forgetting, memory construction, and improving memory
DESCRIPTION
Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters long-term memory External events Sensory memory Short- term Long- Attention Encoding failure leads to forgettingTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9 Forgetting, Memory
Construction, and Improving Memory
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Forgetting Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters long-term
memory
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Encodingfailure leadsto forgetting
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Forgetting Forgetting as
encoding failure
Which penny is the real thing?
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Forgetting Ebbinghaus
forgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time
12345 10 15 20 25 30
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
Time in days since learning list
Percentage oflist retainedwhen relearning
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Forgetting The forgetting curve for Spanish learned in school
Retentiondrops,
then levels off
1 3 5 9½ 14½ 25 35½ 49½Time in years after completion of Spanish course
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage oforiginal
vocabularyretained
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Retrieval Forgetting can result from failure to
retrieve information from long-term memory
Externalevents
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Retrieval failureleads to forgetting
Retrieval
Sensorymemory
Short-termmemory
Long-termmemory
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Forgetting as Interference Learning some items may disrupt
retrieval of other information Proactive (forward acting)
Interference disruptive effect of prior learning on
recall of new information Retroactive (backwards acting)
Interference disruptive effect of new learning on
recall of old information
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Forgetting as Interference
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Forgetting Retroactive Interference
Without interferingevents, recall isbetterAfter sleep
After remaining awake
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Hours elapsed after learning syllables
90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Percentageof syllables
recalled
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Forgetting
Forgetting can occur at any memory stage
As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it
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Forgetting- Interference Motivated Forgetting
people unknowingly revise memories
Repression defense mechanism that banishes
from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Memory Construction We filter information and fill in
missing pieces Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Source Amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event
that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)
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Memory Construction Eyewitnesses
reconstruct memories when questioned
Depiction of actual accident
Leading question:“About how fast were the carsgoing when they smashed intoeach other?”
Memoryconstruction
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Memory Construction Memories of Abuse
Repressed or Constructed? Child sexual abuse does occur Some adults do actually forget such episodes
False Memory Syndrome condition in which a person’s identity and
relationships center around a false but strongly believed memory of traumatic experience
sometimes induced by well-meaning therapists
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Memory Construction Most people can agree on the following:
Injustice happens Incest happens Forgetting happens Recovered memories are commonplace Memories recovered under hypnosis or drugs
are especially unreliable Memories of things happening before age 3
are unreliable Memories, whether false or real, are
upsetting
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Improve Your Memory Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or
actively thinking about the material Make material personally
meaningful Use mnemonic devices
associate with peg words--something already stored
make up story chunk--acronyms
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Improve Your Memory Activate retrieval cues--mentally
recreate situation and mood Recall events while they are
fresh-- before you encounter misinformation
Minimize interference Test your own knowledge
rehearse determine what you do not yet
know