formal arabic for the student who has completed one or ...this is a beautiful city. this is the...
TRANSCRIPT
DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 024 953 AL 001 665
By-Hanna, Sarni A.; Greis. NaguibIntroducing Literary Arabic. Preliminary Edition.Utah Univ., Salt Lake City.Pub Date 68Note- 245p.EDRS Price MF-$1.00 HC- $12.35Descriptors-*Arabic, Composition Skills (Literary), *Cultural Background. Folk Culture, Glossaries, Grammar,
Idioms, Instructional Materials, *Language Instruction, Lterature, Pattern Drills (Language), *ReadingMaterials, Textbooks, Vocabulary
Identifiers-Classical Arabic, Formal Style, *Literary ArabicThis 15-unit. linguistically oriented text is designed for two semesters' work in
formal Arabic for the student who has completed one or more semesters ofsemi-intensive study equivalent to the related texts "Beginning Arabic" (ED 012 916)and "Writing Arabic" (ED 011 110) by the same authors. The material is carefullygraded. Vocabulary and grammatical structures used in the earlier volumes areexpanded in the formal context. Significant social. religious, and geographical materialis used as the content. culminating in selections from well known literary sources.Lessons include structure, drills. vocabulary arranged according to word function,reading selections, conversations, exercises, paradigms. useful expressions andidioms. and composition practice. Explanatory notes draw attention to grammaticalpoints, and the setting for dialogues and reading passages. An Arabic-Englishglossary concludes the volume. (MK)
Intrukatritig ititrrar
SAMI A. HANNAMiddle East Studies Center
University of Utah
AL 00) 665
bk
NAG GREIS:'
te.C.olliSO4-v911%
IP.
;
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE
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STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
POSITION OR POLICY.
Preliminary Edition
Copyright 1968, by Sami A. Hanna and Naguib Greis
"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISCOPYRIIITED MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED
BY 4
TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATINGUNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE U.S. OFFICE OF
EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE
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THE COPYRIGHT OWNER."
No part of this book may be reproduced or copied in any form
without written permission from the authors.
University of Utah Printing Service
Salt Lake City, Utah
E D024953
INTRODUCTION
It is often maintained that Arabs use one form in speaking (e.g. ra:la
cyhe has gone") and another in writing ,a.g. 4 (......116.°J "he has gone").
The gap between the spoken and the written has led many teachers to the view
that the form of Arabic to be taught to foreigners should be either the formal
C .5" cr...2.1L11" or the colloquial " :WI." Anything else is considered as
undesirable mixing of levels.
This point of view should be carefully examined in the light of our goals
in teaching Arabic at the beginning stage. Is the student to learn the collo-
quial only and as a result have no access to the formal? cr is he to concentrate
on the formal and thus have no knowledge of the actual speech of native speakers?
It is our contention that any realistic approach consistent with modern concepts
in linguistics and language teaching must take into consideration the role of
cultivated speech in the continuity of language. This cultivated speech
consists of words and expressions that constitute a common core. And at the
beginning stage it is not the gap but rather the common core that should be
emphasized. It is this common core that provides the foreign learner with
the basis for further study of the language. Thus while the student is aware
of the functional varieties he is prepared to proceed smoothly in the study
of language.
Starting with the spoken is the natural beginning. Furthermore, experience
has shown its considerable appeal at the beginning stage which, undoubtedly,
is the most crucial. It is the stage which may help the student deve3op
his interest in the language or it may fill him with frustration and dis-
continue its study.
In Beginning Arabic the student is introduced to cultivated spoken Arabic.
At the same time through Writing Arabic he is gradually acquainted with the
writing system of contemporary Arabic in its colloquial and formal varieties.
The two volumes may be covered in one term of semi-intensive study (i.e. about
5 hours per week). By the time he finishes these two volumes he should have
mastered the basic sound and writing systems in addition to a grammatical
core to prepare him for the next step.
In the present volume this step is taken to acquaint the student with
modern formal literary Arabic. The emphasis is on the formal whether it, is
a letter, description, or dialogue. But, as in Beginning Arabic, the same basic
principles are followed, namely) gradation, repetition, and continuity. Thus
many of the vocabalary terms and expressions previously used in the spoken
are reinforced by being used again in a formal context. However, while the
spoken usually refers to a specific dialect center (e.g. Cairene) the formal
refers to a broader environment so that the student mOves from a ')ecific
cultural center to other Arab centers.
With this view in mind, the cultural content has been carefully con-
sidered in the structure of the units. Eleven of the units deal with
significant cultural aspects: religions (e.g. a Koranic chapter), social
(e.g. visit to Damascus and Beirut), or geographical (e.g. Arab c.dantries
and capitals). The last four units are adapted selections from well-known
stories and folk literature. For example, one autobiogracal passage
describes the changing Arab culture and one interesting story from the
Arabian Nights depicts Arab sense of humor°
Like the cultural content the grammatical content is based on what has been
covered in the spoken. Basic sentence patterns and verb forms are gradually
introduced and consistently reinforced. To help master the grammatical
core structural drills of the straight and progressive - substitution and
transformation types are included before and after the main text. For full
grammatical explanations the student is referred to the Grammar Appendix.
An important assumption is that mastering the language can be most effectively
achieved throughsbructural drills rather than grammatical rules.
Vocabulary is also carefully controlled to allow greater concentration
on basic structures. One related feature that is emphasized is the use of
idioms. This, we feel, is more helpful than simply listing synonyms and
defindtions.
Introducing Literary Arabic may be used independently to start literary
Arabic. But it can be more helpful if used as a third volume based on the
other two: Beginning Arabic and Writing Arabic. The material has been used
by the authors to cover the work of two terms (5 hours per week). As we
have already said all three volumes have been designed to deal with the first
stage in learning modern Arabic in both its spoken and formal varieties.
We are aware of the limitations of the book and of the controversies
it may arouse. In fact we appreciate any constructive criticism. But we
hope and indeed believe that the effort represents a step forward in the
Hi
right direction by applying linguistic concepts and techniques in the
teaching of Arabic as a living language.
Special thanks must go to Arabian American Oil Company for
furnishing the beautiful photographs which appear in this edition.
UNITI
DRILL PATTERNS
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
j.sp.'.4..1
,(1.LJ. ,
11.rao 0.Lib
VOCABULARY
a, Nouns
name noun
girl
boy
mosque
church
2
Plural
I
J
(.3..hAut J 01!
73.7.0.11.'d I Ce.
(80,9
Singular
country(refers to single countries)
city
b. Antonyms
small )6'1 ( ) ),4"9,
new
ugly 71-410
littlelfew .1
c. Prepositions
inlat
d. Interrogative Particles
what
big,old
old(1)
beautiful
many,much
from
where
do, is, are, were (yes or no question)
e. Responses
yes no
f. Conjunction
and (This particle should be written with
the following word as one unit.)
)11;1 ( `11'
"
q1"6. (6')1.113
(1)The adjective re.5,refers to,,things but the plural may
refer to people; e.g. co:42,As.11 014 Ail "The Ancient Egyptians".
To refer to humans as old, use j_,HS
Demonstratives
this (m.s.)
)
these (m.lf.)
h. Personal Pronouns
she
you (m.s.)
you (f.s.)
we
this (f.s.)
they -( .)
they (f.)
they (dual)
you (dual m.)
you (dual f.)
you (m.pl.)
you (f.pl.)
r.j4$
THE SETTING
A group of students from different Arab countrieS introduce
their names, their home towns, ,nd their cobntries to an
American boy and an American girl.
4 Ofte
5
35
-1-1)1-:;).5-7.:
4. 11 ji
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
w 1 1i I(34-- 3
0 ,
1
S' 6 45---Cb 04 - I./ '
-
T 01-1-4 0,3
cro 3-'b rQj
(..)1-1-4) OA 3.3b
S' 1--71),--...... 04
5. _
r-a--j
1-7:).5--w (.).6 (lb r-%'-'
6-.1,31 04 (it'
It
1.1
*
401
4.
14oiN'te t
se*SA.1. c
Air
47,1r.liftt.
Now look at the pictures and listen.
CONVERSATION
.
a.1-14
I' o 1 T
4
----A del.o
09.
, )ete),..41 49 6.4.!
642";
C.)A 119,
1So L:).ei c) L. c.)4
c35-45; 0 tow
STRUCTURE PATTERNS(1)
ak Jca (3'
1.: I7.t.L.L) 1-1
Verbless Sentences
a. subject + predicate
This is a city.
This is a beautiful city.
This is the city.
,
"7;
. /I
ad ...L.Cb
ajl
This is the beautiful city.Ls-tb
b, subject-predicate defined with ?al- or grammaticalequivalent
The city is beautiful. .13J1
Beirut is beautiful.
' ( 2) r.The city of Beirut is beautiful.
See Units II and III in Beginning Arabic by the same authors.
This pattern is called "construct".lesson I in your textbook.
8
For more on it see
This city is beautiful.
This is the city of Beirut0
P4-171"1"
0
5 /=1)_ A J.o 6.1z
c. demonstrative pronoun + indefinite predicate
This is a city. (f.s.)
This is a mosque. (m.s.)
This is a student. (m.s.)
These are students. (m.pl.)
These are mosques. (in.pl.)
d. agreement in -mtmber and gender
This is a beautiful mosque.
This is a beautiful city.
These are beautiful cities.
These are old students. (m.)
711_7; .6 a_ lib
9 9, // 71- till
14.--4mo
19
p) <
c) J14 4 lz
0
1:1
/These are beautiful students.
(More about the plurals will come later.)
e. agreement in being definite9. /a1. ,z
This city. (demonstrative + noun with j1)11.e.14J1 oi
0
The beautiful city. (both forms have ..11
This pattern may be considered a. a sentence: This is the
city; or b. a demonstrative + noun: This city. To avoid ambiguity the sentence pattern is often signalled by the insertion
of the independent pronoun: "This is the city." 11,,A.J1 urzdasb
Contrast:
The city of Beirut is beautiful.
The beautiful city of Beirut. LJ
EXERCISES
1. Choose the correct words which agree with each of the
following demonstratives:
ad J
sgJ-45
(1).)
2. Add the definite article to the above patterns and make
complete sentences.
3. Make constructs as in given pattern.
va'1---1 1
t.3 1 I
C..)
j.41}41 JJ
10
,
2)711.
*I
o/
4. Make complete sentences.
1
u,..tu
6110
areQAJI
1 1
cz..1.14
?)1---4 (3;
"c44.e
J)L,J I
0,00
Cr'
.010
J.*
11111
CA.e
4
.sA"
5. Use pronominal suffixes.
0V' , 1
trIAL.....1640 4411.......W1 44/ (05 I ,
.1.4.-...0 .113:11
,
r5-12 i--1-11 .i:,-
j......A) % 1 ..1.1.,........mmtj 1
7)--.4.111..1I
UNIT II
I ,-67._.-_,..4.ii -46
"mit
t'0
,111
1
IP
1r4
2111
64-' *to
'
Ve
UNIT II
3:614:. I 3 )1 ;
DRILL PATTERNS
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
0
r705-1 1 Ali 1 ..L )11r . ,. ,.
1......,J1 71)1.......4J 3 N__.,,4, 3)L.,,,J1
0 -0
o
65Y-I )
VOCABULARY
a. Function Words
before - after
t47441
0, "'
9';osti 5.11....Lzo
I1A) u01
.41.00:1111 j..tftftlitJW
r
- 1 5 -
,
AJUI
I
o -1 .10
lotatftet
there here
with, by
to, for
to, at
at, by the time of
in
with
b. Idioms
there are students 4-11.
kftby bus
by the door, at the door
at noon
on Friday
God is almighty
c. Nouns Plural Singular
ASJI -UP/J4.11 LO
r5,
(2) 7).41 d_iji
day
(3)shoe
(1) Oneletter particles are joined to the following word.
(2)A phrase used to start a prayer.
(3) Notice that the Arabic sinGular form is used to denote apairwof shoes; similarly, :;.)1--6..; is a pair of glasses, and
)1,--it3 is a pair of gloves.
16
Friday
bus
noon
the people
home, house
prayer
the Holy.Koran
door
Imam(2)
do Verbs ( )
go
take off
sit down
stand up, stop
hear
ride
wear, put on
return
(2)
I
Ly,1._1(
Imperfect
J.7!
0
Perfect
L.Y1466.1.".1".
LAJ9
Sometimes written 4LO9especially in the Koran.
Muslim religious leader or preacher who leads the people
in prayer in the mosque,
17
prayer
enter
be (was, is) C).5-57!(DUS
say to J J
VERB PATTERNS
Verb-Subject Agreement: If the verb precedes the subject,
it is singular and agrees in gender. If it comes after the
subject, it agrees in both gender and number.
a. Feminine
J
J
Masculine
p
J L.11 1
Substitute for the above verbs:v.i.gLr.3j;to..wiLki'tueA4.
b. Antonyms
to leave, go out
to return
to wear, put on 0..4
to stand up
to enter
to go
to take off
to sit
PARADIGMS
a. Verbs with a /fatiqa/ on the middle radical in the perfect
which changes to a/kasrg/ in the imperfect:
I sat, I have sat
you sat (m.$)
you sat (f.s.)
he sat
Apply to:
Imperfect
a
Perfect
7
" .4..)
b. Verbs with/fatite/on the middle radical of the perfect
which changes to/damma/ inthe imperfect:
I went out
you went out (m.s.)
you went out (f.s.)
he went out
Apply to:
7
0.41....J
,e
L.)/.; J $
c. Verbs with /fatha/on the middle radical of the perfect
which remains /fathq/in the imperfect:
19
tia--.3.J
he went c-rfa
7,he opened c9-4Y
Apply to:
d. Verbs with /dame/ an the second radical of the perfect
which retain the same vowel in the imperfect:
1
cs,b I
to grow up
to be nice
e. Verbs with/kasra/cn. the second radical of the perfect
which changes to /fatlia,/ jn the imperfect:
put on, wear
hear
be sad
be happy
t)Lb-.4611
: J.!
.0 0.
titw
f. Verbs beginning with 3 change into L5 in the imperfect
with/kasrW on the second radical:
20
en) L.a4J I (5.4. 1--4J
> 0
stand up, stop Li-ad (-9-35
find
arrive
PASSAGE
Cultural Note: Friday noon is the time when Muslims go to
the mosque. In the Arab countries, Friday is a holiday and
working days of the week atart on Saturday.
42.4
9-tb44--mea.1 I 5-ib
-.14J (...0
Jt4LOJ I Lyi CO
jLrb -.14J ci
.L)4,1_2J4:' 1 ce (..5; 01S5 g
O )1_-4L1 04,LI 1
...es 4.2.--1-.;- .4 01 ...L. .14"...,...,- ti____;. .. N_3 I LI-fri
Ly,LI 1 to_...., .0.0 taL.:4_14' 1 Lye-4-5 g -1-1.--(44-1 1 Le 1---1
Li_..3.0 r
Ly, LI I j Lai ")÷_51 6_11 r L... D j l__;
21
J5-4
15_1, r J 0).41 dij
ce Le I
LiJ I to, 6°
EXERCISES
Lyi
14......3.4.0 - 1
" r r0 )r)L_AAJI
itu
I J./L.4
Make similar sentences using the words; in the columns.
Imperfect Perfect
(.5.4 uml01 -L':-A.A-J Ci° 1;'*;-;*
*.
. 1CY3 1-1-1
. >o 0.1.1.11
as__Jz, t, -)
Make similar patterns.
cjirj_JJ1
)L43 5 ..4
22
laz
J
Alt
i-t-----.4461 1 L-r, le .140
LyeLI- a_, JIi
Make patterns with J LJI-5
Examples: (notice word order)
He said this to me.
He said it to me.
Substitute other pronouns:
He said it to her.
She said it to them.
They said this to him.
QUESTIONS
23
j
L J L i
C.)4
N)L2:4J1 u..,_;t5 L04
Ltb 1 ...)14
73)1_1.J1 r_s
I
0
';) 1 tit.°
1 c_e_ae c),e I A
1 j 1 05_0_1_,..A..1 1 4.7.cb jsb
UNIT III
DRILL PATTERNS
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
CY'rH.9:;9 1.94)
I (51 I
1L)L1
VOCABULARY
:kpb Lai I
r
,jtAJ I
ek-a..-43 tab
13-1-4'9
)1..,0.9
a. Verbal Nouns ( ) and Verbs (Ljl...sail)
Nouns:
arrival
riding
entering
going out
2 /
Verbs:
to arrive
to ride
to enter
to go out
26 --
returning
going
going up
sight
going down
drinking
question
saying
fear
welcome
;
ep-uo
to return
to go
to go up
to look at
to go down
to drink
to ask
to say
to be afraid
to welcome
introduction, to introduce
definitionAti.A:; someone
knowledge
service9 rn/
introducing
a
to know
to serve,to offer
/
°
til:Y. -417/-
on)
Pe e
7 7 j.
) CLL./
A w
10,40 0,)
L'S.P42-4
W
b. Other Nouns Plural Singular
language L.JIJ a_al
man
airplane L.7.1,51ip 21.,51.6
camel JL J-4
27
bus om--11-4:031
coffee (sometimes refers to cafe)
family
family cd)L-36,
pyramid
watch, clock, hour
one-half Yr
three
Thursday
Friday
car
c. Prepositions
to
to, for --J
with
at, by, at the place of
by, with
after (as a preposition)
d. Conjunctions and Connectives
then
- 2 8 -
so ;
when CLi
after (as a conjunction)
e. Idioms
he welcomed her (----"mj
he introduced her to his friends 41,6,401.1
:7he introduced her to his friends 4.0 L.N..°°Z1, L;40.6
Wwhe offered her coffee 39-ti-i 1 Lir-1 f -6
PASSAGE0.
