicuna
2006 Fred Kamke Ted Hillis 2007 Wolfgang Glasser
Kazumi Fukazawa Xavier Deglise
2008 John Barnett
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FORESTS AND FOREST RESOURCES OF RUSSIA AND THEIR USE
Alexander Alekseev
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy, Russia
Total area of Russian forest is as much as 1181,9 millions of hectares with growing stock 83298,2 millions of cubic meters this is 22% of the world forests and the largest in the world forest resources, second owned by Brazil – 16%, next Canada – 7% and US – 6%. More details on forest resources are given in the table 1.
Table 1 Area and growing stock of Russian forests (by 01.01.2008)
Area of forest fund lands and forest out of forest fund, 1000 ha
of which in groups
Total
I II III
Forest lands
Covered by forest
Growing stock, mln. cub.m
Russian Federation
1181936,8 289568,3 89578,0 802790,5 890796,1 796225,1 83298,2
Forest Fund Lands
1118352,9 249572,7 70457,7 798322,5 838069,2 746309,7 76404,1
Out of Forest Fund Lands
63583,9 39995,6 19120,3 4468 52726,9 49915,4 6894,12
Forest Fund lands managed by Russian Ministry of Agriculture (via Federal Agency for Forestry) and Ministry of Natural Resources (specially protected areas only). Groups of forests: I – protected forests, II – exploitable, III – reserve.
Table 2 represents the harvest activity in Russian forests Table 2
Harvest activity in Russian forests Wood harvest Type of fellings
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Final fellings 127 122,8 126,1 127 130,9 127,6 134,6
Other fellings 15,7 17 20,8 23,5 23,5 27,2 35,6
of which clear sanitary cuttings 9,2 10,5 14,4 16,3 15,8 17,8 23
Tending fellings, including: 23,1 25,1 27,2 27,9 30,6 30,5 35,9
thinnings 7,5 8,8 11,5 11,7 13,5 14,2 17,8
stands renovation and reformation 5,8 6,8 8 8,7 9,1 8,6 9,8
sanitary thinnings 7 6,8 7,2 7 7,4 7,1 7,5
reconstruction thinnings 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,5 0,7
Total harvest 165,8 164,9 174,1 178,4 185 185,3 206,1
Final fellings of total, % 76,60 74,47 72,43 71,19 70,76 68,86 65,31
Allowable cuttings 549,8 553,5 559,2 564 570,7 571 567,3
Total harvest of allowable, % 30,16 29,79 31,13 31,63 32,42 32,45 36,33
According to total harvest of wood Russia keeps the forth place in the world after USA, Canada and Brazil. But total harvest takes only 36,3% of allowable level and may be elevated at least as much as twice.
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EFFECT OF BARK CONTENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF WOOD-HDPE
Rostampour haftkhani Akbar*, Ebrahimi Ghanbar* Wood and Paper Science and Technology Department, Natural Resources Faculty of Tehran
Univ., P.O. Box 31585 – 4314, Karaj, Iran
In this paper the effects of the bark content on the mechanical properties of wood–plastic
composite prepared from high density Polyethylene, wood flour, and bark flour were studied.
Samples were made with a laboratory twin-screw extruder and then injection molding. The
content of bark flour and wood flour and HDPE and MAPP was 0-50%, 50-0%, 47%, 3%
respectively. The results have shown that tensile strength, Flexural Strength and Modulus,
Unnotched Izod impact strength decreased with increasing amount of bark flour.
Keywords: wood flour; bark flour; high density Polyethylene; twin-screw extruder; injection molding
22
STRUCTURE ORGANIZATION OF CELL WALL POLYMERS DURING
EARLYWOOD AND LATEWOOD FORMATION IN LARCH
Galina F. Antonova
V.N.Sukachev Institute of forest, SB of RAS, Russia, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 630036,Russia, [email protected]
The deposition of cell wall polymers at the successive developmental stages of primary
and secondary walls of tracheids in the course of earlywood and latewood formation in larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) was studied. The tissues were sampled from the trunk of 25-year-old trees under anatomical and histochemical control and characterized by morphological parameters of tracheids and the contents of cellulose, lignin, pectin substances, hemicelluloses and their fractions. The contents of cellulose, lignin as well as water-soluble (arabinogalactans and arabinogalactan-proteins), oxalate ammonium soluble compound (pectin substances), hemicelluloses soluble in 4% and 24% KOH (A fractions) and neutral medium (B fractions) was accounted per dry weight and per cell. Lignin preparations isolated with thioglycolic acid after the extraction of samples by 80 % alcohol. The content of cellulose was determined as the residue after removing of lignin. The deposition of pectin, arabinogalactans, the fractions of A and B hemicelluloses and cellulose occurred with different rates at developmental stages of primary and secondary walls and corresponded to the participation in the cell wall structure formation of earlywood and latewood. During primary wall development the polysaccharides, involved in cell wall mobility (arabinogalactan, pectin substances) were principally synthesized. The highest content of cellulose was synthesized at the first part of cell expansion zone and was the highest at the initial stage of lignin deposition during secondary thickening zone. The content of pectin substances, A and B hemicellulose fractions, linked or not with cellulose, before and after beginning of lignification was different during earlywood and latewood formation. Before lignin deposition the amount of B-4 fraction, B-24 in early cells was more than that in late ones while the amount of A-4 fraction before lignification of early xylem was two times less than that of latewood. This shows different matrix basis for the beginning of lignification. The intensity of lignin deposition was the highest at the last stage of secondary cell wall development during earlywood formation and at the outset stage of latewood lignification, dropping then towards mature late xylem. Lignin preparations, isolated from tissues at different developmental stages of early and late xylem, are different by the composition of alkaline oxidation products, the content of carbohydrates, linked to lignin by ether and ester bonds, and molecular weight distribution. All together can be the reason for different physicochemical properties of two types of wood in larch.
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DRYING OF THE PINEWOOD MODEL MATERIAL
BY THE PNEUMOIMPULSE METHOD
Andis Antons, Jānis Dolacis, Anatolijs Engelbrehts
Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes iela 27, Riga, LV – 1006, LATVIA, tel.: +371 7553063, fax: +371 7550635, e-mail: [email protected]
Wood as one of the Latvia’s main renewable energy resources, which is still in sufficient
amounts and is not fully utilised, should be used rationally and efficiently. In this connection, the issue of ground wood drying, which would be efficient and energy-saving, is urgent. The present work deals with a method for drying the pine model material by the pneumoimpulse method. The model material (pine cubes 5 x 5 x 5 mm) is specially prepared to carry out the studies. The object of the study is the laboratory experimental pneumoimpulse dryer, which makes it possible to study the drying regime for different types of biomass (wood chips, sawdust, lignin, corn, etc.) products. Owing to the non-stationary interaction of the drying agent’s flow with the disperse material’s layer, at each pulsation, the material’s arrangement on the sieve varies, and the formation of large air voids (channnels) throughout the layer is eliminated.
It has been found in the work that, as a result of the effect of the pulsing flow, in comparison with the stationary flow, the substance’s temperature increases, and the formation of the turbulent flow zones is intensified. Applying the pulsing flow, it is possible to speed up the drying process due to the intensification of the moisture emission process, removal of the evaporated moisture from the material, and the heat and mass exchange in the fluidised bed. Drying at the impulse regimes is more efficient, on the average, by 13 %, and the air consumption, on the average, at the pulsation frequency (H = 5 – 45 Hz) is lower by 12 - 24 % as compared with the stationary flow regime (H = 0 Hz). The aim of the work is to analyse the peculiarities of the heat and mass exchange in drying processes in the pulsing air flow, employing the experimental data.
Keywords: Biomass drying, pneumoimpulse regime, fluidised bed.
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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PHLOEM AND XYLEM IN THE STEMS OF TREES
WITH DIFFERENT GROWTH RATE
N. V. Astrahantseva, V. P. Cherkashin, V. V. Stasova, G. F. Antonova
V. N. Sukachev Institute of forest, SB of RAS, Russia, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia, [email protected]
The purpose of thе work was to study the content of alive cells in phloem and xylem
during the vegetation in the stems of Pinus sylvestris L. trees with different growth rate. Investigation was carried out in Scots pine forest in the middle taiga zone of the Central Siberia (60°45' N, 89°23' E). The height of 200-year-old trees was 22 m. The samples were extracted from stem trees at 1.3 m above ground once a week from June to August. At cross cuts of samples the number of differentiating and mature tracheids in current year, their cross-section area and thickness of the walls, as well as the cross-section area of parenchyma cells in rays and resin channels, were studied in the secondary xylem. In the secondary phloem the cross-section area of functioning sieve elements, ray and axial parenchyma cells were investigated too. According to the number of xylem cells in year increment the trees were divided on 3 groups. All trees had maximum of number tracheids at differentiating stage in the end of June - beginning of July. In the trees with the largest increments the time of cambium functioning and late tracheid differentiation was more than in the other trees. As a result the cross-section area of late tracheids walls was also more. The sapwood of the same trees contained alive parenchyma cells rays and resin channels less than the trees with small growth rate. The number of sieve elements in conductive phloem and the time of their life increased in the trees with largest growth rate. The trees with small annual increments contained more ray parenchyma in inner bark. Axial parenchyma in inner bark was more in the trees with high growth rate. The cross-section area of conductive phloem was maximum in the middle of June. So the development of conductive phloem and differentiating xylem was separated in the time of vegetation season. The zone of functioning sieve cells was more than the zone of differentiating tracheids during all vegetation period. In all trees the cross-section area of inner bark parenchyma was more than that of alive parenchyma cells in sapwood. The content of alive cells in stem tissue depended on growth rate and on the period in vegetation. The volume of alive cells in secondary phloem occupied 55-69 % of all alive cells in stem. These dates should be taken into account to study, for example, the stem respiration.
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EFFECT OF SEA LEVEL VARIATION ON WOOD PHYSICAL AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CYPRESS (CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS)
Reza Bakhshi
Assistant Professor of Islamic Azad University, Chalous, Iran E-mail: [email protected]
Majid Kiaei Faculty staff, Islamic Azad university of Chalous, Iran
E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 00989113925103 – 00981912247533
In this study, three geographical sites in north of Iran with the elevations of 40,500 and 1000m were selected. In each site 10 trees, totally 30 trees were randomly marked and felled. From each tree, three 5cm thick discs at the heights of 1.30, 3.00 and 6.00 m were cut and the tree trunk was converted into three logs and was carried to the sawmill. Physical and mechanical properties including specific gravity, static bending (MOE and MOR), compression parallel to grain, compression perpendicular to grain, shear parallel to grain, tension perpendicular to grain (maximum stress), cleavage resistance, hardness(tangential, radial and cross section),impact resistance, were performed according to ASTM standards. Physical and mechanical tests results indicated that at the elevation of 1000m all mechanical properties except that static bending and compression parallel to grain increase with the increased in density, while at the elevation of 40m they all dealing. The differences between the three sites were significant at 1% significant level. At 500m altitude all of the wood mechanical parameters were good but at in 40m due to the reduction of specific gravity, strength of wood decreased and application of wood was limited. Keywords: cypress, elevation, physical properties, mechanical properties.
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THE EFFECT OF TREATMENTS OF HEATING AND STEAMING ON THE
CHANGING OF DIMENSION AND WEIGH SAMPLES
(FIR AND PINE)
Ali Bayatkashkoli, Mohammad Dahmardeh, Mohammad Shamsian, Mortaza Nazerian
Assistant Professor, Department of wood and paper technology and sciences, Colleges of natural resources, University of Zabol
The treatment is a method for improving the durability and dimensional stability of wood. In this study, samples of fir and pine woods were continually modified by heating and steaming at the same time and two steps. The effect of the treatment on the changing of dimension and weigh were measured. The result showed that this treatment causes a moisture decrease of the treated wood. The treated of specimens resulted in a decrease of about 50% (primary step) and 20% (second step) in the moisture content. The decreases did vary significantly due to less hygroscopic properties of wood. The treatment results in a decrease in weigh of specimens (2%), slightly. Weigh of specimens at the second step have lower changed than primary step by absorption (steaming) and escape (heating) of moisture. Changing diameters of specimens are proper, and do not results twisting. Changing dimension of specimens at direction of grain is low, especially in second step. Changing dimension of specimens at vertical of grain is more than direction of grain. Compared to the together the changing width and thick of treated samples at the both step were slighted. Changing width and thick of treated samples at the primary step is equal to second step. Modifying stress is the main cause for slight checking in treated pinewood. Keywords: Modified wood, Dimension change, Beech, Poplar.
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THE EFFECT OF TREATMENTS OF HEATING AND STEAMING ON THE
CHANGING OF DIMENSION AND WEIGH SAMPLES
(POPLAR AND BEECH)
Ali Bayatkashkoli, Mohammad Dahmardeh, Mohammad Shamsian, Mortaza Nazerian
Assistant Professor, Department of wood and paper technology and sciences, Colleges of natural resources, University of Zabol
In this study, samples of beech and poplar woods were continually modified by heating and steaming at the same time and two steps. The effect of the treatment on the changing of dimension and weigh were measured. The result showed that this treatment causes a moisture decrease of the treated wood, but on the other hand the poplar wood was not significantly influenced. The treated of specimens resulted in a decrease of about 40.5% (primary step) and 20.5% (second step) in the moisture content. The decreases did vary significantly due to less hygroscopic properties of wood. The treatment results in a decrease in weigh of specimens (2 to 3%), slightly. Weigh of poplar samples at the primary step are equal to second step, but weigh of beech samples at the primary step are lower than second step. Changing diameters of specimens are proper, especially in beech, and do not results twisting. Changing dimension of specimens at direction of grain is low, especially in poplar and second step. Compared to the treated poplar the changing width and thick of treated beech at the primary step was slightly more than second step. Since, the treatment influences the development of initial checks that the checks or splits in beech of specimens were observed. Keywords: Modified wood, Dimension change, Beech, Poplar.
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EFFECT OF ORGANO-MODIFIED LAYERED SILICATES ON FLAMMABILITY
PERFORMANCE OF WOOD POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE
Behzad Kord
Corresponding Author: Scientific Member, Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch, P.O. Box 46615/397, Chalous, Iran
E-mail: [email protected]
In this research, composites based on polypropylene (PP), beech wood flour, and
organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT) have been prepared and characterized for their
properties. The blend nanocomposites were prepared through the melt mixing of PP/WF at
50% weight ratios, with various amounts of OMMT (0, 2, 4 and 6 phc) in Hakee internal
mixer then the samples made by injection molding. The influence of organomodified
montmorillonite contents on the clay dispersion and flammability properties of wood polymer
composites were investigated. Results indicated that the burning rate, total smoke production
and heat release rate of samples decreased with increase of OMMT content. However the
char residue and time to ignition increased with increasing the nanoclay loading. X-ray
diffraction patterns (XRD) revealed that the nanocomposites formed were intercalated. Also,
Morphological findings shoewd that samples containing 2phc of OMMT had higher order of
intercalation and better dispersion.
Keywords: Nanocomposite, Organomodified Montmorillonite, Polypropylene, Wood Flour, Flammability Properties, Intercalation.
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PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLYWOOD MADE FROM
DENSIFIED VENEER
Bekhta P.1, Hiziroglu S.2, Sheplyuk O.1
(1) National University of Forestry and Wood Technology of Ukraine, Department of Wood-Based Composites, Lviv 79057, Ukraine
(2) Oklahoma State University, Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-6013, USA
The objective of this study is to evaluate some of the physical and mechanical properties
of plywood manufactured from densified veneer of birch (Betula pubescens) and alder (Alnus glutinosa) using a cold rolling process. Surface roughness, tensile strength parallel and perpendicular to grain orientation of veneer sheets before and after densification process were
tested. Shear strength, bending strength, and compression strength of the plywood samples
made from both densified and non-densified veneers were also determined. Based on the
results of the study, overall mechanical properties of veneer and plywood improved as
compression degree veneer increased from 5% to 15%. This also resulted in less adhesive
consumption up to 20% as well as better surface characteristics of veneer samples by 40%.
Plywood samples required lower pressure ranging from 25% to 30% for those manufactured
from regular veneer. It appears that veneer densification process can be considered as an
alternative method to enhance both physical and mechanical properties of experimental
plywood panels.
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AN AGEING EXPRESSION IN TREE-RING WIDTH VARIATION IN CONIFERS,
GROWING IN THE NORTHERN TIMBERLINE
Vera E. Benkova, Alexander V. Shashkin, Anna V. Kuptsova
V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk
An ageing expression in tree-ring variation in larch and spruce trees forming larch
stands in the northern timberline, has been analyzed. It has been shown, that extreme
permafrost conditions make some certain modifications in typical radial growth dynamics
characterizing most trees in a temperate zone. Growth rates of the northern trees were slowed
down, and in certain sites tree-ring width did not markedly change with an ageing. The latter
took place in terraces with strongly expressed hillock-hollow microrelief. The authors stated a
hypothesis that in water deficiency conditions the radial increment changes affect by changes
in water available rather than changes in photosynthesis intensity. One more important
feature in the northern trees has been established. Tree radial growth sensitivity to ageing and
an influence of weather conditions becomes stronger from butt to top of a tree. It is opposite
direction observed at the majority of healthy trees growing in a temperate zone.
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PROPERTIES OF FIRE-RETARDANT VIBRATION-ABSORBING PLYWOOD
Vitaliy G. Biryukov, Sergey N. Mishkov, Andrey V. Sobolev
Moscow State Forestry University
Fire-retardant vibration-absorbing plywood (FRVAP) is a composite material with a number of valuable service properties: physical-and-mechanical, fire-safe, sanitary-and-hygienic, vibration-and-acoustic properties. Vibration-absorbing layer is in the centre of sectional view of the material.
Physical and mechanical properties are given in the table below:
№ Name of indicator Measurement units Value of indicator
1. Density, no more than kg per м3 1200
2. Moisture % 5...10
3. Bending strength, no less than MPa 35
4. Shear strength of adhesive layer after boiling in water during 1 hour, no less than
MPa 1,2
5. Shear strength of the border “wood – vibration-absorbing layer” after boiling in water during 1 hour, no less than
MPa 0,4
6. Moisture absorption during 24 hours, no more than
% 15
Regarding burning behavior FRVAP belongs to the group of fire resistant materials: during test maximum temperature increment of fire gases does not exceed 60 ºС, and mass loss of the sample after test is less than 60%.
Regarding indicator of spread of flame the material belongs to the group of materials slowly spreading flame across surface, J<20.
Regarding toxicity of combustion products the material belongs to the class of
moderately dangerous materials (indicator 50CLH is no less than 40 g per m
-3), regarding
smoke generation – to the group of materials with moderate smoke generation ability (coefficient Dm is no more than 500 m
2·kg-1). Vibration-and-acoustic properties are characterized by coefficient of internal losses of
forced oscillation, which is less than 0,1 at the frequency 1000 Hz. Fire-retardant vibration-absorbing plywood is used in the production of railway
carriages.
32
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE SELF-ORGANIZATION OF
LIGNIN-CARBOHYDRATE MATRIX
Konstantin G. Bogolitsyn
Arkhangelsk State Technical University, Russia
Development of the modern ways of wood chemical treatment according to “Green” Chemistry approaches is based on the results of the fundamental research of the structure, properties and regularities of the transformation of the biopolymers at molecular and supermolecular levels [1, 2].
The structure of the cell walls may be presented as the composition of three biopolymers: hemicelluloses, cellulose nanofibers (2-60 nm) and lignin’s fractal nanoparticles (14-70 nm).
Authors have developed the concept of thermodynamical self-organization of lignin-carbohydrate matrix (as natural nano-composite), taking into account nano-dimension of the initial biopolymers of the cell wall and their thermodynamical compatibility [3]:
− Elementary cellulose fibrils (fibers) are formed under the hemicelluloses’ presence. As those polysaccharides are restrictedly incompatible, accumulation and growth of the cellulose molecules makes the binary hemicelluloses-cellulose system segregate into the elementary fibrils locked in the hemicelluloses’ gel. Elementary fibrils form crystal structure due to the linear structure of the cellulose molecules, availability of the hydroxyl groups and cross-link of the cellulose macromolecules by the hydrogen bonds. Simultaneously, thermodynamically unstable transition layer is formed at the surface of the nanofibrils at the expense of the diffusion of the related hemicelluloses’ molecules. Transition layer is formed by hemicelluloses and cellulose under equal ratio of the components of the system and strict orientation of hemicelluloses’ molecules along cellulose fibrils. Diffusion is very deep in a number of cases, so that hemicelluloses prevent convergence of the cellulose molecules and uncrystalline areas appear.
− Both structural and functional transformation of the components, forming the wood composite, takes place within the biogenesis process. At the early stages of the biological wood formation (summerwood) lignin precursors are the phenol compounds of a small molecular weights. Their concentration is low comparing to the one of lignin-carbohydrate components, but they play an active physiological part in a growth of a plant, as they take part in a cell metabolism, oxidative-reductive and biosynthetic processes. Mechanism of the formation of plant phenol compounds and chemical nature of the components predetermine thermodynamical compatibility within the phenol compound – carbohydrate system and formation of rather strong lignin – hemicelluloses chemical bonds. By the end of its formation, lignin-carbohydrate matrix is the composition of two interpenetrating networks: lignin and hemicelluloses (solid lignin solution in hemicelluloses – solution 1). It’s almost impossible to break such network, strengthen by hydrogen and chemical bonds, and to extract pure hemicelluloses and lignin.
33
− When living cells die off during the lignification process, oxidative and dehydrogenation processes dominate over the reductive ones, and products of the oxidation of the polyphenols deposit as the quinone forms that act as the catalysts of the biological processes. Development of phenol-quinoid oxidative-reductive system of lignin compounds leads to thermodynamical nonequilibrium of the wood matrix, thermodynamical incompatibility of lignin and cellulose and as a result heterogeneity occurs. Developed lignin nanoclusters turn to be macromolecular formations (size is up to 100 nm) with the introduced into lignin globule hemicelluloses’ fragments (solid hemicellulose solution in lignin – solution 2). That is in the correspondence with the area of the thermodynamical incompatibility. Lignin domains are linked with the surrounding carbohydrate matrix by hydrogen bonds due to the residual content of phenol structures. Thus, functional nature and polymolecular properties of the solid solution’s lignin differ from the properties of the one, located in a hard networks’ composition. It’s more active towards the carbohydrate matrix under the external influence upon the wood.
Figure. Formation of lignin-carbohydrate matrix [2]
− Matrix of the wood’s cell wall is the microheterogeneous nanocomposition of the partially compatible lignin and hemicelluloses in the form of the microareas of the solid solutions. Cellulose and lignin are thermodynamically incompatible.
Hemicelluloses act as the binding unit due to the formation of the transition layer at the surface of the elementary fibrils of the cellulose and limited thermodynamical compatibility with lignin.
Being studied from the point of view of the development of natural nano-cell formations and dynamics of their transformation, lignin-carbohydrate matrix reveals new possibilities for studying natural nanocomposites, and applying technologies in complex biomass chemical treatment by directed chemical (organic and water-aprotic solvents, ionic liquids, homogenous selective catalalysts of red-ox transformations, oxidizers, etc.) and physical (supercritical fluid mediums) influence upon the structures and properties of biopolymers at nanolevel, obtaining products with a broad range of applications [5].
References:
1. K.Bogolitsyn and others. Green Chemistry in Russia, 2005, ser.№12, p.73 2. K.Bogolitsyn. Russian Chemical Journal (Zhurnal Ros. Khim. Obschestva im. D.I. Mendeleeva), 2004, v. XLVIII, N6., p.105
3. K.Bogolitsyn. Cellulose and cellulose derivatives: Physical-chemical aspect and industrial applications. – 1995.
4. K.Bogolitsyn. Butlerov Communications, 2006, v.8, №2, p.42 5. K.Bogolitsyn. Supercritical Fluids: Theory and Practice, 2007, v.2, N1, p.16
34
STUDY OF СО2 EXCHANGE IN SILVER BIRCH (BETULA PENDULA VAR.
PENDULА) AND CURLY BIRCH (BETULA PENDULA VAR. CARELICA)
SAPLINGS
Victor K. Bolondinskiy
Forest Research Institute, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Petrozavodsk
Microscopy and physiological-biochemical studies revealed significant distinctions in
metabolic processes between figured-grain curly birch (CB) and straight-grained silver birch (SB). They were mostly related to accumulation of storage metabolites. The task was to estimate the values of photosynthesis and respiration, and to study photosynthesis-light curves in 1-6-year-old saplings of CB and SB during the growing season.
СО2 metabolism in leaves was studied using the gas analyzer LI 6200 (Li-Cor, USA). СО2 metabolism, СО2 concentration, air temperature and humidity in the chamber, and other parameters were measured at different values of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The relationship between photosynthesis (Р) and PAR (I) was determined using the
Michaelis-Menten function P(I) = a + Pmax ⋅I/(I + b) by non-linear regression analysis; a was the parameter describing СО2 metabolism at I = 0, i.e. the respiration level; Pmax was maximum photosynthesis; b was the parameter equalling the value of I such that P = 0,5Pmax, and describing the rate of saturation of the light curve.
The difference between mean photosynthesis values in 4-year-old CB and SB saplings was quite small throughout the PAR range – 4.3±0.29 and 5.4±0.32 µmol m-2 sec-1, respectively. However, СО2 metabolism in CB at low light intensities (20<PAR<120 µmol m
-
2 sec-1) was higher than in SB – 1.4±0.11 and 1.3±0.10 µmol m-2 sec-1, and vice versa, СО2 metabolism at PAR greater than 500 µmol m-2 sec-1 was higher in SB – 9.8±0.29 and 9.1±0.27 µmol m-2 sec-1.
Modeled light curve parameters support the conclusions drawn from the analysis of experimental data. The parameter “b” was consistently lower in CB, i.e. light curves in SB were smoother. In about a half of the curves plotted for 1-year-old saplings, the parameter “b” in the two birch varieties had no significant differences. The ratio of photosynthesis rates in the saplings at low and high illumination also differed. Mean photosynthesis rates in full light were 9.1±0.55 and 8.9±0.53 µmol m-2 sec-1, and at shading – 0.9±0.072 and 1.7±0.14 µmol m-2 sec-1 in CB and SB, respectively. The strategies changed at an age of 2-3 years, i.e. concurrently with the onset of cambial growth abnormalities in curly birch.
