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TRANSCRIPT
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Forms of Condensation &
Precipitation
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Forms of Condensation &
Precipitation
1. Condensation occurs when water changes from vapor to liquid, to produce dew, fog or clouds
2. The air must be saturated
3. There must be a surface on which condensation can occur - e.g. blades of grass (dew) and condensation nuclei
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Forms of Condensation &
Precipitation - 2
1. Condensation nuclei - microscopic dust particles, smoke, salt particles
2. Need condensation nuclei in order to get condensation when RH is about 100%
3. The most effective nuclei are hygroscopic(water absorbent) - e.g., crystals of sulfates & nitrates
4. Cloud formation depends on adiabatic cooling as a parcel of air ascends (adiabatic = no heat added or lost)
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Condensation Trails (aircraft
contrails)
1. Consist of ice crystals
2. Form above 9 km, where the air temperature is -50C
3. Engine exhausts contain hot humid air and condensation nuclei such as sulfates
4. Trails last longer if the air is nearly saturated, and there are no strong winds
5. Trails do not start immediately behind the engines – why?
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Clouds
1. Clouds are visible aggregates of minute
droplets of water or tiny crystals of ice
2. Cloud classification by form : cirrus,
cumulus, stratus
3. Cloud classification by height: high (bases
above 6000 m), middle (2000 to 6000 m), low
(below 2000m), clouds of vertical
development (more than one height range)
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Clouds - 2
1. High clouds - cirrus, cirrostratus,
cirrocumulus; not usually precipitation
makers
2. Middle clouds - altocumulus, altostratus
3. Low clouds - stratus, stratocumulus,
nimbostratus (rain clouds)
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Cirrus
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Cirrostratus
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Cirrocumulus
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Altocumulus
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Altostratus
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Nimbostratus
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Summer cumulus
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Clouds - 3
1. Clouds of vertical development -
cumulus (fair weather), cumulonimbus
(storm clouds)
2. Lenticular clouds often form on leeward
side of mountains
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Lenticular Cloud
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Fog
1. Fog is a cloud with its base at or very
near the ground
2. Fogs can be formed by cooling the air, or
by adding water vapor
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Fogs caused by Cooling
1. Condensation produces fog when the temperature of the layer of air in contact with the ground falls below its dew point
2. Radiation fog - results from radiation cooling of ground & adjacent air
3. Radiation fog occurs at night under clear skies
4. Radiation fog is thickest in valleys (cold air), burns off 1 to 3 hours after sunrise
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Fogs caused by Cooling - 2
1. Advection fog - caused when warm moist air
passes over a cold surface
2. Advection fogs are frequently very thick
3. Upslope Fog - created when relatively humid
air moves up a gradually sloping plain, or
steep slopes of mountains
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Radiation Fog
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Advection Fog
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Occurrence of Fog
• Fig 5-12 shows average number of days per year with fog.
• Pacific Northwest, California, New England
• Cold ocean climates lower the temperature of the air, increasing the RH to 100%, so water vapor condenses out
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Heavy fog days/year
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Fogs formed by Evaporation
1. Evaporation fogs are caused by the addition
of water vapor
2. Two types - steam fog & frontal (precipitation)
fog
3. If cool air moves over warm water, enough
water may evaporate to saturate the air
immediately above. As the rising vapor meets
the cold air, it condenses - steam fog
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Fogs … by Evaporation - 2
1. Steam fog is common over lakes & rivers when
the water is warm and the air is cold
2. When frontal wedging occurs, warm air is lifted
over cold air. If the resulting clouds yield rain,
and the cold air below it is near the dew point,
enough rain can evaporate to produce frontal
or precipitation fog
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Steam Fog
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Dew & Frost
1. Dew is water vapor condensed on
objects that have radiated enough
energy to drop their temperature below
the dew point of the air
2. White frost forms when the dew point of
the air is below freezing
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How Precipitation Forms
1. Cloud droplets are very small - 20 μm.
Numerous condensation nuclei share the
available water vapor
2. Because they are small, cloud droplets
fall very slowly. Probably evaporate.
3. Raindrops have diameters around 2000
μm (2 mm)
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How Precipitation Forms - 2
1. To form a raindrop, cloud droplets must
increase by a million times to produce
"massive" rain drops
2. "Massive" rain drops are formed by the
Bergeron process and by collision-
coalescence
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