-ae)0 I '4_1 11) (i1)
LfaLl9 . I ull
0-n
2te
0.))
.Lia4J ..1.:Lo (.6 Lub 1.5
;W31-1 LeJb )11°,.4i°/5° P « cJ1:93
1.1
/1.1d
apl--uwi oi
aP1.4u
29
aalt__4.J r5..1 co
.r u01
J J r L).
r
0
c1,1)
LAOLyn
. '41)a.1 I '4')Jail I
L.:43
r 1)_-.4)% I 01 I
I " : tz4.1 L.:43 " aiJ r
PP
, 0 ,p_sb Isb , .:Ltb
n
QUESTIONS
0r.1, 1.4. 5 I on
(11 0.6 EP----9
05-15
I ILL, Ls.) it",
jul
I "LIS.11
aej.44 J.Jb
1-1J a*,;;0 0.
JIPP
cLJ u..3
17...Jo% I cyl 1 1,qsa
- 30 -
CONVERSATION
STRUCTURE PATTERNS
He arrived at Cairo.
He arrived at Cairo.
He returned home.
He returned home.
ci
J.St)
0 5,
A
T76.9.1-111e I
9
tx-4T:.÷1 LU
JII Ld.)14
6
rigb
Jjb »
LST r 1.)Jo )1 09 J.Sb
31
cLe_J . o.)
LiJ I
He said to him...
He welcomed him.
He knew or recognized him.
.0° jt-
'
0,aw
21 11He introduced him to the family. 6-4)0.
He became afraid of the camel. Lj.4.i I 61 Li Li
He asked about...
He offered him
The three took the bus. 15L4; )t:J
4 ;
The three took the bus.LY''---eq.,:;5 )11 "1---)11j
0 r ^
At noon...w w
/ I 1 09
w4J
-
t
,oAt the pyramids...
NEGATIVE PATTERNS (Notice the use of the imperfect verbafter Ifbli .)
He did not ride the camel.
He rode the camel.
The girl did not climb the pyramid.
The girl climbed the pyramid.
We did not go to Egypt.
We went to Egypt.
32
STRUCTURE DRILLS
cssbs73
r`l
fit 1.4:J L:S.from..2.4j y
111.111111=1.
5-sb
L..
.0., 11-4.0,- ..9,.. . L:: LA r.
. J L.. d'i
. L. . Ls)) k..._.0
,I; 1
w
. lalaiw I., Lsi .AJ LL.::d---.9,.
o.JL."I Li
.
.J----4;-U
jLs-lb t
. J Li(..94b
U.4.JJ L4JLJ (.0
C)7! j"/511
33 -
JLiC,5"b
÷.I1 tz:1-4,5.
.(..t) 1.1.....g. u...,_e.12) ...) t.......; I
..;iili 1 U-o--41 ........
rytJ1
)1 IA
.1,..
EXERCISES
Fill in each blank space with an appropriate preposition.
04.714----44J 197fkr_511J1
. lpt...11 0,....45,..A 1,,..5) T
"-715.e41r 1.).Stb )1 i " . (D.e..1>; =I 179 (lb -- r
Rewrite the passage in the first person as told by Mark;
. . 7;17_2 1.1z1J c)__It.t..0
Answer in the negative using pronominal suffixes.
Example: Question: q.,..(c_jUl JA0
Answer : rJ
JA...1...1 I tz....4)
I Li JCb
I 0.0 jib
34
UNIT IV
DRILL PATTERNS
0.4
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
90
I.
I c1,1_,)
La; Li; ,e3L.:t.z";
- " 0JLiJI ...ub
)11 1.9...51,'
VOCABULARY
a. Function Words
when, while
in front of
until
that (m.s.)
negative articleexpressing past time
b. Idioms
agree to/on
JILJ1 Jsb
1
imperfect verb +
I
Sunday morning
before
, y I V
ZOO L.:. L1.; 1.9:0:j I 14t. /
by telephone
all right
. .0 ,
five P.M.0
c. Verbs
talk
C."
0 #1 0 .0 00
a_Lowl
o' 441j, o, .0
meet t03
,
agree
see/watch
play with ,
d. Verbal Nouns and Verbs
.10
walk
drink
sitting
entering
going out
riding
0 ,
j
Lej.94
to walk
to drink
to sit
to enter
to go out
to ride
37
LA.So
L5'4"4.434
Lef't
0"1"'""711 044.0 0
Get>.
Other Nouns
telephone
garden
animal
lion
elephant
tiger
camel
duck
tird
island
hour, watch, clock
tea
coffee
water
morning
afternoon
evening
night
38
e 9
Uto L.),;a
e
.salL*7), 4121",J....J.
7
...!"....0,0441 1
J
0
PASSAGE
1--460c
,
(39Ltij
JJb n
I I .lilt, ILL
0
(:)
. I L
,L.A.t.1 I f. L.. I
° ,J,
J * al
0.1
* .5
. (.1-i (.6) I__.0.
.fr____LJu I j- iC.) " .1":: fj
j_.,005 in . (si)1,3
,-),, i:111 1 1...9 ...i...tb L.....t
too
11
cy3
cS I
1...1 oi Lrl I
j di) to utc
21)..4.....5
6,0
et.e Ls.))1,3
/
1 #J.9.,79-.1
5(05.2J
1,÷5).9 C.).°
39
4..)'!)"'""*.
Lsi Lib
(:3
J1-1
. AI 1 5 J.__4,.% I
- ,
-(:)5-411 )1
a#i )L...J
'AL I
VERB PATTERNS
. t .
a. The Dual ( )
LJ
(m.s.)
(f.s.)
(dual) (m)L.) ) L..47; Lto
( dual) L.) (f)
Example: Compare dual verb:
o
to singular verb: 4J I 1.:4 I V...4.11
b, Negative (imperfect + r-J)
Contrast:
I have not drunk/I did not drink.
cI do not drink.
I will not drink. 47-'--21 CO
Note the following patterns:
'9 0,
r.)
Paradigms er)
40
1.:14.1.1.,
" I 119 =A.;
1111 (3-13
:3)ey:.
Lsj(5441
CONVERSATION (Telephone)
1
41
C c'zJ I uso
I to.J
"et÷j1
c11---a
-I-NJ 1 j I j_sb
.
I je I 5..sb5
r'43 '
. I-1,1 ..3.1.c 76)_...d..>.J I oi
EXERC I SES
Put the verbs in parentheses in the correct form.
to 41 0.1
)17u9j4-1 g J udIA
r-t--.51,4
Luz, g 76.9.1-1.1
L.-zd I
)
(
( ) .1.14.1 I
c) .1.1 I 1
. r-1 rib
Give antonyms,
III. Rewrite using the pronominal suffix.
Example: lsb.9 L.A I 15 _
r
IV. Supply the appropriate preposition.
)11
. LAJ 1 ap I
ue-7!-:.9:9
1
V. Complete the following to make meaningful sentence patterns.
43
1 L,J 1 0. 1-1.1 1
JLJfl 01S1..1.17.t to
VI. Passage for Comprehension:
.LJ': 1 .0,1_13 1
J. _; 11
L.?*
J **
"J'S ..9"'" "4-444 (3.9
Cr3 14j.):i-1 J
U's 1.4 2+1._ Jan
I (.5 L.1.1 I 1
)tILAJ rLl ce Lf.1 Lab
(uI y ) 1_4) I 1 I
I
Questions:
44
one of the largestrarenear
spend (time)
:;) L-LH LL Lob a r
I 09
1.9.1A1
a: LQ-1 I .12.J, ai*L.,)1--s.w
er)
ULJ
..t.1w r5
I
J-45 Y
I j Lai A
(71
Ly,
..c. 4
1> 4
:> ..
c->
<=
> s
as--
-.0.
> ..
s. 4
.?"-
.03)
. 4:0
*--.
0.--
--c>
40:
3* 4
Cr>
<>
GE
> <
>.4
b> C
> ti
> C
E>
C>
*2>
C:>
4Q
.Vri
Cls
<c>
SP-
023.
PIC
L.1
.4.1
- of
.>
UNITV
cA0J1
I
CULTURAL NOTE
The Koran (literally meaning something to read) is
heard at least twice a day over the radio in the Arab coun-
tries. It consists of 114 suras or chapters all of which,
except the first, are arranged according to length, The
J
;, 0
beginning phrase fte-1;J,11siin is often used to
start even non-religious writings and speeches. Some of the
suras were revealed in Mecca and some in Medina.
The Fa:tihah (colloquially pronounced ilfathah) is in
Islam similar to the Lord's prayer in Christianity. It is
suggested that the student memorize this short sura as an
example of Koranic Arabic, that is, classical Arabic in its
finest form.
Some forms, it will be noted, are peculiar to Koranic
usage. The language is poetic prose that should be appreciated
when read with the proper rhythm and intonation.
- 48 -
VOCABULARY
a. Verbs
to worship
to help 61--;,a
to seek the help of (-)
to guide
to lose the way,to go astray
to be angry with(
to praise, thank
p 0 y
to bless, favor,( 010) r1.---'47!
confer upon
to own, possess di 1;0
to be kind to(6---"")7e
b. Idioms
to seek. God's help (j
he lost his way.
0 7 .0he was angry with him.
out of favor, cursed
1 owthe compassicnate
49
the merciful, kind(said of God)
and other things
Day of Judgement
Thanks be to God(Sometimes said as an expression
of relief. It may alL.o be said
when a person has finished eating.)
c. Function Words
other than, non-
you (classical: thou) m.s.
who, those (f.pl.) 0.3%11 (m.pl.)
0J-00
that, which (f.s.) (3.1/1(m.s.) (S.P
(f.d.) c,b.1J Inom.: ( m . d ) I AISI
acc.gen.: (f.d.) (m.d.)
d. Nouns
Koran
The Holy Koran
Koranic chapter
(Koranic) verse
owner
Plural Singular
Li_71).4J1
.0 0 j
1E-ASP: °J..91.'
t1;1" a:Lei
11i,"
king
path, way(in religious context)
lost, gone astray
world, universe
straight
worshiper, slave
PASSAGE
4_135
Translation:
10 In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate
2. Praise be to God, Lord of the universe
3. The Merciful, the Compassionate
4. Lord of the Day of Judgment
5. Thee we worship and thee we seek for help
6. Guide us unto the straight path
7. The path of those you have blessed,
not the cursed nor the lost
CLASSICAL (KORANIC) USAGE
Contrast:
Point of Change Koranic Usage Modern Usage
word
word uF,
aPCI may be used in modern Arabic to warn a person:
"Don't do that!")
meaning 0.1.0 bless, favor confer upon
writing
writing d1124
52
STRUCTURE DRILLS
a.
110 with a substantive (as a construct):
J
not large
other than those people
non-Muslims
with a pronominal suffix;
other than myself
other than you
other than us
0 .
,f0 with J1 :
others
Complete using :
*
J-471651
9
W )1g-z
J->iwo-il I It.
5 fa° oil Lsj) L:-Jb
.
-La)
ours L.:J 1.5_1.;.
.1.15 J (1i) L
53
ONINNOMI
;
b. Imperative (.)----(1 )
Imperative Imperfect Perfect
) '5write LS
. 0 ,-. 0, , . .:-
open tli CHIIY C--":19
go down
- -
guide ..L.......z
",11-3
0say j1.5......4 Wi
9sleep r 11.:S
sell t--",..1...: tie il';°e.
, .Imp
reply J..)...1.),._...,4 J.)
Put the imperative form of the verb in parentheses first
in the masculine and feminine singular and then in the
plural with the appropriate pronominal suffix.
Example:(pl.)
P ?
54
c. Active Participle
Passive Participle
Give the passive and active participles:
Passive Part. Active Part.
(74..;
0,446
d. Verb Form X
r_fwi
Verb
"
Complete by giving form X of the verbs listed:
Form X Form I
C)-
e. Relative Pronouns (sing.) 1
(dual, nom, & acc.) (L>411) 9LJJ1
(pl,) LOW
55
t>'ra
JJ
EXERCISES
I. Complete:
0 J
I. 3.1%NO 4 s 0
ull
01.L...÷.1
.1.1,J 1 .9.1b I
".1b
("Lb 4 ..L0)
0(511 u_sb
L,J
*
C.) 1:41+1 (Jj
J0 .0 J .1 J/ .10
1.9.+A
... .rA.5=. p.
41:1"9,
1J I ).1b )13.-sb
..1 11:11:0 M.
II. Note the use of the pronominal suffix:
,0 5 0
4:IL...I* .3 Ls :Li=r
° W
Lt.:IL-4. J 0,111
ot___6J1
Isb
L O Asb
Ls-lb...13b
...Ltb
(.3jb:LSb
11111.
61
Nit
0 I Liz 0 Lisa A
j.0
56
UNIT VI
CULTURAL NOTE
Forms used in Arabic letter writing have undergone drastic
changes during recent years. The following patterns are now
standard forms:
Salutation:
a. a person holding a religious position
(Muslim)a4.4. ,
( Also non-religious)
(Christian Father)
(Christian Minister)
b. a person holding an official position
(masculine singular)j7j1
(feminine singular) u..LL....44.J
c. a friend
(masculine singular)
(feminine singular)"
58
Closing:
a. fOrmal
b. informal
Other formulas can be:
After peace and askingabout your health...
My warm greetings andlonging
DRILL PATTERNS
Repeat each pattern aloud.
/ 7ro
1.49a f;k9
)Li 1 1 rL.J ' 095
4
LIP"'"ALI'
13.'"jj 1.9 J-54-fe r
, 1
6,..1 L)0/15_,:,06, 45
( 5d/
1
o'
170 ..
Lyi) 14.1 r5T!
6 .0o
pAJ I 0.
_ul '',Q1 1444.--AS
U
59
VOCABULARY
a. Nouns
letter (Egyptian)
letter (Syrian)
message
speech
hotel
trip
thing
friend (m,)
friend (f.)
b. Adjectives
new
old, ancient
past (m.)
past (f.)
Plural Singular
c^
L-1.0- L.,.9...:L ,L''
Li_p_lw; 11 Lau)
. . 0. 1 ,
/ --ips'.
D ft .;
r e
, --1.Lt.......w
(1) This is an active participle form which follows the pattern:
JAti because it is derived from a weak verb whose third con-
sonarit is Ls , The third consonant is not expressed in the
indefinite active participle. ExaMpIes are: to judge ILrL114:,
judge (..;0L_J the judge -AO WA, to guide(!s:U guide ji_jb theu'r
guide tiAt.lia
- 60 -
c. Time Expressions
now
every day
the whole day
yesterday
tomorrow
the following day
today
last Thursday
next Saturday
last Friday
next Friday
in the near future
God willing(expressing future action)
-011
.(5.1714:11
r r-97!
441°.
et H I
d. Salutations and Formulas in Letter Writing
my dear (m.)
my dear (f.)
a formula to begin a letter(literally, "after greeting")
0 s
a formula to end a letter("in the end I send you greetings")
Sincerely (m.)(literally, "the sincere")
Sincerely (f.)
P.S.
PASSAGE JI .
. ur oTt=t;
to to f 1 1
.7)
,
iL5
/Lai
lily .)1)liv'a ci,1
I .414,
0
"IS"!
/ 0 0
0 (:).0 rt.9_11.1° I L.A....3S 1
0.41_4..110-7f4)
co .tfAatIp.)......wagoL LS 11 1
) ..../../
Pb
/oLs5a )11
..../ . ./cArd.--...Ao 65...t...9
fo,
"
1 / .01ILI 0.1
1-1-1--"°9 ICJ
7 ..,..d.r)....4.0 0.3 U-4).9 .,...t........N.J I
.
09/ .t
62
w
.C---S..: dy,3 -0;......0) I k.) -isb 1.--::::,. . ,,.
6 )1L.I.,50 ,
ro
0 /(34,
....., , // .3ew
r---15t::.41.--..÷.9.
0 .0 r1,.:......st, ..)
// .# : '''' ".. eeU wtib k;10.9 ,-L-11 I A
. /
..."
r ) #" /
r*d
c-*"
.-1-1:47d444
",9
,
e )4--Ji %./
j3
i,A/ 6 0 to .1
" 11.1.1f9---e (590r .
0
I..9 0
QUESTIONS
L'.4
0 ..'''',, ... 0 .0. 0
(.5"'''"° 1 01 1 C: L.4 t.6.,..`"ti % ..'''..:41,^5ie,
0 . r 1
coto
/e)
. Cr '...1!i ....... 1
4.'
(1t .0, ' 4,P 1
1 .9.,°
63
cc)
,Si Lip .1 ...7*N
C.;10
*
t--;'*;;0
fAJL Js 13 Lljbe
(Y-413
* o
..)"'
STRUCTURE PATTERNS
a. Prepositions + Prono
b. V
Lc-0143,L.
"*".. 0
0 400.
ir**441 14
I"
.5
4' 0.I
CY .e /)
L-4-1 f')..0
minal Suffix
0. ../LILJA
A
.C./15
J L95)''4 )
,0-0.A 4-3
a_J(slw
0
6_,10
Lir-)1.1.1
0.1.1 OJ
erb Forms and Tenses
know
introduce (causative)(make someone know)
64
Lrie
IL;1
Imperfect Perfect
9
get acquainted with
(reflexive)
get acquainted withone another (reciprocative)
Examples:
I know the girl,
He introduced me to the girl.
I got acquainted with the girl.
We got acquainted with each other.