Thus, fairly intensive photosynthesis maintained a high content of sugars in the phloem-xylem exudate in CB, making it competitive vs. SB at moderate illumination.
35
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRIED
SPRUCE WOOD
Marc Borrega and Petri P. Kärenlampi
Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
Wood drying at temperatures above 100 °C is known as high-temperature drying. The exposure of wood to elevated temperatures can cause thermal degradation of its structure. Thermal degradation, often manifested as mass loss, can significantly reduce the mechanical properties of wood. In this study, the mechanical properties of spruce wood subjected to high-temperature drying processes are investigated.
Drying experiments are conducted in which the temperature (110 °C, 120 °C or 130 °C) and the drying rate (corresponding to drying times of about 3 hours or 90 hours) are controlled independently. Wood specimens are then conditioned at constant ambient conditions, and the mechanical properties are tested in bending.
Mass loss is found to predominantly occur in slow high-temperature drying processes. However, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of dried wood remain almost unaltered regardless of the drying treatment (Figs. 1 and 2). Thus some other mechanism is likely to affect the mechanical behavior of dried wood. It is hypothesized that slow high-temperature drying processes induce the formation of additional irreversible hydrogen bonds between carbohydrate elements. Regarding the mechanical properties, the mechanisms of mass loss and irreversible hydrogen bonding appear to compete.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
110F 120F 130F 110S 120S 130S
MOR (MPa) a
Fig. 1. MOR of spruce wood rapidly (F) and slowly (S) dried at different temperatures (110 °C, 120 °C and 130 °C).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
110F 120F 130F 110S 120S 130S
MOE (GPa) a
Fig. 2. MOE of spruce wood rapidly (F) and slowly (S) dried at different temperatures (110 °C, 120 °C and 130 °C).
36
CONTINUOUS QUALITY CONTROL OF GLUED LAMINATED BEAM
Dr. sc. prof., A.N. Chubinsky
Eng. A.A. Tambi [email protected]
Saint-Petersburg Forest Technical Academy Continuous quality control of wood gluing process in one of the most important task of
glued laminated beam production. The increasing of wood treating process requires the implementation of modern equipment in estimate of glue line quality.
The investigation shows that the röntgenogram can be used in quality control of the glue bond zone. The results of carried out researches allowed to establish correlation between change of the thickness of x-ray shade which in this case is understood as a thickness of white zone on x-ray film on the place of zone of wood impregnated with glue and pure glue layer and the durability of glued laminated beam.
Fig. 1. Glued laminated beam röntgenogram
Parameters of use of x-ray equipment are established for the estimation glued laminated beam quality.
The concept of density of contact layers which is understood as superficial density of wood taking into account quantity of knots, directions of fibers of wood and a parity of the areas of early and late wood is entered.
37
THE MANUFACTURE OF PARTICLEBOARDS USING MIXTURE OF REED
(SURFACE LAYER) AND COMMERICAL SPECIES (MIDDLE LAYER)
Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghalehno1 , Morteza Nazerian2 ,Ali Bayat Kashkooli3
Department of Natural Resources, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
This research was conducted to investigate the suitability of reed (Arundo donax), as a substitute for wood, in laboratory made 3-layer particleboard in order to supplement the
supply of raw material for the Iranian particleboard industries. The ratio of the mixture of
reed and wood particles were, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, respectively, in the surface and middle
layers. Press temperatures were chosen at two levels of 165 and 185°C. Three levels of urea
formaldehyde resin were selected for the surface layers, namely: 8, 10, 12 percent. The
experimental panels were tested for their mechanical strength including modulus of elasticity
(MOE), modulus of rupture (MOE), internal bonding (IB) and physical properties (thickness
swelling and water absorption) according to procedure of DIN 68763. in general, the results
show that reed has a positive effect on the mechanical and physical properties of boards. In
this research, the treatment with 40% reed, 12% resin in the surface layers and a 185°C press
temperature has resulted in an optimum reed board product.
Keywords: Reed, Particleboard, Surface Layer, Internal Bonding, Water Absorption
38
INVESTIGATION ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION VARIATION
OF PLANTED MAPLE (ACER VELUTINUM)
En. S. Eshagh Ebadi
Academic staff, Wood and Paper Department, Islamic Azad University of Chalous, Mazandaran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Ramin Vaysi Assistant Prof., Wood and Paper Department, Islamic Azad University of Chalous,
Mazandaran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
In this study, three trees from species of planted maple were randomly cut down in Chamestan Forest. Samples were used to measure the chemical composition by TAPPI standard and sodium-chloride methods, and the data were statistically analyzed in the radial directions. The experimental results showed that the variation with regular in alpha-cellulose content has increased from pith to bark in the radial direction and the rate of decrease is not regular in hollocellolus and ash content. The rate of decrease is regular in lignin content, extractives and pH. The variation with regard in ability dissolution by 1% alkali of decreased .These parameters have been observed the statistically signification except for in alpha-cellulose, hollocellolus and ash. In that, the averages of properties were 45.2, 0.62, 65.04, 25.63, 1.38, 11.48 and 12.42 percent, respectively. The results in this study at comparison to accomplished studies from natural maple and another species showed that utilization of the planted maple can suitable in wood and paper industries. So, it can trace effect decrease raw material problem and development of the new comer Iranian wood and paper industries.
Keywords: Planted Maple, Chemical Composition, Sodium-Chlorite Method, Radial Direction.
39
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND USES OF RESINS FROM PHILIPPINE
RESIN-PRODUCING TIMBER SPECIES
Arsenio B. Ella
Scientist III, Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
E-mail: [email protected]
The tapping practices of five resin-producing timber species in the Philippines namely: Apitong (Dipterocarpus spp.) for balau resin; Palosapis {Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume spp. thurifera) for oil of palosapis; Benguet pine (Pinus insularis Endl.) for oleoresin; Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis Warb.) for Manila copal resin; and Canarium spp. for Manila elemi resin are discussed in this report including tapping techniques practiced and generated abroad for each of the related species. Other related FPRDI R&D on resins utilization, promotional strategies, research needs and gaps and potential of resins as export winner for the country are also included in the discussion. Because of economic importance, demand and availability of suitable trees for tapping purposes, emphasis is put more on Manila copal and Manila elemi resins. Although these resins are considered minor forest products, they are one of the country's dollar earners. For a period of 10 years (1992-2006), an average of 259,700 and 237,488 kgs of Manila copal and Manila elemi resins valued at US$ 204,400 and 431,000 respectively were exported to France, Germany, Japan, Spain and Switzerland (Philippine Forestry Statistics, 2006). The biological considerations in tapping to promote sustained resin production, the traditional method of tapping in the Philippines, and the improved tapping techniques developed by FPRDI are further explained in the report. Keywords: Resins, Manila copal, Manila elemi, oleoresin, tapping
40
GREEN KERFING IN A WORLD OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
Erickson, Peterson, Seavey
Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
Green kerfing is focused on improved drying of softwood framing lumber. Spaced cuts
are made perpendicular to the grain on both wide faces of the board. The design is such that
the board is converted into a simulated I-joist in which the moment-of-inertia in edgewise
loading is but slightly impaired. In a series of cursory tests, green kerfing has cut the time
required for drying to low and uniform moisture contents by about 50 percent. It does this by
capitalizing on the known ease of moisture movement along the grain of wood. The series
utilized pine species in which the kerfing benefit was most evident in the late stage of free
water loss and associated bound water diffusion. In the most recent test end-matched pieces
1.1 meter long came from 31 dead green stud grade boards of 5 by 10 cm cross section. The
kerfed boards received cuts on both wide faces 0.5 cm deep and 5.6 cm long at intervals of
7.5 cm. Homogeneous kerfed and control units were simultaneously dried in a
dehumidification kiln for 48 hours. At 24 hours the dbt and relative humidity in the kiln were
respectively 58 degrees centigrade and 50 percent and remained so to end of drying. Air
velocity throughout drying was 7M/sec.The final average MC of the 31 kerfed boards was
8% while for the 31 controls 19.3%. Green kerfing affords an opportunity to reduce energy
costs, evolution of organic volatiles and degrade in drying of softwood framing lumber.
41
THE RADIAL-GROETH VARIATIONS WITH CLIMATE CHANGES
IN BEECH FOREST ON THE NORTHERN OF IRAN
(CASE STUDY: ASALEM REGION)
A. Eslami1, M. Roshani2 1,2College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran
E-mail: [email protected]
Name of Corresponding Author: Alireza Eslami Postal Address: College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran
Tel: +98-131-8849456 Fax: +98-131-8849456
E-mail: [email protected] Alternate E-mail: [email protected]
Fagus orientalis, as climatic specie, is under climatic variable conditions so that climatic elements variations effect directly on its growth and distribution. The purpose of this study
was to investigate the relationship between radial growth and climatic parameters variations
(temperature and precipitation). The present study was conducted in the Asalem forests,
Guilan province which located in northern part of Iran. The 180 sample discs were selected
by selective sampling method in three elevation levels with respect to climatic data in 38
year-old period (1966-2003). Results revealed that the growth trend with 7-10 years-old
period were different in diameter classes. The growth trend index had no conformity with
temperature and precipitation at winter and autumn; however there were conformity with
temperature index in small diameter classes and with rainfall index in large diameter classes
in the seasons of spring and summer.
Keyword: temperature, precipitation, increment, beech oriental, selective sampling, Asalem
42
TESTING OF ADHESION STRENGTH MATERIALS ON BASIS OF WOOD IN
MICRO- AND NANO - SCALES
Y.M. Evdokimov
The Moscow Forest University, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: [email protected]
On different areas of engineer technology and constructions (composite materia- ls, systems adhesive – substrate, cover – substrate adhesion phenomena are inevi- table satellites. In work to examine methods of testing of adhesion strength (AS) for micro- and nano-level of wood particles (polish dust with different substrates: metals, polymers, glasses), wood and paper fibres + adhesives, AS antitranspi- rants (latex particles) to plant tissue, AS for system thin films of Ag – glass surfa- ces (elements of furniture’s mirror) etc.
To show that AS of wood particles and fibres depends from nature of particles and fibres, its sizes, rougness of substrate surfaces (and nature of substrates), mo- isture of wood, electrization factors and from other reasons. To give analysis of di- fferent methods of testing (AS) with use of experience from nature (destructive, non-destructive and complex): peel, tensile, manipulation with atoms and molecu- les by work of AFM, STM, method of crossing fibres, scratch methods, scotch, optic, lasers pincers, with uses liquid crystals, direct measurement of testing of the surface forces, holography et al. Some methods of testing of AS have been inspired from nature.
As for meschanism of adhesion on micro- and nanolevel objects to need calcul- lation electrostatic forces, H-bonds, chemical bonds, Van-der-Waals interactions, hydrophobic, capilarity, Casimir’s forces and even gravitation interaction. To exa- mine calculation methods for test of the AS by basis models of adhesion - JKR, DMT and MM. In work to give review by this problems and own research.
By set up of adhesion joints (by my opinion) to need calculate of action of long-range chemical bonds, which to play of the role of “thin tuning” by forming of ad- hesion joints. In other hand, we shows (1966 - 1973 years) that by destroy (break- down) of the adhesion joints (to use PSA – scotch adhesives) to have place gene- ration all of the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiations (light-, radio-, infra-red (IR) – to show with use hot-vision, X - ray ; and acoustic. To researched and info- rmed meschanism of it phenomena. This paper reports that its radiations are synch-
rotron. All the more, I count that destroy (breakdown) of adhesion joints - it is as work “micro- or nano - synchrotron” and by character(istic) of the synchrotron ra- diations possible to judge about properties of the adhesion joints.
43
WOOD DELIGNIFICATION AS THE PROCESS OF LIGNIN
FUNCTIONALIZATION
Edward Evstigneyev
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy
We suggest that native softwood lignin consists of three fractions, F1 (23%), F2 (70%) and F3 (7%), which differ in the chemical reactivity of their alkylarylether linkages. This explains why kraft pulping has three kinetically different stages, initial, bulk and final. At the initial stage of pulping, relatively weak α-O-4 and β-O-4 linkages in the phenolic phenylpropane units (fraction F1) are cleaved. At the bulk stage, β-O-4 linkages in the non-phenolic units (fraction F2) are cleaved.
It is likely that a known decrease in the rate of lignin dissolution at the final stage of kraft pulping is due to the presence in lignin of a fraction that has no functional groups in the side chains capable of dissociation in alkaline media (fraction F3). The alkylaryl ether linkages in this fraction do not cleave easily under the conditions of alkaline pulping.
It is found that at the bulk stage of kraft pulping the rate of lignin dissolution is proportional to the rate of formation of new hydroxyl groups in lignin, i.e. the rate of lignin functionalization.
The experimental data suggest very similar behavior of Freudenberg lignin and native lignin in pulping processes. Close similarities between wood delignification kinetics and the kinetics of dissolution of carbohydrate-free Freudenberg lignin, and especially the similarities at the final stage of the pulping process, suggest that the changes in lignin chemical reactivity observed at the final stage of pulping are not related to lignin-carbohydrate bonds.
In our studies, main trends in formation of dissolved and residual lignin in chemical reactions of native lignin with pulping chemicals are clarified. Changes in molecular mass distribution of lignin during the pulping process and factors affecting lignin solubility in alkaline media are determined. A method is developed that allows quantitatively assessing alkylaryl ether linkages in dissolved and residual lignin at any moment of pulping. A direct correlation between the linkages cleaved in residual lignin and the amount of lignin dissolved is established.
44
SILICON CARBIDE CERAMICS MADE FROM WOOD WASTES
Filonov K.N., Klassen N.V., Kurlov V.N., Konovalov N.T.
Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute of Solid State Physics develops technologies of silicon carbide ceramics for a wide set of applications including manufacturing of various SiC pieces from wood wastes. This technology resolves several technological and ecology problems simultaneously. It uses porous carbon made by pyrolysis of ingots pressed from wood sawdust, shavings, branches, etc. Impregnation of these ingots with molten silicon due to chemical reaction between carbon and silicon results in silicon carbide articles with geometries determined by the form of wooden ingots. The main ecological profits of this technology are connected with utilization of huge volumes of wood wastes which usually are burned. Hence contamination of the Earth atmosphere with carbon dioxide leading to green house effect is decreased. On the other hand essential volumes of expensive graphite pure raw materials are saved. The wood wastes ingots can be pressed directly at the pieces of wood stockpiling decreasing transportation work. The dimensions of pores in silicon carbide pieces manufactured from these ingots are regulated by pressing stresses from sub-micrometer to sub-millimeter range. The necessary pressures are reasonable (from 10 to 100 atmospheres) and can be provided by moveable pressing machines. These pores can be filled with a wide set of substances including metals, semiconductors and dielectrics. Due to this variety of fillers the properties of ready articles can be adjusted to many kinds of applications. For example due to especially prepared super structure of ceramics impregnated with current conducting inclusions high power electric heaters with record technical parameters have been manufactured. One of the main advantages of these heaters is connected with their unique resistance to thermal shocks. Usual ceramic heaters working at open air in the temperature range from 1200° C to 1800° C need gradual heating and cooling. E.g., heaters based on carbide or oxide ceramics need gradual heating and cooling with the rate not faster than 300°C - 400° C per hour. Our heaters withstand manifold abrupt heatings from 20°C to 1500°C in 3 – 5 seconds followed with analogous coolings. This advantage saves big volumes of energy consumed usually during heating of technological furnaces up to working regimes. Besides thermal shock resistance SiC ceramic articles made from wood wastes possess high temperature chemical stability in aggressive media, very good abrasive resistance, radiation hardness, etc. These properties open rather a wide field of “wooden” SiC applications in oil, gas and chemical industry, metallurgy, nuclear energy production, development of various turbines, engines and other branches of mechanical engineering, etc. The essential advantage of this technology is connected with direct forming of necessary geometries of articles just in the wooden ingot saving a good deal of efforts for mechanical processing of very hard SiC material.
45
CERTAIN PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF WOOD DRYING PROCESS USING
MICROWAVE RADIATION
V.P. Galkin
Moscow State Forest University
Searches on using of microwave radiation for wood drying process are held in Moscow State Forest University.
Microwave radiation can play role of inner thermal source. Dielectric properties of water and wood differ considerably, thus more wet zones of
material warm up more strongly and that results in humidity equalizing. It’s necessary to apply microwave energy directly to the wood in order to avoid energy
losses caused by absorption of electromagnetic energy by walls and constructive elements of drying kiln during the heating process.
Another problem concerning of supplying of microwave energy is a wood itself. Changing of electric-field vector along and across of fibres results in 1,5-2 times
difference of heat release. Therefore such defects as knots, curls, slope of grain etc result in overheat. Thus it’s necessary to apply microwave energy intermittently in order to avoid wood
damages due to local overheat. Interruption during applying energy enables temperature equalizing due to conductive
energy transfer. These problems were solved by applying 4-pt lateral directional irradiation of stack of
wood. Microwave energy is generated by magnetron which capacity is 50 kW. Electromagnetic energy is divided into 4 equal flows through wave-propagating system. Microwave energy is radiated at scanning retransmitting antennas in workspace of
drying kiln. Antenna generates narrow vertical flux that is wedge-shaped in horizontal plane and is
directed to the stack of wood. Synchronized moving of all 4 antennas with variable angular velocity allows to irradiate
stack of wood uniformly. Process of wood drying can carry at different temperatures of wood. At the temperature values that exceed boiling temperature intensive decrease of moisture
content goes until 20%. Further decrease of moisture content goes is not so intensive. Searches of shrinkage made at micro…. and speciments lumber, and analisys of curves
of sorbrion and dielectrical characteristics of wood allow to conclude that wet wood contents 20% of adcorbted water and 10% microcapellar at normal temperature.
At high temperature micro capillary… water turnes into free, that explains transitional value of 20 % moisture content.
46
LONG-TERM TREE-RING CHRONOLOGY FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION
CLIMATE ALTAI-SAYAN REGION DURING TWO LAST CENTURIES
Gerasimova O.V.1, Myglan V.S.1, Ojdupaa O.C.2
1Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyj av. 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia 2Tyvinian State Universit, st. Lenina 36, Kyzyl, Russia
The current paper presents a new 1929-year tree-ring chronology for the Altai-Sayan
Region (Western Tuva) based on analyses of wood material from living trees and trunk
remains of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb) from the upper treeline, 2400 m asl. The correlations between tree-ring indices and meteorological data suggest that maximum effect
on radial growth is produced by temperatures in the months of June and July. This makes it
possible to use the resulting chronology for early summer temperature reconstructions in the
Altai-Sayan region. In respect to archaeology, a chronology of this length provides the
opportunity of dating ancient wood samples, i.e. for exact definition of the calendar dates of
the archaeological objects in the relevant territory over the entire period of the chronology.
This work was supported by RFBR 08-06-00253 and AВСР 2.1.1/6131
47
STUDY ON THE PRACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
BAGASSE-POPLAR COMPOSITE BOARD
Mohammad Ghofrani1, Habib Noori ²
1Assistant professor at Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University ²M.sc Wood and paper science & technology from Shahid Rajaee University
As to the necessity and need to optimize utilization of non-forest lignocellulosic
materials in Iran, the present study was fulfilled to evaluate the possibility of producing
composite boards comprised of the mixture of poplar and bagasse particles in Khoozestan. In
order to find out practical characteristics of the boards, several experiments were conducted
to measure water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours immersion in water,
modulus of rupture, and internal bond, all tests in compliance with ASTM-D1034 as well as
DIN 68763 standards. Results showed that the optimum mixture of bagasse/poplar composite
board is 60/40 respectively having %12 of resin.
Keywords: Poplar; Bagasse; Composite Board; Modulus of Rupture (MOR); Internal Bond (IB); Water Absorption (WA); Thickness Swelling (TS).
ON THE AGING OF HINOKI WOOD FROM THE JAPANESE CULTURAL
HERITAGE
J. Gril1, 2, M. Yokoyama1, M. Matsuo*1, K. Umemura1, B. Clair2, J. Sugiyama1, T. Mitsutani3, S. Kubodera3, H. Ozaki4, M. Sakamoto4, M. Imamura4, S. Kawai1 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University. Japan
2 Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, France 3 Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, Japan
4 National Museum of Japanese History, Chiba, Japan
Wood is a material designed by nature to last as long as it is not attacked by biological agents. It can support trees for centuries, and as a technological material it can again sustain loads for considerable periods. It is, as a consequence, a major component of the cultural heritage of many civilisations and the assessment of wood properties from ancient objects is a question of fundamental and practical interest. One major difficulty for such research is the gathering of suitable samples, with well-defined origin, certified dating and permission of publication by conservation administration. The Japanese context, where traditional uses of wood have been maintained for more than 1600 years, offers a unique opportunity to address the question of wood aging. Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obutusa) samples from Horyuji temple
48
in Nara and other famous historical Japanese buildings have been gathered for more than 10 years by RISH, Kyoto University, expanding a collection gathered in the 50ties by Jaro Kohara. The wood age, defined as the time elapsed since wood formation and estimated by dendrochronology cross-checked with 14C measurements, ranged from 600 to 1700 years. The time elapsed since tree felling was also considered whenever possible. The recent wood used for comparison was selected according to similar origin and quality from craftsman viewpoint. The observations made included bending tests in L and R directions, colour measurements using a spectrophotometer, chemical and thermomechanical analysis. The main results obtained so far are summarized below.
The old wood was darker, redder and more yellow. It appeared more rigid and stronger than the recent wood. However, density and humidity corrections were required as the recent wood happened to be less dense and also slightly dryer in the same ambient conditions. When these corrections were applied no increase or a slight drop of rigidity and strength was observed in L and R directions. The rupture behaviour, however, was drastically influenced by wood age: old wood becomes brittle, especially in R direction. Microscopic observations of rupture face suggested a dominance of rupture through the middle lamella in the oldest specimens, while chemical analysis evidenced a decrease of hemicellulose content and thermomechanical tests an increase of lignin crosslinking.
All these features are similar to the effect of a thermal treatment, known to increase wood darkness and brittleness. A dry thermal treatment in the presence of oxygen was applied to the recent and medium-aged wood, at 4 temperature levels ranging from 90 to 180°C. Although lightness L* systematically decreased with time or temperature, variations of redness a* and yellowness b* exhibited complex patterns, indicating the combined action of several processes subject to different thermal activation. The extrapolation to the colour of ancient wood was only possible by taking into account the accelerating effect of the ambient conditions, taken as equivalent to higher temperature levels. The relation of identified processes with chemical changes is in progress.
Although the trends are similar, quantitative differences can be observed between the modifications induced by age and heat. The reduction of hygroscopicity in ancient wood is not so large as that resulting from heat treatment. The drop of rupture energy, on the contrary, is more drastic. Although similar processes might be involved, contrasting kinetics could partly explain the difference. However, degradation processes specific to the use of wood in ambient conditions are not to exclude. As a practical consequence, ancient wood can be considered as safe as long as it is not subject to unusual action perpendicular to the grain.
49
DEVELOPMENT OF WOOD PANELS FOR THE VALORISATION OF WOOD
RESIDUES AND WASTED PLASTIC MATERIALS
Daniel G. GUITARD: TREFLE-ENSAM Esplanade des Arts et Métiers 33405 Talence Cedex France Ph: 33 (0)556845427 - Fax: 33(0)556845436
e-mail: [email protected] Edmond C. ADJOVI: EPAC 01BP2009/University of Abomey-Calavi /Benin
Ph: (239)360993 - Fax: (239) 360199 e-mail: [email protected] Amos E. FOUDJET: CRESA Forêt / Bois B.P 8114 Yaoundé Cameroon Ph: (237) 238918 - Fax: (237) 2389 15 e-mail: [email protected]
In central Africa, due to new laws concerning the trade of tropical woods, more and
more logs are locally transformed in sawmills, generating a big amount of wooden residues that must be valorised. In an other hand, because of imported products and furniture, a lot of wasted packing-cases are generated leading to a real pollution.
The main purpose of this work was first to elaborate new wooden composite materials issued from sawmill residues and wasted plastic products, secondly to characterise their physical and mechanical properties, to promote their technical and industrial uses in the country.
Middle density wood panels were elaborated on a small scale in the laboratory. from calibrated sawdust of different tropical wood species. The specificity of those products is mainly the glue being used. Wasted expended polystyrene pieces are dissolved into gasoline to obtain the glue which is mixed with sawdust. Proportions of the components are protected by a patent. The mixture is highly compressed in a mould during a few minutes to obtain panels 50x50x2,5 cm3. Panels are stocked in a sheds, at lab conditions, allowing evaporation of the solvent.
Physical characteristics has been measured for different classes of panels: specific
gravity (ρ ≈ 0,45 kg/m3), permeability (k ≈ 2,5.10-12 m2) and thermal conductivity (λ ≈ 0,12 W/m/°K).
Using three points bending tests, Young modulus has been measured on strips cut out in panels; some samples were surfaced to a given thickness, others rough samples were not,
preserving the skin of panels. (E ≈ 100 MPa for skinned samples, E ≈ 300 MPa for rough samples).
Possibilities of industrial development of the product are investigated with First System Industry (FSI) Aneho Togo, mainly for isothermal walls and buildings.
This study is the result of a scientific cooperation between labs belonging to two African universities (Benin and Cameroon) getting the technical support of French labs (LMS Palaiseau, TREFLE Bordeaux France). The program was granted by the French Speaking Universities Agency (AUF).
50
USE OF FTIR AS A TOOL FOR PREDICTION OF SERVICE LIFE
OF WOODEN CLADDING
Barun Shankar Gupta 1, Bjørn Petter Jelle 2,1, Per Jostein Hovde 1, Petra Rüther 1
1 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Trondheim, Norway
2 SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, Department of Buildings, Trondheim, Norway Wood is widely used as external cladding material in many countries, e.g. the Nordic
countries, Austria, Switzerland and Canada. Claddings are the outmost part of building envelopes that are normally surface treated or impregnated to increase their service life. However, in some areas there is also a growing interest in applying untreated wooden cladding. Predicting service life of wooden claddings is an important area of research. There are a number of factors that affect the durability of the wooden claddings. Driving rain, solar radiation, temperature, insects and decay fungi are prominent threats. Wood is a heterogeneous material, and the complex chemical composition causes needs for systematic evaluation of degradation. An objective of this project is to study whether and how Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier Transform Infra Red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy may be established as a tool to determine degradation and fungal growth, and consequently give important input data to predict the service life of wooden claddings. Nine different types of wood material are studied, both untreated (5 types) and treated (4 types). The specimens were naturally weathered at a field test site and artificially weathered in an Atlas Solar Simulator. They are evaluated by ATR-FTIR to study the surface weathering of the specimens. Further research will involve the use of various surface exposure conditions and qualitative and quantitative evaluation by FTIR. Other analytical test methods may also be applied. The results will be evaluated as input to service life prediction methods to see how and to what extent such data can be best applied. Keywords: Wooden cladding, Degradation, Durability, FTIR, Service life.
51
DIVERSITY PATTERN IN STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES AND USES OF
COMMERCIAL TIMBERS OF INDIA
Sangeeta Gupta
Scientist-in-charge, Wood Anatomy Discipline Forest Research Institute, Dehradun-248006
E-mail: [email protected]
In India there are well over 1400 tree species producing woods but out of these about 200 are recognized as commercial timbers based on their availability and properties.
Large variations can be seen in the physical features viz. colour, lustre, odour, weight, hardness, texture and grain. Almost all the microscopic features listed by IAWA can be seen in Indian hardwoods for e.g. crystals, silica, parenchyma types, storied structures, etc. Special features like perforated ray cells, fibre cavities and parenchyma like fibres are largely met in Indian woods indicative of environmental adaptations.
As regards to mechanical properties much variation can be seen in specific gravity that varies from 0.14 in Ceiba pentandra reaching upto 1.28 in Mesua ferrea. Likewise variation in strength occurs with variation in modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity ranging between 428-1716 kg/cmsq and 43-254 kg/cmsq respectively.
There are woods that are naturally durable against termite and other insects while the heartwood of some being highly susceptible to insect attack.
Woods like Tectona grandis can be easily sawn while some like Shorea robusta pose great difficulty in bringing to a smooth finish. Also much variation occurs in the seasoning behaviour of these woods.
The commercial timbers are used for various purposes besides construction. Specific properties of woods are utilized for specific purposes like Aglaia wallichii (Amoora wallichii) being used for rifle butts because of their shock absorbing property, Shorea robusta being a very strong timber used for railway sleepers, Acacia chundra used as marine wood etc.
52
APPLICATION OF NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST FOR ASSESSING PROPERTY
CHANGES IN DECAYED WOOD OF IRANIAN BEECH (FAGUS ORIENTALIS)
Mohsen Hashemi1, Mohammad Dahmardeh Ghaleno2
Department of Natural Resources, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
The aim of this study was to evaluate sound and decayed wood of Iranian beech (fagus orientalis) with a NDT stress wave method. Wood samples, with dimensions of 9 by 19 by 200 mm were decayed in laboratory soil-bed tests, based on European pre-standard ENV-
807. The decay was evaluated by measuring bending dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd)
and longitudinal dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEd,l), using a NDT stress wave method
after 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks of exposure. The static modulus of elasticity (MOEs) and
percentage of mass loss were also measured at the different stages of exposure. The results
show that both static and dynamic MOE measurments provide a more sensitive insight into
property changes from fungal degradation compared with mass loss percentages. In this
regard MOEd is more reliable compared with MOEd,l). There was also a good correlation
(r=0.97) between the MOEs and MOEd for both sound and decayed Iranian beech.
Keywords: stress wave, fagus orientalis, MOE, NDT.
53
KNOTS IN TREES – AN EXCEPTIONALLY RICH SOURCE OF
BIOACTIVE POLYPHENOLS
Bjarne Holmbom
Åbo Akademi University, Process Chemistry Centre, FI-20500 Turku / Åbo, Finland
An overview is given of the amount and composition of extractives in knots of both
softwood and hardwood species. The present state of utilization of polyphenols extracted from knots is also shortly presented.
Knots in trees (i.e., the branch bases inside stems) contain extraordinarily high concentrations of polyphenols which are potent antioxidants and biocides. Analysis of about 60 tree species have shown that in almost all of the species the knots contain substantially higher concentrations of polyphenols than ordinary stemwood, for many species 20-100 times more. Knots of softwood species commonly only contain 5-15% (w/w) of polyphenols, with lignans as the dominating group. Pines contain also stilbenes and some pine species also contain flavonoids in their knots. Lignans have been found also in knots of some hardwoods, although flavonoids are more abundant in hardwoods. The polyphenols typically occur in free form in the knots.
Knots are detrimental in pulp and paper production and should preferably be separated before pulping. Knots can be separated from chips by a proven technology. Thus, knots constitute a rich and easily accessible source for production of bioactive polyphenols. The lignan hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) is the predominant component in knots of most spruce species. HMR is a strong antioxidant and is also a direct metabolic precursor of the mammalian lignan, enterolactone. Animal studies have shown that HMR can inhibit the growth of certain cancer tumours. HMR was approved for use as dietary supplement ingredient by the US FDA in 2004. Industrial production of HMR from knots of Norway spruce started in 2006. The potential for extraction and utilization of other polyphenols, from other tree species, is discussed.
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THE INVESTIGATION ON THE POSSIBILITY OF PRODUCING
PARTICLEBOARD FROM KIWI PRUNING PARTICLES AND INDUSTRIAL
WOOD PARTICLES
Hoseinzadeh, A., Noorbakhsh, A., and Varshoei, A. Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch in Iran
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing particleboard from Kiwi pruning particles and industrial wood particles. Boards were made from a mixture of Kiwi pruning and industrial particles at four levels (10 to 90, 20 to 80, 30 to 70 and 40 to 60 percent respectively) and tow press time levels (4 and 6 minutes). Percentage of resin, the amount of hardner and other parameters begin kept constant. Test specimens were cut from manufactured boards and their mechanical as well as physical properties were evaluated, according to DIN-68763. Results showed that adding Kiwi particles to industrial wood particles has not any significant effect on modulus of rupture (MOR); however the highest modulus of elasticity (MOE) in boards was obtained while using 40 percent Kiwi particles in mixture. By increasing in adding Kiwi particles from 10 to 30 percent, the internal bond (IB) decreased; thickness swelling (TS) and water absorption (WA) increased, but while Kiwi particles rose to 40 percent, IB increased, however TS and WA decreased. Results indicated that board made by employing 6 minutes press time benefited from a higher MOR and IB and lower TS and WA than boards made using 4 minutes press time. In general results showed that adding Kiwi particles to industrial wood particles caused to improve some of the mechanical and physical properties of particleboard.
Keywords: Kiwi Prunings, Particleboard, Press Time, MOR, MOE, TS, WA.
55
PREFABRICATED BAMBOO PANEL HOUSE FOR DISASTER RELIEF
Prof. Jiang Zehui 1, Prof. Chen Xuhe 2, Dr. Yu Yan1 and Prof. Wang Zheng 2
International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan (ICBR)1, Beijing Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF) 2, Beijing
E-mail: [email protected]
Bamboo is a fast growing renewable resource and a good substitute for wood.
Prefabricated bamboo panel houses can be easily packed flat, shipped and quickly assembled
at sites, and would be an ideal solution for disaster victims. In recent years ICBR has been
actively developing prefabricated bamboo panel housing system in cooperation with CAF and
INBAR to alleviate the shortage of housing supply including emergency relief needs.
In 2008, in cooperation with CAF and Fustar Bamboo Company, ICBR constructed
1400m2 prefabricated bamboo panel houses to Sichuan earthquake affected areas.
This paper introduces the structure and performance of the prefabricated bamboo panel
houses. The main structure is made of a light steel frame, while roofing and wall panels are
bamboo based panels. All the components of this kind of houses are prefabricated in the
factory and standardized produced. Testing results show that the panel house performance
including indoor air quality, heat and sound insulation of wall panels meet the requirements
of Chinese National Standards for Permanent residence house.
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CYPROCONAZOLE IMPREGNATION INTO WOOD USING SUB-CRITICAL
CARBON DIOXIDE
* 1Sung-Mo Kang, 2Myeung-Won Cho, 1Suk-Kuwon Kim
1Department of Forest Products, Korea Forest Research Institute Seoul, Republic of Korea 130-712
2College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Korea University Seoul, Republic of Korea 136-713
Supercritical fluid (SCF) impregnation is a promising preservative treatment method for
wood. Significant efforts have been devoted for developing biocide impregnation method into
wood materials using supercritical fluid. Developing a better understanding of the effects of
various process parameters on treatment results would allow for a more rational development
of SCF impregnation. We evaluated the preservative treatabilities under super- and sub-
critical fluid conditions using radiata pine sapwood. Treating characteristics are discussed in
relation to different fluid phases and treatabilities (biocide penetration, distribution, and
retention). Sub-critical CO2 treatment produced higher retentions and more even distributions
than supercritical fluid treatment. In addition, the sub-critical fluid treatment has other
advantages against supercritical CO2 with economical points such as investment costs (lower
pressure) and energy consumption (heating the raw materials).
Keywords: Supercritical, Sub-critical, Fluid phase, Treatabilities
57
DEVELOPING ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF
DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUMCHLORIDE (DDAC) USING HPLC-MS
(APPLICATION TO TREATING SOLUTION AND PRESERVATIVES
TREATED WOOD)
* 1Sung-Mo Kang, 2Myeung-Won Cho, 1 Suk-Kuwon Kim
1Department of Forest Products, Korea Forest Research Institute Seoul, Republic of Korea 130-712
2College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Korea University Seoul, Republic of Korea 136-713
Korea preservative treating industry has mainly used ammoniacal copper quartz (ACQ)
expected over 80% of market share in Korea. ACQ employs didecyldimethyl-ammoniumchloride (DDAC) and benzyldimethyldodecylammoniumchloride (DBAC) for active ingredient along with copper.
The strongly increasing domestic applications for wood preservatives require developing accurate and reproducible analytical methods. Although a long historical titration method has been successfully applied to quantify quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), the method cannot tell DBAC from DDAC in the analytes.
The objective of this study was to develop and optimize a method for the quantification of QACs in treating solutions and preservatives treated woods using HPLC-MS.
This study showed that the HPLC-MS method produced more sensitive and specific results than HPLC-UV. The MS method was reliable for the determination of the DDAC in treating solution and preservative treated wood.
Keywords: ACQ, Presevatives, HPLC-MS
58
MASS LOSS OF STUMPS AND LOGS IN RESULT OF DECOMPOSITION IN
BOREAL FORESTS
Kapitsa E.A., Shorohova E.V., Kuznetsov A.A., Rjabinin B.N.
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy
In view of a global climate change, the ecosystem status: sink or source of carbon should be understood. In calculations of carbon budget of forest ecosystems, many uncertainties are connected with CWD, its storage and dynamics.
The factors influencing decomposition in laboratory conditions are known from experiments with pure cultures of wood decay fungi (Ripaček, 1967; Harmon et al., 1986); for natural conditions the question remains open. The most empirical studies on the CWD decomposition in natural conditions describe the process at the regional scale, without taking into consideration the characteristics of an ecosystem (Krankina, Harmon, 1995; Tarasov, Birdsey, 2001; Naesset, 2001; Yatskov et al., 2003). Only few studies were conducted at the ecosystem scale (cf. Harmon et al., 1986; Janisch et al., 2004).
The following specific objectives have been defined: 1) to reveal the effect of site conditions on the decay rate; 2) to calculate the decay rates and mass loss for stumps and logs of pine, spruce, birch and aspen. As study site were choose pristine ("Vepssky forest" reserve (VF) and Central biosphere forest reserve (CFR)) and managed (Finland, regions Orivesi, Längelmäki, Kuorevesi) boreal forests.
We use the methodological approach of chronosequence of CWD units dated by the permanent plot records. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Dunkan test (Statistica 6.0) were implement for estimation influence of the tree species, mortality type (snags, windthrow, stem breakage trees, cutting), forest type (3 groups: rich, mesic and poor), category of substrate (stumps, logs) and diameter (groups: <20 cm; 21-40 cm; >41 cm) on variability of bulk density and mass loss of wood.
The wood mass loss was modeled by the exponential curve; r2 varied from 0,313 to 0,851. The annual decay rate varied from 0,018 to 0,057 yr-1 depending on interrelated factors: tree species, vegetation zone, diameter, forest type and type of mortality. The decay rate decreased in the following order: spruce, CFR, d>41 cm > spruce, VF, d<20 cm > spruce, CFR, d<40 cm, snags > spruce, VF, d=21-40 cm, poor and medium site productivity > aspen > birch > spruce, Finland > spruce, VF, d>41 cm > pine, d>21 cm > pine, d<20 cm > spruce, CFR, d<40 cm, snapped and uprooted. The research was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research № 09 04-00209-a and 09 04 10100-k
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NEW EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO MODELLING TREE STEM FORM
AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Natalya Kaplina
Forest Science Institute, RAS, [email protected]
The standard method of a growing stock volume and assortment structure estimation provides a high accuracy only in a narrow range of the tree stem form. Now, it necessary to work out methods considering the stem form.
One of considerable problems on estimation and research of the tree stem form is the duality of its description: by means of form quotients (1) and the taper equation (2). Form quotients are convenient for classifying and studying stem shape variability, but do not describe taper curve identically. The taper equations are convenient for calculating volumes of stem segments, but their parameters cannot be used as form quotients.
The approach proposed by V. F. Lebkov unites both specified possibilities since it is based on the use of Weibull function including the form parameter. According to our method, the taper equation represents a harmonious average of two two-parametrical modifications of Weibull function. In the developed equation unlike the traditional taper equations, diameter acts as an independent variable. Parameters of scale of these two Weibull equations are identical, and form parameters are various. One of these Weibull equations is interpreted as the basic component of a stem profile, and another is interpreted as joint contribution of a crown and butt. It enough one free form parameter to describe a taper curve of a stem part below a crown, other form parameter in this case is fixed. For convenience, the scale parameter is equal to diameter of a stem on the height middle (for this, the basis of degree of function is equal to 2).
The computer program for parameterization of the equation and calculation of theoretical points of a taper curve according to stem measurements is developed. Data of measurements more than 1000 stems in a bark and without a bark, and also materials of taper tables are analyzed.
The developed method is applied to research the pattern of stem form: its similarities and distinction at coniferous and deciduous species, variability and age dynamics. By means of the developed method, the tables of stems volumes and the table of stem taper applicable for the forest forming species of Russia are calculated.
The method is promising also for modeling the form of radial increment distribution along a tree stem. The developed increment model has allowed to describe types of distribution observed in the nature.
The offered approach can be applied in forest science, forest inventory and management for a growing stock volume, increment and assortment structure estimation.
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CONCEPTION OF LIGNIN’S TOPOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Karmanov A.P. Institute of Chemistry of Komi SC UD RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
Our last year’s investigations of lignins by molecular dynamics methods are evidence of
variability of its topological structure, which first of all depends on botanical plant species. As a result of these investigations new conception of polyvariance of lignin topological structure was suggested. The main positions of proposed conception are:
• Lignins – natural heterochain copolymer, which strucrural organization is conditioned by regularities of dissipative strucrures formation in wide of the equipoise open systems. Idea of lignin’s macromolecular chains structure is based on fundamental notions of scaling, deterministic chaos and ftactals.
• Macromolecular ball is main element of lignin’s structure-system organization on topological level. It is fractal with chief properties like fractional dimension and scaling.
• Structure of lignin polymer in cells is simulated by great number of fractal clusters (macromolecular balls).
• Key parameters of macromolecules topology are assigned for each lignins class by functionality of its monomer precursors, biosynthesis conditions, and dynamic self-organization processes. It is cause of polyvariance of native lignin topological structure.
• Softwood lignins are formed of macromolecules with chaotic branch structure and belong to fractal clusters as Witten-Sander clusters.
• Several hardwood lignins belong to universal class of regular branched star-like polymers. In the context of fractal conception, these lignins are the objects as DLA С1-С1 (diffusion-limited cluster-cluster agregation).
• Grass lignins, with exceedingly wide variety of species, remain low-studed to present day. Experimental data about scaling and conformatonal properties of cereal family lignins are evidence of its belonging to linear-class polymers.
Experimental results of native lignins investigations are agree with data of investigation of conformational and scaling properties of virtual macromolecules with different topological structure.
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WOOD DECOMPOSITION EFFECT CAUSED BY LIGNIN-DEGRADING FUNGI
PHANEROCHAETE SANGUINEA AND CERIPORIOPSIS SUBVERMISPORA
Igor A. Kazartsev, Victor A. Soloviev
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy
Characteristic features of degrading aspen (Populus tremula) and spruce (Picea abies) soundwood by fungi Phanerochaete sanguinea strain 16-65 and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora strain L-14807 SS-3 are researched in paper. The studied organisms are the most perspective for biological raw wood pretreating with the purpose of obtaining enriched cellulose wood pulp. Arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose are determined in control wood and treated samples with the help of the gas-liquid chromatographic method. The residual lignin in the researched samples is simultaneously determined using the sulfuric acid method. The extent and depth influencing on wood components of the same fungus are in many aspects determined by a substrate. P. sanguinea causes a well-expressed aspen-wood delignification and relatively less expressed spruce-wood delignification. Significant arabinose and galactose losses, which are predominantly contained in the form of polymers in middle lamella (М) and in primary wall (Р), are observed at 2-8% sample weight losses in both wood species. So, it can be assumed that P. sanguinea is able to develop its fermentative activity in M+P zone at the initial wood decomposition stages. Considering mannose and xylose losses, it can be assumed that glucuronoxylan in aspen, glucoronoarabinoxylan in spruce and glucomannan which is typical for the both wood species,are corresponding to those monosaccharides and spent considerably slower. The xylose concentration in aspen wood is higher than in spruce wood and its utilization rate is somewhat quicker at first stages of decay, so we expect that it can be used by P. sanguinea in the capacity of a co-substrate with more effective lignin decomposition. As for C. subvermispora, it destroys overall carbohydrates approximately in the same way. At the initial stages the most preferential degraded carbohydrates, are arabinose, galactose and xylose. In general, the glucose degradation in spruce is carried out by C. subvermispora more effectively than in aspen. The most considerable lignin losses are caused by C. subvermispora in aspen wood, but the destruction of lignin in both types of the wood treated with P. sanguinea are comparatively higher. After approximately 30% weight loss of the samples, all studied fungus caused simultaneous destruction of all wood carbohydrates. Noted value can be used as threshold line in applying lignin-degrading properties of these fungi. It is necessary to research more thoroughly the mechanisms connected with selective wood decomposition effect of lignin-degrading fungi.
62
A STUDY ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NETTLE TREE
IN CASPIAN OF FORESTS
F. Kazemnezhad1 & J. Afroze2 1Department of forestry, Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch, IRAN
2 Islamic Azad University of Lahijan Branch, IRAN E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Recognition of the natural site condition before taking any management actions is necessary. This allows the manager to evaluate the ecological condition of the stand appropriately, while considering qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the stand, and to present a suitable management model according to the site potential. In this study 30 plots with 10 acer area were determined selectively in Ramesar, Abbas abad, Namak abrood and Chelak sites, in order to recording some of the ecological characteristics of Nettle tree (Celtis australis) in western-mazandran forests. The results suggest that nettle tree growing sites in the whole western mazandran forest lack a uniform distribution and they abound in rocky regions with sharp steep, and competition among species is one of the most important reason of Nettle tree presence in such regions.
Abbas abad site, with respect to quantitative characteristics such as frequency, basel area and volume per hectare and Chelak site with respect to qualitative characteristics, have suitable conditions. In the region studied this species from types such as Celtis- Buxus, Celtis-parotio, Celtis-diospyrus at 70 to 240 meter altitude. Nettle tree grows an soil types Randzian. Soil depth on the sites studies is low and parent rock is exposed. Soil acidity ranges between 5.6 to 7.5 pH. Average annual precipitation in the regions ranges between 1311.2 to 1431 mm, and average annual temperature ranges 13.3 to 16.1 C.
Keywords: Nettletree, ecological characteristics, qualitative characteristics, quantitative characteristics, western Mazandaran Forest
63
SCRUTINY PERCENT BARK VOLUME BEECH AND HORNBEAM
IN THE CASPIAN OF FOREST
F. Kazemnezhad1 & S. Akhshabi2
1Department of forestry, Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch, IRAN 2 Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch, IRAN
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
This study accomplish to Caspian of forest, on the Beech and Hornbeam trees, before
slack module diameter at breast high over bark(mm), then picked the bark of the diameter at
breast high, and registered diameter inside bark of the subtract this tow, pawed bark
thickness(mm). Nominated tree age by computation yearly circles module tree length with
meter pieces in Beech, 55 and in the Hornbeam 45. Computation in the any species complete
bark and high and bark volume, percent bark volume, complete tree volume with bark.
Tray this study, in the Caspian of forest, apply bark in the Beech 6.037% of complete
tree volume, that is lesser of percent bark volume Europe Beech 6-10%. Apply bark in the
Hornbeam 5.60% of complete tree volume, that lesser between Beech. Tray this study,
nomination maximum percent bark volume sake per two species in the diametrical group
under 25(cm), and more percent bark volume whatever thinner grain or stem, lesser wood
volume and overhand whatever puncher grin or stem, lesser percent bark volume and more
wood volume.
Keywords: Beech, Hornbeam, bark volume, tree volume, basal area, Caspian of forest
64
SOME OF PHYSICAL AND STATIC BENDING PROPERTIES OF CYPRESS
WOOD (CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENCE) IN NORTH’S OF IRAN NATURAL
FOREST
Majid Kiaeai Faculty member of wood and paper, Islamic Azad University, Chaloos Branch of Iran
Reza Bakhshi Assistant of wood and paper, Islamic Azad University, Chaloos Branch of Iran
Address: Iran, mazandran province, Marzanabad city, Islamic street, 46641-44336 Tel.: 0098-1922732633, 0098-9371280261, 0098-9191035163
E-mail: [email protected]
Cypress tree is one of softwood species that is about 0.5% of the north’s of Iran forest which observe in the Hassanabad natural forest of Chalous province. In the study, oven-dry density, basic density, volume shrinkage, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and stress at proportional limited (SPL) of static bending was investigated. For this purpose, three normal cypress wood were randomly cut down from Hassanabad forest in Chalous- Iran. From each tree, three logs from breast height, 3 and 4.5 meters of tree trunk were selected. The specimens were taken from mature wood and bottom to the top of tree trunk to determine the physical and static bending properties according ISO and ASTM-D143 then date statistically analyzed. Results showed that amount of oven-dry density, basic density and volume shrinkage of cypress wood was respectively 0.59 gr/cm3, 0.54 gr/cm3 and 8.36%. Also linear correlation indicated there are good positive relation between density and bending resistance while the most relation were get oven-dry density and MOE (R2=0.83) and the least relation between basic density and stress at proportional limited of static bending (R2=0.52) were determined. Keywords: cypress wood, oven dry density, basic density, volume shrinkage, MOE, MOR and stress at proportional limited of static bending.
65
EFFECT ELEVATION ALTITUDES OF SEA LEVEL ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF HORNBEAM (CASE STUDY IN MASHELAK FOREST OF IRAN)
Majid Kiaeai
Faculty member, Azad Islamic university of Chaloos branch, Iran Reza Bakhshi
Assistant Professor of Islamic Azad university, Chaloos, Iran Abbasali Nourisadegh
Islamic Azad University, Zabol Branch of Iran Address: Iran, mazandran province, Marzanabad city, Islamic street, 46641-44336
Tel.: 0098-1922732633, 0098-9371280261, 0098-9191035163 E-mail: [email protected]
Hornbeam (carpinus betulus) is one of the most important species between the broad leaf trees of Iran's Northern Forests regarding its vast distribution and large percentage of coverage. For this investigation, a total number of nine trees from three different elevation altitudes (Mashelak forest) located at Nou-Shahr and Chalous cities (300, 750, 1350 meter) in Mazandaran province were employed. From each tree, three disks were selected from beast height, 5m, and 10m of tree trunk. According to the relegated standard (ISO-3131) the specimens were prepared from these disks to measure the main properties such as oven-dry density, basic density, volume shrinkage percentage, volume swelling percentage and maximum humidity percentage and Then date were statistically analyzed. Results showed that with increasing elevation altitudes of sea level, the amount of oven dry density, basic density was increased. Volume shrinkage and volume swelling variations pattern in three elevation altitudes and longitudinal axis followed as density variation patterns.
Keywords: carpinus betulus, oven-dry density, basic density, volume shrinkage, volume
swelling, maximum humidity
66
WOOD OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS AS AN INFORMATION
RESOURCE
Margarita Kisternaya
“Kizhi” State Open-air museum of history, architecture and ethnography Valery Kozlov
Forest Research Institute, Karelian Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
Timber has been the main building material in the north of Europe since prehistoric
times. Nevertheless the information resource of wood is underestimated.
Historic timber is a source of unique information concerning the technologies of
selecting the building material, protection of timber structures. Studying of wood ageing
enables the prediction of longevity of modern timber structures. Using ecologically friendly
approaches for the control of biodeterioration provides their maintainability. It will increase
the demand of timber as a modern building material.
Tree rings accumulate the data concerning forest processes in past (extreme
temperatures, ground water level, fires etc.) in the regions where the monuments had been
built.
Paper considers the mentioned above issues taking as an example wooden architectural
monuments in the north of Europe.