/0. ikt
"!,
(.:9)
rLie w
p .1-1,14 ti I
1.1.9)6Z (:)..?.../
Verbal Noun Imperative Imperfect Perfect
. /
J L:Aci..11 j.4411 I 41,,a0..i I 0,,i3L.0.1 I
,0
0. o -> . o. ... ,
know a; j7-1:: /
see watch .....J.4bL-.4.1.44, L_z JCO
ojmeet "Iif
o
welcome `0"741e',JrjLs--%e 's
travel
go 1,
write
Examples:
0os.)
I am watching the pyramid now.
(continuous)
65
)
0 .0
-1::)::(4 I 14 I -01
ee " 0 or W
e
Every day I see the pyramid. r7t-J -Lib/U. f..g.e
(habitual)
Tomorrow I will see the
pyramid. (future)
Yesterday(past)
Tomorrow Ipyramid.
I saw the pyramid.
might see the
(uncertainty)
Indeed, I saw the pyramid.
(certainty)
c, Negative Particles
I e r
-ub Le.0
e 5 e 0°.
r.;(je ,Ast) I
0 ° 0
;14...ua
rI 'e 0e.
I do not drink/am not drinking
the coffee. (habitual/continuous)
I did not drink/have not drunk
the coffee. (past)
I will not/never drink coffee.
(future)
r/ 0
cL Relative Pronouns and Pronominal Suffixes
This is the student(m.) that I know.
0
L.:-.74.1 L.0
n . ".3..4)P LS 4.J I LLJ I .1-rb
;This is the student (m ) 4411-J I I lib
(that) I know.
This is the student L0)01 1 a,J,
(f.) that I know?
9 5
This is a student (f.) 4:0;1(that) I know.
66
These are the students(m.pl.) whom we know,
These are students(m.pl.) (whom) we know.
These are the students(f.pl.) whom we know.
These are students(f.pl.) (whom) we know.
e. Special Formula: nas for,
As for me, I did notdrink the coffee.
As for me, I did notdrink the coffee.
As. for me, I shall notdrink the coffee.
As for her, she rodea camel,
As for us, we wentto the pyramid.
As for the church, itis very beautiful.
STRUCTURE DRILLS
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate patterns.
Si;
/
olI rtb s;
.0 le e°
Ne3)7-ajy
s rja )1Pb
te/ e
ciPUI cAJLIJI S.: ;4.m;0.194"42.:1
if
0, p
.411,1JJ1
re rre
Clo 1.4 1.1:0c:CI- lb
ft .0 fee
L:d,74i4
f 0
t:41);i4
,,0r7fJ1
of
' r1:1 t.
,f1.,A L31
14 1
1 - " -I.
t:t
67 -
, a c.to
-
o
s (1-71 -2,1
A? J 'LI
/ye
71. I .1 I al 4 IL 4 1 ow to
stue 4'1
(L:4j12 1 ) L)Ce (.)411"jj1 rjbs w
. e...... ( 44j 1 ) .4-4 GLI 1
(1).
11-- 1 -----if , ... / 0 ,,, s
(ii"--41;5 41 t'T a;93 Li..*.,__:14,J 1 CI ,,,L.sr et___:, Li_..:::,..- '_J I E", - / .e . .. ,. ...
)1 / 1 CI . Llift LAJ...1. L.4.44a1
' . .........
:.
0 00
CS V/ °. $ il6...a..o0 .e . fa ,
... .14121,....,0 la 1 Le /e
)7t03--.S.AI
to
O t I 1:31
4,041:161.11
Use (>11 J r L and and distinguish the meaning of each,, . ,
0
tab
i 0
in I, ...L;J J L 7 j. b
eeCI
68
LI I
0.1b
55(7 0,0...1jJ
EXERCISES
a. Comprehension: Read the following passage and answer
the questions.,
,
1.4..0 L V .1.5 , juiels
/ e/ ,- col 9 . 4 /,
015 Le11., 4.J1 . 'ail ..t9...0--..J1 LO ...14-......2%,43
.13(0 9,, c) Li
/10, I' 4 V
1..) e ...L-...,... )il.. . . / , ....." ,
L'AJ.cl-an 1 t.--1, ! 1 p--7! ji-n14.,, ' . ,.., .
: j Li, d')J° L.: I i i L LL...:,.... -
L.,',., -10*--->.3/ .
. 5 .LL-5
. ., f/. ;1.1........
- 1 . u "'
Questions:
°Lsi) I. Li jsb
(6 L L.).9 .44d
v) "1)1 I
", rjsto
/
011111010111
b. Write the letter from Mohamed to Mark.
c. Correct the verbs and insert the appropriate prepositions.
AU Lyi )
69
1 3,.1.1.1 1 71--e y
1--z-1 1 20 LI4J 1
) 4.11-1J 1 c.) 1 tz.,.L.9 r
(l 7 II. )) 3
° PO go
di) 1 1d J 1
1:11)1.1..mes.S4 ° Lam...Z*4
-4)....tb j 1.367,
J14,
rjb
24) (4) J- 1) 1 r 1 c, L.
L6_4.
0 0 0°4011
rselo..).44-44,
e of
ILO,0
33 4.,:f P
3
P4...Liza.1 1.9
1
? P41)---s1.4
e jy
(.4
*Sj....ss 13J 1
A
0jl:I.5.".00
41.411
-0w
73)-4 tiai di) C.4.7.5)0
,,,,. 0L
-9
4.51.0
.60
ti.1 1.0
I..L40
.0 .0
44.4.0
tb
0J
I j(..r
0 .00
.
(.49.9
tae
,"°3
.s
Is". 1 04)
; 0.1 4.:10.9)-4.f
0 .1403.1..4. 1 J.) 0-0-9
41J1 L,11
- 70 -
UNIT VII
I
CULTURAL NOTE
The two major feasts in Islamic countries are Lesser Bairam,
.1-74P which comes at the end of Ramada:n/
the fasting month, and Greater or Courban BairamLe-All
which is about two months later and is associated with the
pilgrimage to Mecca, The day before the feast is called
and marks the beginning of holidays, Fol-,
lowing the early prayer on the feast day, people visit with
each other in their homes where special cookiesap.SDlicaaSJI
are served,
DRILL PATTERNS
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
er
cs.;___;.1 r ) J-441'
(r;-7`JI)I fr;__;i
( t .),
0 .. 1, I: J5'0 ..- ) ')7,.........i.i, f,.........., ..9
...
Le.9.1AJI7-PAAji
a , 0 / ,P L7
.:...". j.>sidl°All/
l'o.aLLIAAA'AJ1 t43
,0aL-.545.11
o o
.C) ok1R--41)
( r )
o
oti 1 VS.k.
0:J I J-.9
. 1-42, p Ll 451
VOCABULARY
a. Nouns
day
month
Muslim
feast, festival
mosque
greeting
friend (m,)
Plural Singular
r r5-7'
A
40
J--"*w/t-4?
friend (f.)
suit
cake, cookies
clothes (usually plural)
new
another (m.)
another (f.)
(the) last day
the end of the day
b. Verbs
:1_741:11
performance q...$1 perform, do
fasting rtd.510.0 fast
visit 1:0visit
exchange J !A-!-; exchange
eating J151 eat
prayer 2 pray
reading 2°14 read
0.140°
(.5137; 1
0'4Y
c. Time Expressions
yesterday
day
today
dawn
morning
noon
afternoon
late.afternoon
sunset
evening
evening (prayer or supper time)
d, Function Words
some
all
some people
with each other
all the people
all of them
adverb (similar to
76
r3-1-4-1
ct;_dt7
7t---6-J"
,400 ro
...L.-0.1
cls9;--;4-1' /LdSJ0 .0
A1-4Z...5i
until
when, whenever
after (as a conjunction)
while, as
when
near
far
e. Idioms and Common Phrases
he and other people
say prayers
exchange visits
exchange greetings
to serve, offer
to serve coffee to
o
he offered him coffee (notice word order)
from dawn to sunset
from morning to evening
0 / o
phrase said on the occasion of /j31.4
any annual holiday (e.g. HappyBairam, Happy New Year, etc.) 7A-7-10
7 7
L.15
J5
the last day
another day (notice the contrast in
he too
tho l t. (d%y) of th month
thu first (duz7) of the month
PASSAGE
r.,---7f-1
,1
C)
L3
,
Lei -kJ° I e1 w.
't ts'
0°'i
"64
a 00 w
o
.7k-7.3J
) v/sound J-2-14 r.5-e
Safe ,
1a./
J31
) r 0, 0,cya
(3-1'
/. te...44J I c-;...,5*
AA...4J I
31g
ortactilI 11.1...Ail a
6 1#
"r.61.4#
,00 "10
di.;6660.
-L.3J oil
1...)
6.00..06.441
an4--DiziJ
r
fa'
fe
.1 J..d
,6%..'a )1_45
4.? 01' la
La(6.41
4 .0 i 5 /L, Its: 1.,...5.,
t,
j.i...*.il
,00
jaidwers>161ro
a110.2.AA4...4:040
.0 9
/ 0
6.5 I-3 -1Ao LAAs
0 / N ;
fft//
1.)/.Lz., 1.1)J I 15J .3 t.r:.;?:"j"!,
L.41J I IC c)4 rw - ,9
14.fri-1 I 3 01.9.--Ci I 1.1/ I .
9 fo
6:0..9....40 ,rairad
0
-*".1(6 3 r ISQUESTIONS
.oIP ° ) iJ% Lrfst"'"4""d
J. )
I (9.._42.e
/ )24:9:.1
ao/.
s r.JI
(39, C).9tw-4-1 a s;/ 9 i 0 ..P1 9 /
a o ./...1.4---110 _
S' *.,)1_..;,dti" I
STRUCTURE DRILLS
S' I Lsi/I
9
osa L
w, wr I ...)14
L5J V .143-...)%4 Jr
7-;,:q52:1i I L r156 1
0 ,e
79
t ' 0
../.4XJ I
o 1, ,
(1)....o.a.J
0.,...t-.1.1 I
; -
( Li'l ) 3
,( L-.-.)-4) 3
1.14--Loli 1i
, -1
. , ---1231.4_,..
....
..* /.0 .0 5.01.sb r
9 .0
(use verbal nounsafter :1St; )
(use verbsafter 1.4 ...t.a..; )
0 .0
. L=4_4_,J
9 )
I 0J I
.0% 0 ...
.
A.,--...QJ I.. ,..
. L:.,.,f,i 1 on. e
.0
--")
...0 1.-...N.
.. ...1,).1 I
- -:44, - ,.
I I4 5
;-
. C.:-:4-11 il t....2 / OCA ... 9.. ),-r
. )1) C)1
.0 0' 5
Li5... 0 0.t"4"1
p. .0 0 I 0 .,
q*"!
/) 4 .0, i../.
80
... 40
r 14,7%
i,
r )11 r 1
9 0 P 11)1
ape...11
Notice the use of L to introduce clauses.
after his arrival
after he had arrived
L
0
o
/LjZso0; ..3---14.4
Li L.C..7:03
(often followed by imperfect)
0 / / 0
Use the following words in the appropriate pattern.
other than
all
some
sJb 1 asb
LJ asbLT,
another (m.)
another (I.)
other (pl.)
last, final
(m./f.)
'f
90
1
A
1 0/
...t_49..1 I
,)11 I uSts a JJb/
/ P V ) 0 / etd
6..11411.2.b. um 1.1.1 1 4 r..frai--..e. (..LJI.).. ., .0 0, w
LJI(..
1_1.11 LISLra .)"
u-Ljt0
0L:4 L I
,
"
Le4 6
41fe."4.4
EXERCISES
a. Correct the verbs in parentheses and fill each
blank with an appropriate word.
82
51 'I . 0 1.42.;( Li) ( r 1_, ) c., ) ,
,
......
- ,
( tA;" ) CL.'11'°'
1 1.L.,J....4.J1 ..1". )
0 ..., 0
/1 I W
..1..1+LIAIAJI.L....04j1 (L 5 JI)5 cjr ji_li
....
)
oal0:2>J11 n
ctiT:
I tad ("1431
fJ ..).......4...z..4 lid .1.42.1 I ( t..e.f),--,t ) 6(.
,, , .. a_ie ..L.,0 J--1 dl.seLli 1 ( J-51 )
r
b. Rewrite the following sentences beginning with
the words in parentheses.
7 01 1 e
0"--e-t9":', I
e
L
.00 1.j ) 3 J-7; .....1-146.1 I I 1-11 I J.5
, (.7 ,I 1 1c
1-L4 I10.11.r
Comprehension: Read the passage and answer the questions,
011
re_Jbw
0 ,)5___ze
00
Ls)
T )1.) 6/
T 3 L.<1.1., T (Ll:5J I 1.7,10_51 .
T r_e.41) LJ Li I 310 t
DIALOGUE FOR COMPREHENSION
0:4_,e ..14o r L.0o. r
1.0
: LsJ)
2),A41:24J1
e'e e,
I 0,I 1
Lr'.975"- 71'.-.3-1. I CY'
. jr
A 1.0 6,3
we
ift
e e
I asb
I
) °e..
"°
,
LR 3
Cit";
j 'j
c.9 W.A.\. e
- /
111 ,. °
.1. in. Al tiaoliterally means the "cannon of)1
breakfast." It'is customary to fire a cannon at sunset tolet all those fasting know it is time to eat. It is fol-
lowed by the call for prayer from the mosques.
2. to celebrate
3. guests
4, to give food
5. the poor
6. righteousness, doing good
PRONOUNS: THEIR SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES
with con- object imper. perf pron.
prep. struct of verb
1 VIL, Ci0 LiII*
e O. A I. 0i
5 el /LY ta-". (-5,9*.'"..
. ,
L.01;44.440:
(20
.0. .0"
t0446-J 10654464".
s c
t41..4.44
cti 01., Lt.1
0
o
54 _On
TP
A 0 00
(continued)
86
00 01.0.1:0.ataxmoidd
/td3;44°
0
1605160644;
Pronouns (continued)) 0 0
HZ. rjb +:1
rfrl/
.**w 9
lo_sb
L4JL4Ls'
40, 0
Leg
Lib
.0
00USw` 4 OP 0 /
/ 0
1.45.1
10.0.76:
0 .0
EXERCISE
Rewrite the following sentences as shown in the example:
a
Example: lysb )11 j LLI I
Lk,
Note the insertion of 5 with 2.m.p10
o9,3:4 Lrj.d1 r:14:6" (r-1)Isb3.0:61 ale .1.1.J J
UNIT VIII
,,
Z .-LAA;J
b ...
(3---F. ,
UNIT VIII
LJ I
DRILL PATTERNS
(3.31..4.1,1
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
I.9
.0 v/ 014,11.""tj jiLS"."'""411
ftg-11
9 0
Ittm"."1147e oi.L-141
"t
. /9,9-9.9
04110....115.11124,1
0 1 5& "I0
L"..%)"....".." 400 ver
0ro
14J
10 1!/ (37!.)114J UOie
09/
J--vf.f"// 0 0 .2
0 0
e e
9/ 11193-..4.0
VOCABULARY
aI
Nouns and Adjectives .3
I
Plural Singular
road, way, street
t /street, avenue t4,......6:,
- ,ez' /
candy tz., 12-,°...}1-. LS,1--->.,
. / /4 S 0,
song ( OM I ) C)61
fair, bazaar, market (.31.9...w 09'.. . / . . . /
mosque "'L.:" /t",1-9-1" /
.
price JLav. 1 / c.) LI.'1 /o .
,.
cheap 024frf0
.111-.leather ..)
silk
brocade LS "J .5,J4
3 0. .fabrics
- 90 -
cloth, fabrics
shoes(1)
car
shop, store
lira(2)
Omayyad (m.)
meter (unit of length)
yard
sweet
made of cotton (m.)
of cotton (f.)
made of leather(m.)
made of leather(f.)
made of silk (m.)
made of silk (f.)
b. Verbs and Verbal Nouns
made
introduce
1.;
j/kad5t.I..;
L:3
73)1101; .4.1....e
(1) Notice the use of the singular in Arabic for the English
plural.(2)
The largest Syrian monetary unit.
91
0
offer
answer
want J1),
rush(toward) PLLui
receive JUi(often a person)
uy
ell
b. 1:1 ,o
oi 4
J-4. .1-5;:"":"Y
7s t-44 e7-1
,,
71
o." 010,1
1 .C5.7rd-4 1
0.4
get together,t i:;$
.
is t"t"'Yo .: .
hold a meeting
listent L4:I t'41"--w7f ( IA) i;LII,
, e a ...
look, turn14-1.1 CA) '1:111
c. Function Words
because
in order that( e.;" ) (wP1
how much? (what is the price?)( C):--"LiTh) iL5
how much is the book? ç ((.7.1.-all) °rig,
toward 0 1,,
some oami
4some people
uW
some of them only to 1,f 0)
92
d. Verbal Nouns and Participles
0
weave
make
sell
write
hear
look at
0/0 1 J74.liJ 1
) 4 ,
CA9""13woven weaver
9 ,
manufactured e,..1.--414 worker
sold tcLe seller E-4, Le
written (77"5-i---:17".writer (-7----6
, ,.t9.4.0. t.)...,heard hearer
, .
seen .).9-1t-1°seer
e 6. 14-e-Hi C
. -- - "(.1
, caw .
.elrfrrs) ir , , /' 6
/ /on I /I)
1 rp 1 rsic 1 1-..--ct 1:-4 c et r r ... .. 0, .,
O
1 Cr.. - o S 9
/ r"i
, , e . / * o , / G - fe(:... e
reff;i1 rlq ir r /e / e/
Str"""1771
#
C ," ,
%eel r1( i 0 10)L,
I;:T÷._*c) / 4+1 / .0
rtr---rr .50 " ..
ee
s-es--er a .
IX) G"
T 117;4 ^2 rr
I 1;--.4
I Frir r Qrr.