67
TREE RING STABLE ISOTOPES (δ13С AND δ
18О) IN DENDROCLIMATIC
STUDIES OF CENTRAL SIBERIA
A.A. Knorre1,2, A.V. Kirdyanov1,2, Мatthias Saurer3, Olga V. Sidorova1,3,
Rolf T. W. Siegwolf3 1V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Akademgorodok, Russia,
e-mail: [email protected] 2 Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Svobodnii 79, Russia
3Paul Scherrer Institut, 5332, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
Tree ring is a unique structure which records tree growth conditions and allow estimating qualitatively and quantitatively the environment changes by the use of tree ring structure parameters. Tree ring width, density and stable isotope ratio (δ13С and δ18О) dynamics were studied for larch growing in the southern taiga of Central Siberia (58045’N, 92015’E). All the chronologies showed different climatic response for the period 1850-2005. Tree ring width and maximum density do not indicated significant dependence from hydrothermal regime of this territory in spite of significant regional climate change during the last decades (increase of winter and spring surface air temperature and decrease of spring-summer precipitations). Data on stable isotope ratios showed steady increasing trend of δ13С and decreasing trend of δ18О during the last decades. δ13С are significantly related to the amount of summer precipitation (R=-0.33, p<0.05). δ18О are negatively correlated with the temperature of April and May (R=-0.31, p<0.05) and positively correlated with the temperature of June (R=0.25, p<0.05). The obtained data on stable isotopes dynamic can reveal the photosynthetic activity reduction of trees because of deterioration of the hydrological regime in the region during the initial time of wood formation (in spring) and deficiency of water supply during all vegetation period. In the region with unclear (or changing during the season) limiting factor for tree ring growth, the stable isotope data are more informative for the environmental monitoring than tree ring width and maximum density.
This study was supported by the RFBR 07-04-01380-a and program AVC
“Development of the High School Scientific Potential (N2.1.1/6131)”.
68
INVESTIGATION OF POPLAR WOOD POPULUS NIGRA AND
PINE WOOD PINUS SILVESTRIS CELLS.
QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF LIGNIN’S ULTRASTRUCTURE
Kocheva L.S., Karmanov A.P.
Institute of Chemistry of Komi SC UD RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
Ultrastructure and peculiarity of lignin’s distribution in different elements of cells are of significant import for pulping, as well as inform about lignin biosynthesis and plant tissue formation. It is known, tissue of wood plants primarily consists of supporting and conducting cells. Its functional properties essentially depend on quantity and strucrural organization of lignin.
Study of lignin’s skeleton of poplar wood Populus nigra tracheids and pine wood Pinus silvestris grains was carried out by transmission electron microscopy. A new approach based on application of self-organization complicated systems theory was used. With the purpose of quantity characteristic of cell lignin strucrural organization the methods of Heaviside, Grassberger-Procaccia, wavelet- ans fractal analysis were used.
As a result, peculiarities of strucrural organization of poplar wood and pine wood cells were determined. It were defined scaling parameters of cell lignin strucrural organization order – correlation dimension and Hurst index. Lignins of secondary cellular wall are characterized by presence of fractal-type self-similar structure as visiting card of strange attractor. It was shown that lignin’s deposit in cellular walls is closely related with behavior of dynamic self-organization processes.
Experimental data about structural organization of different origing lignins in aggregate with analogous results of poplar wood Populus nigra and pine wood Pinus silvestris allow to put forward hypothesis. Under the hypothesis, lignin biosynthesis of higher plants is subordinated to universal regularities of nonlinear dynamic systems operation, connected with realization of main types of dynamic regimes – periodic and chaotic attractors.
69
FOREST MANAGEMENT IN PINE STANDS AND THEIR IMPACT
ON WOOD QUALITY
Valery Kozlov
Forest Research Institute KRC RAS, Petrozavodsk Margarita Kisternaya
The Kizhi State Open-Air Museum
The paper presents the results of investigation of the properties of timber in a pine forest
in southern Karelia (61o50'N, 33o30’E). The impact of a complex of silvicultural treatments
(drainage, fertilization, thinning) on annual increment, late wood content, density is analyzed.
The long-term aspects of silvicultural treatments are considered.
It is shown that silvicultural treatments promote formation of tracheids. The 3-4 fold
increase of annual ring width is observed. The annual rings anisotropy has a negative effect
on strength properties.
The late wood content is closely connected with density and strength. In drained
peatlands wood with the higher proportion of latewood is formed due to more favourable
thermal and hydrological conditions in late summer. Density increases due to an increase in
earlywood density and latewood content.
Investigations show that a combination of thinning and fertilisation decreases the late
wood content. It causes a 12% drop in pine wood density.
70
NEW APPROACH TO TIMBER INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL
STANDARDIZATION
Anatoliy Kuritsyn
OOO “Lesexpert”, director, m. of Techn. Sc.
Timber international standards ISO and national standards of Russia have not been changed during the last 20-30 years. It is necessary to update their structure and content taking into account modern capabilities, requirements and conditions. We offer for discussion the approach which provides realisation of following principles of timber standardization. 1. Use of experience of national and regional systems of timber standardization. For the development of timber standardization it is necessary to use the new decisions which have been checked up at level of national and regional systems of timber standardization (European, North American, Japanese and others). Development of international timber standardization on the base of one regional or national system of timber standardization is not justified. 2. Use of multivariant decisions. International timber standards may contain different variants of terms, methods of measurement of features, methods of measurement of volume (scaling methods), methods quality control, grading and acceptance rules. These variants should provide mutual understanding between timber buyers and suppliers from different countries and give possibility to choose the most effective variant in particular conditions.
3. Setting the timber requirements in specification of Contract between buyer and
supplier. The main peculiarity of offered approach is use of specification for timber as a separate document on timber standardization set by buyer and supplier for the fulfillment of concrete separate contract, which contains timber requirements. Specification observance is necessary and sufficient for timber manufacturing, acceptance and payment. New international standards and national standards of Russia may be considered as recommendations for buyers and suppliers on timber specification setting.
71
STATE OF THE KARELIAN BIRCH IN KARELIA
N. V. Laur Petrozavodsk State University
The Karelian birch has insignificant stock. It grows basically in Southern Karelia. The
research of this tree started in our country in1930-32 years. Experimental plantations were begun since 1934. It was created 465.5 ha before 1971 basically by sowing. The cultivation of seedlings in plastic greenhouses was begun since 1972. The area of annual planting reached up to 500 ha. In total by 1991 was created 5.5 thousand ha of the Karelian birch plantations. Both for sowing and for cultivation of seedlings were used seeds of the ordinary collection. As a rule the seeds were collected in reserves. The chare of Karelian birch trees with clarity attributes of wood decorativeness reached up to 30% by timely care. As a rule, the cares were both delayed and insufficient, therefore majority of plantations have degraded and now they are written off. Since 1956 the artificial control pollinate of Karelian birch have been carried out in republic. In that case the plantations created from hybrid seedlings have the chare of Karelian birch trees with clarity attributes of wood decorativeness reached up to 70-80%. Age of the most senior plantation is 52 years.
The Karelian birch is subdivided by N. O. Sokolov into 3 forms: high steam, short steam and shrub. A. Y. Lyubavskaya has developed classification including 5 forms. This classification is taking into account the character of wood knobs. N. V. Laur has offered five-mark estimation for each tree (under each form), including: a diameter, extent of a figured part of a trunk, type of wood knobs, economic defects of wood, quality of wood etc. parameters. The best trees were concerned to a selection category “plus trees”. For that aim was created the passport of plus trees.
The peculiarity of the Karelian birch wood is that at each tree it is individual. The wood has distinctions on coloring, though, as a whole, it is possible to look after, that with transition from high tree to shrub form it is becomes darker. Wood texture varies from saturated to weak expression. Design is different. The highest density of wood is at trees of shrub forms. The data of physics and mechanical properties of wood are given in the book of N.О. Sokolov « the Karelian birch » (1950).
The Karelian birch is indissolubly connected to Karelia, and is a symbol of republic. Now it is included in the Red book (2007), though, to shame of the scientists and forestry specialists of republic, it is necessary to tell, that from the previous edition of the Red book (1995) it was deleted because it is the form of a Betula pendula, but not of separate species.
The results have not slowed down to have an effect – illegal cuttings become the norm (by official data more than 1,5 thousand trees).
72
INCREASING OF ECOLOGICALLY HIGH QUALITY OF WOOD BOARDS ON
CARBAMIDE-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN
Leonovich A.A., Dolgih O.L.
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy E-mail: [email protected]
The expansion of scopes of wood boards on carbamide-formaldehyde resin hindered by high toxicity of the resin, caused by emission of formaldehyde out of finished production. By international practice only the class of formaldehyde emission Е1 is enabled and more rigid class Е 0,5 for inside products which is used especially for children's and medical institutions. For decrease the content of free formaldehyde in finished wood boards it is desirable to use resins, synthesised with melamine. However high cost and the lack of its manufacture in our country makes it necessary to develop the effective methods to decrease toxicity of wood boards without melamine.
On the department of technology of wood composite materials in the St.-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy the method of toxicity decrease of wood boards by catching of free formaldehyde formed during polycondensation process of carbamide-formaldehyde resin both at a stage of hot pressing, and during using finished articles is developed. The product of synthesis of a carbamide with phosphoric acid at a various ratio of initial components and a degree of condensation serves as an acceptor. The acceptor positively influences the process of polycondensation of the binder. As a result the system « carbamide-formaldehyde resin - a hardener - an acceptor » provides necessary processes of wood boards formation and high quality of production.
The sorption is studied in model experiments of formaldehyde by acceptors and their initial components. The influence of functional groups of acceptors components on the formaldehyde sorption with the subsequent deduction and transition into other stable compounds containing -CH2OH groups which do not prevent the process of polycondensation of system « carbamide-formaldehyde resin - a hardener - an acceptor » in the conditions of wood boards manufacturing is established.
The technological conditions which have allowed to be included into manufacture technology of operating plant without considerable changes and to receive MDF with class of emission Е1 with the content of formaldehyde less than 8 mg per 100 g of wood board are developed
For the Russian Federation where some enterprises are still producing wood boards of a emission class Е2, the given decision allows to start the output of production with toxicity which meet the European standard EN 622-5 requirements.
73
A HEARTWOOD FORMATION PROCESS IN CONNECTION WITH CHANGE OF
WOOD PROPERTIES WITH THE AGE
L.L. Leontiev St. Petersburg Forestry Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
In due course in wood of a growing tree there is a number of natural changes. The most
significant change from the point of view of practical use of wood is formation of a heartwood at many tree species. Terminological changes in the field of a macroscopical structure the wood based on globalization of process heartwood formation, have led to some contradictions.
As a result of the lead terminological analysis, it is drawn a conclusion on necessity of preservation of the term ripe wood.
The analysis of properties sapwood, ripe wood and a heartwood, and also the processes occurring in wood with the years, has shown, that formation of a heartwood is facultative (though and often meeting) display of change of properties of wood which take up a small piece in more general changes occurring in generated wood of the growing tree from the moment of its formation up to full destruction at formation of decay and a hollow.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH AND WOOD FORMATION OF THE LINDEN
IN VARIOS CONDITIONS
L.L. Leontiev
St. Petersburg Forestry Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia
Results of researches of growth and some properties of wood of a linden in various conditions of growth are presented. The material gathered in the Leningrad, Nizhniy Novgorod, Lipetsk areas and Stavropol Territory.
The average height of trees of a linden on various sites made 20 - 23 m; separate trees, even on the most northern sites (near Priozersk) reached height more than 30 m. On all sites a linden left in I a layer together with trees of other species (a fur-tree, an aspen, a birch and a pine). Average thickness of trunks in a bark at height of 1,3 m on sites made 23 - 30 cm, thickness of many trees reached 35 - 55 cm at age of trees up to 100 - 130 years.
Results of measurement of width of a year layers, basic density, humidity and shrinkage of wood of a linden depending on geographical area, conditions of growth and the sizes of a tree are resulted.
74
STUDYING OF PROPERTIES OF WOOD OF THE PINE IN GEOGRAPHICAL
CULTURES IN NORTHWEST OF RUSSIA
L.L. Leontiev
St. Petersburg Forestry Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia M.A. Nikolaeva
St.-Petersburg scientific research institute of forestry
Results of studying of properties of wood of a pine in the geographical cultures in Tosno a forest area of Leningrad region planted by landing of two-year-old seedlings manually in May, 1976 are resulted
For research 13 variants, including control (from the seeds collected in Leningrad region) have been selected.
The density of wood of a pine naturally changed on radius of a trunk in all variants: in the central part of a trunk it always was considerably below, than in an external zone. The average basic density by variants changed from 355,71 ± 10,28 kg/m3 for the Mogilyov variant up to 399,63 ± 9,91 kg/m3 for Komi. For all variants except for Komi, Kareliya, Orenburg and Novosibirsk distinctions of average values of density were insignificant.
Coefficients of correlation of average basic density of wood of each variant with breadth or a longitude of area of gathering of seeds have appeared low (R2 less than 0,3). Any significant changes of volumetric or radial shrinkage depending on area is not established.
With increase in remoteness of area of gathering of seeds at trees pathological deviations in a structure of wood were more often marked.
75
FUEL RESOURCE OF FOREST BIOENERGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
MODERN CONDITION AND IMMEDIATE PROSPECTS
Andry B. Levin, Yury P. Semenov Moscow State Forest University
Valery S. Sukhanov The State centre of science of a forest industry complex
In the forest industry countries wood stocks are considered as a significant renewed
resource of fuel. In this research the estimation of a potential and economically accessible resource of the wood fuel formed at logging and wood-working at the moment and on immediate prospects is executed. The term potential resources in report is applied to a designation of annual volume of manufacture of firewood, volume of a crone, stumps without roots, brushwood by all kinds of cutting, and also volume of waste of the basic kinds of wood-working, including a bark of the pulpwood. The term potential is used to emphasize distinction between volume of really formed resource and its economically accessible part at the modern prices and tariffs. For base for an estimation of resources popular and authentic annual volumes of production of the basic branches of a forest industrial for 2007 and prospective volumes on 2012 and also the norms of consumption of raw material checked up by long-term practice and formations of waste in various technologies of wood-working are accepted. Results of research are brought in the table.
Table Volumes and energy potential of economically accessible resources of forest bio-energy
Parameter The Unit of measure
2007 2012
Economically accessible resource of
wood fuel
Soling volume 91.05⋅106 103.035⋅106
Energy potential of a resource of wood fuel
PJ 510 577
76
THE PECULIARITIES OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF SIBERIAN FIR-TREE
AND BALSAM FIR-TREE INTRODUCED IN MOSCOW REGION
Viktor D. Lomov, Mikhail D. Merzlenko, Alla A. Zakharova
Moscow State Forestry University
Unlike a pine-tree and a spruce fir-tree the anatomical structure of Abies spicies, growing, in forest cultures has not been studied carefully by far.
As for the Siberian fir its wood is light-coloured with the sap-wood being of the same colour as the adult wood. There are no pitch ways except in the bark where they form (traceries in the form of tumour) filled with fir oil.
Annual rings are evenly rounded and seen clearly in all the sections. The wood is soft and light weight. It is considered to be less in guality than that of the fir-tree due to its lower technical characteristics.
We have carried out a reseach on the Siberian fir-tree and the Balsam fir forest cultures growing in Klinsk-Smolensk Ridge of Moscow region. They are represented by artificial plantations in 173 area of Poretsk forestry (Moscow region).
The Type of growth conditions is-C3 (wet, compound subor, corresponding to native) Piceetum oxalidosum.
The plantation age is 105 years. The trees are planted in lines with density of 6.000 units per hectar. The plantation has the 2-d class (bonitet) Basically, the analysis of anatomical structure
of the named species showed that the annual ring layer of the Siberian fir is wider then that of the Balsam fir by 50-50% .
Moreover, the annual ring late wood of the Siberian fir, which contributes to trunk dirrability, is wider respectively.
The late wood makes up about 24.4-27.2% of the Siberian fir content while for the Balsam fir it amounts to 17,0-18,5% .
Further more, the membrain of the late tracheids of the Suberian fir-tree is also thicker and ranges 4.3-4.8 mkm while its Balsam fir-tree counterpart varies 3.2-4.4. mkm .
With the above mentioned as a hack ground, we can come to the conclusion that the cambium of the Siberian fir-tree is more active and efficient then that of the Balsam fir-tree.
Therefore, the former represents better physical and mechanical characteristics as compared to the latter.
77
THE THEORY OF MICROPORE VOLUME FILLING: NEW APPROACH TO
ANALYSIS OF WATER SORPTION ISOTHERMS BY WOOD
Sergei R. Loskutov
V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS
The theory of micropore volume filling (MVFT) was applied to describe the sorption of water vapor by natural wood of 19 species, softwood modified with linear chain carboxylic acid anhydrides (acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic), and birch wood modified by selective destruction of ester lignin-carbohydrate bonds and linking in the lignohemicellulose matrix.
The analysis of water resorption and sorption/desorption isotherms showed that each
wood sample was characterized by its own pair of the main equation parameters: Ec (the characteristic energy) and n (the rank of the MVFT equation).
The correlation between these parameters was also determined. The
resorption/desorption characteristic which is a combination of the main equation parameters of the above mentioned theory was revealed to be invariable for all the studied examples of natural wood.
The water sorption by birch wood samples was characterized by another set of Ec and n
than one for natural wood. The esterification affects on water sorption by adducts at comparable weight percentage
of carboxylic acid anhydrides were analyzed. The relationship between MVFT equation parameters and molecular mass of carboxylic acid anhydrides was revealed.
The given approach can be used for estimation of wood substance disturbances caused
by chemical modification and probably different exogenous factors effecting wood formation.
78
TO THE DEFINITION OF NORMS YIELDS OF LOGS QUARTER SAWN TIMDER
WITH CLEAVE-SECTOR METHOD OF CUTTING
Natalya V. Marchenko, George B. Inozemzev
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev
The method of cleave – sector cutting logs as a less costly for commodity as compared
to sector method of cutting is shown. Calculated was the voluminous output of quarter-sawed
lumbers from sawlog raw materials of different diameters. The dependence of size zone logs
of quarter-sawed lumbers from the diameter logs is estimated. The obtained data would be the
basis of software development for calculating rates sawlog raw materials for the manufacture
of quarter-sawed lumbers for construction joinery production.
PAPER MILL SLUDGE AS FIBER ADDITIVE IN ASPHALT MIX
FOR ROAD PAVEMENT
Mari, E. L, Moran, Ma. S. R. and Austria, C.O.
Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI) Department of Science and Technology College, Laguna 4030, Philippines
Stone mastic asphalt mixtures with paper mill sludge from four paper mills, as well as
wastepaper, as fiber additive were evaluated. Marshall specimens were prepared with asphalt
(4.5-6.5%) and fiber (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 %) and tested for bulk specific gravity, stability,
flow, air voids, voids in mineral aggregates and voids filled with asphalt. Asphalt contents
between 5 and 6 percent and sludge or fiber contents between 0.3 and 0.5% from any of the
four paper mills resulted in Marshall specimens with properties generally passing government
specifications for both medium and heavy traffic road pavement.
79
STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIO IN TREE RINGS OF HINOKI
EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTION
Suyako Mizuno*, Ayato Kohzu**, Takeshi Nakatuka*** and Junji Sugiyama* *RISH, Kyoto University, Uji Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
**NIES, Tukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan *** Graduate School of Environ. Sci., Nagoya University
Chigusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
During the 1960s and 1970s, the Japanese economy expanded rapidly, driven chiefly by heavy industrial sectors such as steel, automobiles and chemicals. And environmental pollution was a growing concern in many parts of the nation.
It is thought that forest near the polluted area was exposed to the high level of sulfur and nitrogen deposition during the 1960s and 1970s.
Marked damage to Japanese fir (Abies firma) forests at Mt. Oyama, Tanzawa Mountains, have been reported, that is located near the populated and heavily industrial areas in Kanto region Japan, since the 1960s1). In this area, δ13C value was increased as the concentration of sulfur dioxide is increased. The δ13C value of plant is influenced by environmental factors, such as the moisture of atmosphere, the concentration and δ13C of CO2 in atmosphere and environmental stresses. Environmental stress affects the stomatal conductance and the inner concentration of CO2 in leaves, and change the δ
13C value of plant 2). On the other hand, in the central Japan, most of prefectures have no records of the sulfur
and nitrogen dioxide concentration date before 1970s. In fact, instrumental climate and pollution records are so short, rarely extending back beyond the last century, that the tree ring date is convenient for estimation of environmental record such as air pollution, because it allows us to investigate long annual resolution data. In this presentation, tree ring width and δ13C of Hinoki (1900~) will be discussed in relation to the air pollutions.
1) Sakata M and Suzuki K (2000). Evaluating possible causes for the decline of Japanese fir (Abies firma) forests based on δ13C records of annual growth rings. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 373-376. 2) Francey R J and Farquhar G D (1982). An explanation of the 13C/12C variations in tree rings. Nature 297, 28-31.
80
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF LAMINATED
VENEER LUMBER: EFFECTS OF WOOD SPECIES (POPULUS DELTOIDS AND
TAMARIX APHILA) AND LOADING DIRECTION
Morteza Nazerian1 , Hossin Kermaniyan2 , Hossin Rangavar3
1- Zabol University, 2- Shahid Beheshtii University, 3- Shahid Rajaii University
The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of ply organization and loading direction on the modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), thickness and tangential swelling of laminated wood materials. For this aim, seven layered laminated samples of poplar (Populus deltoids) and athel (Tamarix aphila) woods with the same thickness (3mm) were placed on one another in various arrangements. A PVAc resin was applied at a rate of 180g/m2 in LVL fabrication. Seven hundred sixty eight LVLs were made of poplar and athel wood with the finished dimensions of 20mm x 20mm x 30mm for specific gravity, 20mm x 20mm x 300mm for edgewise and flatwise MOE and MOR and 20mm x 100mm x 100mm for tangential and thickness swelling of a total of 10 different arrangements. Eight of ten arrangements have different laminated ply organizations, namely (AAAAAAA) (7A), (BBBBBBB) (7B), (ABBBBBA), (ABABABA), (AABBBAA), (AABABAA), (ABBABBA), (BABABAB), in which (A) represents poplar wood and (B) represents athel wood. The other two arrangements, which consist of solid poplar and solid athel wood had the same dimensions and were used as control samples. The specimens were destructively tested in both flatwise and edgewise bending according to the procedure defined in the ISO 16978 standard. According to the results of this study, the values of both flatwise and edgewise bending strength and modulus of elasticity of solid wood were observed to be smaller than those values of laminated woods made of the same species of woods. It was also found that the increase in strength properties of LVL was due to the increase in contribution rate of poplar in lamination. Keywords: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL); poplar; Athel; Bending strength; Modulus of elasticity; Specific gravity; Swelling
81
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE ROMANIAN FORESTRY SECTOR,
AS A REACTION TO FOREST RELATED ILLEGAL PRACTICES
Raluca NICHIFOREL, PhD Student Forestry Faculty, „Ştefan cel Mare” University, Suceava, România
Liviu NICHIFOREL, PhD Student Forestry Faculty, „Ştefan cel Mare” University, Suceava, România
The concept of sustainable forest management, which balances environmental, social
and economic aspects, has brought changes in forest policy and legislation in many countries. Despite the fact that new forest policies have been introduced in Romania, environmental issues such as deforestation, forest degradation, illegal activities, corruption etc, still remain prevalent challenges for Romanian forest governance. The same as worldwide, also in Romania, illegal logging activities are a threat to the environment, forest economy and rural livelihoods. Illegal forest activities and corruption are various along the wood chain, but tend to be concentrated on timber harvesting and wood trade. Controlling illegal activities and corruption in the forest sector is to be done with business participation, since companies constitute a mandatory operator along the forest production chain.
The business’ voluntary adoption of ethical behavior is becoming more and more important worldwide, as it is seen as having a significant potential in fighting with social and environmental problems. In Romania, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a quite new concept and few studies on CSR have been carried out.
This research explores the main instruments and initiatives implemented by private organizations, designed to stop illegal activities and corruption in the forestry sector.
The empirical findings suggest that there is not yet a general need for CSR and that the understanding and practices of CSR are anchored in the field of philanthropic actions. Moreover, in the analyzed cases, the environmental protection and the fight against illegal activities are not elements that need significant consideration. Keywords: Sustainable Forest Management, Romania, Illegal activities, Corporate Social Responsibility
82
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND SELECTED PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
Peter Niemz, Daniel Keunecke, Walter Sonderegger ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials, Wood Physics Group
CH 8093 Zurich, Schafmattsrasse 6, HIF E25.2 E-mail: [email protected]
The physical-mechanical properties of wood are considerably determined by its
structural composition. This is true for all structural levels. Structural parameters such as raw density, growth ring width, fibre length, but also the
ray percentage regulate the wood properties (e.g. Young’s modulus, bending strength, swelling).
Besides macroscopic properties, also the micro- and submicroscopic properties have a significant influence. The microfibril angle, for example, influences elasticity but also the swelling/shrinkage behaviour. Swelling, however, is also affected by the content and chemical structure of extractives.
Structure-property relationships can be analysed using FEM models. In this present overview, diverse methods and results are presented.
An overview of certain structure-property relationships of wood is given as well. Selected results from literary sources, but also own studies on spruce and yew wood are presented.
Finally, modern techniques to measure structures, moisture absorption and failure processes in situ are described. We focus on synchrotron radiation, neutron tomography and X-ray microtomography and on selected results obtained with these techniques.
83
MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF BIRCH SAPLINGS
TO NITROGEN AVAILABILITY
Nadezhda N. Nikolaeva, Diana S. Zapevalova
Forest Research Institute, Karelian Research Centre, RAS, [email protected]
Ammonium and nitrate ions are usually limited in forest soils in the temperate zone. In
fact, nitrogen availability is a general limiting factor for tree growth and development as it
regulates the expression of the genes which have certain requirements to resource availability.
The aim of the present study (2005-2008) has been to assess the response of silver birch
(Betula pendula var. pendula) and curly birch (Betula pendula var. carelica) saplings to various level of nitrogen nutrition at the onset of the juvenile development phase.
The general conclusion is that application of additional mineral nutrition induced some
changes in curly birch metabolism, which were manifest in the content of green pigments in
first- and second generation leaves, in biomass distribution among plant organs, in the
dynamics of morphometric characteristics of the stem, branches and leaves relative to the
control. Some of the plants developed swellings on the trunk surface and distinctive wood
texture. “Medium nitrogen level” promoted radial growth of curly birch saplings, which had a
higher pigment content than silver birch plants. Under “high nitrogen level”, however,
morphometric parameters of curly birch and silver birch plants developed synchronously.
84
STUDY ON VARIATIONS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN LONGITUDINAL
AXIS OF TAMARIX APHYLLA IN TROPICAL ARID REGIONS
IN SOUTH EAST OF IRAN
Abbasali Nourisadegh Islamic Azad University, Zabol Branch of Iran
Mohammad Dahmardeh Staff member of wood and paper, University of Zabol, Iran
Majid Kiaeai Staff member of wood and paper, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch of Iran
Tamarix spp by having some exceptional properties and adoptability with climatic conditions and also Iran's soils is a promising and a hope in rehabilitation of plant coverage.
Different types of tamarisk species grow in any climate and soil even in highlands and mountains. But the most suitable regions for its growth and reproduction are warm, dry, desert and salty soil with loamy structure. This plant is very resistant to soil temperature fluctuations. Seaside's, beach sands and riversides are suitable places for tamarisk. In Iran tamarisk is distributed in Sistan, Tabas, Baluchestan, Bamm, Fahraj, Borazjan and Boosher regions.
In study on variations of physical properties regard to tree height, we used 3 healthy and cylindrical trunk of Tamarix aphylla. In statistical studies, was chose completely random block pattern and factorial tests was performed. In comparisons of averages, the LSD method was used and its significance was studied in 5% level.
The results from variance analysis showed that the effect of tree height on density variations in green humidity,oven-dry density and basic density in wooden species of Tamarix aphylla in 5% level is significant. Also the effect of tree height on tangent shrinkage percentage changes, longitudinal shrinkage and volume shrinkage and tangent swelling Percentage, redial swelling, longitudinal swelling and volume swelling in wooden species of Tamarix aphylla is significant in 5% level. Also the effect of tree height on variations of redial shrinkage percentage in this weooden species has not been significant in 5% level.
Keywords: Tamarix aphylla, oven-dry density, basic density, shrinkage percentage and swelling percentage
85
MECHANISMS OF FORMATION AND INHERITANCE OF WOOD
STRACTURAL ABNORMALITIES LIKE KARELIAN BIRCH
(BETULA PENDULA VAR. CARELICA)
L.L. Novitskaya Forest Research Institute of Karelian Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences
Studies have shown that in contrast to straight-grained birch trees, plants with figured
grain have a higher sucrose content in the conducting phloem. This fact is evidenced by results of electron microscopy and biochemical analysis. Knowing the high morphogenetic role of sucrose, the author assumed its elevated content in the tissues might be the reason for the structural abnormalities observed. Verification of this hypothesis included a series of experiments in which zones with elevated sucrose content were created in trunk tissues of common silver birch and of slightly patterned Karelian birch.
For the first time, the fact that the natural discrete range of Karelian birch coincides with areas of relatively low soil fertility received a scientific explanation. Given intensive photosynthesis and transport of assimilates to the trunk, which take place when figured wood forms, low soil fertility must generate a shortage of nitrogen with the resulting impossibility to utilize excessive assimilates in normal growth. The adaptive response to the excess of sugars is more intensive formation of storage parenchyma cells in wood and bark tissues.
Analysing the whole set of resultant data one arrives at a generalized concept of Karelian birch-type development abnormalities in woody plants, which appears as a chain of interrelated statements and comprises the mechanisms of patterned wood formation and inheritance, and problems of Karelian birch genesis. According to this concept, Karelian birch is an ecological form of silver birch that appears in areas with a favourable climate under a specific combination of environmental factors including temperature, light, soil moisture and fertility, which united action causes a rise in sucrose content in the phloem exudate, which, in turn, induces a change in the programme of cell development in the cambial zone and leads to formation of structural abnormalities known as “Karelian birch figured wood”. From the viewpoint of the organism functional condition, Karelian birch is an example of metabolic disorder.
Inheritance of metabolic disorders is quite a widespread natural phenomenon. The process may involve epigenetic inheritance, when not a specific gene or gene cluster is transferred, but the programme for reading nuclear DNA genes – a set of activated genes or the potential for their activation. Such inheritance is unsteady: the tendency for abnormal development in Karelian birch progeny may either show quite late in the ontogeny (if at all), or may grow stronger or weaker (up to normalization of the structure) depending on changes in environmental conditions.
86
THE PHYSICAL BASES IN DESIGNED MODELS OF COMPOSITES
TECHNOLOGICAL CYCLES BASED ON WOODEN COMPOUNDS
A.N. Oblivin, I.V. Sapozhnikov
Moscow State Forest University
Growing demand that we could see within last 10 years for wooden polymeric boards in Russia had dictated the increase of its production capacities. Within the declining demand for a range of items because of economical slump manufactures have to change their line of goods. This factor leads to a change of technologies and an upgrade of current lines.
There is no necessity in complete change of all equipment during the upgrade of current lines. Traditionally the formation of wooden-polymeric composites is the most difficult moment in technological process, as this phase requires high temperatures and pressure. Nonuniformity of temperature and pressure fields connected with nonsteady processes of heat and mass transportation influences on the speed of structure formation and determines the final properties of the material. There is temperature and humid affects on the composite materials during the long term exploitation, as a result of daily and annual changes of temperature. The slow destruction of composite material is the result of such impact, which might be seen at nano-, micro- levels, and has kinetic character.
Technological optimization of formation that is connected with the thickness of the board or increase of range of goods needs correct mathematical model of all processes in the material. Mathematical description of physical and chemical processes of hot formation in the form of mathematical physics equations; its realization algorithm and computer program should be understood as a mathematical model. According to the chosen quality criteria there might be done technological optimization by choosing the correct initial and boundary conditions of external influence on the formatted material.
The described above method was applied for technological optimization of production for wooden polymeric composite materials where thermal-fused and thermoplastic adhesives were used. Problems of flat hot pressing of particle boards and chip boards were regarded, acclimatization of these boards during conditioning and exploitation in changeable thermal and moisture conditions.
87
MICROCLIMATE OF A SUGI-WOODEN HOUSE BUILT IN SHANGHAI, CHINA
Takeshi Okano1), Takashi Nakai2), Zhao Chuan3), Tatsuya Yamazumi4), Shigeto Fukudome5), Hideomi Yoshihara6), Kojiro Nakamura7), He Minjuan8)
1,2,3) JAWIC (Japan Wood-products Information & Research Center), 4,5) Kagoshima prefectural Institute of Industrial Technology,
6,7) Kihoku-Press Wood Co., Ltd, 8) College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, China
Objective: In order to promote lower cost house in China with better living environment we have constructed a test house by Sugi-wood in Shanghai, China. Temperature and humidity of the test house was compared with that of a concrete house which was near the test site. Furthermore, effect of interior finishing materials to microclimate of the house was investigated.
Test House: The test house was constructed by not a Japanese traditional method but a so-called “rahmen structure”. The main frame, laminated Sugi lumber of 20cm x 20cm in cross section was connected by dowel of deformed bar, which will be replaced by wooden dowel in future. In Japan Sugi wood, Cryptomeria japonica has been known to be highly durable, easy to process, and one of the most popular species for traditional house construction. The test house is a full two-story building of almost rectangular of 6m x 12m. The concrete house, also a two-story has more than double floor-space.
Measurement of temperature and humidity: Both of temperature and RH was recorded by a small sensor called “hygrochron” every half an hour at eight points of the houses including one outside point in an instrument screen, respectively. The measurement started last middle summer and data from July 13, 2008 to January 14, 2009 will be discussed.
Results and discussion: Characteristics of weather in Shanghai, China must be in RH. Temperature deviance and difference of RH were observed between two houses. Interior finishing materials effect RH significantly.
� Season’s average values of RH from summer to winter stayed around 75% at the test site.
� Average temperature of three seasons was almost same between two houses, but temperature deviation of wooden house was larger than that of concrete house. This might be caused by difference of heat capacity of the house.
� Average of RH in living room of the wooden house, for example, was ca 5% lower than that of concrete house, resulted by physical properties of wood and concrete.
� RH of a room in the wooden house with floor and wall finished with solid wood was lower ca 7% than that without wood.
Acknowledgement: We appreciate the AFFRC that supported financially this research.
88
DYNAMICS OF DEAD WOOD IN OAK FORESTS OF NORTH-EAST OF UKRAINE
Volodymyr Pasternak, Volodymyr Yarotsk'iy
National University of bioresources and natural resources management of Ukraine, Kyiv Ukrainian research institute of forestry and forest melioration named after G.M. Vysotsky,
Kharkiv
Input of forest ecosystems in the gas balance of atmosphere is determined by absorption of СО2 and carbon conservation in organic matter. Carbon pools in forest ecosystems are presented by living biomass, dead organic matter and organic matter of soil. Carbon accumulated in wood of the live trees fall out from circulation during their life, and dead organic matter in process of decomposition is involved in carbon cycle. As rate of the dead wood decomposition less than other components of dead organic matter, its presence in ecosystems in some extent restrain carbon emission to the atmosphere.
Dead wood presence in forests is the element of heterogeneity of environment and positively affect to biodiversity level. Dead wood in the different stage of decomposition with different spatial arrangement is used not only as the environment for many living organisms but also indirect form conditions for species, that not used dead wood as nutrient medium. Type, quantity and arrangement of dead wood in the forest depend on stage development of the tree stands, forest type and many other factors.
During research of the dead wood dynamics on monitoring plots in oak forests in north-west of Ukraine we studied different type of forest by management regime: national natural park (NNP), urban forest park and forest enterprise. Stock of dead standing trees, lying dead wood, stumps and branches are estimated on plots. The maximum stock of dead wood initially was fixed in Kharkiv urban forest park (31.4 m3), with maximum value in category „dead standing trees” and not very high stage of the dead wood decomposition, on average for all category – 3.1. The minimum stock of dead wood (6.9 m3) with the highest stage of decomposition (4.3) initially was fixed on plot in educational-research forest enterprise "Skripayvs’ke" because usually in forest managed for wood production only dead wood of considerable stage of decomposition was leaved in the forest.
The decreasing of stock and decomposition level of the dead wood was fixed after repeating observation. It was explained by removal of dead wood during selective sanitary cutting and loss of dead wood stock with considerable stage of decomposition. The most changes was observed in urban forest park and comparatively small in educational-research forest enterprise "Skripayvs’ke" and NNP “Gomilshansky lisy”. The considerable proportion of dead wood is mineralized and small part transform to litterfall. In process of decomposition 70-80% of the plant debris is mineralized and only 20-30% can convert to humus.
89
STUDIES OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LATVIA’S INNOVATIVE
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FROM WILD CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM L.)
WOOD
GUNĀRS PAVLOVIČS 1), JĀNIS DOLACIS 1), MUDRĪTE DAUGAVIETE 2),
DACE CĪRULE 1), ANDA ALKSNE 1), ILZĪTE LAVNIKOVIČA 1), ANDIS ANTONS 1) 1)Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzērbenes iela 27, Riga, LV-1006, LATVIA
tel.: +371 7553063, fax: +371 7550635, e-mail: [email protected] 2)Latvian State Forestry Research Institute “Silava”, Rīgas iela 111, Salaspils,
LV-2169, LATVIA tel.: +371-7949621, fax: +371-901359, e-mail: [email protected]
In the recent years, interest in wild cherry wood has grown dramatically in Europe and worldwide owing to its unique decorative, technical, and physico-mechanical properties. Wild cherry wood is used in production of furniture and flooring, in yacht interior finishing, motorcar construction, civil engineering as well as in woodcarving. Wood is easy-to-process and easy-to-polish, it can be etched and lacquered - it is as if specially designed for the furniture industry. In Germany, wild cherry wood is more expensive than oak, ash and mahogany.
Since the demand for wild cherry wood grows on the world’s market and in Latvia, its cultivation for wood production was started, and studies to elucidate the anatomical and physico-mechanical properties of wild cherry wood grown in Latvia were carried out. Annual ring width and pore transverse area as well as optical properties were measured. Density (ρ12), swelling (Kα), shrinkage (Kβ) and shearing strength (τ12) were studied. The average characteristics in the stem’s periphery and central parts (wood density at 12% moisture ρ12 - kg/m3; volume shrinkage coefficient Kβ - %/%; shearing strength at 12% moisture τ12 - MPa, compressive strength - MPa,) were obtained. The results gained make it possible to forecast that the wild cherry wood grown in Latvia is competitive on the world’s market.
No systematic studies on the anatomical, morphological, chemical, physical, mechanical, technological, optical and other properties of wood have been performed yet in Latvia. Taking into account all the aforementioned, it may be forecasted that the demand for wild cherry wood in the furniture industry, as well as in finishing works in construction will grow continuously.
90
SAW TIMBER DRYING TECHNOLOGY WITH SETTING INDICES
OF DREYING QUALITY
Helen A. Pinchevskaya, Valery S.Koval
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev Have been developed description saw timber drying as non-stationary process with
probability characteristics of initial moisture content and drying agent in chambers, witch help to prognosis the indices of drying quality. The algorithm of calculation finish moisture content dispersion in this kilns with consideration the accident initial and boundary conditions, selected method of near optimum drying regimes with setting indices of drying quality are elaborate.
BIOLOGICAL CORROSION OF THE CONSTRUCTIONS AND PRODUCTS
MADE OF WOOD
Dr, prof. Elena Pokrovskaya, pg. student Ilya Chistov
Moscow State Building University
Destruction of the wood and wooden products, except mechanical destruction, during the space of time is the consequence of hydrolysis of the lingocarbohydrate aggregate’s components. Investigation of the component’s changes in the indoor wooden constructions (100-300 years old) revealed 5% lignin, 15-20% cellulose and 8% pentosans reductions. Cellulose content decreases of 20%, lignin content increases of 20-30% in humid places in the presents of microorganisms during long exploitation of the wood.
Destruction of the wood, which characterized such changes, took place only in the presence of Aspergillus Cladosporium.
It is shown with the help of IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, that in the presence of fungi, hydrolytic fermentative oxidation of cellulose (alcohol group –СН2-ОН- ) and breakage of glucosidic bonds are going on.
Lignin component of lingocarbohydrate aggregate hydrolytic is more stable. Low-molecular products of cellulose hydrolytic destruction come in on lignin during long period of contact with subsoils and fungi. Increasing of lignin mass is occurred.
With the help of IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and fundamental analysis of lingocarbohydrate aggregate’s components, the mechanism of lignin and cellulose transformation, due to it’s interaction with microorganisms is determined. The extension of wooden construction’s exploitation period is possible owing to microorganism’s activity suppression and isolation from subsoil’s water.
91
DEFENSE RESPONSE OF PINE TO METABOLITES OF PATHOGENIC FUNGUS
Polyakova G.G., Stasova V.V., Pashenova N.V.
V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Physiological mechanisms of defense response in phloem (inner bark) of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stem to influence of high molecular fraction from extractives of fungus Ceratocystis laricicola Redfern&Minter were studied. Inoculation of 0.5 mg of this preparation into the hole at the diameter of 7 mm made in stem phloem up to the sapwood in the middle of vegetation season initiated a necrotization of inner bark. The dimension of this necrosis became stable after 4 weeks after experiment start date, i.e. didn't increase with time, as well as the size of control necrosis around the same hole but without fungus preparation inoculation. The stabilization was evidence of defense efficiency – the localization of fungal metabolites within the bounds of necrotic lesion. The size of "fungal" necrosis was twice more than of control one, that seemed to be caused by diffusion of fungal metabolites within plant tissue and switching on (elicitation) a phytodefense. In both variants of phloem inflicted damage a substantial accumulation (P>0.95) of lignin, connected with cell wall tannins and nonvolatile resin components were noticed in adjacent tissues. The content of free form of tannin, cellulose components of cell wall and low molecular weight sugars decreased significantly in the zone of phloem reaction. The identical character of physiological changes is evident of nonspecificity of phytodefence to various damaging factors. Also there were registered the differences – in the variant "fungal preparation" the rate of changing of free tannins and resin content were essentially higher in comparison with the variant "wounding". It was histochemically shown that in 2 days after inner bark wounding the formation of lignin occurred de novo in middle lamella of sieve cells. In the case of fungal preparation exposure no lignin was observed in "2-days" phloem samples. In later time (14 and 28 days) lignin accumulated in both experimental variants – the tendency of more active lignin accumulation in the variant with fungal preparation in comparison with wounding variant was noted. The results show the double character of fungal metabolite influence. On the one hand fungal extract encloses elicitors which stimulated necrotization of tissues beyond the bounds of "control" necrosis; on the other hand metabolites of fungus inhibit lignin accumulation at the early stage of response that appeared to facilitate penetration of fungal metabolites into plant tissue. These results are not in the contrary to elicitor-suppressor model of phytodefense.
92
THE VEGETATION ON THE WASTE BANKS OF NOVOVOLYN MINING
REGION OF UKRAINE
Popovych V. V.
Lviv State University of Vital Activity Safety
L’viv and Volyn coal basin is situated at the border of L’viv and Volyn regions of Ukraine. It spreads on the right and left banks of Bug. In the north of the basin the surface is corrugated, with the heights of 244-270 m. There are a lot of ravines, gullies, and the tillage dominates in the landscape which occupies more than 60% of the territory. The common geological coal storage estimates at 2 bn. t., and reserves make up 1, 4 bn. t.
Mine works have direct effect on the environment, distrupts the natural process. As a
result, it is full or partial transformation landscapes, the formation of waste banks, mines and open-casts. The inperforation of rock dumps of the coalmines play important role in the improvement of ecological condition of coil region. The main activity for the landscape gardening is reclaiming.
The research of Novovolyn mining region has shown that on the waste banks grow such forest plants as: Rubus caesius L., Tussilago farfara L., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Cirsium arvense L., Capex pilosa Scop., Daucus carota L., Equisetum arvense L., Tnifolium campestre Schreb., Artemisia vulgaris L., Plantago major L., Chenopodium album L., Artemisia absinthium L., Chamomilla suaveolens (Purch) Rydb., Achillea submille-folium Klok., Atriplex patula L., Taraxacum officinala Wigg., Anchusa officinalis L., Linaria vulgaris Mill., Papever rhoeas L., Matricaria recutita L. Forest plants Capex pilosa scop., Daucus carota L., Tnifolium campestre Schreb., Artemisia absinthium L. grow even in winter period. The wood sorts offer the following sorts: Quercus robur L., Betula verrucosa Ehrh., Salix caprea L., Carpinus betulus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Pinus sylvestris L, Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Literature: 1. Кучерявый В.П. Фитомелиорация. – Львов: „ Мир ”, 2003. – 540 с. 2. Меркулов В.А. Охрана природы на угольных шахтах. – М.: Недра, 1981. – 183 с.
93
APPLICATION OF RECYCLED BANKNOTE IN MANUFACTURING OF GYPSUM
WOOD PLASTERBOARD
H. Rangavar
Assistant Professor in Wood Industries, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Shahid Rajaee, Lavizan, 1678815811, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: [email protected]
This study presents the application of recycled banknote particles in the middle layer of gypsum wood plasterboard. The experiment was based on the amount of recycled banknote and the ratio of gypsum to total weight of recycled banknote and wood particles. The amount of added recycled banknote was 20%, 30% and 40% by the dried weight of wood particles. The ratio of gypsum to the total weight of banknote and wood particles was considered 2.25, 2.5 and 2.75. For each sample, physical and mechanical properties including rupture module, internal bound, water absorption and thickness swelling were measured. The results show that increasing the amount of recycled banknote has a negative effect on the mechanical properties. In contrast, physical properties such as water absorption and thickness swelling reduced after 2 and 24 hours of plunging in the water. However, the module of rupture for all samples is higher than the pure plasterboard. Meanwhile, increasing the ratio of gypsum from 2.25 to 2.75 caused an increase in modules of rupture and internal bound. Also, the decreasing of thickness swelling occurred after plunging for 2 and 24 hours in water. Collectively, in order to produce gypsum wood plasterboard suitable for inner applications, the usage of recycled banknotes with the amount of 30% and with a ratio of gypsum to total weight of recycled banknotes and wood particles of 2.75 is applicable.
Keywords: Gypsum Wood Plaster board, Gypsum, Wood Particles, Module of Rupture, Internal Bound, Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling.
94
THE STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY OF THE USAGE OF SPRUCE SPECIES BARK
OBTAINED FROM PLYWOOD AND PAPER MANUFACTURERS IN THE
MIDDLE LAYER OF PARTICLEBOARD
H. Rangavar1 and M. Nazerian2
1Assistant Professor in Wood Industries, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Shahid Rajaee, Lavizan, 1678815811, Tehran, Iran
E-mail: [email protected] 2 Assistant Professor in Wood Industries, University of Zabol
Since wood industry factories have large amounts of bark waste, such as plywood and paper, the existence of a plan for using this waste as a raw material for the production of particleboard is quite essential. In this survey, spruce species bark obtained from plywood and paper manufacturers was used in laboratories with the purpose of the production of particleboard. The variable factors were resin (10%, 12% and 14%) and bark (25%, 30% and 35%) contents. Factors such as the hardener content, closure duration of the press, board density, press pressure and the press temperature were considered as constant values. Physical and mechanical properties of the boards were tested according to EN standards. This survey was designed based on the factorial method and the data was analyzed using the ANOVA technique. The obtained results show that using bark in 25-35 percent in the middle layer of the particleboard caused the decreasing of the module of rupture (MOR) and internal bound (IB) and also caused an increase in the thickness swelling after two and twenty four hours plunging in water. However, based on the results of this study, using bark up to 25% and 12% urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive in particleboard production does not cross the standards.
Keywords: Particleboard, Bark, Urea-Formaldehyde, Resin Content, module of rupture, Internal bound, Water Adsorption, Thickness Swelling.
95
ECO- FRIENDLY COMPOSITES FROM BAGASSE AND SOY-BASED RESIN
Ghonche Rassam
Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shaheed Rajaee Teacher Training University, P.O. Box 16785-163, Tehran, Iran
In this study, bagasse and soy-based resin were used for producing composite materials.
The objective of this study was evaluation of some physical and mechanical properties of
boards made of various ratios (100:0, 60:40, 40:60 and 0:100) of bagasse to wood fibers (wt:
wt) with addition of Soy/PF resin at three levels of 4, 8 and 10% and 1.5% wax. All
properties were tested according to ASTM D-1037 and all data were analyzed statistically.
The results showed that by increasing bagasse fibers, all properties of boards were
deteriorated but by addition of 10% soy/PF resin, all of them were improved significantly.
Boards made of 40% bagasse and 10% Soy/PF resin contents had acceptable bending strength
and those were made of 100% bagasse and 10% Soy/PF resin contents met the requirements
set for internal bond strength of the ANSI208.2-1994 for interior uses.
Keywords: Fibers; Wood; Mechanical properties; Physical properties.
96
THE CULTURE OF WOOD UTILIZATION AND MODERN WOODWORKING
TECHNOLOGIES
Stanislaw N. Rikunin, Elena G. Vladimirova
Moscow State Forest University
The culture of wood utilization is a careful usage of unique and varied wood properties,
including color-grade, the texture and the grain.
During many centuries wood in Russia was the basic material in a housebuilding. The
basic types of buildings, corresponding to Russian household way of life, have originally
developed in a wood. The rural housing was build up only from the wood till XIX century.
Wood also has primary importance in manufacture of the furniture and joinery products.
The development of effective resource-recovery technologies for details manufacture,
based on usage of the cutting theory and modern woodworking equipment, raises competitive
capacity of wood in building and in manufacture of furniture and joinery products.
The efficiency of industrial process in large measure depends on volume ratio of such
operations as logs and sawn timber quality sorting and gluing operation. Quality grading
allows choosing the certain wood color-grade, the texture and the grain, that makes a product
unique.
The basis for new resource saving technology can be the new ways of yield, which are
founded on the developed mathematical model of cutting process "logs-sawn timber-details".
In this methods become established the influence on the industrial process of logs and sawn
timber quality characteristic, volume ratio of solid and glued dimension parts.
97
CREATING THE RUSSIAN PLATFORM FOR RECYCLING WOOD-BASED
PANELS TO EXPAND THE WOOD ECO-CYCLE
Tatyana V. Rukavitsyna
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Fraunhofer WKI Institute for Wood Research
Being a renewable and versatile raw material wood or a wood-based product can be re-used, re-cycled and used as a carbon-neutral source of energy at the end of its first life. Nowadays a number of Russian manufacturers take an advantage of wood waste generated during the manufacturing of timber and wood-based products, and use almost all by-products, whether as a raw material, or as an energy source. During the production of sawn timber, the off-cuts, wood chips and sawdust generated are used on site to produce heat and energy for various operations, and off site for the production of particleboard, pellets or for the pulp and paper industry.
To recycle used wood-based products with the purpose of expanding the eco-cycle of wood and wood-based products is a significant step forward. The recycling of post-consumer wood serves a good solution to the waste management problems on the local level and on the global level it plays an important role as an increase in the number of times the wood is recycled and the recycling of more wood products enhances the storage of carbon and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Respect for the carbon cycle calls for respecting the sequence of wood use, so as to get the greatest benefits not only from a longer period of carbon storage, but also from the energy and finite resources saved from the production of alternative fossil-based materials.
The recycling activity in the forest-based industries is considered to be an example of “ecological service” or “immaterial solution” aiming at “a more efficient resource productivity of products”.
To create the platform for recycling wood-based panels in Russia it is necessary to call forest-based industries to:
• pay special attention to the sustainable use of wood as a raw material. • to recognize and use high and continuous recycling potential of wood. • deliver products made of renewable and recyclable material that are essential to modern life, while constantly reducing their environmental impact (consumption of energy, polluting emissions and releases, use of chemicals)
• look for ways to increase the recycled content of manufactured products. The motivators for the forest-based industries to recycle wood-based panels are the
reduction of costs thanks to the cheap raw material of post-consumer wood, high-quality boards produced out of the recycled wood, considering recycling to be an integral part of producing sustainable products.
98
PINACEA COLLECTION DENDROLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MAIN
BOTANICAL GARDER OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Denis E. Rumyantsev
Moscow State Forest University, Botany and Plant Phisiology Department [email protected]
Arboretum of Russian Academy of Sciences Main Botanical Garden named after Tzitzin
is characterized by rather uniform relief and soil cover. The investigations have been carried out in Pinaceae family collection.