/0 41 or ,./. r c
,
.0 1".""Irtirrn 177417
rM(' 6
0 a
fsC61 e
il44.440
fr .1 rrti 1 ri-rcs,' t r-crt .... I rr Ps'? si r74.1 T:i IP '
- . -- Q .. .0 - ... O. ... , II T
1.01.4 .... . f711 ' 61rcr.:I
.... a ......--re a.--1 rival .. c tep_r)
. . ; --' 9 4 .." 0
# , ...440 ,..,
$1 (3 1.1)
o # # "C"""."71.). . r a
0. > f. r'-'41 re set
, 1 1'17' mar.,41 .
f, /V) 0. 43
forPkai
50-1' 171 r(17)
Cam-1C
1.0 r rrf) e
e") GO riar 14.'1
, 1
,Cafic gri
aovssvd
I4.
p e
&,--Ae 4.11
c, s.)1 LJ I "Jo I 1....sb )1"
ceUESTIONS
Lyn
'
(4) L...3 )
)Lo;
"C Cr-el' 5 us .
C9-11)-12-1
0 0
c)--10
IV V/
S' ';)) I 1.9.t..4) I
S' (35__Ladi I 0.1 1 1.5÷ib
j LS Ls ,:ti I I I L., A
4.)
e,
C J.) L.0 1 jsb
r
STRUCTURE DRILLS )
c) V (followed by noun or pronominal suffix)
w P 41 ( ''4w
5.i4....L d oA
..ljb
* ,--,--,--- ....1!...eTO ?/ 1.I 1
.1......:# I
2-79,,,.0 WI
,+.,..1.wwwww.4 =111111
Comparison
the oldest..$
/e4t F.61
r 3)1
ce--;
Adjective Comparative Superlative
(?aC,C2aC3ot 04)
one of the oldest older old.01
96
T )
2i-Le .4;
l'
:::)1 (followed by imperfel
r 00e t/
(..)1
o
JI)10 /
r Ls Ll_x (.5j41-4Z.
Co urtb
frjb
,01
to-45
Use of /. ,.1.2.J I (5 (.3--tto J I
c)b-11 urlz
L,L31
VERB FORMS
Consult a dictionary to find out the meaning of the following
verbs.
a. Notice the similarity in meaning of Forms II and IV.
97
Imperfect
IV./
b. Notice the similarity in
c. Compare Forms I and
'01
Perfect
the pattern of Forms II and V.
,010
r
00
Levs:.4
d. Notice the similarity in the form and meaning of
Forms III and VI.
VI III VI III
9rib tiej rsa
.=0.
J-3.9
:L.L.5
L.9 6 je-p
06.;" 06)74
1L4A,Cw C4"-"e
e. Compare the form and meaning of Forms I and X.
..111MAYSIONIMOIMM
t...
0 f°
J-74P
f, Compare the form and meaning of Forms I and VII.
7
o.
- 99 -
g. Compare the form and the meaning of Forms V. and VIII.
VIII V
LTh
I P--ds
h. Compare Form I with Form IX.
ES-11 c0 .C,
Gompare also the adjectives with Form IX.
woroa.?
10.01..111.1=1=
EXERCISES
a. Comprehension. Read the passage and answer the question below.
I 0 J
J.: . Lr,-16 J.: *?-5
" J...a Ls.)
100
1....1-.-11 L)1 J1)1 c7ci,
I :,h&j J5 j..N.___AJ I ("1 I I
0 .3
Cr;
j.."--AJ I (n j_sb ,
T LL
b, Put the words in parentheses in the correct form and
provide the missing words,
Jy) 07!---t7.9 (4) " 5
() ( ) :ale
I
Le
ct.. Gomplete:
111111.1.01.11001116
( ) cy3 asan
(.) k
4.--VUtej/
)
udl
zdc ,w L.
101
DIALOGUE FOR COMPREHENSION
)15.5). jsb 2 I
9.w 0"9
7)-1/...frote 1-",--4.44141
cat,e'xi,
04, ):1-1-1 is
t 00. 1...r oyssi...41.} q,..d
0 I
I (...) j
o.
"IJS
c.);th I JbO
ail IL J" 41.11o
tososia
1An expression which is always said when one buys new things
or clothing,
102
.;)
1. DRILL PATT.bRNS
UNIT IX
'N.
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
w r /
0
te0
l3
oo. iwe* LICA =wow. J J.D
wI
1.9
t,..- -C.,
:
19 -L-4 )11 an 1 ..., ,Is. L:4.c.----
,
atj"tjb.
2. VOCABULARY
a. Nouns and Adjectives
party
number
brother
sister
father
invited, guest
food
kind, dish
song
drink
foods
meat
rice
guest
hospitality
delicious( 4)
.;1-1
1a number of people Ly
2my brother (50 your brother (nom.) 40 (acc.)c06.1
(gen.) 40
3my father your father (nom.) (acc.) c.iLl0-11
(gen.) 40
4Antonyms:
105
b. Verbals
to travel
to establish 1.-41:41
hold
C.) C!--5 C)5was
to form,consist of
to behungry
to answer
to ask
to eat
to drink
to begin
to end
to invite
to thank
to dance
to sing
big, old
hungry
many, much
4
46
Lf,e>.11
A
106
,
c. Function words
between, among
with
after (as conjunctive)
before (as conjunctive)
also, too
before, earlier
d. Idioms
He gave a party.
° /a large number of friends gui71.;)11
#
-rLif
orthe eldest / youngest brother / )411..A1 t$V1
the eldest / youngest sister(5)._,L4J1 / Ls.;
among people
among them117.(d'÷-4"/ Cr-
61Lr Ott (X.
o aP a /The food consists of many ju.1 .cL":,' Aulji
dishes. -4;4
the latest song 21:4:1
.1
the first song 21741 j 451
They thanked her for that. )L,JLD
)
He ate till he was full, t j5/
107
.. ,
They accepted the invitation, *i)5.1..; 'WI 1,i; 9::
.
a Syrian salad
kind of roast meat 4-5/ p
Middle Eastern pastry
3. PASSAGE ( wc_p_111 )(5)
L5-9tS. 0.:
PP ./
it L.5.4 u
jLti L 1.. _1,44_-
J t.1.1.4-NJ 1 on 117!---4-17 , Li I k..n
0---:-SH,y0 115 '13 .A.0 1 L5,0
tp.;;-? C.A.; 11_4...J1
I tr--.0 LP 0
^
(lb
0, 7 9 I
j**,12,41_1 1 I
, 3
5 t:L11 r k_sLi:J1. 6
349 1.9 ...,÷:14j 1..e...15),
1-5 "ww w
0 ^ a,,5 c..y3t_ste,5
Immswwwwww......roimmewww,mwomawaswomo.........emeamo.O.WOirmweimr
'This pattern may be read in two ways: (a) N + Adj a
beautiful party i i ;
party 11....N..;.
- 108 -
(b) N + N (construct) Gami:la's
0 KO Lol
4. LA-L-440/ 0
A W17; Cli
oL.:. L et.16.19/
,(51.4i2,
, ....765 319, a .is t, )! *. 11,...-.0- Lz.... 1...,-1 c is *AA)
9 0
)4/ k
/_....19044/
;0 9 0 ) 1Y
) N..ke LIS ) 12 j; 1
: di) L.44 (.5).....isOCLA4) 1 Lic:Li.''' 1 t::41 65 ) Off/
4 )o
i'
j.9 di) L. 0 15 1.ht---L.1 L4151 Lt.,j -4
. .. . , 5..--
_e,
-S J li) I .
1
./. -
C E. .)---"'-' C.) t-)÷9.9.0.6.
. ..,
1.)5..-..:',.,Lzi. t.a, . 0
i .. / i
LaIL....9 t.J.tb jt. .644.1' le
LA, 416...1,45.j I
4
11)11 Oa>. 1 1.5oS 1.,a4÷Zt.3 103 ISZO
'4.1._4 p 1 .1.4)
( 6 )1.4 r
I j 711 ;) ,;::,..--fr_Lu4 ( 7 )
oi)1-0 ."1-'1p
)1_.i.>) I So...N.' cy3
L0t..;
6Umm Kalsutm, formally pronounced UmmuKalGum, is the best
known singer in the Arab countries.
7A typical folk dance popular throughout the Arab countries.
QUESTIONS
c i tei
r c);__14., c, 6
flJ c .5)til (4) L., J.11 JA)
Le
S' 11-1DJ I j Le__41.11 IS
1
6 LL,Sb
5. STRUCTURE DRILLS ( )
Repeat and Complete:
6
Y
A
Imperative 4%1 )
05 )1--ae
pa.m.
m.s.
f.s,
pl.m.
110
15(as tense marker followed by perfect or )
Imperfect verb)
Mark and Jane willhave travelled to Beirut/were planning to travel. Oi
Mark and Jane had di
already left for Cairo.1 L3.11
Complete:0,
(t"'")Lti.) La)
( J51 )
o
to -L-1.0
/
(conjunction) (preposition) )
After eating,they drank coffee,
After they ate,they drank coffee.
a(8)Al
1,J51
4' 0. 0 /7144,4 LoP---.3.)Th
W 9
.4"1 L:ij 1;"i;; J-13/ 141246
Substitute: (
08Compare (..,91 and 15431 L51 1;4, In the first pattern
wo
the maOar j151 "eating" is equivalent to the second pattern
1) J 61 "that they ate." Similar patterns can be trans-
formed either way giving the same meaning Repeat and complete:
Demonstratives and Pronominal Suffixes
This is a song Iheard (it) before.
This song I heard(it) before.
0j
0.This is the song(that) I heard (it).
Complete: 611)......0
04/
a,_;11i 610,
es :Lib
tc:J4,
Demonstratives and Comparatives
0,c
Complete: -4.11
Special Noun6
0 and tl
( 1 )
are two special forms that are inflected
for three cases represented by the three letters Ls
I when in a construct with forms other than l.s,
gen. 1.40.1 acc1
gen. j0L acc,
I
Lt0.9.1
nom,
nom.
8(continued)
mybrothermyfather
- 112 -
/
5 and
brother
father
0
J5110
19151 J10
Substitute
r
I Lcbj-.;. I I :Lib
Lz1.11.14
/
r'!--7(b
Ls) 1 I Lic_LL.1
Verb "to invite"
He invited me to the party. LOD.) 3.1,1b
And I accepted the invitation. -4JeJ
Complete:
^
e)
You are invited to the J
Party.
,
6. CONVERSATION (
Y
6.12J I I asb (2)j 1-4
a Ito ja--;; (94..`2LJI; .0-11J'°L
9A common phrase to express the wish that the guest has
enjoyed his meal. In Lebanon, Syria and other Arab countries
there is also the common expression Aihhitein/
(literally, "double health").
113
jS )11 cip
w
J-w
i.S4,Lca-; .4.17FIJ J)LJI
111.12A .41.3
tu
;II"; Lijb
LS;JA
j_SV di L
2, I 1 04,
(-1-45
di
a LI1-9.1)--is (:), Y
132,5;i4J1 a 11.0-24..) I l4
7 COMPREHENSION
LJS1
**0-f-,1 0.9
LL's
0
. 1.A.14.1w 1
j5
di L.4
4.
4.
Lty_.
(.4
Read the following passage an.d then answer the questions below.
.)1 1 73.,--(z) t4J1 Lji 21-7; L 0.1 1 LI
0.1.0 Lib;
- 114
L5.0_4J I r La..i2J '4-111
Lk, LID r...4 eiJJ I 11.4 1
I
ttZt.Atat--...44
0 e
cLLLs .11 I L./. th...>J I 1_,L5
==== ============ ===== ========== == =======
UNIT X
-116-
UNIT X
1. CULTURAL NOTE
Like prayer and fasting, pilgrimage is one of the five
basic duties in Islam. But unlike the other duties it is per-
formed only once a year by those who can afford it. Just before
01
Courban Bairam NI .4.-s and about two months after Lesser
Bairam 0 Muslims (Arabs and non-Arabs) from all
over the world arrive in Mecca for the pilgrimage. The event
symbolizes Islamic unity (as distinguished from Arab unity).
Upon the Muslim's return from Mecca he earns the title of
c WI (m.) or in the case of a woman 1,7141J1 (f.) and is
given the appropriate privileges.
2. PATTERNS FOR DRILLS
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
r J r
7):fr..0°2,j/1 k ti).0 ..:(1.LASHL rco,a.art
.11;.11
00'
% W / W
--,1 .79 c.--,....1 I c.) 1.39
4.
j.....:. uio 'E "14.--N.1 1 Li-35.
"rja,))7r'03 (.7-;s1J 1/t,-;&J
3. VOCABULARY 0:A4_1:J1)
a, Nouns
pilgrim
pilgrimage
duty
tombs grave
prophet
parts side
0 i
0 0 o.
/ 0 /
0
Ls-7s- ri-61-4.-f
4;6.5
J5-4S.
the worlds universe c.,_,JLAJI"
land
sea
airs weather
language
middles medium
119
) AJ
well, spring
mountain
stone
Holy Mecca
Illumined Madina
all (of)
eve, day before Bairam(literally, "standing")
J
1-3.1
b. Numerals
a thousand LiD" LLf
(2)seven (m.)
once
c. Colors
white
black
0
(f.) 1; :
w wôo1.1's
LA17!,, (M.) LOTt....4i
(f.) )114'4
(M
( f )
lusualy followpd by plural (defined or equivalent). Example:
all the people q14iii .
2Notice:0 9 co eo
120
d. Verbals
0 /
0 ,
to say
i 9
to want (a will)
to come ;c.I.Ar
to travel( ,___ 5.0/L.A. ;9).........v.
to speak,
talk
to visit
to go round
to stand,stop
to perform
to get ac-quainted
to talk,discuss
to be able
e. Function Words
w
0
D
aQ.%
/ 49-93L9.49
P.,
,L9 LA--;
.7)
LaLzd Lk;
o
to express certainty (with perfective)
He had gone. J
to express doubt, probability (with imperfective)
He might go.
121
(:).1 to express emphasis (followed by N. or Pron.)
, u7
Contrast the case of forms followed by i.)
Sub, (acc,) + Pred. (nom.) "Sub. (nom.) + Fred. (acc.) _pi
) about what?
around, about
if1
a. followed by perfective
If you ask him he will travel &It I ,j I
b,, followed by a noun
If the sky split
fa Idioms
He wrote saying, , . J.,--:ste
It is the duty of every Muslim. LOs
a ,
It is his duty to make the pilgrimage. 1.e..6
from all over the world
by land
by sea
by air
by land, sea, and air
He speal's Arabic.
He speaks with the people.
G.J I I c).0
w
0
!.9
4----vaaJ
0.1.J1
1See the various functions of .5 in the appendix.
122
He prayed / performed the prayer.
He performed the duty or function a /:..eti I
of prayer.
He performed the duty or functioncf the pilgrimage.
eve of the feast
Christmas Eve
4. PASSAGE (Uaij )
a:Lall/ LP E71j
o..J 1
-
47...41.0 LP Lo.,
J L.));
/
./w
0.1b
'631.1 Lf.4J1 ai..)1
. '
1-0
J.5_.4
az 4,1
/1
..14..1 1 (.5...4, wtx...,_;;J 1 j÷...3 L.:". 1.5
n 9
el-a...14_1w c, J .10 "ZSo 0.1 (.5Z lefe '35 j-1
9 9j
0
L.)-4"-s'aiui L.Y3 Li& r-fr.5 CALS141eif
19 01-4. 17j,
Le-1-43 Lei; *i) .).>...1 II 13...z 1 1 31 15
5.
, , ,. , i _,
.L.,;___RJ- I,.
1,4_.,..11 Lia... Lt,..1_,..7, 4;1 .J.,..._ JI___ije-0 e, .: t $,
1 4 . 0, , w
. ...1.7,d1 1....4..1J LI 0 ;./.', .A......1.L.,... cl,1 1 c,1
.w ,
a t. 1,1-03 1..J 74-1J 1 .14J lai"j_54J 1 'ti__S "4) 1,.i;J,
15)1 -1.91 ajj.k.1 1
(.0 Lij 1 4-41 1/ 3vI 0 °
i4 r.)-0) ce3
/4'13 :."7"2"4"" 1-9)1.3
liko
"A CLS I4:10lb to.+40t ty:0 tdA
Ls .111 1)1
. ().;>. 01 1 El:>.4 . La, L..3")',0 19:130; La..:
ls)
4.40 /0' 151 I. Jar"
1.,L J v--.04
0 I,/QUESTIONS (&l 1 )
6N-10..1 0°
J313.9
..14u>vs C4)1-4 SLA.,
1
.5.4 c:) I
0 1
t.? Llib
? ts,6; 35 J-ct.
/ ".W 5
LI/
wcJL0,11 LJ 1 1
- 125 -
/(..7 ' 7! V
Li t:s-ib C,""43 A
1')_ J t...1.-2,J
6, STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with cjI
I would like todrink coffee,
o
651.1 Le"; 1 / j7111
Can they visit Mecca? 5'c) cp" j Llsb
15He has to go to Mecca. . 1; uoi!
(It is his duty to go to Mecca.)
,
He left after he had .11._,-14611 1.) ()I .1.9.1
;
visited the town.
He left after visiting O51.6
the town.
He will leave, a
_LIR.;
after he has visited the town.
He will leave after . .14.1 I O; 5.4b
visiting the town.i
He visited Lw /2).._,;7
the town before/ he left/
aaJ I
(his) depirture. (Notice the use of the imperfect
after c:)1
Patterns with tojl / t,
Pilgrimage is a duty.
He said that pilgrimage wasa duty.