Dring the investigation works index-link chronologies have been obtained for such species as Norway spruce (Picea excelsa), Siberian spruce (Picea obovata), Serbian spruce (Picea omorica), Japanise spruce (Picea ajanensis), Koyama spruce (Picea koraiensis), Glechni spruce (Picea glehnii), Blue spruce (Picea pungens), Canadian spruce (Picea canadensis), Red spruce (Picea rubra), Quebec spruce (Picea mariana), Scotch pine (Pinus silvesris), Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica), Cork pine (Pinus strobus), Balkan pine (Pinus peuce), Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), European larch (Larix deciduas), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica), Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis), Siberian fir (Abies sibirica), Canada hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii).
Average index-link chronology for all the species was obtained. Correlation coefficient between “progenitor” chronology and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) chronology is 0,25; for Fir it is 0,47; for Douglas fir it is 0,66; for Scotch pine (Pinus silvesris) it is 0,73. It reaches its maximum of 0,85 for Serbian spruce (Picea omorica). If we exclude all spruce species from the selection on whose basis the average chronology was calculated, the average chronology will not change. The results obtained can be interpreted as follows.
If we assume that divergence on ecological properties for different coniferous species was going in a random way, i.e. in forming area of each species the ecological factors deviated in a random way from those in the area of the “progenitor” forming, then we can cancel out heritable ecological properties deviations by means of averaging index-linked chronologies on all coniferous species. The chronology received this way will characterize growth of a tree with “progenitor’s” genotype.
Thus, Serbian spruce is the closest one to the pinaceous progenitor according to ecological niche occupied. According to paleontological data Spruce (Picea) genus is phylogenetically one of the most ancient of pinaceous genera (Plotnikov, 1979). Fossil representatives of Picea genus are known since Lower Cretaceous (120 - 140 million years ago). Pines appeared about 70-90 million years ago, and finally representatives of Larix and Abies genera are known only in Europe Pliocene, i.e. they appeared 5-15 million years ago. So, our conclusion well conforms to paleontological data.
99
A TECHNICAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF REPRODUCING RIPE WOOD
UNDER FIRST TARGET PROGRAMS ON IMPROVEMENT CUTTINGS IN
UKRAINE
Alexander P. Ryabokon
Ukrainian Research Institute of forestry and forest melioration named after G.M. Vysotsky, UNAS, Kharkiv
Based on a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the silvicultural effect of
improvement cuttings across permanent areas of the forestry enterprises of the Kharkiv,
Sumy and Zhitomir provinces of Ukraine, new methods have been developed for reproducing
ripe pine cultures in reference-class facilities aimed at quick and accelerated growth
(Ryabokon, 1978; 1980; the patents of Ukraine Nos. 6191, 9924, 52720, 54482, 68095,
78212, 78214, 78231, 78251 and 80922). This technology, due to modified variability of tress
under ecological conditions of different thickness of stands, makes it possible to grow: a)
pulpwood or pit props at the age of technical maturity (50 years) with the thickness n (here and later on in trees/ha) of 650; the average stem volume V (in m3) of 0.5; the wood stock M (in m3/ha) of 325; b) large-sized and medium-sized sawtimber, with the upper age limit of
technical maturity being 70 years, at n=426; V=1.17; М=500; c) high-grade assortments, sawtimber, building beams, wood for sleepers and pit props, with the upper age limit of
technical maturity being 80 years, at n=642; V=1.09; М=700.
100
SYNTHESIS OF LIGNIN MODEL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR
TRANSFORMATIONS IN BRONSTED SUPERACIDS.
DESTRUCTION OF LIGNIN IN THE SUPERACIDS
D.S. Ryabukhin, R.G. Sherstnev, A.V. Nemceva, D.V. Labutin, A.V. Pranovich, A.V. Vasilyev, M. Ya. Zarubin
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy, department of organic chemistry, Institutsky per. 5, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194021
The series of phenolic and nonphenolic lignin model compounds (1-8), containing lignin
β-O-4 ether bond, has been synthesized. The lignin model compounds with α-hydroxyl group (1,2) are transformed in Bronsted superacids HSO3F and CF3SO3H with the destruction of β-O-4 ether bond. On the contrary, the model compounds with α-keto group (3,4) are stable in the superacids, no destruction of β-O-4 ether bond takes place. It has been shown, for the first time, that Bierckman’s lignin undergoes the destruction in the superacids HSO3F, CF3SO3H and CF3SO3H-SbF5 with the formation of various low-molecular weight products: vanillin, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde, vanillic acid, etc. in 10-16% yield. This chemical transformation of lignin gives new innovative approach to the use of wood resourses to obtain compounds for industrial chemistry.
OH
OCH3
OH
O
H3C
H3CO
OH
OCH3
O
O
H3C
H3CO
OCH3
OCH3
OH
O
H3C
H3CO
OCH3
OCH3
O
O
H3C
H3CO
OH
OCH3
OH
O
H2C
H3CO
OH
OCH3
O
O
H2C
H3CO
OCH3
OCH3
OH
O
H2C
H3CO
OCH3
OCH3
O
O
H2C
H3CO
HO HO HO HO
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
101
STRUCTURES OF SURFACES OF PROTECTIVELY-DECORATIVE COVERINGS
ON WOOD
Boris M. Rybin, Boris A. Loginov, Irina A. Zavrazhnova, Valery F. Krisanov
Moscow State Forestry University
Protectively-decorative coverings on wood differ by the form used materials on paint
and varnish, film and combined. Each of the listed kinds of coverings consists, as a rule, of
several layers in which basis contain fimmaking, solvents, fillers, softeners and many other
materials promoting reception of protective and decorative properties of surfaces. Long
operation of protectively-decorative coverings shows that under the influence of a moisture,
to change of a temperature mode of air, mechanical influence, and also influence of
aggressive chemical substances and ultra-violet radiation leads to loss of protective
properties, and together with it and decorative properties of coverings. The the top coat layer
promoting fast penetration of a moisture and chemical substances will be more porous, the
the surface and as a whole a covering faster collapses. Porosity and presence of microcracks
in the top layer promotes concentration of pressure and development of cracks visible with
the naked eye, leading in a consequence spalling from a substrate.
The received structures of protectively-decorative coverings by means of electronic
microscopy show the changes visually met on surfaces depending on a kind of a material and
technology of drawing and curing of formed protective films. Early diagnostics of the
received protectively-decorative coverings will allow to formulate requirements of service
conditions of products, and also to develop recommendations about perfection of technology
of creation of protective polymeric films on wood.
102
INVESTIGATION ON HOT-PRESSING CONDITIONS ON PROPERTIES OF
HORNBEAM WOOD (CARPINUS BETULUS L.)
Mohsen Saffari
Assistant Professor, Wood science & Technology Department of Chalous Branch of Islamic Azad University (IAU), Iran
Wood is natural material that uses either solid or modified form. One of wood modifying methods is compressing in hot press that lead to produce "compressed wood". The objective of this study was to determine optimum processing conditions to achieve the best physical and mechanical properties of hornbeam compressed wood.
The variables were moisture content at two levels: 15% & 25%, press temperature at three levels: 100, 150 & 200
οC and compressive strain at four levels: 10, 20, 30 & 40%.
Totally 25 treatments in addition one control sample were examined. Spring back, compression set, dry density, impact energy, EMC, MOE and MOR of the samples were determined and compared with the control samples.
The results indicated that moisture content had an adverse effect on physical and mechanical properties of the compressed samples. At 15% moisture content, with increasing press temperature and compressive strain, spring back increased and compression set decreased. Highest impact energy was observed in treatment with 15% M.C. and 100
οC press
temperature. Also compressed samples at 100 ο c had the highest MOR. There was no
significant difference among MOE of different treatments .Also microscopic images were prapered of cross section of samples. Finally samples with 15% moisture content that were made at 100
ο c heat of press and 20% compressive strain selected as the best regarding the physical and mechanical hornbeam compressed wood properties.
Keywords: Hot press, Carpinus betulus, Compressed wood, Physical properties, MOE, MOR.
103
PRECISION OF MEASURMENT OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN BENDING
OF LUMBER IN STRUCTURAL SIZES
Alexander Salenikovich, PE, PhD, Associate Professor
Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Université Laval 2425 rue de la Terrasse, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6 CANADA
tel. +1 (418) 656-7734 fax. +1 (418) 656-2091
E-mail: [email protected]
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D198 standard includes a flexure test method for determination of the flexural properties of structural beams made of solid or laminated wood or of composite constructions. The ASTM interlaboratory study (ILS) program is aimed at developing precision statements for ASTM test methods. A statement of precision allows potential users of a test method to assess in general terms the test method’s usefulness with respect to variability in proposed applications and provides guidelines as to the magnitude of variability that can be expected between test results when the method is used in one, or in two or more, reasonably competent laboratories. Repeatability and reproducibility are the preferred types of precision statements for ASTM test methods.
The scope of this ILS was limited to determination of the apparent modulus of elasticity of 38x89-mm size materials (sawn lumber, LVL and LSL) based on deflection of the beam’s neutral axis at the mid-span measured with a yoke. In addition, the displacement of the loading head of the testing machine was measured (according to ASTM D4761 method) at the same time to determine the “in-grade” modulus of elasticity. Comparison of the two measurements can serve as a basis for adjustment of the simplified “in-grade” test method.
To measure repeatability of the test method, each piece of material was tested four times on a wide face (flatwise) and four times on a narrow face (edgewise) with total dismantling between the trials and rotation of the ends in the shortest practical period of time by the same operator. To measure reproducibility, the same specimens were shipped and tested consecutively in 16 major labs throughout the US and Canada. Based on the conclusions of the study, the precision and bias statement has been adopted for the flexure method in the D198 standard. Keywords: ASTM interlaboratory study, repeatability, reproducibility, apparent modulus of elasticity, “in-grade” modulus of elasticity.
104
TOPOCHEMICAL AND TEM / FE-SEM STUDIES ON TENSION WOOD FIBRES
OF ACER SPP., FAGUS SYLVATICA L. AND QUERCUS ROBUR L.
Schmitt U. a, Lehringer C. a, Daniel G. b, Gierlinger N. c, Koch G.a
a Institute of Wood Technology and Wood Biology, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Hamburg, Germany
b WURC, Wood Ultrastructure Research Centre, Department of Forest Products/Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
c Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
Tension wood (TW) fibres from maple, beech and oak were analysed with special
emphasis on cell wall topochemistry and fine structure within the gelatinous layer (GL). Cellular UV-microspectrophotometry (UMSP), confocal Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy after section staining with potassium permanganate (TEM) and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were applied. There was evidence for the occurrence of aromatic compounds in the GLs of fibres of all three species. Characterisation of the detected substances by UMSP point-measurements from 240-400 nm revealed a plausible relationship to by-products from the lignin biosynthesis pathway. Raman spectra, recorded from different regions within a G-layer, showed high affinity to spectra of lignins. On the ultrastructural level, TEM showed a concentric sub-layering of some GLs. Additional information about structural characteristics of TW fibres were obtained by FE-SEM. High resolution micrographs of cell walls were used for measurements of diameter and microfibril angle (MFA) of cellulose aggregates (CAG). CAG of 7 nm were observed although their diameter varied greatly in the GLs. The analytical and microscopic methods provided complementary topochemical and ultrastructural information on the G-layer in tension wood fibres.
References: Lehringer, C.; Gierlinger, N.; Koch, G. (2008): Topochemical investigation on tension wood fibres
of Acer spp., Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L.. Holzforschung 62: 255-263. Lehringer, C.; Daniel, G.; Schmitt, U. (2009): TEM/FESEM studies on tension wood fibres of Acer
spp., Fagus sylvatica L. and Quercus robur L.. Wood Sci. Technol. (revised version submitted).
105
SAINT-PETERSBURG STATE FOREST TECHNICAL ACADEMY –
HISTORY AND MODERN STATE
Andrey Selikhovkin, Alexander Alekseev
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy On May, 19 in 1803, by Alexander's I decree the Forest Institute was open. For a long
time it remained a unique higher educational institution in the state which was dealing with the subjects of a forest, always being actual for Russia.
The first tasks of Russian forest school were the following: forest inventory, reforestation, struggle against forest fires. But already by the end of XIX century in Forest Institute the concept of rational use of a forests has been generated. So there was a necessity for engineering specialities.
In 1813 St.-Petersburg Forstinstitute was renamed into the St.-Petersburg Practical Forest Institute.
In 1834 under the initiative of Minister of Finance E.F.Kankrina's it is formed Lisino training forest area for the practical training of students of the St.-Petersburg Forest Institute.
In 1837 the institute was reorganized as military schools, representing a battalion divided into companies.
In 1902 new statement is entered on which in the curriculum of more attention is given for practical lessons, time of summer field training courses is increased, the qualifying work carried out in state forests and presented for estimation of special commissions is entered. On May, 19, 1902 the centenary has been marked by assignment to institute of Imperial rank.
On September, 1, 1929 three faculties have been organized: Forestry Faculty with silviculture and forest economy departments, Forest Technological Faculty with mechanical and chemical branches and Forest Engineering Faculty with transport-logging, forest melioration and peat branches.
On January, 1, 1930 the Forest Institute has been renamed into Forest Technical Academy (FTA). FTA has the status of the basic forest high school of the country: the academy graduates the staff for a national economy and for other forest higher educational institutions.
Within II World War FTA stops educational activity. 1992 – multilevel structure of higher education is entered. 1996 – the first bachelors are graduated. 1998 – 1999 – the first masters are graduated. Today educational and scientific activity of academy is conducted on a wide spectrum of
specialities for the forest industry: forestry and parks and gardening, forest engineering and technology of wood-processing, chemical processing of wood, the machines and the equipment of forest complex, information systems, economy and management, accounting and audit, standardization and certification, automation of enterprises and safety of man. Many of our specialities – are unique.
106
THE METHOD OF PREDICTING THE COLOR OF HEAT-
TREATMENT WOOD
Yuriy Semenov, Michael Ermochenkov, Aleksey Evstigneev, Tatyana Kuvik
Moscow State Forest University
Wood - polymer composite material, which changing its decorative properties without oxygen after heat-treatment.
The color of wood varies widely. It is depending on the temperature and time of heating. There are several ways to assess the color change. In this research have been used decomposition method of RGB color. After thermal decomposition, pictures of obtained samples were processed by a computer programs CorelDRAW 12 and Adobe Photoshop.
The chemical bonds destruction in wood, that appearance during the heat process is thermal destruction. Chemical bonds of wood that are being destroyed in result temperature influence involve staging decomposition. Each stage is characterized by a changing of wood color.
For research the processes of thermal decomposition of wood had been proposed the method of thermogravimetric analysis. In result of experiments were obtained thermogravimetric diagrams of weight losing in time.
Based on the Arrhenius equation (1) (B.A. Shvedov) have developed a mathematical model to describe a multistep process of wood destruction:
.exp1
−⋅⋅=∑
= RT
EA
d
d j
j
m
j
n
jjω
τω
(1)
j – stages number index; m – the number of stages; Аj – frequency factor j stage, secon
-1; Еj –
activation energy j stage, Joule /( kilomole *Kelvin); nj – reaction number j stage; R – gas constant, Joule/kilomole; Т – temperature, Kelvin.
In result of a mathematical treatment of thermogravimetric diagrams was obtained
kinetic parameters for the multistage decomposition of birch wood. The dependence of wood decorative properties to the degree of completion of each stage was obtained. This data make it possible to predict the conditions of the technological process of heat-treatment of wood (time, temperature treatment, the rate of heating wood) to achieve a given color of the wood.
107
RUSSIAN FOREST SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL FOREST
INFORMATIONAL SERVICE (GFIS) PROJECT.
CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES
Shalaev V.S., Chumachenko S.I., Yakovleva A.I., Pentelkina O.S.
Moscow State Forest University
According to "Conception of Forestry in Russian Federation Development in 2003-
2010", one of the international collaboration's aims is allocation to international community
of actual, precise and compatible with FAO formats information about Russian forest
recourses and its exploitation. Also there is a clear need in integration of Russian forest
science to international scientific society. In this case Russia's participation in GFIS – Global
Forest Informational Service project is extremely actual. Site www.gfis.ru, created in 2007,
contains information about forest sector news from national to local level, news of regional
forest services, institutions of Russian Academy of sciences, forest colleges, NGOs. The most
actual information is transferring to the main GFIS resource - gfis.net and through it is
available to all interested persons in the world.
108
MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPEN
(POPULUS ALBA) FOR ESTABLISHING ITS ALLOWABLE DESIGN VALUES
Dr. Mohammad Shamsian* 1, Dr. Ghanbar Ebrahimi2, Dr. Mehdi Tajvidi3, Dr. Abbas Ghalandar Zadeh4
1Professor Assistant, Wood and Science Technology Department, Natural Resource Faculty, Zabol University, Iran
2Professor, Wood and Science Technology Department, Natural Resource Faculty, Tehran University, Iran
3Professor Assistant, Wood and Science Technology Department, Natural Resource Faculty, Tehran University, Iran
4Professor Assistant, Civil Faculty, Tehran University, Iran * [email protected]
Mechanical tests were conducted on matched small clear specimens of Populus wood,
which is a fast growing species. The tests were made by adopting D143-06 specification of ASTM standard. Modulus of rupture and modulus or elasticity, tension parallel to grain and tension perpendicular to grain, compression parallel to grain and compression perpendicular to grain, shear parallel to grain, cleavage, hardness, nail withdrawal and toughness of this species were measured. Density and shrinkage rate of this species were also measured as well. The target for measuring mechanical properties of Populus was to determine its clear wood strength for establishing corresponding design value. In the case of green state these values are obtained: modulus of rupture 38.1 (N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity 6297 (N/mm2), tension parallel to grain 64.6 (N/mm2) and tension perpendicular to grain 1.9 (N/mm2), compression parallel to grain 20.1 (N/mm2) and compression perpendicular to grain at limit point 2.0 (N/mm2) and in the 1 mm deformation 3.5 (N/mm2) , shear parallel to grain 4.0 (N/mm2), cleavage 27.5 (N/mm2), side hardness 1.5(KN), nail withdrawal 0.56(KN) and toughness 2.6 (Kg. m ) . . In the case of air dried state these values are obtained: modulus of rupture 65 (N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity 8097 (N/mm2), tension parallel to grain 73.3 (N/mm2) and tension perpendicular to grain 3.2 (N/mm2), compression parallel to grain 34.8 (N/mm2) and compression perpendicular to grain at limit point 4.3 (N/mm2), shear parallel to grain 4.9 (N/mm2), cleavage 42.3 (N/mm2), nail withdrawal 0.43(KN). And average physical properties are density (apparent) 0.38 Gr/cm3 and shrinkage: (radial) %3.2, (tangential) %5.2 and (volumetric) %8.4. Keywords: Mechanical and Physical properties, Bending, Compression, Shear, Tension, Nail Withdrawal, Density, Aspen, Populus alba, Allowable Design Values
109
MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK
COTTONWOOD (POPULUS EURAMERICANA) FOR ESTABLISHING ITS
ALLOWABLE DESIGN VALUES
Dr. Mohammad Shamsian* 1, Dr. Ghanbar Ebrahimi2
1Professor Assistant, Wood and Science Technology Department, Natural Resource Faculty, Zabol University, Iran
2Professor, Wood and Science Technology Department, Natural Resource Faculty, Tehran University, Iran
Mechanical tests were conducted on matched small clear specimens of Black
cottonwood (Populus euramericana) which is a fast growing species. The tests were made by adopting D143-06 specification of ASTM standard. Modulus of rupture and modulus or elasticity, tension parallel to grain and tension perpendicular to grain, compression parallel to grain and compression perpendicular to grain, shear parallel to grain, cleavage, hardness, nail withdrawal and toughness of this species were measured. Density and shrinkage rate of this species were also measured as well. The target for measuring mechanical properties of Populus was to determine its clear wood strength for establishing corresponding design value. In the case of green state these values are obtained: modulus of rupture 42.5 (N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity 6028 (N/mm2), tension parallel to grain 77.0 (N/mm2) and tension perpendicular to grain 1.8 (N/mm2), compression parallel to grain 20.8 (N/mm2) and compression perpendicular to grain at limit point 2.5 (N/mm2) and in the 1 mm deformation 4.2 (N/mm2) , shear parallel to grain 4.6 (N/mm2), cleavage 27.9 (N/mm2), side hardness 1.6(KN), nail withdrawal 0.67(KN) and toughness 3.0 (Kg. m ). In the case of air dried state these values are obtained: modulus of rupture 67.5 (N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity 7683 (N/mm2), tension parallel to grain 69.8 (N/mm2) and tension perpendicular to grain 2.2 (N/mm2), compression parallel to grain 35 (N/mm2) and compression perpendicular to grain at limit point 4.9 (N/mm2), shear parallel to grain 5.3(N/mm2), cleavage 45.4 (N/mm2), side hardness 2.1(KN), nail withdrawal 0.53(KN) and toughness 4.1 (Kg. m ). And average physical properties are density (apparent) 0.38 Gr/cm3 and shrinkage: (radial) %4.0, (tangential) %6.6 and (volumetric) %11.2. Keywords: Mechanical and Physical properties, Bending, Compression, Shear, Tension, Nail Withdrawal, Density, Black cottonwood, Populus euramericana, Allowable Design Values
110
MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
EASTERN COTTONWOOD (POPULUS DELTOIDES) FOR ESTABLISHING ITS
ALLOWABLE DESIGN VALUES
Dr. Mohammad Shamsian* 1, Dr. Ghanbar Ebrahimi2
1Professor Assistant, Wood and Science Technology Department, Natural Resource Faculty, Zabol University, Iran
2Professor, Wood and Science Technology Department, Natural Resource Faculty, Tehran University, Iran
Mechanical tests were conducted on matched small clear specimens of Eastern
Cottonwood (Populus deltoides). The tests were made by adopting D143-06 specification of ASTM standard. Modulus of rupture and modulus or elasticity, tension parallel to grain and tension perpendicular to grain, compression parallel to grain and compression perpendicular to grain, shear parallel to grain, cleavage, hardness, nail withdrawal and toughness of this species were measured. Density and shrinkage rate of this species were also measured as well. The target for measuring mechanical properties of Populus was to determine its clear wood strength for establishing corresponding design value. In the case of green state these values are obtained: modulus of rupture 54.6 (N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity 8204 (N/mm2), tension parallel to grain 64.2 (N/mm2) and tension perpendicular to grain 2.2 (N/mm2), compression parallel to grain 26.9 (N/mm2) and compression perpendicular to grain at limit point 3.0 (N/mm2) and in the 1 mm deformation 5.1 (N/mm2) , shear parallel to grain 5.2 (N/mm2), cleavage 44.1 (N/mm2), side hardness 2.4(KN), nail withdrawal 0.94(KN) and toughness 5.3 (Kg. m ) . . In the case of air dried state these values are obtained: modulus of rupture 89.1 (N/mm2) and modulus of elasticity 10168 (N/mm2), tension parallel to grain 115.5 (N/mm2) and tension perpendicular to grain 2.7 (N/mm2), compression parallel to grain 48.4 (N/mm2) and compression perpendicular to grain at limit point 7.0 (N/mm2), shear parallel to grain 7.7 (N/mm2), cleavage 55.7 (N/mm2),Side hardness 3.5(K.N), nail withdrawal 0.80(KN). And average physical properties are density (apparent) 0.38 Gr/cm3 and shrinkage: (radial) %4.0, (tangential) %6.6 and (volumetric) %11.2. Keywords: mechanical and physical properties, bending, compression, shear, tension, nail withdrawal, density, Cottonwood, Populus deltoids.
111
STUDY OF BEHAVIOR AND MEASUREMENT OF SEISMIC RESISTANT
CONNECTIONS IN LIGHT STRUCTURAL FRAME OUT OF ASPEN
Mohammad Shamsian* 1, Ghanbar Ebrahimi2, Mehdi Tajvidi3, Abbas Ghalandar Zadeh4 1 Wood and Science Technology Dept, Natural Resource Faculty, Zabol University
2, 3 Wood and Science Technology Department, Natural Resource Faculty, Tehran University 4 Civil Faculty, Tehran University
Earthquake is the major Natural disaster in Iran which once a while causes widespread death and financial losses. Constructional system and materials used in them, most often accelerate these damages, so these are considered principal reasons of the events.
Countries that have regions of high seismicity, conducted research on constructional systems, materials and methods of improving their resistance to earthquake. These research efforts have found simple solution of the problem in wood and its proper combinations with other constructional materials.
A model of light framed one story single-family residential house in Iran was constructed to determine its dynamical behavior. The model was constructed in one- third scale of a unit with 54 square maters in base. Foundation anchorage in model was made by angle pieces which were bolted to sole plate. These types of connectors could easily be fabricated in metal working shops in Iran. The rest of joints in model were made with bolts and common nails.
To see the behavior of the model, its natural frequency, acceleration at different points, lateral movements (displacement), and also response of joints to tensile and compressive forces (developed due to lateral dynamical loading on a shaking table) were measured and analyzed.
In first phase of the study, results have shown that with respect to Fast Fourier Transformation spectra, ratio of maximum acceleration in roof to bottom of model, in sinusoidal acceleration test, the natural frequency of model is ten HZ (fn = 10 Hz), since 10 Hz frequency has the highest amplitude. This result had contingency with data of sinusoidal acceleration records with 10 HZ frequency and 0.64 g as well. Therefore stiffness of model structure would be 78,250 Kg/cm. In addition, results of several sinusoidal acceleration tests for determining delay damping, has shown on the average 0.039 for this quantity.
Brief results of sinusoidal acceleration test, sweeping frequency and time history of Kobe and Tabas earthquake have shown that maximum displacements (lateral movement due to dynamic loading) are related to this acceleration with 8 HZ frequency and 1.18 g. This displacement in model has been measured 0.76 mm which is lower than allowable limit in IBC code (1% of story high, that is, 30 mm for a 3 m high). Including scale coefficient of constructed model, this figure would be 5.76 mm. But for force it could be considered that highest tensile and compressive force would occur with 10 HZ frequency and 0.85g test. The cause is resonant phenomena in this frequency. Therefore in resonant phenomena maximum force is applied to joints and in this case each joint would be under load of 30% of building’s weight. So, well installed joint can considerably prevent death and financial damages.