I learned that pilgrimagewas a duty.
e
a. c..,.11 t
- 126 -
.wc.J1
( T
Patterns with ILLIA__
Sub. (acc.) Predicate (nom.)
Sub. (nom.) Predicate (acc.)
The man is (indeed) . I iLsio
able to go on pilgrimage.
(Indeed) he is ableto go on pilgrimage.
Substitute pronominal suffixes.
The man was able togo on pilgrimage.
Use the rest of the verb paradigm.
:31
LOA
Lfi
The clause with I.11 is usually perfective:
But
If he went to Mecca he
would see the Kaaba.
If he goes to Mecca he
will see the Kaaba.
If he goes to Mecca he
will see the Kaaba,
to refer to the past 015
If he had gone he would
have see the Kaaba.
If he has gone he will
have see the Kaaba.
127
Lr...tb 1...q
. 4.4J1011 .3 .31,
. Ai 21,Sb 1-42
o_a 0.11 3 I .A
2$÷445J1 LZ---2is used:
015 ciab.1 (015)
. I Ica
01S 01S) I.514,
. 21.1-411 icb
(fl
If he has gone he will Lrab.:, (06) LAhave seen the Kaaba.
. 1 JJbo .
Substitute r.:1-114.405
,as Preposition /c0 t /IA .1..53-f as Conjunctive
After the prayer '4L4J1
the people got acquainted.
wc "qAfter they performed the J 1 1 J_12.1
prayer the people got acquainted. 1,4 /1,9)16.:; .4L4J1
,
After his arrival in Jidda CI.L!.. (JO 9.&40.9
he left (lit., travelled) to Mecca. A00,
z45 alcomplete (.1-
k
.
After the pilgrimageLYJ ' t---"I"j C---Ij / J-44"(
he returned to his country., - P
. 0c1 ..t.a..
The pilgrims left aftertheir visit in Mecca. A)
. . . . 4.1.r. (with or with a verbal noun) ( )
Every Muslim has togo on pilgrimage to
Every Muslim has to
Mecca.
go on pilgrimage to Mecca.
)1..) I 44j.......40 Lg. cylr.
01J1 .1---44,43 35 (56
I.NC.
128
7. DIALOGUE ( )
n
wc,---;.J c,4,0 ").e cj I Li j/__-aL5 u:..;
cf ..te.).z I .5 Lo9
L) tja tj 4Cb gig .5 : (.6)
j,O...".60
cyfr1J I :31: ;)1,
--->J I jsb 0.) L-0
r
Le.)---s. ri"a-'2"!
LIJ I .4 1--..,A4e7 LieS
I_Lcb), 5
rL jJ 1,5L.0
5
)1diai 09155 *L.A...JI
.'4111.Lc'b
) 61 ') -)2:-41 Jib
) La0
8. COMPREHENSION
Read the following passage and then answer the questions below.
1-403.4.1--...to C)1414--..,A0Ls-3
40.--(a/ C.;
0.11 0L-07..1-4.0 10-2,...0
- 130 -
...)4""1 It" tSii--""A!
9. COMPOSITION
I Lo I ORo Lf...D3 I
. I I) Ly.1 1.1.1 1 rg_.,f.1
C C.) 1474.--44 .9-tb
e>
co) 10.44.1-4m c)--e.
c) 3 1 .5 L.4
2t÷..415.11 )1.)
r
Ci--A
0 14.4.1-4...9
(Write five questions and five answers.)
#
1
UNIT XI
cr3 4-12-iN- )
1. PATTERNS FOR DRILLS
(..Y1 111
Repeat aloud the following patterns:
41 ,_43 6J I 115 1..sJ I Lia0J/
IrI
n
1136J1 'e .1t5I
w P
5/
jb(:)
/. / °
LS jai I 0,0..Q.1 do.) t--.7.)4 LroJb
2. VOCABULARY 1 )
a.
1111111110 "k9
1 .1=10
I rb(.5.9 )
*7/
wC'
1.411
°
(.5) 44141J
,
LyIA
o
(51r, (.3
- ,. .Nouns and Adjectives ( u. ti_.-..o 3 ° 1.4__:... I )
E.7-.2.4 1 J5-14.i 1
w
rich cl, (54
- 133 -
see
Jr7t.'91.9
hospitality
great
small
1tree
palmtree
cedar tree
mountain
high
1 ,village
hotel L3
Mediterranean
0
b. Verbals
to thank
7
0
Wit".1"
t;/
jSmomm:.Z,le
to wel- 64> k)come, be hospitable to
to be able _____
to enjoy, bedelighted with
to receive(a person)
J
134
e-A!
Lk:LI,
0 b
to buy
to present
to study
c. FUnction Words
cs,-447:
,-,1---(re
OM) 41 cr.)
ao
like, as (followed by substantives) (.11_..../.5
like, as (followed by clauses)
so far, until now
Negative Particles and Verbs:
refers to present(followed by imperfect)
refers to past(followed by imperfect)
refers to future(followed by imperfect)
refers GO present(irregular verb often used
in verbless patterns)
r
/
d. Idioms
(l) Active
;He gave us a big welcome. it:Lelt 'e3.91i: Lip
Passive,0 $
We were given a big welcome. *(3.91;L: 6,i1.4.1
Direct
Thank you very much for yourwelcome (or hospitality).
1 3 5
1419
,He gave us a warm welcome0 I;6. Wi
Indirect
He was in our reception.
Some friends were in ourreception / Some friendsreceived us.
(2) = -4-
r
He was able to see.`431-12`; j31
r
He enjoyed the mountains.
He enjoyed the beauty. J 1--4J
in order to enjoy the mountains JL>JL L2di-
in order to enjoy the beauty
(3) Exceptive + Negation
I have seen Beirut only. t=c1)&-..! jds./ r
J-L. jb
He stayed in a hotel.
He did not stay in a hotel,
(4) Comparative and Superlative
one of the most beautiful c:,...11410_,:4 L. Le
I have seen
the most beautiful I haveseen
It is the most beautiful.
- 136 -
t.Z.
3. PASSAGE (1
i
I LIE
) ily "a.) ) 3 (34 L'.1)7H
r 3
0 e e 0
:111 ';11-1 ..447:1)5j 010 (11.1 (4), (.4s.
Lp..73
ty)11.>
)
I, 9
r'd
a4_......1.141 1 73 ..t.sb
4
2;51 I ).3% 1 IW 41(L÷1 1 I
.#
/ /0 i 9 0 al
e)
1)
ets'
t 0:4>.15 J1 Liz.2.444' 1 09 t.) 5
9 1
fe;tiu.%. 145 a_LLAJ1 , L119.:,..:24.1. II., ,,
c.r3. L.: ti., ..i.....,4::J19 0 ti ._.1...,0 )11 tja,..A... 'e3 I.,J
.. . _ e
o ,..
1
(2.lidi 6. -05_, 1 071-1(1),L_1I
Lw,
/r $
o Cr,e
1..,., 1.9 2,:_..,,..,):,J t., .j; ...1.2z,...., t...._,J 0 ..,:,* 09
1 / /1 / 5 f
5 . , 1 4, 41 , / i
e / i..* ae_-.....1.74.J1
).A.J 1 e4_sLIJ t.,5 .1
, , . 0 -- / , 0 - . v te 1
0.st9 e a.,#)_1>..;. )11,_ k7 Lp I:Al.:41. . c, 1 - 0, ,
, , , . ,
1 .L.147:"1"
Lci Lt-lb
1While the Syrians use the first word the Egyptians use the second
to refer to the same thing, that is, a letter.
137
Lr-1)1°-1
143.-0.e
/ 2
Lab Ly".s )14.i
t .00
6 )36.....40 jaryaemoilW /..9 76.4/6,D. 4 I
Le---"!° 1-1j
,
) y 14 2111,02-'4AJ
/1 4.111 1-.4. 0111=1.
/Lti
Lt)i-41
01.;
tea0 ;
I e le /I 1 0.11,
41,) (1.1.1 02..a.r
je.
CJI7i".11W
/-t-tb r..1 o3u,
1
/
.. 0 r.U1o 7 I 9
1.:44 tSAl LPjl*'! .0.0)L
\LI- QUESTIONS ( ;11 )
J
0
C.) ' Cmt-5,*
cjeflfty.9
t.35-:14J
C.A.0 t.12:;_, I I
I 0
.0 a /(A 6;3',
()".4.".111."
/ju... Wut
.0.
(0.1 .....)L-4J
138
r
t
1
I (.37..../.1 I
41.3 1-77, 5.-sb
9 o /
5. STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with Verbal Nouns to ex ress em hasis)
Patterns witha /
(z., .1
,
55_4;
)
Liti1Ii
,J.5
(where conjunctive)
$
*
J
I
a
y
A
Patterns wi th( a s c ( r )
c, t.s9),0 a,
139
405 / 1.3-1-41 / 14-5 (.3.1 "
Patterns with 1=1=1:143 elc.1--4..1
aur."t)-Q-i .6-4-U)
u÷1 0,-; )L0
r-fb
fk-rb
Patterns with Ne:cative Particles
(0-1 , rJ , .11 followed by imperf.; 1.0 followed usually
by imp, or perf.)
He does not know French.
He does not go to school.
(Yesterday) he did not go
to school.
(Tomorrow) he will not goto school.
He knows neither French nor
,
) )4.
LeJb (
-un- 0.1i
,
° o
cd-i Oft
?i44))
Arabic.
)13
140
She neither ate nor drank. Lig 4sJ
Lrib
Put the verbs in the negatives
Lai I ( Jo) ) I I.; Ir ( 1 )
1:21U1 VI ill (tik_.1)
(414;3 1.7i") 41-z ( J)
Patterns with
tx.:0.1J
&JUDI,
11,1_15 c.1.15J1
/ )*(k,e,15 _LI. L....4J I
/(:).A15J1
0/ 9?J Le.* kz..t_ca J j 65J
I visited Beirut but if you come with me we shall
visit Baghdad.
c0.)1-41 *4-0-51.11Lsi,L0
Mark does not know Arabic. Mark knows Arabic.
24,7{,Ifjaj )1 (4) LA C) IS Li .-12.-J 4.1!) L.43
( 1 )
Mark did not know Arabic. Mark used to know Arabic.
d) LA 15
'4--1J-12J
.01Li.jay (A) L.d, 0 IS
Mark did not know how to Mark used to know how to
write Arabic.write Arabic.
141
Negating the auxiliary verb oU :
Mark did not know Arabic. 4.1).AJI ag
00 r" r'
Mark did not know how to (...L.as (...9.);At rj
write Arabic.
6. EXERCISES
(a) Put the words in parentheses in the correct form
and supply the missing words.
at.)b ( J4 L.,. ) urA_AJ 1 ...1.1 1 r,--7! j(J)j) 0 1-1-IJ 0.11 (L:--ILIP) (>4
Juza-11 4, .... (LA) r-1 *."-41
06) r..1 JtJ 1413 LUJI
(Jqti) cs.5.)7H j 71n6114'''
(73:4--e-6) Jo
(b) Composition
Ly..
t:s.5)TH
Li...tay 0 )
e
r.A5c' .1s,o
.4404 1
t49 Cmv> cloLn
(Wite five questions and their responses.)
142
(J1.6)
je.e. 14.i -1.10 j_tb (ILA; cyo
7. COMPREHENSION
Read the following passage and answer the questions below.
.4)7:1-"J uu---1 )L-11 oa-a.-t U--4.1 L3.9--"D Lt-rb u.)
J.: 1_3 1.p.1 1 j Li2J 1 1_,J 1 j IS
)6,42 L1-4. J.9 L3t 1 j 1 LiJ) LA 1 J Ja
(5.9-6-1 Ja-a-i
Selection (1)
UNIT XII
5=-1
144
Selection,(1)
UNIT XII
5-19
6Adapted from " j .0 I I c7.1,7,,, (Life Imprisonment)
by Tawfi:q
1, EXPLANATORY NOTE
In this recent autobiographical workvail Tawfi:q
il-haki:m I a leading Egyptian playwright, relates
some of the interesting incidents and customs in his early child-
hood at the beginning of the present century. Needless to say,
many of these customs have undergone drastic changes. But while
the outward form changes, some basic pattern in social relation-
ships, particularly in marriage customs, remains a key to the
understanding of the people and their culture.
The passage adapted refers to Tawfi:q's uncle who seEks a rich
bride. Such a bride is found by Tawfi:q's mother. She is a former
Turkish slave about fifty years old but she possesses a hundred
feddans--a mark of considerable wealth.
2. VOCABULARY (u1,1j1)__LJ1)
a. Nouns and adjectives
/ ,
bride LA1)----c° 6-.."9P/0"1"
bridegroom "°.fr,Ly.tjs
- 145 -
wedding
car, carriage
(railroad) train
people
salon
Doomsday
shouting
station stop
government music
sunset
Distinguish:
folk orchestraof singers
roses
singer (f.)
scholar
private, special
b. Verbals
to see
to do
(5)7& 047"41A-J) I
Lro).--AAJ
0 e
j5-112-ij f-w J.01.1 1 -t--,,ciAJ E L,..acJ I Lrb
-Ls? L...4:4;
.0,
j. J-A.-97!
146
to come
9to call, name
A Lr 14.
(11--wAhr
to insist on :/44---: JVA23 J-0,J.-1Y
,. 9 iv. 0 4 ,w
to adorn C.95.)---A ti 54 o .0 w
L37;).)--
to rise L.'./..-
r r-7: r L-j. ra,---ste
rLiq.,
to walk, marchp .
1.....,,,
f';" ..A.1---.4" ..).:!----"e .0
to think of j.t..-L., /1! jr.-79L 3 7.9...,
, , ... p. ?. °A.'
to curse fl.:L-4.0 (4---4.4___
rj----44.e r."--"". A
9 0to invite
c51--4yto shout
:** .
to be happy C
c. Function Words
what, that(also as a question word)
also
that (m.)
that (f.)
in front of
behind
147
d. Time Words
dawn
daytime
morning C11-241"J
noon
41 1afternoon
late afternoon
,
sunset
evening
0'night Jth
e. Useful Patterns and Idioms
all that...
a remarkable day
the family having the wedding
the family in the house
natives
the bride's family
the groom's family
my family
- 148 -
jsb I
I:4411 LW
atil JAI
01.1-1
He brought the bride.
It / He brought me.
decorated with roses
No sooner was it LLAJtsunset than the orchestra arrived.
13 *(.1'1764
e
"))5j int
'
No sooner did she LlU4i ceget off the train than she shouted.
This arroused indignation. 710%,4 I ,t:1..3
(Literally, and here was the
day of the Last Judgment)
3. PASSAGE (02_111)
Icis Cd;:e; 3.5.9 44.:%
/ 6.
L...4.tw tee
1,0 .1.1 to0 p v
Lz.,.6 I 1 ,:ub
(1)Oet---"e% 1-4b .;11' 04.5.)-RJ
"4° 1-" 1-12; 1-"-e5.!
t NH.41)7: :4V 1 ffl"
"'
L
3.jb
t'1,4)
(.5 tol C3).0
1A town in Lower Egypt pronounced kom/ or for
short /6ibi:n/.
149
/ 9
04 511 4 (5.1 I l.'41O5 0.,.1 w oij
. . j . 4,
Lia.4 L.3)1.. L
cite--",J 1 ..-'":* :-.-1 c.P1Atz,..)--,,,o 5 ."11 4,94J I
- i (2)- )
.
, ,a_.:43..1 1 0.05-...a..1 I 'a_; r
fhb )1 Lai
LJ j--; -J;1
I
Neallia OA, fiftt*:1160 IZO) Lowar449 Le' ...)easal./
1A1J1.: L(.441_.4%; r..4oto;
4 r / e/j.0, ;6. 5
4. QUESTIONS ( 14!--L-wID)
c Qi I Is(..)7! 1
I 01 I 0.5.;_...s.4.1 I L.?1,05 y
cui9.7.....4..1 ,
:31 I b
um9)-- 4-°) 1
2/?al-mu:si:qa:71.-mi:ri:/ "government band" is an expression
showing the high social status of the wedding, as compared.with
/?al-mu:si:qu Ilbaladl:/ 'the popular band; for.the common people's
weddings. The term also refers to the music band of the fire de-
partment of most towns. Influential people call on this band to
play at their wedding celebrations as a sign of social prestige.
- 150 -
5.
471;
15:62J
STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with1_
clz
(.)6
J-tb
u7 LJi 1.0 isb
Patterns with .401.0. ;1-101
LWJ
t.)5J1,41.11 ($ls uecj___AJI L,?,71_,01
c),---1 J L7.9--25;
a) (ci)i
,
( )1)).4-31J1
151
y
A
# ) #
Patterns with L
Lk9 LS C 14
Patterns with ne
41,==1
,1 14
,!.....:411.11 6
ative articles ast time)
I am not saying that
I did not say that(Notice elision of medial longvowel represented by
(no
/I
649-9-37!
16;15 r"J
(°1'5..4
2 e
(no 0 )
Substitute:
1.1.1b
alb J..9
p.~sae
ff,0
LISmoi 1 6, j Law:471
a;IAJI CAI 2)11'.'7:4A111
7 7
Patterns with passive verbs )
(Note actor is omitted in passive construction.)
t4.1 )..a..1 1 4 I4J Lo '(..f)..J2J III I
, I
:1)La.11
Lid 1
14/
1A.0..>J1 re 6,4d u#Lii.dazo_>..n 194 (3.4
0"1-1
ti.......4Are
(:) 1.1.1
CA) I
c.).9-o---z.411 oa Li 1
L55-L'JI W-15ke Ly/U1
Patterns with a 21,
(To be followed by (1) noun, (2) pronominal suffix,
(3) prepositional phrase)
ar!--7'1u1
-
w
L5)7:,-1 y4-0 L.;-
Ls.)7!--.371 ule---4-5,3-1
,
W
jle---49.41J1
VLA.."..
( 1 )
W
LYArfr..4;.5 )1 L....4÷...5)
,
3.A.1.11 um)
Exercise:
Correct the forms in parenthese and insert the missing words.
(rA) c)...4 oil a-..,e.A.:, .... ( Lr'-t" ) c.)"----4 1
. . . . ( 01....:>. ) 01.4J 1 (.10 . . . . ( (.5-e --'-'° ) L.,..
( to,....4. ) -LA.; . 11...-.6J 1 ( 1 -1.) 5
(c)%) :kfr....-L5 (5.91-..>. L.14.1.11 1,1 Jii .($).i ,J1.
. . .' (f"--":4)
_____ i c j_9.1 1 j_sal . ( .),.....4 ) ii iL,1 II5 . . .
6. COMPREHENSION
Read the following passage and then answer the questions.
F-1 Le5.)--g-I 1
01 1
1
1.1b .1,-40 445 ORo 0-5:4
"-1 C.r° r-1 0-6
UI
: Ji 1 J . fJ QJJ I 0.1 1 al_31...g.J 1 ce
(:).-92: Vet--4 '" "rub IL-4')
tef,
/410,L,(')1
s' T
I J 6.9 J i
Sso IV 0J I 141J I c).* LJ LA-4J t
TfJ1,__sa-11
r..115-0-11 LI 1
A
7. COMPOSITION
In about 60 words describe the events that took place in the
evening with the arrival of the singers ( ). Use
the relevant vocabulary in Unit IX,
Selection (2)
UNIT XIII
-"-,L-JI L5-i,
Selection (2)
UNIT XIII
21:100L..1"1.1
Adapted from " " (A Man of Letters)
,1
by Ta:ha hse:n, published in 1961.
1. EXPLANATORY NOTE
Ta:ha hse:n is considered by many writers the doyen of
modern Arabic literature. His unique contribution is enriched
by combining both Islamic and Western literary ideas as repre-
sented by al-Azhar, the largest Islamic university, by Cairo
University (known then as the Egyptian Universtiy), and by the
Sorbonne. The book " 1 " is dedicated to one who became
a close friend of his. In the passage adapted here reference is
made to the meeting of the two friends at a historical moment.
Graduating from the theological al-Azhar, Ta:ha hse:n was among
the first students to enroll in this secular university some
forty years ago. It should be noted that at that time the two
friends were products of two distinct types of education, namely,
the religious and the secular. The difference was--and still is
expressed not only in the outward dress but in the very manner
of thinking.
157 -
2, VOCABULARY
a, Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs
a night
university
opening
lecture
lecturer (m,)
owner, companion
value
valuable
turban
loose cloaka Sheikh's dress
opinion
cafe
coffee
letter (alphabet)
far from
close to
Ly,R111)
I-SL.-43
c).5.).Ab 6-3
r711.-":9,
always
sometimes
high, loud
b. Verbals JL...a..;')1 I )
opinion
throwing
hiding
admiration
race
end
beginning
waste
silence
silencing
complaint
temptation
0I Li. .:44.11
...Li
to see
to think
to deliver,throw
to hide
to please
to come before
to end
to begin
to lose, waste
to be quiet,
silent
tz to silence
1.*4. to complain
to tempt
159
I
up.A.n)
1
5
Lk""1/4
/ 0
: D.corgal
-
UL45....WOW
c. Function Words
of what(similar to:
( k:4 )
L L Q0
for that (reason)
when (all of a sudden)
as soon as
in your view
as if, as though<
. -
yes or no questionparticle (similar to
behind
in front of
if(similar to
d. Idioms
We complain about him to the
He gave / delivered a lectur
In the first week after theopening.
I request him to be quiet
He has no right to sa,,
professor.
e.
160
) ( C4)
5
rt_AI
ALLtol Al (JO
) " 5
j, t
OS
, 0
a__JI L.t.161
He thinks so. (literally, "this opinion")
In your opinion every thing(you see) is new.
3. PASSAGE
116s
I
Ls/ IP I :Lk,
0... o .. o a .- IA, t;
e....t: ...1..? ...1..IP ;(...)")/ 00...Ard
riLrel .! fool I L.,
..C534÷.."
/ e'rIli I oi
Li 04-11.) tI L le
5g Jo t j
I )1 tD La unC.X3
Ly41 ulwS 1114,IL 13 o
g .A.Lw%1 c01c0
6,01 ce tA Lad.:5
1
1.....4114..0.9 21 1
. Le
; ya
I5 tL....040 1 Lyn 655:.../Zij...9 V.L.451.,,AAy j
, Li (-Li, Lle Lz#74-5 2).,b
0'1 eL.I 007.4...45 C wleY; 1.:"J! ej
.AL-.2)11 L7f.it
e.1w ,
/ 2 eb---Aw 0...sw3--.44.., 1:45--saa
J-5; r-13
(..P.9 r;-3
LtiJ Jr2-1
n WO 0
L r 6.11.9
.9' (.5-41---2.".;
" 1.>._LAJ 1
,J1.:4413 e,
in
Lt!..1,3 L.14 i L.431
(51 J9-9'11 0 15,
e , JP)
0 1
Ltu
4 ehai9 °4
1 0.1 1 1(.51.) I I Jb \L$j_....; LIS I 3 1"
1
" 1).°0 t..:1_4z/ i 1.4J,
4. QUESTIONS
-+ 1)1 1 1 .4! rLr
S' oL J,0 od, c;', 1
- 162 -
c jlz___44,11 0.11 t......L......y 6 Lid-5 . y
C c 1÷-44.J I j u....; IS ti,.0 .
T 0.d--.....,.. cd) to 0 IS OA , i.
r
c 7ej..,O 1..1....A1J aid ...td,0 E.0.1._...,
c 1.14-43 1..1,J I
ois Jab . o
c .5 1::. )11 L,J I ,65.1,t 1 A-4J i.1jti L>d--....,- alp Ly.) ...17; Uu (.)7! V
-. i
, 0 1 4
j.,:; I . A
/5
07' 0,1 . et.. .
/09 (:)..: ...0 ,, N., AI) Jr; J.-....4) ()IS. LIZ * ) *
co.0--;.id 0,..1--4,....N. a..b 0 6 1 ..:11-0 . ) )
5. STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with the Passive Voice ( , j ,..;:/.1.U.A121) ( 1 )
1
CluC2iC3 . /
P g
L1-52yuC1C2aC3
C1i:C
3
yuC1a:C
3
177.-.41 1-1.J I j
j Li- .
'J.4:'-
(no actor)
163
77 0 $
I_,,, )1112
.../..
:krb6,22.11
N-461.J I
I
w ,L-11
.a)1,a_11
cA".) (y4 Ls,-1 -%J1
0 0
Patte:ms with 6_4z
(and the object pronominal suffix)
He complained about me.
I complained about him.
He saw me.
I saw him.
He delivered the lecture. c
LLJ
J
Substitute other pronominal suffixes:
Patterns with
Lib Lail
tz,..4 I LDLJ4.0 LJ% VoLtr4/A 1:44/
%
- 164 --
$
6,4_1 I ( ) _ I
I
Patterns with61
pm...
oft
. 4 .'a I 0
Ii LLU .20 '
Patterns with
r
. . .a.; (otad*°*1) r-1
t--03 1÷1
Patterns with
(non-past)4, .5
a.
(non-past) r j 01
- 165 -
(past)b5.--sb )11 Lel.;
6. EXERCISES
..i0)_.(bto LLb:.:;'
LOLA:5
1---.?J J
a, Correct the forms in parentheses and provide the words,
. 1.4 I 01 I ) cCt.4 1.).1
76, L21.'
( 15ve.7-41)' aA__A>
elz..>.1 05.15
4 0
a_a__AL,J1 (4).01 cl JY) t.14.S
oi Le) (01)
04 I
b, Composition. Rewrite the dialogue as narative beginning:
* .
7. COMPREHENSION
L.,
a. The following dialogue is based on a passage occurring
after the one in the text above. Read it carefully and
then answer the questions. If there are new words try
to guess the meaning first and then consult a dictionary,
166
, c3j
05-
,1 9 r
L3 j.5-1 te* 09
,C.).°
-Arno LILA.; t-0
")1 .1AJI
5
tLIJI 2 L:1.9
LJ: $iI Lit.sz--.'
at.IJ 1 r c) 1 J..0 diU
441 No
o
1
4-12
4.6
tie
*411
al, 44 (:).51--4,7! Ai Le.,..1 1 I.0
4-12 L::47.4-t j Le-b C.) (iTe -1441-1 L) Jib y
IS 1 _00.1") ce L:47; 31 r
TO-12-0 1 3 L.A..1
b. Comprehension
Ld ?11.-5.11 cy3 o-ty L5)-442,3 6.6
- 1 67 -
.9.-zi ivr l..4ii' In Lr.t.L...s .u.......,,,....,. .0-u-a-nr-1 LA-11 Le
4.---Rzw .)----cbi )1 I ji a---.-04-1 I
( ...).---gb ii-i 1 3-sz--.0 t-:%. ) 4)---A4-1 1--.4 11 I oi9 J-45) )1 I j (:),re.4,v.i...z. Al
,.....z ..i..9 i 1 IA, fic c).9
0.1 I
k.,., Jc1/ I 4.1 ly.....,k; 0 1).9...,
.1,44
w
,J1 I 044......4.4-N. cdt)
1.z
4:1 ...94)
LA
07e I
?L 0-1 1 E
? ? (-9)Z IoJ,
? .).9...J a.R.--4 L1 0.1 Lrk-tb .7,1 I
? al) 0 IS
1.1.S6 um.)
er
13 :U1 Jab
(.7.4:4 0.0
168
0440....i ( ) 7°Z"---5
ct)
IY
A
)
UNIT XIV
Aeapted from " I QJ
by L3e-i,z;
,
le It
Tawfi:qpublished in 1962
EXPLANATORY NOTE
In this play " Tawfi:q il-kaki:m
attempts to express the spirit of folk literature within the
framework of modern art. He combines both popular notions
and modern techniques of depicting the workings of the un-
conscious mind. The theme is inspired by the folk Song:
0 climber of the tree t416
Bring me back with you a cow L5J, vato
To milk and to give me to drink y0,41-t4
n +
With the spoon of porcelain (.."'-jd 1
etC... etc... C. 4 tJ1'J I
The main characters in the excerpt adapted here are three:
the husband ( z:3)J1 ) who is a railroad ticket inspector, the
Investigator, Examiner, or Coroner ( );and the Dervish
L.;4_,0.;11 ) an ascetic man commanding respect among the
village people. The husband imagines that he has killed his
wife and the dervish is called to testify.
- 170 -
PART I
1. VOCABULARY
a. Nouns and Adjectives
a respectful form for
addressing a person
man
husband(also, a pair of something)
wife
wedding, marriage
master, Mr.
an ascetic man
park
tree
an elderly man, chief
reason
b. Verbals
presence to attend
- 171 -
J &o1 1
0U.% 1)va....1.
*;)
L-AJI
vision, seeing to see
looking at to look at
41 to request
bestowal of Li to honor
honor
request
grace, courteous
delay
invitation,prayer
'
Idioms
to have thekindness to do something
to delay
to pray for
I did not see any reasonfor delay.
..
J J
c7!--,
an elderly man (literally, "our
master the sheikh")
policeman
DIALOGUE ( )
172 --
) fi4s.r
)r
3. STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with LAI J
J )1
1411'1 le)% )5-4 r'S
N-z5'
Substitute:
- 173
J
Lrdi--
r-sb
tz...;
Patterns with J3---.4)-1-
(5.19
/ /0
0
Substitute:
Patterns with
Substitute:
Substitute:
..
) :;.)3 (51° ) `'51.) (,-12)) `e..)"' (r)
1. VOCABULARY
a. Nouns
need
PART II
174
. - -
service L.:. La) ...14. 1.-.°4 Ifr
.0 . 0 u .subject 1..::. 6,.,b34 e..,--4t,A
, ,
word ,
jsomething oc;_:,,,,
L"investigation
,
information tz.L...,...1.
cooperation a:t9 La*0
b. Idioms
in need of udl 1_46. Lo
at (your) service
other than what you mean
I must ask
:1
LA-1j Li
I have nothing to do with d (.51,
your investigation.
c. Verb--to mean, imply
d. Structure Words
o
thus, therefore 1 .31s
Negative (imperf. + ) Imperative
0
aL11:, m.s.
- 175 -
2. DIALOGUE ( T
. f
1
f. S.
p 1.m .
. Ly.1 )
I L I ( )
"...4.42J 1 (...).A L40 Li J..cb
19.a.-...44
rj
.
L
_a cf.1.14 4.15 rff.,
,-? j..,4..3 ciJI LI-4J;
? I i L.0 jjai " C.) .j I I..
)
N )
12,-2.; )
)
It° ()aJ )
L L4JL, I . 04.11_,,4; )
F )
)
e G/5 v0iC t,
I doW--.401' / / wtto )14 3.1..>11:0. LSI 3,1 (r)
01.4,..
)''J )1, -0.9
3 STRUC Tula DRILLS
F.LElLter2,233.wahAlt..Zt
0JI/CL,L,;11 04 1; I
.04".4.004..004/4.0 Lit 0 001.0.00.4. rifs/r4
rs.
40...0.14441=044.4.104......=p.... flooki
"Dont t ask me,"0
° 00
Patterns with
00monlIMNImmoe
010.,04.0444400010
00000.0.4.401 r
J ea .0
0.9.10,00.1 I ,15
6°44} 41, 4-
( 0 )
"Ask me,"
177
(1)
1. VOCABULARY
a. Nouns
request
question
hand
b. Verbals
disappearance
murder
fate, destiny
opinion
Idioms
He is either... or...
PART III
1 e
to disappear
to kill
to become
0,(51.) to think, see
He has not yet killed her.
God forbid!
by her husband (literally,"with the hand of her husband")
178
J
(51)
e'eW ,W0 W
CL; 11:1113
anyway, at any rate
2 DIALOGUE (r
,4j5 Lyi;
0
3) C")11 (r)
1;--" LY415 74-11) U-sb
(
0Lt4tia--11 do) k1-411P, (r)
,w j w
4,
oo r.J o ti..; I to t o.:.-1.:9) )
L,U IT! J.9-k (.5 .0 Lub 14 0'4-3 )
Jjb
J.r.; ( J )
j-4 to.! N5L.1 Ira to ( )
* Liri--:Ze dj1 o7:---:j1 t4d le 0 -1)1 41.) (r)3 0' ;1W w
r.1 o..; I towl a.:1 101 ( J )
(r)
C (r)
rAJ (
- 179 -
3. STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with -1-44 (imper)
I have not yet received the letter.
Patterns with
613..11.1LA_
)
Irj4Lr; thLtj
jdelA 14
Zi
L°13 0.L1."1 1:11
L:1
ibJb
Patterns with_11222127( LIti..
0.) ..LJ
( 1..t->j)
c. 1..6..4J
ç)tJ cALt--.4
&1----9.) J:6 ci-1~.)-1
Patterns with. . .1 L51
I think I should write the letter.
180
k.., tA I t.....t.1_51
, / *
vo
In my view... Le t-6-',J1 .;I:e -- 6 ( (:): )
Le 1..6...J 1 Le:4-5
L') 1-1----4 J ' ( ) L........ )
al....4...i 1 j i (Lf,$)
( 4) ) ((i)Patterns with
1. VOCABULARY
a. Nouns
ticket
(r-z)
14.10 c )4_0)
PART IV
181
grudge
excuse
follower
liar
saying
investigator
fraudulently
b. Verbals
I
lie, falsehc od
will
accusation
forgery
0
truthfulness JJ...ef,
rancor
demandlit
justification J., u...
>315 to tell
L.As a lie
a
J.10-42 to want
6.41
to accuse
to forge
(.3 to tellthe truth
.1_46. to bear agrudge
tJ t o demand
pto justify
182
JJ--f
saying
love
c. Idioms
What do you think?
until now
you would like to be
one of his followers
except that he is...
I think that
You think so!
2. DIALOGUE ( )
to say J
to like, LA-1.1. .
love
0-511
I asb
5"Te
I u1C,
( 5)-1-1
w
. . a c"..4.). ..
9
JTt-27"
&Ai
6...7! ;17000 (:).43
)"
, w ;* ")47-40 XS. ...e,
5
1/e1... )7!.0
"
udC, OC
tiss
183
au
4.
.6-4 Lai to, . ..Ltto Ly.74
)51
Lji * 4
to
O'11./44C4.b.. 441
c
3, STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with
Patterns with
*NJ (4:1_24.J"
.4/I j
w
16-t:";LJ
4.4:4
w
r )
( )
J )
1
,
0, IllhaLa
Lob . 1...L.S .1.4b
d
L (3-6wo 441 1
184
( T )
( ) r )
Patterns with L') ( )
4011014.11.1O
It is necessary to go. LA .111 k).3, \a'
,. . . . . e 1) r C 41
I must go.- .1
L....A ...) i C.) 1
( C, ) -11
Substitute:
' ,)"-I 1 ' L15% 1 ' J4-a-J 1 ) 04 -4
Patterns with I
01):1--.444.9 1..1:45J1 ., die
... , .."0
..).) Ji
...
6'4,..friJ I /
UNIT XV
r
- 186
L.05-.04 i 4L
, 0 '
Adapted from a4.....1.9 J I ail A Thousand Nights and a Night
EXPLANATORY NOTE
tahriza:d, to save her life, tells King 8ahriya:r a
story every night. The stories delightfully blend magic,
philosophy, and religion in a manner that accounts for their
universal appeal. Some of the early stories may be traced to
Persian and Indian lengends. But the striking quality through-
out is that they reveal the Arab culture of the great centers,
namely, Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo, each with its peculiar
flavor. No wonder they' arouse the interest of western scholars
who study them for both their literary and cultural value.