112
GENOTYPIC CONDITIONALITY OF WOOD STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS
Viktor K. Shirnin, Viktor A. Kostrikin
Research Institute of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Voronezh
Actively developed methods for the analysis of quantitative characters allow to reveal a genotype role during xylogenesis and it is important for determination of outlooks of forest breeding on wood quality. Thirty two oak trees at the age of 160 were taken to study the development of the main quantitative wood characteristics in ontogenesis. In this experiment repeat measurements of characteristics in ontogenesis act as gradations of factor. It made possible to calculate a repetition coefficient which is interpreted as a top boundary of heritability index (H). Calculations were carried out in the aspect of three stages of oak wood ontogenesis (1-ealy juvenile stage, up to 15-20 years old; II- late juvenile or intermediate one, up to 60-70 years old; III – a stage of definitive state)/ It was determined that the values of the repetition coefficients increased with the age of trees and objectively displayed the level of genotypic conditionality of wood characteristics in oak trees after the age of 70-80, in pine and spruce – after the age of 40-50 and in birch trees – after the age of 30-35. All structural characteristics can be classified into 3 groups by the level of genotypic conditionality:
1- With weak coefficient of conditionality(0-0,250) ring width percentage of late wood
length of fibers, quantity of narrow rays, percentage of vessels and wood parenchyma;
2- With moderate value of conditionality (0,300-0,500); diameter of summer vessels
density of rays with high and average layer ness ratio of vessel length and their
diameter;
3- With high value of conditionality (over 500); diameter of summer vessels, quantity of
wide rays per 1 cm, density of narrow rays, width of the walls of libriform fibers,
specific content of rays.
113
VARIABILITY OF MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF WOOD
Viktor K. Shirnin, Julia N. Djukova, Andrei N. Shapovalov
Research Institute of Forest Genetics and Breeding, Voronezh
Characters of microstructure are very important in definition of wood quality. They correlate with many technical properties and play an important role in certification of wood products.
A number of microstructural characters and their importance increate in woody species with heartwood and ring-porous wood, used in natural appearance. Common oak (Quercus robur L.) is a typical representative of such species.
In permanent and temporary sample plots, in forests during crosscutting of togs, in store-houses and in laboratory conditions tree were carried out some measurements and calculations of microstructural characters in the wood of 80-170 (200) – year old oak trees. The results of treatment on individual variability showed that the number of annual rings in sapwood, its width and specific content ring quantity and late zone of increment vary on an increased and high level (30-40%). Percentage of late zone changes on a low and average level (10-17%), Variation of early zone width (10-20%) is always lower than variation of radial ring length, especially of late zone of increment. Its variability coefficient is sometimes over 50 %.
Marked variation levels , are close or agree with variability of the same wood characters of other species (European ash locust black, elm, European walnut common pine). It is evidence of specificity of characters and common regularities of variability in structural characters of xylem in many perennial woody species.
114
EFFECT OF APPLICATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT OF SILVER BIRCH AND CURLY BIRCH SAPLINGS
Tamara A. Shulyakovskaya, Andrei V. Repin, Svetlana M. Shreders
Forest Research Institute, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Petrozavodsk
Nitrogen is a limiting factor for growth and development of woody plants. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of fertilization with various nitrogen doses on nitrogen metabolism parameters and dry weight increment in 2-3-year-old saplings of silver birch Betula pendula var. pendula and curly birch B.pendula var. carelica. Application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil resulted in a significant rise in the content of protein nitrogen in the bark and wood of 3-year-old curly birch saplings during high cambial activity (July). Fertilization with high nitrogen doses induced a substantial increase in the amount of free amino acids in the leaves and, especially, in the bark of curly birch, indicating the saplings responded to excessive nitrogen by intensifying the synthesis of amino acids in leaves and their transport along the phloem. The content of free amino acids in the wood and roots of curly birch saplings was most effectively raised by a medium dose of nitrogen. The role of citrulline as a compound by which nitrogen is translocated in birch was demonstrated. Nitrogen fertilization increased the proportion of this amino acid in the bark and wood. In the curly birch saplings abundantly supplied with nitrogen, the bark contained nearly a half of the whole sapling’s free amino acids, and citrulline accounted for 68 % of them. Late in the growing season, curly birch saplings treated with certain doses of nitrogen fertilizers demonstrated a weight increment of 42% for the whole plant, and of 57% for axial organs, as compared with the control.
115
THE MULTIPARAMETER ANALYSIS OF CONIFEROUS TREE-RINGS
Pavel P. Silkin, Natalia V. Ekimova
Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk [email protected]
For the first time the method of the multiparameter analysis investigated a
microstructure and a chemical compound of coniferous year rings. As objects of research
year rings of a fur-tree, a fir, a larch were used. For the same year rings the cell-sizes,
densimetric and radiographic parametres, and also concentration of elements were measured.
The analysis of research results has shown existence of linkage between concentration of
chemical elements and cellular parameters of year rings. The availability of non-linear
negative linkage of concentration Ca and Sr with a cell-wall thickness confirms outcomes of
a theoretical evaluation of influence of cell-walls chemical structure on outcomes of an x-ray
densitometry. The investigated connection between characteristics of cellular structure of
tree-rings has universal character and does not depend on a kind of trees and a place of their
growth. The results received have the important applied value for solving problems of
dendroecology and dendroclimatology.
116
ANALYSIS OF WOOD DENSITY AND ISOTOPE COMPOSITION IN TREE RINGS
OF ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS L., FAGUS SYLVATICA L. AND
FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR L.
Skomarkova M.V.1, Vaganov E.A.2, Schulze E.-D.3
1 Institute of forest SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/28, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia, [email protected]
2 Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyj av. 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia 3 Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany
We investigated the variability of δ13С and wood density in tree rings of Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L. and Fraxinus excelsior L., and analyzed the influences of climatic variables and reserve assimilates on these parameters. Wood cores from 12 trees
of each species growing in Germany (Hainich) were sampled. To obtain the density profiles
of tree-rings, we used densitometry (Schweingruber, 1988; Kirdyanov, 1999). δ13С was
estimated for each samples using Laser-Ablation-Combustion-GC-IRMS (MPI BGC, Jena,
Germany) (Schulze et al 2004). The sensitivity of ring width and wood density to climatic
variables not great as a result of optimal thermal and damp conditions. Seasonal dynamic of
δ13С indicate re-allocation and storage processes both the ringporous and diffuseporous
species. The comparison of changes in tree ring anatomical structure and isotope composition
revealed that an increasing seasonal growth rates changes the distribution of δ13С during the
different years. The relationship between seasonal changes in tree-ring structure and carbon
isotope composition can be used to study carbon storage and re-allocation, which is important
for improving models of tree ring growth and carbon isotope fractionation.
This work was supported by RFBR 08-04-00296.
117
ECOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF COMPONENTS OF SUBURBAN FORESTS
Skripalshikova L.N. 1, Stasova V.V. 1, Tatarintzev A.I.2, Zubareva O N. 1, Greshilova N.V.3
1 V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2 Siberian State Technological University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
3 Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
Suburban forests near large industrial centers are of special value. Intensive anthropogenic press of cities results in destabilization of the forest systems and violation of their environment forming functions. Estimation of ecological state of the suburban forests is highly urgent and important for predicting and preventing of emergency situations and environmental risks at the urbanized zones. As a result of long-term experimental forestry and ecological investigations in Krasnoyarsk suburbia the database of the changes of components of pine and birch stands was created. The base involves the blocks: integrated estimation of state of pine and birch stands, forest inventory characteristics of stands at the monitoring plots, forest pathological estimation of pine and birch stands, evaluation of young generations and undergrowth state, complete geobotanical description of live ground cover and estimation of its disturbances, the levels of technogenic loadings on the stand components, stages of recreational digression of stands, average morphometric parameters of tree stem tissues. As a whole this complex long-term study allowed to establish the processes occurred in the suburban forests: weakening and degradation of the stands, decreasing of productional process, deterioration of environment forming properties of these forests, disturbances of their dynamic balance.
These works were carried out to solve one of the important forestry problems – estimation of the future of our forests. The study was not of regional practice value only, but may serve as scientific and methodological basis for analogous researches in suburban forests in other regions.
118
POLARIZING MICROSCOPY OF DESTRUCTIVE CHANGES OF WOOD
AFFECTED BY FUNGUS PHANEROCHAETE SANGUINEA IN SITU
Vladimir B. Skupchenko, Olga N. Malysheva
St.-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy
The research objective consisted in studying of anatomic changes of wood detrit of birch branches under the influence of P. sanguinea, possessing changeable character of xilem destruction. For full preservation of destructed xylem structure destroyed samples consisted in epoxide type pitch epon 812. Viewing of cuts and morphometrical analysis was carried out by means of a light microscope with use polaroids.
In the beginning of wood destruction, which start from primary cover, a cavity of all cages are filled with fungi hyphae, which partial volume reaches more than 15 %. At the same time the width of a zone of a median plate increases so that hyphae also get into the given space from cavities of cages. At a final fracture of primary covers in files of cages double refraction of light disappears. Secondary covers inflate and fill space released from primary covers. In such zones partial volume of secondary covers increases from 17,7 % to 49,6 %, and cavities of cages decreases from 65,1 % to 50,4 %.
Destruction of wood, started from destruction of a secondary cover of cages, correlates with presence P. sanguinea only in individual large vessels. The given vessels are filled by dense floccuses in diameter 2,4-4,6 microns, and also thin filmy, thickness to 1,3 microns, dividing a cage cavity on compartments. Besides in weight of mycelia there are on 2-3 on a vessel thick tubular floccuses in external diameter 12,6-12,9 microns, internal – 4,6-6,0 microns. Near to vessels with mycelia still remains about half of thickness of a secondary cover of cages of wood. On the brink of the given zones there is a final fracture of a secondary cover of cages. The remaining primary cover of all types of cages occupies about 22 % from total amount and keeps high degree of double refraction of light that testifies to preservation of the anisotropic organisation of its focused structures of cellulose components.
Decomposition of xylem, beginning hydrolysis of a primary cover of cages, is connected with participation of the specific fermental systems operating at a short distance from having mass development of fungi mycelia. Destruction of wood, beginning with destruction of a secondary cover of cages, it is carried out P. sanguinea on removal from mycelia, possibly, when life cycle being at a final stage.
119
MICROSTRUCTURE OF WOOD SURFACE AND EXTERNAL MASS TRANSFER
N. V. Skuratov
Moscow State Forestry University Mytisch-5, Moscow Region, Russia, 141005
Internet: [email protected]
The interaction between the wood and the surrounding air is an important part in drying process. The external mass transfer essentially influences characteristic of drying.
The equation in which the rate of evaporation of water at the wood surface is proportional to the difference between surface wood moisture content (MC) and equilibrium MC as boundary conditions is frequently used at simulation of drying. In this equation a mass transfer coefficient dependent on temperature, relative humidity and speed of air is factor of proportionality. According to this equation drying speed at the initial stage of process is maximal and will decrease when reduction of surface MC. Experimental lumber dryings confirm this regularity. However drying curves of thin materials like veneer have pronounced initial part with constant speed of drying. Consequently, in this period surface MC should not vary, even though the initial MC of veneer considerably exceeds fiber saturation point. At the same time computed speed of veneer drying at the initial stage of process is not constant and significantly exceeds experimental values.
By assuming that wood surface MC can not exceed fiber saturation point this discrepancy is eliminated. Really the analysis of wood surface microstructure shows that the walls of the whole and cut cells containing bounded water only directly contact to surrounding air. This hypothesis is well in agreement with the description of sorption phenomena and eliminates the known contradiction in boundary conditions at the description of mass transfer processes in wood.
120
MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS OF EUROPEAN HAZEL BUSH
(СORYLUS AVELLANA L.)
Valeriy E. Sliusarchuk
Ukrainian Research Institute of forestry and forest melioration named after G.M. Vysotsky, UNAS, Kharkiv
European hazel in Russia qualifies as a commercial species. Morphometric indicators of
European hazel bush have been studied on a plantation of half-sibs where hazel and larch are being jointly grown. In 1973, seedlings of larch were bedded out, then in 1986, seedlings of hazel half-sibs (the varieties of “Stepnoy-83”, “Grandiozny”, “Kirovogradsky”, and “Novy”) were introduced into 10 m spaces between rows. It was established in 2008 that the height of bush averaged to 7.2 ± 0.09m and the crown diameters to 5.9 ± 0.12m. Differences in height and crown diameter of the half-sibs under study as well as in other morphometric indicators (component parts of bush, such as “dry and drying up stems”, “bearing stems”, “substituting stems”) are not essential. In bush planted in 1986 (i.e. at the age of 22) there were no stems over 20 years, suggesting that this is the age limit for the overground part of bush when the stems are in rotation. The presence of the dry part in a hazel bush is not an indication of the plant vitality becoming weaker, but rather is an evidence of the advisability of taking care of bush on plantations with cultivated hazel varieties so that conditions of the plants could be improved.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOISTURAL
AND VISCOELASTICITY STATES OF WOOD IN THE PROCESS OF DRYING
Yaroslaw Sokolowskyy, Myhailo Dendiuk, Anton Bakaletz
National forestry university of Ukraine, Lvov [email protected], [email protected]
The article presents modeling of the humid and stress-state state of saw-timbers in the
process of drying of capillary-porous anisotropic hygroscopic materials taking into account the viscoelastic behavior. In particular, on the basis of hypothesis of thin sections, the Bolsman-Volterr equations and generalizations of the method of finite elements, the mathematical model of determination of dynamics of moisture content and stresses in wood during drying at the stage of selection of the bound moisture is synthesized. The algorithm is proposed and a set of applied software for calculation of dynamics of moisture content and stresses in wood during drying is proposed.
121
RESEARCH OF THE BOUNDARY DEFLECTED MODE OF WOOD DURING
DESICCATION
Yaroslaw Sokolowskyy, Bogdan Pobereyko National forestry university of Ukraine, Lvov
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
The defining relationships for deformation-relaxation and heat-mass-exchange fields as well as for boundary deflected mode during desiccation of capillary-porous timber were obtained in the paper as follows:
Kinematic states for defining the geometry features
( ) ( ) 0dVJdV τ=τ (1)
where dVdV ,0 – elementary volumes of material before and during the desiccation;
J – Jacoby matrix for movement gradients, τ – time.
The equation of hydraulic conductivity for deformable materials
( ) влVтс jJdivUU ρ
0.. 1 βτ
ρ +=∂∂
(2)
where влjρ– flow of moisture, U – moisture content of the material, ..тсρ – density of
the dry material, Vβ – shrinking factor of the material.
The equation of motion, the momentum conservation law
( ) ∑= ∂∂
++−=3
1k k
kвол x
fqd
d σρυυ
τυ
ρρρρρ
ρ, ∑
= ∂∂
++−=3
1k k
kвол
вол
вол
xfj
jdiv
d
d σρ
ρτυ
ρρρρ
ρρ (3)
where υρ – velocity of material particles, волυ
ρ– velocity of moisture motion, f – specific
force per volume unit, ∑= ∂
∂3
1k k
kk
x
σσ
ρ – velocity of energy dissipation, σ – tensions.
The heat conduction equation for deformable materials, energy conservation law
( ) ( )
τ∂
∂δργ+−λ+
τ∂
ε∂σ=
τ∂∂
ρ ∑∑= =
UgradTjCgradTdivJJ
TC волP
3
1i
3
1j
ijдijP.т.н
ρ (4)
where e – specific internal energy, h – specific enthalpy of the material, γ – specific heat of evaporation, ср – heat capacity of the material, T – temperature, ε – deformation, λ – thermal conductivity, δ – gradient factor.
The equation of boundary deflected mode, the energy balance
( )
..*
3
1
3
10
*
0 0
*
3
1
3
1
*
*
11
11
1111
*
* *
тн
i j
ij
пр
ij
i j
ij
д
ij
SJ
JdTJ
dU
gradTdivTJ
dTJ
S
−−
+
+
∂∂
++=∆
∑∑∫
∫ ∫∑∑
= =
= =
εσ
ττ
δργλεσ
τ
τ τ
, (5)
where ∆S – entropy increment, symbol „*” stands for boundary values of the appropriate features.
122
THE PRINCIPLE OF STEADY STATE OF CARBON POOLS IN WOOD
PROCESSING PRODUCTS AND WASTE
Victor A. Soloviev
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy
The suggested method uses the statistics on volumes of harvesting, information on the bulk density and assortment structure of wood, technologies of wood processing, standards for waste, decomposition constants (exponential fit) of wastes as well as “life span” for wood products. The annual dynamics of each flux is described by the model:
kakdt
dan −=
or, after some transformations: an = c1 an-1 +c2 kn
where: an and an-1 – the carbon pools in the current and previous years, respectively; kn – an addition to the carbon pool in the current year; k – the decomposition constant.
c1 = e-k;
c2 = (1- c1) / k The difference between increasing sum of carbon without taking into account
decomposition and that with decomposition represents the carbon release to the atmosphere. Each pool is striving for the steady state:
k
ka nn =
If it is reached during the time of observation in several pools, one can determine the “general” decomposition rate:
n
n
a
kk =
Given the annual ratio of pools of waste from processing and products for a region and “general” decomposition rates, one can approximately estimate the impact of forest harvesting when the state of the removed cut wood is unknown.
The dynamics of 6 pools of the harvesting residuals, 10 pools of main products and 5 pools of waste were studied in the Leningrad region, Russia during the period of 1945-2000. The most pools reached the steady state by 1988-1991 years. Then the steady state was destroyed due to decrease of harvesting and processing volumes. For example, in 1985 the input with transport of cut wood and formation of harvesting residuals amounted to 110.0 Mg C, sequestration amounted to 38.8 Mg C (including 18.0 Mg C in the wood products 10.4 Mg C in the waste of processing and harvesting residuals). Consequently the carbon release to the atmosphere constituted 71.2 Mg C. The “general” decomposition rate of waste of processing and harvesting residuals amounted to 0.080 yr-1, that of wood products – 0.019 yr-1.
123
THE RESPONSE OF STEM TISSUES IN PINE AND BIRCH TO TECHNOGENIC
AND RECREATIONAL LOADINGS
Stasova V.V. 1, Skripalshikova L.N. 1, Tatarintzev A.I.2, Zubareva O N. 1, Greshilova N.V.3
1 V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2 Siberian State Technological University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
3 Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
In the course of complex investigation of suburban forest conditions near Krasnoyarsk some anatomical and morphological features of wood and inner bark in stems of Pinus sylvestris L. and Betula pendula Roth. were studied in stands differed by type and intensity of anthropogenic loadings. For the analysis the cores were taken from tree stems at 1.3 m by Pressler borer. Xylem annual increments and conducting and non-conducting phloem width, dimensions of xylem and phloem elements, amount of parenchyma in wood and phloem rings were measured on transverse sections of the cores. In pine stems the increasing of technogenic loading was found to decrease annual increments width because of cambium divisions depression and reduction of cambium activity period in annual cycle. At the same time the width of xylem increments was shown to be more sensitive than of phloem ones, that led to the changing of xylem:phloem ratio. This ratio was found to correlate with index of stand vitality. The dimensions of tracheids and sieve cells also showed a tendency to decrease with technogenic press increasing, whereas portion of parenchyma in stem tissues markedly rose. Recreational loading affected tissue structure to a lesser degree. In birch wood and inner bark changes were less expressed, so birch appeared to be more resistant to anthropogenic loadings.
124
THE ROLE OF THE FOREST-BASED SECTOR IN THE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF POLAND
W. Strykowski, PhD
Instytut Technologii Drewna (ITD), Winiarska 1, 60-654 Poznan, POLAND
The concept of the forest-based sector in Polish economy. Wood resources – age and species structure. Economic potential of forestry and wood industry – the share in the country’s global production. The role of the State Forests and other ownership forms. Characteristic of particular branches of the wood industry, pulp and paper industry, and furniture industry (production, employment). Innovations in the forestry-wood sector. The influence of the forestry sector on the development of individual provinces/regions. Economic development and societal functions of forests in the production of particular regions. Strengths and weaknesses of the forestry-wood sector compared to the economic development of Poland. Activation of local communities resulting from the state of forests and wood sector in individual regions of Poland. Relief programmes of the EU influencing the forestry-wood sector’s development in Poland. Conclusions concerning the impact of the forestry-wood sector on the economic development of Poland in the period 1990-2008. Keywords: forestry-wood sector, innovation, economic development
125
OXIDATIVE STRESS IMPACT ON INTENSITY OF WOOD FORMATION IN PINE
PLANTATIONS WITH DIFFERENT DENSITY
N.E.Sudachkova, I.L.Milyutina, L.I.Romanova, I.V.Plaksina
V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
The impact of stand density on structure of annual wood ring and antioxidant system state in one-year needles and stem cambial zone of 26-year trees of Pinus silvestris L with initial density 0.5 and 128 ths. trees ha-1 was investigated.
During vegetation the dynamics of chlorophylls, hydrogen peroxide, glutathione, ascorbate and dehydroascorbate contents, and superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase activities, and morphometric parameters of trees were studied. It was shown that diminution of size and mass of assimilative organs, decrease of photosynthetic pigments content and depression of radial growth of young trees in dense plantation might be a result of pressure of phytocenotic stress most affected on xylogenesis intensity. A number and sizes of tracheids decreased, a portion of later wood in annual ring increased, a thickness of tracheid cell wall changed in the less degree. A component of phytocenotic stress is oxidative stress arose in consequence of formation of peroxide radicals threatening to cells. Oxidative stress effect in cambial zone of pine stems shows in peroxide compounds accumulation and disturbance of glutathione and ascorbate redox system. It was noted the essential increase of SOD activity in cambial zone of pine trees from high density plantation. The other components of antioxidative system in pine cambial zone had their peculiarities confirming the tissue specificity of pine trees reaction on oxidative stress. In pine needles in distinction to cambial zone the main function on oxidative stress neutralization was carried out by peroxidase, its activity in the needles of trees from dense plantations more than twice exceeded this feature for free growing trees. Also in the needles catalase activity essentially increased and SOD activity decreased resulted in the absence of hydrogen peroxide accumulation, but a possibility of free radical accumulation in the tissues of depressed trees because of low activity of SOD was highly probable.
126
SYNCHROTRON X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY
– WOOD IDENTIFICATION FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE–
Junji Sugiyama and Suyako Mizuno
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
Wood anatomy requires the observation of
microstructure from 3 direction, axial, radial, and tangential directions. A way to do is to use a razor blade for making a thin slice from wood blocks, and prepare the microscopy preparation of corresponding 3 directions. Nevertheless this method becomes simple after training and experiences it is not applicable for example when only too small sample is given as is always the case for national heritage class wood works or artifacts. Therefore, we investigated the use of the synchrotron radiation facility 1) to test its applicability for wood anatomy by using micro-CT imaging at BL20XU, SPring8, Harima, Japan.
In Figure 1, a typical example of 3-D view of Katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) is presented. Clearly it is a diffuse-porous wood and vessel diameters are around 50-80 micrometer. Rays are multiseriate, consisting of procumbent and upright cells. The vessel perforation, scalariform perforation with many bars, that is one of characteristics of C. japonicum. In fact, Fig. 1 is a reconstituted and computer sliced section of “inside” wood. Scalariform perforation is not damaged at all as it was digitally cut in the computer.
In conclution we think that SR X-ray tomography open new field in wood anatomy. Particularly, it is useful for analyzing small fragments thus for identifying national heritage class wooden specimen. In addition, the method is non-destructive and the sample investigated could be stored and used for future analyses.
References 1) Identification of wooden cultural heritage, SPring8, Harima, Hyogo, Japan, project No 2007B15444
Fig. 1
3D view of Cercidiphyllum japonicum
127
NEW APPROACH TO SUBMOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE
Dmitry Sukhov St.Petersburg State Technological University of Plant Polymers
The results of our long term systematic complex investigations of cellulose molecular
and supramolecular structure by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Raman
spectroscopy methods allowed to storing unique data base and developing new approach to
its physical structure description. Our model consists of four carbohydrate constituents taking
into account phase and modification heterogeneity of macromolecular chains of real samples.
The chain phase heterogeneity depends on cellulose crystallinity. The modification
heterogeneity depends on co-existence of two cellulose polymorphs CI and CII in all
samples. The new idea is helpful in understanding cellulose fiber structure-properties
quantitative relationships and providing plant polymer research from nano to macro.
APPLICATION OF THE DFRC METHOD TO HYDROLYTIC LIGNINS STUDY
Sumersky I.V., Krutov S.M., Zarubin M.Ya. Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage method (DFRC) consists of treatment of investigated samples with acetyl bromide in acetic acid with the following reductive cleavage by Zn dust.
DFRC method was applied to lignin model compounds, Björkman lignin, Willstätter hydrolytic lignin and to technical hydrolytic lignins from Kirovsky, Tavdinsky and Lobvinsky plants.
Obtained products were investigated by physicochemical methods of analysis, such as thin layer chromatography TLC, high performance liquid chromatography HPLC, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS, etc.
Optimal conditions of DFRC method were estimated for investigation of hydrolytic lignins from different plants.
The availability and efficiency of DFRC method had been proved on the basis of carried out experiments. All treatments of samples are carried out at mild conditions and accomplished with obtaining of low molecular compounds. Thus, new information about hydrolytic lignin can be obtained by analysis of those low molecular compounds with mentioned physicochemical methods.
128
THE PECULIARITIES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF MAIN CONIFEROUS SPECIES
IN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF EASTERN SIBERIA SOUTH
Galina G. Suvorova Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS, Irkutsk
The referat sums up the results of multi-annual research focused on peculiarities of
photosynthesis of main forest-forming species – common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) and Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) in climatic conditions of Eastern Siberia south, characterized by cold soils, deficit of moisture and high insolation level. Different coniferous species were found to acquire photosynthetic advantage in case of alternation of vegetation seasons contrasted by weather conditions. Fluctuations of seasonal photosynthetic productivity in natural conditions may reach 2.5, 3 and 5 times in larch, pine and spruce respectively. Such significant changes of seasonal photosynthetic productivity in terms of carbon balance are demonstrated for the first time. During vegetation evergreen conifers go through redistribution of high level of photosynthetic productivity from unfavorable summer period, when due to drought and high temperatures monthly carbon losses may reach 65%, to spring and autumn. In total during spring and summer (4.5 months) pine and spruce assimilate about 75% of annual carbon. In larch most of carbon is photosynthetically assimilated in summer (2.5 months). Ability of photosynthetic productivity to change considerably within and between seasons allows to explain certain phytocenotic peculiarities of conifers, in particular, long-time existence of spruce under the canopy of deciduous species, conservation of relic communities with participation of conifers in non-characteristic conditions, co-existence of coniferous and deciduous species in mixed communities, etc. This allows us to conclude that inter- and intra-annual fluctuations of photosynthetic productivity ensure adaptation of Siberian conifers on ecosystemic level.