Thus Richard F. Burton in the Foreword to his famous translation
(1885) points out that with the help of such works "... the student
will readily and pleasantly learn more of the Moslem's manners
and customs, laws and religion than is known to the average
Orientalist."
It will be noticed that the story of Maeru:f the Cobbler
which occurs toward the end reveals Arab culture in Cairo.
-187-
PART I
1. VOCABULARY
a. Nouns and Adjectives
your Majesty(literally, "my Lord")
t"--4-1j1J ioJ I
)
cobbler
(
shameless
wife
woman
,wwoman, lady
evil, devilish
Middle East pastry
generous
honey
bee
black
price
b. Verbals
becoming
mending, reform c)Col
giving a name
cursing
fear
to become
0
to mend, repairCid47!
iwto name, call
to curse
to be afraid(of)
giving, offerinelk; to give
making, rendering j1,.; to make, render
livelihood
c. Idioms
(.3 to give (as ablessing, withas subject)
r
L
j LT!God
a miserable night0. 1
Al 11:74V P.
(literally, "black night")
honey
molasses, treacle
whether... or... . .
0
1 .
0 .0
2. PASSAGE
L )11 9 a ILA:4
189
t5 )13A le J.45 :
c)15
Lo ../J Ls.),414J I Li )i k..i.9) 21.442-3-+
oLL-.:#41:i I rJ _ :di
c=.12-44., ;
0 ,Li
te ; ,I
/ y,.
14_14 (-9
,
w
mA.J LI I 155
e 54 1,0
13.9 g &f.)4:9 r:L
/-1
/ /
r
CY' C.)1--4' 5-4'5 It"-"" .9)-1/ I') t1 r I-1 )11 L,43 PT! jL.95)....52.4 1...(,J J
: .1J J i re)S aJJ ab LSJ I
"3.5--4.4+
LLSJ
.0
w
11-(-71-1s.
5
u`: I 611 J1_,1
(1.165 ),J 5 --441
c.
Lo.) (DI° I I 15
...). rk.,0 fT:...)-S &LI
3, QUESTIONS ( )
(...9.9 3
L:j r.1 T2i.oall jtiLk, "..cb
190
VO Id
1.J1.5 011J I 015 Ut t
" L,Lib t)
41.±.1.;
ai 0 ,/60._Atht 6 Y
LLSJ Li tJ 1 1 7)4_1 J.4.--k 1 .) L.0 A
as.1, t«.,ew Li3.)..cLA IS .
1+, DIALOGUE )
cc,..zu
,oiLS 13_1, t;
4*
aiLLSJ1 L:)1
r7!)--5 " '
5. STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with
4. aJJ I : _
Lt.-10 Li 6.
Patterns with
cia
617-4.1 I cri
kJ-0->J 1Lz..4.11
Q...; vn,
Patterns with /
(Followed by Nom. Acc
WENN=
JJ,J
I
0'1
ao4.11
,S .
Patterns with . . . 21.. . 019.Am
7 1..t.,
,&RA 0.,.f.1
LS4:1---4z 0 J...
j_Sciz
usl
v 4 io
F r 14:1;It does not make LP L ...I 1
any difference to uswhether you eat or not.
r5r4S.
1.1,40 015.w
rl r1,40
Both of them are equal.
1. VOCABULARY
a. Nouns
shop
PART II
193
01 1.43__..ib
raJi
t )
pound (weight)
work
morning
noon
afternoon
evening
dawn
b. Verbals
prayer OL.11. to pray
weeping, crying ;V to cry
.
laugh A to laugh
question, J to ask
request
work to work
c. Idioms
He prays that God will givehim his living
until noon
He performed themorning/noon/afternoon/evening/dawn prayer.
Afl
7 f.
Lms
Al 0 4
4..14J &i1
194 -
Something is betterthan nothing,
2, PASSAGE
j1 4.7....tb wri4 g el---42J 1 I L-3.5)---'
/
015 . L.1.-5.1 I a_i.))7; 01 4.UI
rj (.14"-"° (.0.1.0)
oJJ
: aJ
C)1 (5"--41:439
J1-6)
a; u_si I (lb 0 : JU5 zt.;
1 .5
(51
. 1.1.-5J I ()
J L i LIS.J 4-1.) LJ
01.>. 4.1ce 6.4 LI9A)......pg.4
1
Cr°
c
3.4b..9 J.--4.440 LS . J-40.4.0 (.5 XS,
.JJI J.w.o
: 11J 1 )5_..-zz5 1 c.35)$40
* ce 1470--5
3. QUESTIONS '(1.3.:Ai )
1 cyJ (...99) 1 ..
195
1
4, DIALOGUE0 ,
1.9 ..)1.9-'11 '41
(Write five questions and five responses)
Begin: j_.-aka L J LaiJ
5, STRUCTURE DRILLS
Pat terns with
:
0,L;Lay ra,r JS c.t.41.i .SLA 1:y1-0,0
L2,-54.1 I
Le)-4-0-H
Patterns with the Imperative
196
ib:4a
( 1 )
Patterns with the Comparative, ( Y )
0 1, -A
1.1_14,./ L.1 i ( 0.......4...N. ) -
.A. ,
4.14
w ,j. .3 / ...LI I7R-.410 .4 ( )
( )7fr--"S'
( ):1 I
jr.tit..41.i c)
...
PART III
1. VOCABULARY
a, Nouns and Adjectives
face
neighbor
delicious (f.)
b. Verbals
vision
opinion
coming
I
51--->,J 1,...a.i
,
6.9'75
t; J"j1 Z.1=ft_j
to see,l
(P) ."-kook at
;
0
(.51) to see
cjle.--z Is to come
(St
a request
sleep
shouting
will
t....110 to request
to sleep
to shout
1.14.3 to will
c. Idioms
the next night
He, too, slept.
He asked his wife.
2. PASSAGE
: t.:.:07÷1 on
. I L,.tb e .:1-C6 r-g";
6Jil 09
/ -
1_5 5,tb ruh.:0
4ail-5J1 0.11 t:,.)1%;
ai LLS on tx.J.:4) t.;
"0
...
11C*-..44:4L ..1-; 46114.74---,:k9 c ot>9 49 .19
00
LJL tsb,JL.4.5 4 15 jt. Ccr../41J1 tO7..4 14:j
5 ) --s11,..1 LAI; . Lhtio.9 tsZi
- 199 -
4:4___a9) (-9.9)--.-gm L.4JJ LI)
. . L
. 1 I
. ôRo J$ L.9
155 a.; 1.1-5.1 I LiSli tow . J...$2.1 LLS.1 I
1-4 J tJ 11A 0.9 41 ;1_4; I
°L1--"-.9) C.)519 J--1--; J---40-1=-: a.; US dJ rs.i;-41
:
t.;5 &L.1
3. QUESTIONS
C. .)..J 01 1
7dc-di ULJ
1 3 L.43
(-9.9)g-a jsb
U-4J (y. LI I jt L5C.)4
C (-39.7s" Lbb
- 200 -
4, DIALOGUE ( )
Complete the following dialogue.
a:91Z--5 o --
:
:
&IP c)1 1..
5, STRUCTURE DRILLS
Patterns with
He brought the book, o. 11/Lrdblil-' 011 frjb
He brought me the book. o
He gave me the book, el.11 Liapt /{.1,11
her t.7- 1111 1 UAL...01
them
US
o
":11"--4611
Substitute: . rz..;1 (:).?.:# g Lytb
201
( A )
Patterns with pLaJ (5,b1.4.11
She began shouting., 4
S aq Ceso,..; aa.M.4
Use other similar patterns with: luoz I
PART IV
10 COMPREHENSION
The following passage is a sequel to the story above.
Read it carefully and answer the questions below. You
may consult a dictionary ( ).
Lyn 74.1.9 n L.3
40.
J-51.1 ae I cJ_,42...; .1:1 j j_,05
c))1_,.)J J . C).3 g LLJ.3
oJ J liJ j I L1/2)___11.0 7,_cb .14 04_11y
a c).0 L. L)..Z
202 --
(..r.4ibI:9 41 I
NeJ L i . Lcb 15.AS 1.x..1 . )1,_..0
j 13.5 ;10_1_11 I
c
2. QUESTIONS
(,.12.° LH4 )1..-) 0,,b111 I IS
. lk.1 _up 04 6.74..1.5),
:
c) J4 4;4---"-9.)-1 Wb )
Li.,)---AA csib W t 4.41:1 I Lai T
1.1.0 t; tz..÷sb
(5., t4JJ _411.4
L.4.1 SI Lry..i, J.>) (se. ti.1 I jab ci
Inbroducing Literary Arabic
GLOSSARY
Guide to the use of the Glossary
1. This glossary supplements the one given in Beginning Arabic by
the same authors. While this volume emphasizes the formal the
previous volume emphasizes the colloquial.
2. The entires are arranged in Arabic alphabetical order. Thus
JA-f occurs before ulatA-1
3. Synonyms, antonyms, and related forms are given with each entry.
4. Idioms and useful expressions with prepositions are included
under the key word. For example, the common expression aJJ1
is listed under the key word
5. Verbs are presented according to the radicals and wherever helpful
with their a) past upeAcJI 3.s.m, b) the imperfect
and c) the verbal noun, )11..J1 Thus c.:::4; refer
respectively to the three forms.
List of symbols used:
m, masculine
f, feminine
pl, plural
s. singular
3.s.m, third person, singular number, masculine gender
n. noun
v. verb
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
dem. demonstrative
conj. conjunction
syn. synonym
ant0 antonym
prep. preposition
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + ^
^
i;)0.1,..J 13 (...itA I )
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
c1 (yes-or-no question particle similar to jib)
,0 LIT father, parent (syn. 41, )
1. 0LA1: ar. L.J03:1 white (ant. ..J3_1-4:1 )-" 045, v
o %iCs L444....7t.0; E Le--le ,bus
CA3t Li,V ..;1
come (syn. 01., 1 j,.....1. ; ant.Lr'-tb ...)
)-.
He brought the book L7A:111/ cil
LI,L1 reply (ant. A.... )
( } 641__;30 ,..,, ,
LA1...N.1 sometimes (ant. )
(P)EL;*1 need
°Cf. m.,;:a another
0r 0jo., c
06;4;4
.0
another girl
another b y
last (ant. J91 )
stop press, the latest news
welcome (syn.
red
disappear (ant.
)
, - 5 w
adJL/qJ1 -- (5..Lg.:i -- csJ1 do, perform (syn. .1 fl....3 )
He prayed. ;J")1.1 Iti.)1
..) w 0
He did the work Jo-a-n LS J1
- 206 -
.S1 a.,J4 -Jr!
0
'LL112:1_11 .1,
E.
131 if, whether (syn. .9.1
,
9 L.)
.
L014""j
0
.1,
a
( C31) )1;te)) .)--","cYw j-4°-
f
* of. when ...
as soon as
wish, will, w.nt
He wanted to viat 014Lebanon
a strong will
cedar (trees)
rice
family,
't.9,3 6 ..)1o... )1.
00
),)11
dynasty (syn. 117716 )
be able (syn.
He did what he coul1
He was able to ride LI4J1 41.45spe elcalthe camel.
seek help
He sought God's help. ;IL c46.1L-L11
welcome, receive
a reception 117i;---1-, ..e:IL-
J 9 )
d4;14:wl (JO 6 jos
lion (syn. )
cobbler (syn. '4;4;1 )
silence (n. LS )
name noun
.00black (ant. )
buy (ant. ti_ )
insist (upon)
yellow
207
V 0 1 i
C)LAmend, repair, reform
(.1446.14. 0
.
:IA,
/ vo1.7.A..1%.5 .!
.
.,
c54-2,11
0
el...... (1.......141.0
4,1.,0
I
,
please
tempt
song (v.1 1' 7-
Lo--.0,
)#
C. - ..
Nie flial make, stay, make risea:Ail.P
e
He gave a party.
He stayed in town
opening, inauguration (v. ctai/ )
bigger, older, more important
(adj. )
God is almighty - (a phrase used
in prayer)
eat
0-111 now (adv.)
now and always
ogl who, whom, which, that, whose (f.s. demon.)
LF.in who, whom, which, that, whose (Tri.s. demon.)
c).d.in who, whom, which, that, whose (pl.m. demon.)
4,
jJ1 thousand
LAE throw, deliver
He gave a lecture Ijift
UP)111(pLf. demon.) (syn. ty,)L71 )
(dual f. demon.)
(dual m. demon.)
LI God (c.f., a god )
/
God is almighty
to (preposition),1wit we
C. r 1mother (syn. 'a -L115 )
i. .. L-64° As to , .
o o,.w o ,
144 1......4$ He is either ... or '(1..q 1__,41.9
ri_41 in front of (ant. q..0 ,Lii.;.. ; syn.
,
,cm L.:-...# religious leader, Imam
iwoman
.1/".(syn. )
4 /
yesterday (ant. )5).11 Lii )
Omayyad (adj. m.)
One of the early Caliphs
that (conj. followed by v.)
if (conditional particle (syn. 131,
a 1 oLiGod willing, D.V. L.) c.
)
that, indeed (conj. not followed immediately
by v.)
Li I (1.s.)
you (2.s.m.)
44.1 you (2.s.f.)
N ,0..__
ti ..
oLt2;1 (5.teLA be over, end (ant. 1 J.1 )
. crr:1:47'
He finished his work d;I: 6.°. IJ;14
., .
( 1,6) r6:"1,3r.1.1, __ r.......A bestow upon, bless
/ ° /He bestowed the r L.-4.9J L ;JOLII L11; 1..J1JI
medal upon the leader.
r,,5 -lib I give a present to
He gave me a book as
a present
- 209 -
L5.11 _utt 1
011
ib/j$1
f E J:1
pyramids (s. )
family, inhabitants, people
first m. (ant.
the first of the month
Pron. 2.m.s. (today used as warning)
e / w
Don't you do that!. /
1.4L-0 also, too (syn. )
.°.°$1Ore'
where? (question word)
c LL
t!--"! .
0
/
with, by (prep.)
by car 70:...J1 ; written by
door
,
sell (ant. Lz )
"river"
The Mediterranean
0
-11 begin (ant.,
a
)
.41.1e beginning (ant. JL )
suit (syn. )
land (cvf. Ifsea If
w
goodness (syn. ; ant. )
- 210 -
I.0
1
6) 5)1 damask, brocade
duck
-.. aafter (prep.) (ant. ;.-5i )
beginning salutation in 4t;j1
a letter
,0,1,0.1.a... after (conj.)
u4A-fsome (ant. "j5/te...".1.)
0,
some yeople tj:kL
far from (ant. ce <7,e) )
Middle East pastry
weeping, crying (v. 105.; )
weep, cry (ant. )
L.45.1.1
.1.1.; town, country (syn. .46 )
Arabia Lej.AJi
5
Arab countries .4.1;;Ji
girl
house, home (syn. )1.., 9
between, among (syn. c.n4
among students
/'134'1
between you and me
wen., spring
- 211 -
t°
Syrian salad
Jt.,;.; exchange
talk with (syn.
talk with, speak
466:
(syn.
He spoke with mein Arabic.
1.42.11., Le. t.!...`
0 o, 41,
investigation (v.)
.W /greeting
beginning salutationin letter writing
v
(native) orchestra, band0,
folk orchestra of singers
Li La. get acquainted with./
J.,ak; Sakle L1,44..; be kind enough to do something
j: La.;
ow=1,11
also used as a word of invitation: a
Please have coffee. ).41,.0j1
meet with (syn.
I met with him.
consist (of)
telephone
by telephone
a telephone call
0
tC1 )I/
&ISLA L:/.// LZI:1
the (demonstrative f.s.)
enjoyc,
I enjoyed the trip
212
third
,
three
I / r :1/3 - one third
(and) then - connective (syn.
price (syn. ).J4.. )
1/8 - one eighth
-9 9
come (ant. c.I.A.A.5 ; syn. )
neighbor
A neighbor should be :Lai-a-HI L051 .111,11
given first choice. (proverb)
- be hungry (ant. tt--4 )
hungry (ant.c)1.4._:1 )
mosque (syn. )
university (c.f. "college"
The American University '4`:ti.,t4
-213-
JJ.
,
,
Lie9-1-2.ft
The Arab League 4-ef.a.1 01
mountain (c.f. "hill" JL )loose cloak (used by a sheikh)
new (syn.
run occur
; ant.
)
"What happened?"Tuj_....1.
."make, render
c leather, skin
J 1ot c jo--;
c
made of leather (adj.)
c,leather goods .a7,
sit down (ant. Lsii..9 9 r )
beauty (n.) (ant. i ) (adj.
Friday, week
a Friday (r1,)
,
Fridays r
camel (syn. (j_..11 9 )
beautiful (ant. ceii )
W 9
pilgrim (v. )
214
tr)....."*114
w w ,make a pilgrimage
pilgrimage
need, something (syn. %.5--42, J )
no need for that (Isi.),3
in need of 15J 1 o's
1>. God forbid!
present (adj.) (v. j., ) (ant.
(also used in response to requests:"Certainly!")
condition
at any rate wi
everything is fine
wevens in order that, until
as soon as .
until noon ' e )-61J1
No sooner did hearrive than he shouted.
you, too 4WD oNN even you!