Changes of daily photosynthetic productivity typical of each species were determined. Two different strategies of photosynthetic productivity – spring and summer-autumn – were identified in evergreen pine and spruce. Spring strategy of spruce is characterized by the ability to reach high values of photosynthetic productivity at the expense of abundance of soil moisture and high level of illumination, spring strategy of pine – at the expense of rapid warming of soil upper layer. In case of summer-autumn strategy high values of photosynthetic productivity in pine are identified in the conditions of high illumination and low xerophyte level, in spruce – at optimal soil moisture, moderate illumination or low air temperature. Larch demonstrates maximal daily photosynthetic productivity in the conditions of optimal soil moisture and within wide ranges of air temperature and illumination. In cold seasons it manifested linear dependence of photosynthesis on soil temperature. Comparison of photosynthetic productivity peculiarities with literary data on ecology of native forest ecosystems of Siberia, with the conifers under study acting as dominants and edificators, allowed reveal a certain correspondence in selectivity of environmental conditions ensuring maximal level of conifers’ photosynthetic productivity, and a complex of environmental conditions (ecology), typical of native and highly productive communities with participation of these conifers. This allowed us to substantiate the statement that high productivity of photosynthesis ensures stabilization of the species’ ecological niche.
129
LUMEN DIAMETER-TO-WALL THICKNESS RATIO IN TRACHEID:
OPTIMIZATION APPROACH
Sviderskaya Irina, Siberain Federal University, Krasnoyarsk
Shipitsina Ekaterina, Siberain Federal University, Krasnoyarsk Soukhovolsky Vladislav, V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk Kirdyanov Aleksandr, V.N.Sukachev Institute of Forest, SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk
The tracheids both support tree body and transport water to the crown by bulk flow. There is a conflict between the requirements to lumen diameter-to-wall thickness ratio for maximizing efficiency of water transport and mechanical support. Our aim was to develop an optimality model and calculate the optimal value of the ratio between lumen radial size and secondary wall thickness when there is a compromise between fluid conductance and mechanical functions. The efficiency of conductance function was evaluated by the volumetric speed of water flow through the tracheid. As the thickness of tangential wall in the model tracheid was zero and tangential size of tracheid was set to be constant the efficiency of transporting function increased with the lumen size to the second power. The efficiency of mechanical function was evaluated by the area of wall cross-section that was proportional to the first power of wall thickness. The total efficiency was calculated by multiplication of the partial efficiency functions. To determine the optimum ratio between lumen diameter and wall thickness the first derivative of the total efficiency function was taken, and then the expression was sat equal to zero. When the equation was solved we obtained that in the optimal tracheids the lumen size is about two thirds of the tracheid diameter that is wall thickness is about one quarter of lumen diameter. The calculated optimal ratio was compared to actual data for three species growing in Middle Siberia. In the examined rings there were found few tracheids with the optimum ratio. The straight line of the optimal tracheid separated cells in the diagrams of wall thickness vs tracheid diameter into two groups corresponding to traditional early- and latewood. In general the latewood cells had thicker walls and earlywood cells had thinner walls than the optimal tracheid. The average values of the ratio for the entire rings were closer to the optimal value. We proposed to define the latewood as tracheids in the outer layer of the ring with wall thickness-to-tracheid diameter ratio more and the earlywood as tracheids in the inner layer of the ring with values of ratio less than the optimal value.
130
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTIVE CONTENT ON THE
LONGITUDINAL GAS PERMEABILITY OF JUVENILE WOOD AND MATURE
WOOD OF POPULUS DELTOIDES (69/55) AND POPULUS × EUROAMERICANA
(CV. I-214) (GROWN IN GILAN PROVINCE, IRAN)
Hamid Reza Taghiyari*1, Kambiz Pourtahmasi 2
1 Assistant professor of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
2 Assistant professor of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, The University of Tehran
The present study is aimed at the effect of extractive content on the gas permeability
values of two important poplar clones in Iran. Results show that the average longitudinal
specific gas permeability of Populus deltoids (69-55) is 1.50 × 10-13 (m3 m-1) for juvenile wood, and 28.18 × 10-13 (m3 m-1) for mature wood; whereas the averages for Populus × euroamericana (cv. I-214) show 0.17 × 10-13 (m3 m-1) for juvenile wood, and 13.75 × 10-13 (m3 m-1) for mature wood. Furthermore, extractive content of the juvenile wood in
P.×euroamericana was the greatest (% 3.4) whereas in mature wood of P.deltoides was the lowest (% 0.3). Higher extractive content in juvenile wood in comparison with the mature
wood varies significantly among different clones; still there is always reverse relation
between permeability and extractive content. Therefore, the low permeability in the mature
wood of 22 year old P.×euroamericana trees may be rooted in the intense settlement of extractives. Analysis of these figures show that although there is a strong correlation between
the gas permeability and extractive content, but other factors such as vessel diameter may
also be instrumental (to be studied in further research programs).
* Corresponding author: Hamid Reza Taghiyari; [email protected]; Post Office Box No.: 13185-1898, Tehran, Iran.; Cellphone: (+ 98) 0912-2000235 ; Fax: (+ 98-021) 22970021.
131
EVALUATION OF FIRE RETARDANT EFFECTS OF THE BORIC
ACID _ BORAX COMPLEX IN DIPPING AND SPRAY METHODS
V. Tazakor Rezaee
Asst. Prof, Dep. of Wood & Paper Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, . , Chaloos, Iran.Islamic Azad Uncom.tazakor@gmail
M. Soltani Asst. Prof, Dep. of Wood & Paper Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources,
Islamic Azad Un., Chaloos, Iran. [email protected] Iman Moolai
Ms student, Dep. of Wood & Paper Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, Islamic Azad Un., Chaloos, Iran
Objective of the current study was to Evaluation of fire retarding effects of the boric
acid _ borax complex on Alnus subcordata by dipping and spray methods. The test samples were prepared according to JISA standard and treated with a complex of 50:50 boric acid _
borax by dipping and spray methods separately. The dipping process was applied for 24 hours
with two levels in 5% and 12% of consistency. The fire retardant was applied 32 grams per
square centimeters in the spray process. The specific gravity, glowing time, ignition time and
weight loss were determined.
Results indicated that, the dipping method was more effective than the spray and there
are significant difference between 5 and 12 %, consistency so that the fire retardant at 12 %
was more effective.
Keywords: fire retardant, boric acid _ borax complex, dipping method, spray method, consistency
132
DEVELOPMENT OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR WOOD
Tiitta M., Tomppo L., Lappalainen R.
Dept. of Physics, University of Kuopio, Finland, e-mail: [email protected]
The variation of wood properties has a high impact on the quality of the wood products.
Thus, it would be important to determine the material properties of wood before processing to
optimize its use. Nowadays, sampling and destructive testing methods are frequently needed
to investigate the wood properties. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) uses relatively
low frequency electromagnetic waves including spectral and model analyses to enhance the
evaluation. Studied EIS applications included moisture gradient, decay, density and extractive
analyses. Acoustic emission technique has been studied especially for monitoring wood
drying. A method based on combined electrical and acoustic emission method has been
developed to optimise wood drying. Ultrasonic technique has been applied e.g. for glulam
beam and veneer analyses, air-coupled ultrasonic techniques have also been studied. Gamma
ray attenuation technique was used to monitor moisture and density distributions in wood.
The overall goal was to examine the relations between wood properties and defects with the
NDE responses for developing novel methods to improve assessment of wood. The species
included birch, Douglas fir, pine and spruce. Gamma-ray and EIS equipment were developed
to evaluate the wood properties.
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THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LARIX SIBIRICA WOOD
Research Assistant Elif TOPALOĞLU*
Prof. Dr. Nurgül AY* *Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry
Department of Wood Mechanic and Technology
The aim of this study to find physical and mechanical properties of Siberian larch
(Larix sibirica) and determine uses of it. In this study air dry and oven dry, densities, volume-density value, compression strength parallel to the grain, static bending strength, modulus of
elasticity for bending strength, impact strength and Brinell hardness values (parallel and
perpendicular to grain) were determined. Preparation of the test specimens and application of
the test procedures were done according to Turkish standards. Siberian larch wood’s air dry
and oven dry densities were determined as 0.645 g/cm3 and 0.632 g/cm3, volume-density
value was determined as 0.534 g/cm3. Compression strength parallel to the grain and Brinell
hardness values (parallel and perpendicular to grain) were determined as 473.9 kp/cm2, 73.6
N/mm2 and 27.5 N/mm2 respectively.
Keywords: Larix sibirica, physical properties, mechanical properties
134
WOOD PROPERTIES AS PRE-BREEDING OPTION IN SPECIES SELECTION
FOR PLANTATION FORESTRY IN UGANDA
Turinawe
Wood technologist, National Forestry Resources Research Institute (NaFORRI), Uganda Esegu
Director, National Forestry Resources Research Institute (NaFORRI), Uganda
In Uganda, wood for both industrial and domestic use has been obtained from natural forests which are composed of multitude of species. These species have the potential for domestication and inclusion in woodlots and forest plantations. However, little has been achieved in recruiting indigenous trees for plantation forestry owing to their long gestation periods and unknown wood properties. Consequently, plantation forestry mainly from exotic germplasm sources has remained the only source of commercial timber in most African countries.
Germplasm for plantation development in Uganda has been introduced from exotic sources since the inception of plantation forestry in the country. The dominating plantation species are Eucalyptus camaldulensis. E. grandis, E. saligina; Pinus. caribaea, P. patula and P. oocarpa all of Australian and Brazilian origins. Clonal eucalypts have been introduced from South Africa. Importing germplasm has made the cost of planting material high and thus the overall cost of plantation establishment expensive. This problem has been compounded by the loss of forest genetic resources. Initiatives for pre-breeding selection and breeding for tree improvement are envisaged to provide appropriate solution to the germplasm scarcity.
Whereas conventional pre-breeding selection has been based on morphological and potential tree growth characteristics, NaFORRI has in addition initiated a research project emphasizing the study of physical and mechanical properties of selected mother trees landraces of eucalypts and pines as the major characteristics for tree improvement and establishment of locally produced, competitive and inexpensive germplasm for plantation forestry.
The key project activities include wood property studies on eucalypts and pine landraces as well as on the newly introduced clonal eucalypts. This is a deliberate attempt to provide information to plantation developers’, tree breeders and commercial nursery owners of the appropriate timber species based on wood properties and thus future wood raw material requirements for Uganda.
135
RADIAL INCREMENT OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. AND PINUS SYLVESTRIS
KRYLOVII IN THE AREA OF EAST TRANSBAIKAL REGION
Irina Vakhnina
The Institute of Natural Resources, ecology and cryology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Russia, Chita
Absolute values of radial increment of Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus sylvestris krylovii in
the East Transbaikal region have been measured. According to the results of correlation analysis the limit factors of the increment are atmospheric precipitations of the vegetative season; positive correlation of the increment with the air temperature in the last ten years at warming that happened on 1990 is interpreted as the evidence of synergistic effect of the influence of the temperature on its increase in wet years.
IDENTIFICATION AND COMPARATIVE THE EXTRACTIVES CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS IN NATURAL AND PLANTED CYPRESS TREE BY GC/MS
Dr. Ramin Vaysi Assistant Professor, Wood &Paper Department, Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch,
17 Sharivar, St., Chalous,Mazandaran, IRAN, E-mail: [email protected] E.D.Taherinia
Wood and Paper Technology Student (MS), Islamic Azad University of Chalous, Iran
Cypress tree is one of the species with unique natural durability .and there are a lot of from natural and planted forests in Mediterranean region in Iran. In this study, three trees from two species of natural and planted cypress tree were randomly cut down in Hasan-Abad region of Chalous city. Then from each tree were separated three disks and at first wood flour and then measured extractive by TAPPI standards. The results of this study showed that extractive variation decrease in the longitudinal direction. The average of extractives in natural and planted cypress tree are 7.52 and 2.57 percent respectively. Then wood flour was washed by toluene ethylic alcohol with the 2:1 ratio .To the extractives residue was added BSTFA reactor and samples kept in Ben Marry Bath in 70oC for an hour, and they were analyzed by GC/MS. For the Identification of compounds were used GC diagram which shows abundance and retention time of each compound, and calculation of quartz index and Adams table .So that, Specified 14 compounds in natural and 12 compounds were in planted cypress tree. That isophyllocladene, 9-octadecenamide, cinnamaldehyde-2-hexyle, bourbonanone and 1h-naphtho [2,3-c]pyran-3-acetic acid there were in either species so much and these compounds are very important in durability. Keywords: Natural and Planted Cypress Tree, Extractives, Retention Time, BSTFA, GC/MS.
136
INVESTIGATION ON THE OPTICAL BEHAVIOR OF ACETYLATED AND
BLEACHED BEECH CMP PULP FOLLOWING ACCELERATED
IRRADIATION AGING
Dr. R.Vaysi
Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University of Chalous and Nowshar, 17 Sharivar St., Chalous, IRAN, E-mail : [email protected]
Dr. S.A. Mirshokraie Professor, Payame -Noor University, IRAN, E- mail: [email protected]
In this research, Beech chips were chosen randomly from chips pile at Mazandaran Pulp
and Paper Mill and pulped under CMP conditions at the yield of 85% .Then, one portion of pulp was bleached using hydrogen peroxide and DTPA as chelating agent and 6o gr/m2 handsheets were made from bleached and unbleached pulp. A number of bleached and unbleached handsheets were acetylated using acetic anhydride at 80oC for 30 and 60 minutes. The handsheet were irradiated for zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes for accelerated aging. The optical characteristics of the handsheets were measured before and after optical aging. The results of this study showed that following bleaching and acetylating, absorption coefficient, K/S ratio, opacity, yellowness, greenness and post color (PC) number were decreased, and brightness was increased. Following aging up to 40 hours, all optical Properties (except brightness) were increased. These changes are more tangible up to 20 hours irradiation. Among the handsheets, acetylated handsheets, especially those acetylated for 60 minutes, have better brightness stability and less brightness reversion and therefore better resistance towards optical deterioration.
Keywords: Accelerated Optical Aging, Acetic Anhydride, Bleaching, CMP Pulp, Acetylation, Brightness Stability and Beech.
137
INVESTIGATION ON THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY OF NSSC PULP AND
FLUTING PAPER FROM KIWI RESIDUES
Dr. Ramin Vaysi
Assistant Professor, Wood &Paper Department, Islamic Azad University of Chalous Branch, 17 Sharivar, St., Chalous, Mazandaran, IRAN, E-mail: [email protected]
In this research, some chips of kiwi residues in the west of Mazandaran were randomly chosen and NSSC Pulps were prepared at the yield 75%in 105 minutes, by using cooking conditions of Wood and Paper Industries of Mazandaran (MWPI) in North of Iran. The fluting papers were prepared from the Kiwi NSSC and Mill NSSC pulps, first in a separate and then mixed way. In order to improve the strength of handsheets, 5-10 % of imported long -fiber was added to them. Then the optical and mechanical properties were measured and compared according to using TAPPI Standard test methods. The results showed that the greatest strength of the burst, breaking length, tensile, RCT, porosity and opacity were in the handsheets obtained from the kiwi NSSC pulp +10 % of imported long-fiber and the lowest strength was in the handsheets kiwi NSSC pulp.The results also indicated that highest resistance of tear and brightness were in NSSC MWPI Mill, and the highest CMT and water absorption were in papers obtained from Kiwi NSSC pulp. The results also pointed out that the above-mentioned strengths can be improved by adding 10 % of imported long-fiber to the Kiwi NSSC pulp. So the Kiwi NSSC pulp +10 % of imported long-fiber can replace some of the NSSC pulp of MWPI Mill, but it is not possible for pure kiwi NSSC pulp.
Keywords: Kiwi Residues, NSSC Pulp, Fluting Paper, Mechanical properties.
138
VARIATIONS OF A CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF BIRCHES LEAF-BUDS OF
THE ST.-PETESBURG FOREST TECHNICAL ACADEMY TREE NURSERY
Vedernikov D.N., Neverovsky V.Yu., Roshchin V. I.
St-Petersburg Forest Technical Academy, [email protected]
Known fact that sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids are present in composition of compounds of birches leaf-buds. It was found metabolites structures of birch leaf-buds of academy trees differs considerably. 10 buds were gathered from lower branches of birches. Buds was slit and mixed with acetone. An extracts were methylated by diazomethane. Products were analyzed by chromato-mass-spectrometric method. Substances of an extract were identified by comparison Kovacs retention indices and mass spectra with the data of the individual substances identified by spectral methods. Composition of compounds of birchs leaf-buds (Betula pendula Roth., Betula pendula Roth. f. carelica (Merckl.) Hamet-Ahti, Betula pubescens Ehrh., Betula krylowii G.V.Krylov) depends on a species and it changes within one sort. Two types of composition are observed: I (sesquiterpenoids, alkanes, saturated fatty acids, flavonoids) and II (alkanes, linoleic and linolenic acids, the saturated fatty acids and triterpenoids). Compositions does not depend on terms of gathering (month, year). 6-Hydroxy- β-caryophyllene and 6-acetoxy-β-carryophyllene prevails among sesquiterpenoids. The sesquiterpenoids quantitative ratios depend on a birch species. 3,4-Seco-4(28),20(21),24-dammaretrien-3-oic and 3,4-seco-4(24),20(30)-ursan-3-oic prevail among triterpenoids. Some birches buds have the mixed composition. Compositions I and II of buds compounds were found in the trees of one sort. These trees grow near and have same age. Development of trees of type II is behind one of type I trees. Type I for birches of various species differs but composition II is similar, except for the American representative of birches - Betula lenta L. (1 birch) which has composition of buds metabolytes II, but 3,4-seco-4(24),20(30)-ursan-3-oic acid is absent. 2 Trees of species Betula atrata Domin. have buds composition type II on 80 % consisting of 14-acetoxy carriophyllene. Trees Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh. of type II more often grow in St.-Petersburg and adjacent areas. The birches growing far from a city have classical buds composition of type I and very seldom have composition of the mixed type. Buds of birches Betula grandifolia Litv. and Betula aurata Borkh. have the substances which are absent in other species. Hybrid Betula x aurata Borkh. (2 birches) has composition type I consisting on 85 % from carryophyllen-14-oic acid. One birch Betula grandifolia Litv. has composition type II, another birch has mixed composition (50/50). Carryophyllenoic acid as well as in hybrid Betula x aurata Borkh. is main among sesquiterpenoid. The main triterpenoids of composition are 3-epiocotillol acetate and ocotillon. 3-Epiocotillol and ocotillon were identified in various birch species of Far East in the past.
139
THE EFFECT OF BROWN-ROT DECAY ON HYGROSCOPICITY AND
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SCOTS PINE HEARTWOOD
Venäläinen, M1., Harju. A.1, Laakso, T2, and Karppanen, O.1
1 Finnish Forest Research Institute, Punkaharju Research Unit, FIN-58450 Punkaharju, Finland
2 Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
The effect of brown-rot decay on the water adsorption capacity and the concentration of extractives of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) heartwood was studied by comparing corresponding properties of decayed and intact wood blocks. The samples derived from 39 even-aged trees having a large between-tree variation in the extractive concentrations, and subsequently in the mass loss in the brown-rot (Coniophora puteana) decay test (1-49 %). The water adsorption capacity was measured at a very high relative humidity (RH ~100 %, 21ºC). In contrast to expected, the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of brow-rotted heartwood appeared to be significantly higher than that of undecayed heartwood. We explained this result by the increased capacity for capillary condensation. The chemical composition of heartwood was changed radically by the brown-rot fungus. The concentration of stilbenes, resin acids and free fatty acids decreased indicating that the fungus was able to eliminate the extractives at a faster rate than cell wall constituents. At the same time the concentration of total phenolics increased which obviously reflected changes in the chemical structure of the main cell wall constituents. Also the concentration of soluble sugars increased as a result of decay, and in addition, fungal sugars were found in the decayed samples. As one conclusion, the high hygroscopicity of brown-rotted wood should be taken into account e.g. when carrying out repairs on buildings damaged by advanced decay.
140
COMPLEX CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF A BARK OF AN ASPEN
V.I. Yagodin, V.A. Sokolova
Saint-Petersburg Forest Technical Academy
The basic global tendencies of development of scientific and technological researches in the field of deep processing a wood biomass are connected to development of new principles and methods of complex use of all basic components, and also involving in chemical processing wood waste products, sub-standard and unvaluable wood.
The problem of an effective utilization of all elements of a biomass of a tree consists in necessity of creation of the non-polluting versatile industrial complexes, allowing to process the basic recyclable wood resources (low-grade wood, woodcutting waste products, a bush, small-dimension and dead trees after cleaning cutting, waste products of lumbering and woodworking, a bark, leaves, needles) with reception of valuable chemical products (charcoal, rosin, turpentine, fat acids, pitches etc.), biological - active substances of medical, treatment-and-prophylactic assignments, organic-mineral fertilizers, and also thermal energy of technological and household assignments as hot smoke gases, waters and technological pair.
The aspen takes the second place on the area of deciduous breeds and grows everywhere in all climatic zones. The share of a bark accounts 20% of its biomass. However, the bark and leaves at forest measurement are not taken into account.
Now in Saint-Petersburg Forest Technical Academy technical offers on rational use of a biomass of an aspen are developed, researches on development of the basic decisions will be carried out, allowing to create technology which in conditions of one enterprise enables to put into practice nonwaste method of processing all elements of a biomass of a tree.
141
REACTIONS OF GROB’S FRAGMENTATION AND ELECTOPHILIC
AROMATIC DISPLACEMENT OF SUBSTITUENTS BY PROTON IN LIGNIN
STRUCTURAL UNITS
M.Ja. Zarubin, S.M. Krutov, D.V. Labutin
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy
Previously we have shown the fragmentation of lignin under strong acidic conditions. This prosses can be explained by getherolitic splitting of ether bonds between lignin structural units, or getherolitic splitting of carbon-carbon bonds in side chains, mainly
between β- and γ- carbon atoms (like in lignin they have OH-groupe on γ- atom and this is the reasone of formaldyhide formation in presens of 12 % or 28 % H2SO4). Grob proposed to call this type of reaction as fragmentation reactions.
We have studied possibility of fragmentation reactions with splitting of β- and γ- bonds at solvation of milled wood of fir-free, asp, birch, maple and some technical lignins in the presens of strong acids.
All reactions were carried out in acetic acid with concentrated H2SO4 and H3PO4 (temperature of treatment 0 – 5 oC).
The data obtained has shown that fragmentation reactions of lignin structural units with
splitting of β-, γ- carbon-carbon bonds almost do not take place in the case of technical lignins and milled wood row under the treatment by strong acids.
We observed the increase of the same type reactions at the use of 45 % H3PO4 in concentrated acetic acid.
Aromatic displacement electrophilic reactions of substituents almost unknown. This reactions have no name, but presents of this type reactions was founded at interaction of phenyl-halides and polyalkilbenzols with nitric asid.
Reaction of this type are very important for practise in lignin chemistry and for some technological prosseses in chemistry of wood and lignins. For example, in halogination and
nitration, because some structural units in lignin contain α-triply carbon atoms. We studied these reactions on model compounds and technical lignins where proton
was electrophilic agent. It was shown that this reactions go easily even at low temperatures (~ 0 oC). But on the other hand, we detected formation of sulfurized phenols. In this case the treatment conditions were: 90 % CCl3COOH + 45 % H3PO4 in concentrated CH3COOH. Yeild of phenols are higher in coniferous technical lignins. The main component of mixture was is guaicol. 1. Li J.J., Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms, Berlin: Springer, 2006.
2. Sarkanen K.V., Ludwig C.H., Lignins: occurance, formation, structure and reactions, New York, Wiley, 1975.
142
TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF OAK TIMBER OF THE KHARKOV
REGION FOR THE COOPERAGE
Sergey G. Zrazhva
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev
The major factors defining quality of a stave are an anatomic structure, chemical and physical properties of wood. It is considered by experts of the cooperage firms which are in the lead in the international market of wine and cognac barrels. Researches of French, Russian and American scientists underline that geographical origin; conditions of growth and botanical species of an oak have the same importance as an anatomic structure of its wood. Up to 2001 the quality of a pipe stave oak in Ukraine was defined by defects of wood preventing mechanized conversion and radiality of a sawing. The complex technological estimate of raw materials source of oak plantings is necessary for revival of the national cooperage industry at a new qualitative level. It will provide a target wood processing of various species of the oak, grown in the defined conditions, for a maturation of brandy, cognac spirits, red and white wines.
Kharkov regional forestry enterprise (alongside with Vinnitsa and Zhitomir) is one of the largest manufacturers of oak logs and a plywood raw material in the country. The most part of oak forest stands grows on grey forest soils in conditions of site indexes of fresh oak forest and a fresh suboak forest. It is mainly the mixed plantings with participation of Quercus robur L. (80 %), Tilia cordata Mill., (10 %) and Fraxinus excelsior L. (10 %). Owing to side shadow influence of attendant species it is observed high clear stems without limbs. However marketability of forest stands appreciably decreases butt rots, especially in forests of coppice origin.
An average ring width, percent of a latewood, the percent of a yield and groups of quality of a barrel log were defined in stave logs on cutting areas of clear-cuttings in typical for Kharkov timber enterprises site indexes conditions. The models of wood sawed from sample type trees were analyzed on the content of phenolic substances, furfural, evgenol, β-methyl-γ-octalacton, density and a pore space.
Possible felling volumes for wine and brandy barrel logs were defined on the basis of the analysis of a complex of properties of wood. The most part of oak stave logs in this region is suitable for wine casks. Sometimes, in wet conditions we can find timber for brandy and cognac barrels.
Obtained data can become a basis of target cull of timber for wine, brandy and cognac barrels, development of the feasibility report on directions of utilization of the cultivated wood, optimization of allocation of cooperages.