0, , ,
in order thathe may read
W 9
J.>. talk to (syn. rj5' )9 7
4.1.1 Lf: .1., L. happen
modern, recent (adj.) (ant0
sayings of the prophet Mohamed
cly talk, speech
(3.9 garden (syn. )
215
t-9.9.726
the zoo 15;.J
a pair of shoes
(alphabet) letter
w 7
the alphabet L9.9),J1
J'elae" J:r" silk
silk (adj.) LIUTe.7'
,
IJ C stone
good, nice (ant. °(.5.1) ; syn. )
be present, attend (ant.
a respectful form of addressing a
person (Mr ...) .hospitality, welcoming (v.
.
tx..)11a. C ali. party (c.f. L)64,:14 )
.i35).1..4. sweetness (syn. 4-,i; )
Li-LI: C.L.: suit, dress (syn. aiin
,
5.1;.. sweet, dessert
e.
L5.9..L. sweet meat, candy (syn. ',3.0..: )
L.4 Li.
special, private (adj.) (ant.
syn.
be afraid
216
;
L-o c
p,.
He was afraid of L.,...tD1 ae LLthe dog.
t /ending (ant. 41.11, syn. aeLtJ)L.I.(v.
a formula to end a letter: 0;"In the end I send ar JUb 1
..,.,
you greeting."
service, food
at (your) service
servant, minister (in a church) (m.)
r :7) (v . r )
0"- .
serve 6. 4r
9 go out, leave (ant. AL4 )
exit, going out (ant. j,.L )
abroad, outside
Ministry of Foreign Mfairs"...4.4.,6,11
+ + + + + + + +
z ( I )
+ + + + + + +
.,
house, home (syn. Ljj,7160 / e.e......A.-q )
01.0J __ .0.1e -- j1J go round, turn (syn. c.:91.6 / a.....1 ),.... ,
coAl J c tl.) host, one who invites (v. L. )
( 0013 ,IJI/)5J c ( uewai ) reason, need (v.
There is no need/ (211:3 u01 t1-1
reason for that
0.1
01 j circle, area (v. )
LLi always (adv.) (c.f. c;c!.;.i L4i)
dervish, an ascetic man
enter, come in (ant. )
No admittance t
J invite, cause
n. 413--A J invitation (v. )
The invitation to the partyli6. jra",0111
444
LS
0 LC (-71
:1Te
law-suit (syn.
c)LI0J store, shop (syn.
role, story/floor
+ + + + + + +
.5
= I )
+ + + + + + +
(...)-"° 9
this (m.s. dem.) (c.f. ijub-u04.5 )
melt
L3Ij taste
al.') that (m.s. dem.) (f. ai;Az rab go (ant. syn. cl) )
a return ticket (.70174; LT- LA) :AI :X;
gold
- 218 -
++++++++
/(s5 ek! - LSI)
JLE
c
,, 11,
4:7#-'")
110 c S-6,;0 ,
ur-°) ur-A.PT! ur.-°)I.
view, opinion (v.
public opinion
see think (syn. )
leg
man (c.f.
0,1.-...4.44; )
0
return (syn. J l-o ; ant. L \LcA.%)
welcome (c.f.
welcome
most welcome 1;1.411 13
livelihood, earning
give (with God as subject)e L4I
God gave him a boy child kill
pound (weight)
dance)
ride, get on (ant. j.).; )
He rode the camel. -L1--4.-1 1-si
throw (syn. )
4:9))
II
II
+ + + + + + + +
_,..__ .
-++++++++-
(.37!01110 )7:
( )
visit (v.)
marriage (syn.
pair, husband
marry off (c.f.
)
wife (syn. Aj-41)
decorate
a visit (v. 1 ) )
+ + + + + + + +
++++++++
Les particle with imperfect indicating
future (c.f. )
seventh (c.f. 21-A-1-4A, )
At-4.44 J1....to be master, dominate
walk, move -(ant. Liti )
hour, watch, cloth
stop press, latest news
220
Cjr.) j
c3111--;n.
)
*
1.11.1-.4u
L:r 1.).44.1.7.!
II
C.0
10.1111
411010
/elf...41
C05.4u
n.
64;6.4.41
n.
f
.0'
inhabitant tenant
ask (about)
race (v. )
Saturday
seven
lion (syn. )
race, go faster than
stop talking, be quiet (ant.
dwelling, lodging
live in, be still (c.f. )
silence (ant. )L-5 )
greeting, peace (syn.
sky, heaven
hear, listen (c.f.C:' -4""1 )
give a name to
year (syn. rt., )
wevil (syn. ant
equal, the same
whether or ...
question SLA", )
black
future particle (syn. Ly,
market, fair, bazaar
car (syn. a-4) (v.
- 221 -
)
)
itb
n
j
.7-41 ,)-4tve
;--441e
master (c.f. )
form of addressing a sheikh
Mr., gentleman
C.
n.
,(..5114"."' /
will, wish, want
God willing
street, way
ZU I 0L Ic.)
(syn.
1.see (syn. L511))
He saw the pyramids.
(.31v-6
tea (c.f. )
r
curse call someone bad names.
(ant. JA; syn. c)...;_J )
evil (ant.
evil (adj.)
drink (c.f.
honor (adj.
to honor
tree
month
complain about/against
)
)
222
c
/
00
He complained against :JILL.. (.0.5-41
me to the instructor.
thank
They thanked her for that.dli Lib,A;Lt
thanks
thing, scmething1
w
everything
0
nothing
g
A Lr."44
a religious title, an elderly man,
chief, senator
The Rector of Al-Azhar 11
. 0
to become (syn. c.,,-.4o1 )
shout
shouting Le.--Ao (v. )
owner, companion (syn. 41 to 9 (...4T+ )
cd 149J L.,,o(:),-1 "41 salon
(9....0; fast
He did not do his duty r L;11,0
L-sa laborer,9 manufacturer (syn. jo/L-p )
(v. )
- 223 -
0..)--4 c
make manufacture
made in Egypt
c:L morning (syn.
friend (syn. )
n. adjective, quality
u.4,o C :;)t._,,,9 prayer (v.
. .
0.1_-4y __ --,a pray
He performed the noonprayer.
type, dish (syn. E.5--; )
)
;ant. )
I W
A
a thousand kinds, i.e., LAD
of every kind
voice, sound
The voice of the Arabs
be lost (c.f. )
The book was lost,
gone astray; lost (v. )
-- get lost
He lost his way
hit, strike
224
\cy1.9
II
laugh, deceive (c.f. )
The boy deceived him. ôk 411
n. laughter (v. (16,-4 )
hospitality (c.f. cl.y..jp; v. LILA )
guest (v. LL )
w a
-417tlose, waste (c.f. tl_so )
The book was lost. yt6j1
He lost the book. b5D1
)7.
c_
)0-6
6LL
J
fly
bird
airplane
pilot
go round (syn.
,
c)11) / Li c: m. J LJ student
9 t'
Cbj° (37?-110
2.0.11.-JOC. (AA-12
,
sYn° e,..f/e...?.)---zz, )road, path, way (
. -food (syn.l...!,)11;5ial (.151
i
) ; (v. r..g.-101 )
.°5
restaurant
child (m.)
225
request
ask for, seek,
He ordered coffee 4,112
tn) go up, rise (ant. )
The sun has risen. LeL-4,11
, 0 -
I went up the pyramid.
bird
envelope, circumstances; an adverb
appear (ant. )
noon
at noon
afternoon .A-iti,J1
++-1.++++++--r
^
+++++++++-
c 141._.o family (syn.
- 226 -
II
( LIOLAJI)
LsJ )- 9
01.1_0 c
c0
Lji_A good, fine (adj.)
t..)*
0 it
-c -4P
00:1-fr
,uC-97-S
9 '. 9
C. L,...57 /e
ID LAM:1P
e'Cm 9,
( 1.42....1J I ) L.4.0
(
.0. in good health
high (ant.
world, universe
scholar (m.si
a woman singer
help, support
adore, worship
slave (ant.
figure, number
().;
(c.f. )
(in weddings)
a number of people
carriage, car, cart
know (syn.
introduce
well-known
)
(syn. 713 )
r )
.C-.93
bride, young woman, doll
bridegroom, young man
dear
my dear (s.m.) (in letter writing)
(s.fj
honey
treacle, molasses
evening (prayer or meal)
late afternoon (c.f.J14-1J1 )
4;5,1;r.
- 227 -
01. ic c great (ant. .me..4-....00; syn. .)eq5 )0
-- r4 know, learn (syn. )
He learned the news. rlo
knowledge, science (c.f. Lr 11 )
II r..4.1-aL"/111=114
c011 teach, educate (syn.
w
teacher (m.)
on (Prep.)
)
uncle (father's brother)
114L4A, "142,turban
Jixo J-4-sy (.1.46.-p work, do, make (syn. )
Li L...o61 work ), job (v.
0
at, with, by (prep.)
I have a book.
whene
(conj.) (syn. 6J)you have, at your place,
°(5.110
in your view
+ + + + + + + + + +
tz
+ + + + + + + + +
01;1..1.11 C 15,-1
expensive, dear (adj.) (c.f.
ant. tjae_jw,,,j)
tomorrow (ant. Lr..0
rich (ant.
syn.
; syn.
;
"
( (JO.° 'td) ce)
11.11.11111
()--41)
c c
0a9191i c
sing (c.f. n song It
f. "singer"
be angry
He was angry with him.2 1.(L-12,,4 (1.4.s
He was displeased with him.
other than, non-, un-
etc., and other (things)
non-Muslim
untrue
+ + + + -t-+
SO o., connective
as to 004
dawn
wedding (n.)
be glad
...o7tc
CLI
religious duty, obligation(v. impose)
He performed the dutyof pilgrimage.
act, verb, deed (n.) (syn.
- 229 -
)
do, make (v.) (syn. L1.0-s)
poor (adj.) (ant. wc )
6)L-5-4
idea, thought
r /
7f":4-44
):5;1 75-.31. think (of)
CO-19 e art
artist
di c di ..1.1.9 hote
.%
At-0
J;1- J5-4
r3-37!
0
L.
LOin, inside, on
+ + 4
on Friday
at dawn
elephant
+
J-eto meet
Ji say
La.;.J1
,IJul Lo
He told me that. cyl J
rise 9 stand up, depart (an-4)...).:>vali5/ tj)
tomb, grave
J4-3 before (prep.) (ant. )
before (conj.) 14-1-t-3
- 230 -
0
.11 accept (ant. ti"9 )
kill, murder
J5 (particle) expresses certainty with'past' and doubt with Inon-past1 1
He "definitely" wrote.
He may write. .179
J ;# be able (syn. till:11.1)
P'ability, skill (n.) (syn. JLi )
serve, offer, introduce, put ahead
.
He introduced me to her. LJ-
He served coffee.w
introduc'cion (n.)
pp
q3j9 c r.ewti 'old' (refers to things, not people)
(syn. (3,1_4 ; ant. c:14,1.1; )
TL) Koran
CY).
The Glorious Koran(syn. Lij1)village
relative (n.)
near (adj.) (ant.
close to, near
Nfil
.Altg-st-f
.70/11 LrY4'9
in the near futureL)J ci/ le-e)
shortly (adv.)
j*-44 short (adj.) (ant. aciP)
J train
ji--3 lock (n.)
shut, lock (v.) (ant.
r31_31 c ra_s pencil, pen, department
J.:!.0
.21.4_631
65-1-9
(1:1--14.11 r,e)
I
441
pencil
pen
few little (ant.
,
cloth, fabric (syn.,
)
coffee, cafe (syn. "cafe"
Doomsday, Resurrection
value (n.)
valuable (adj.) (ant. Lie )
/5
u
like, similar to (particle) (ant. JL--0 Ni
- CJI-5 be (also a past-tense marker)
/ .
L.) L.5 as if, as though
large, big, old (ant. )e-A--io )
. ,
many, much (ant. II '4 )
,
/
. .
many people Lr61 (....e
-.... /.
du .0 also, too (syn. Lb..:0 )
NJ-5generous (adj.) (ant. (1,7_,;,; )
Holy Koran fb.e.r.11
- 232 --
w
c0 / 1.0-5 similarly, as well as (conj.) (syn. (ALI)
speech, speaking (ant. t.:.1524.41 )
aal 5 word (c.f. "speech"r )LS )tx, toLs
2iLL.5 Middle East pastry
0
LUS
cake, cookies
cake, especially for the feast
w.jZ every, all, whole (c.f. "some"
syn. e7.4-4" )
w
Pleevery day
0 ./. w ethe whole day J-.~3
g
L.: )1r -
all days
all of us
rt_A 3_5 "Happy New Year " (greeting for any
annual event)
toWij_.) all that...
>
LI-5 whenever (conj.)
how many, how much0,
How much is the book? rid; tS
church (c.f. )
with, for, in order to (prep.)
- 233 -
tw..1
Li*jj ) J7:"1
because,
wear, put on (ant. ) (C.f. usse941
delicious (adj.)
therefore, for that reason (syn.
meat
play with
play
toy, play (n.)
language
The Arabic languageaet;-.;611 ATh
in order that
lest (syn. )i )
(negative particle),-- used with imperf.
V. to express past time
(negative particle) -- used with imperf.
v. to express present time
(negative particle) -- used with imperf.
v. to express future time
if (conditional particle) (syn.
when (conj.) (syn. )
not (negative particle) (c.f.
The boy is not here.
night (ant.
at night
)
t:Zb f4;..11
4L1a night ( u041) cre 10
One thousand and One Nights, ai.4 44 Jul
Arabian Nights (c.f. "Laila" 04-1 agirl's name)
234
(N.--41-11)t
+ + + + + + +
.6 t..-.1:.., / ° LA water
( LS"'IL-J1) 46" past, previous, last (v. 0-..,4w; ant. r.oi-11)
0-
foods (v. j_51; syn. rl..p._... )
L..1.31 meter (100 centimeters)J C iLt3
invited guest (v. LDJ )
( U"°Lil ) t 1 jhost (c.f. "mrtm:
L o)
.. . ,
invitation
) ,
II-7eJLO city, town/
Illuminated Median 21.53.-1J1 4e:44J1
IW
shameless, embarrassing
lecture, class (v. )
lecturer 0.97a ".°
,
station, stop
Wplace, store (syn. )
9 1special (ant. rt.-si 04) 4.c syn.
00
fible'lL"."44441
sincere (m.)
sincerely (in letter writing)
f.
evening, p.m. (ant. cl.e.e )
strai6lit
the straight path (Koran .1217,..11
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047404401J1) Ztlf.4ji;2 e
LO) `Tt9)--"u4
straight lineV,O.
1111141711r""""
a Muslim, (co.f. "Islam"
(v. 4_24.1 )
Christian
Christianity
drink (v.
walk (syn.
L1-4-J';
LAM )
sunset (place of)
sunset (time of)
Morocco
cursed, out of (someone's) favor (v.
place (syn. 43..1,4A )
41454 "46°desk, office, study room (v. )
V. 1
.4)5AJI iL; Holy Mecca
74;154,- letter, correspondence, (In Syria and Lebanon)(v. ) (syn.
/
)
clothes (syn. '14._,L ) (v. )
a remark (v. )
LILL dike &A possess, own,
da: king
4' queen
Celwho, whom whose (q.w.)
. ,
from, f (prep. )C..;; (44/
a ,a
CI!! /
41' 1-1-5-.444-1* c woven, fabric (syn. LAC; ) (v. )
with (prep.)
236
Likew5-0-1 )
E4'
"I have a book."
in spite of that (syn.
music
government band
ILLS(--rs ot°
)
(5),41 'cir;._4J1
folk (native) musicu,
subject, topic, matter
My Lord, Your Majesty
( on)
f.5_1
/
e
'(3.97t7,5,3.J1
side, part (syn,
from all over the worldfAAJ1
(0.L11) Ly.l.; people (c.f.
.11
sleep (ant.
prophet (syn.
honey
we (l.pl.)
palm tree
( ) ha 1 f (Y2)
J.1%._.; see, look (syn.
( 4 4 )
(be-hive
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)
)
He looked at the pyramid. N4J1 (.101 )11L;
, 0..He is considerate, oxs
tigerJ-4/3-1
*
day (contrasted with night) (ant.
by day and night
n sleep (v. )
those (two) demon, dual f.
LS - LS *)--(("71' u; J.....010 guide (ant. )
this, dem. s.m. (c.f. JJ )
21...sts this, dem. a.m. (c.f. alb )
c rpyramid
The Guza Pyramidsr
JIcb yes-no q.w.
(t:FI pron. 3.pl.f.
11....; here (adv.) (ant. )
(11.017:11..""j
,And then there was great 1; 141 Lk,
resentment/uproar
there (adv.)
There are students.
238
(u1P) 'a:24.05,3 (30.57.,
,
5 and (connective) (c.f.
someone one (m.)
agree
r'
He agreed to that u3J.5 uris c.05
1fattier, parent (al.) (syn. 4.7,1)
mother, parent (f.) (syn.r')
the father and mother c.)1 JJIJO I
find (ant. jj )
There is oil in Libya
face, aspect, side
from all sides
(3!
2
a @_11 -tetl- LP°
,rose (c,,f. °flower'
middle waist, milieu
arrive (ant. r t..j )J 5s;5' 5
9
)
)(c.f. -12.11,
_ JP, promise
He kept this promise
drop 9 fall down
is situated
4_95_35 __ stop, stand (ant. LY )
239
eve, day before feast, standing (v. )
J)0 boy, son (c.f. cHl )
(vocative particle)
Oh, You Mohammad!
yard
J le% ) c ..31; hand
in God's power
C.1,1r c r
a proverb to expresslimited means orhelplessness
PJAL
day (2)-F hours) (c.f. jLfr-..:* )
today e 5-11
the following day
Friday o-f2-0..4 I
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