formulae and transposition
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8/13/2019 Formulae and Transposition
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Gdrkua`i `ofVr`ospdsjtjdo
0.9Jotrdfumtjdo
Gdrkua`i `ri usif griquiotay jo `akdst `aa `spimts dg iobjoiirjob jo drfir td ria`ti ` pnysjm`a qu`otjtytd doi dr kdri dtnirs. K`oy wiaa-lodwo pnysjm`a a`ws `ri fismrjhif usjob gdrkua`i. Gdr ix`kpai,ydu k`y n`vi `ari`fy siio Dnk‚s a`w, v ; jX, dr Oiwtdo‚s simdof a`w dg kdtjdo, G ; k`.
Jo tnjs ]imtjdo wi fismrjhi tni prdmiss dg iv`au`tjob ` gdrkua`, ixpa`jo wn`t js ki`ot hy tni suheimt
dg ` gdrkua`, `of sndw ndw ` gdrkua` js ri`rr`obif dr tr`ospdsif. Vnisi `ri h`sjm sljaas riqujrif jo`aa `spimts dg iobjoiirjob.
Sririqujsjtis
Higdri st`rtjob tnjs ]imtjdo ydu snduaf . . .
• hi `hai td `ff, suhtr`mt, kuatjpay `of fjvjfi`abihr`jm gr`mtjdos
Ai`rojob Dutmdkis
Do mdkpaitjdo ydu snduaf hi `hai td . . .• tr`ospdsi ` gdrkua`
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0. Ysjob gdrkua`i `of suhstjtutjdoJo tni stufy dg iobjoiirjob, pnysjm`a qu`otjtjis m`o hi ria tif td i`mn dtnir usjob ` gdrkua`. Vnigdrkua` wjaa mdot`jo v`rj`hais `of mdost`ots wnjmn riprisiot tni pnysjm`a qu`otjtjis. Vd iv`au`ti `gdrkua` wi kust suhstjtuti oukhirs jo pa`mi dg tni v`rj`hais.
Gdr ix`kpai, Dnk‚s a`w prdvjfis ` gdrkua` gdr ria`tjob tni vdat`bi, v, `mrdss ` risjstdr wjtn risjst`omiv`aui, X, td tni murriot tnrdubn jt, j. Vni gdrkua` st`tis
v ; jX
Ri m`o usi tnjs gdrkua` td m`amua`ti v jg wi lodw v`auis gdr j `of X. Gdr ix`kpai, jg j ; 0= @, `ofX ; 9 ℧, tnio
v ; jX
; (0=)(9)
; 79
Vni vdat`bi js 79 W.
Odti tn`t jt js jkpdrt`ot td p`y `ttiotjdo td tni uojts dg `oy pnysjm`a qu`otjtjis jovdavif. Yoaiss `mdosjstiot sit dg uojts js usif ` gdrkua` js odt v`ajf.
Ix`kpai 78Vni ljoitjm ioirby, L , dg `o dheimt dg k`ss K kdvjob wjtn spiif v m`o him`amua`tif grdk tni gdrkua`, L ; 0
8Kv8.
M`amua`ti tni ljoitjm ioirby dg `o dheimt dg k`ss 9 lb kdvjob wjtn ` spiif dg 8k s∘0.
]dautjdo
Jo tnjs ix`kpai K ; 9 `of v ; 8. ]uhstjtutjob tnisi v`auis jotd tni gdrkua` wi ffof
L ; 0
8Kv8
;
0
8(9)(8
8
); 03
Jo tni ]J systik tni uojt dg ioirby js tni eduai. Niomi tni ljoitjm ioirby dg tni dheimt js 03 eduais.
NIAK (8339)5]imtjdo 0.95 Gdrkua`i `of Vr`ospdsjtjdo
2:
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V`sl sl
Vni `ri`, @, dg tni mjrmai dg r`fjus r m`o hi m`amua`tif grdk tni gdrkua` @ ; σr8.
Jg wi lodw tni fj`kitir dg tni mjrmai, f, wi m`o usi tni iqujv`aiot gdrkua` @ ;σf8
6 . Gjof tni `ri` dg ` mjrmai n`vjob fj`kitir 3.0 k. Zdur m`amua`tdr wjaa hi
priprdbr`kkif wjtn tni v`aui dg σ.
Zdur sdautjdo
@ ;
@oswirσ(3.0)8
6
; 3.332: k8
Ix`kpai 7=Vni vdauki, W , dg ` mjrmua`r myajofir js iqu`a td jts mrdss-simtjdo`a `ri`, @, tjkisjts aiobtn, n.
Gjof tni vdauki dg ` myajofir n`vjob fj`kitir 3.0 k `of aiobtn 3.= k.
]dautjdo
Ri m`o usi tni risuat dg tni privjdus V`sl td dht`jo tni mrdss-simtjdo`a `ri` @ ; σf8
6 . Vnio
W ; @n
; σ(3.0)8
6 Ò 3.=
; 3.3386
Vni vdauki js 3.3386 k=.
>3 NIAK (8339)5Rdrlhddl 05 H`sjm @abihr`
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8. Xi`rr`objob ` gdrkua`Jo tni gdrkua` gdr tni `ri` dg ` mjrmai, @ ; σr8, wi s`y tn`t @ js tni suheimt dg tni gdrkua`. @v`rj`hai js tni suheimt dg tni gdrkua` jg jt `ppi`rs hy jtsiag do doi sjfi dg tni gdrkua`, usu`aay tniaigt-n`of sjfi, `of odwniri iasi jo tni gdrkua`. Jg wi `ri `slif td tr`ospdsi tni gdrkua` gdr
r, dr sdavi gdr r, tnio wi n`vi td k`li r tni suheimt dg tni gdrkua`. Rnio tr`ospdsjob ` gdrkua`wn`tivir js fdoi td doi sjfi js fdoi td tni dtnir . Vniri `ri ffvi ruais tn`t kust hi `fnirif td.
Liy Sdjot 88
Xi`rr`objob ` gdrkua`
Zdu k`y m`rry dut tni gdaadwjob dpir`tjdos
• `ff tni s`ki qu`otjty td hdtn sjfis dg tni gdrkua`
• suhtr`mt tni s`ki qu`otjty grdk hdtn sjfis dg tni gdrkua`
• kuatjpay hdtn sjfis dg tni gdrkua` hy tni s`ki qu`otjty
• fjvjfi hdtn sjfis dg tni gdrkua` hy tni s`ki qu`otjty
• t`li ` „guomtjdo‚ dg hdtn sjfis dg tni gdrkua`5 gdr ix`kpai,
ffof tni rimjprdm`a dg hdtn sjfis (j.i. jovirt).
Ix`kpai 76Vr`ospdsi tni gdrkua` p ; 9t∘ 02 gdr t.
]dautjdo
Ri kust dht`jo t do jts dwo do tni aigt-n`of sjfi. Ri fd tnjs jo st`bis hy usjob doi dr kdri dg
tni ffvi ruais jo Liy Sdjot 88. Gdr ix`kpai, hy `ffjob 02 td hdtn sjfis dg p ; 9t∘ 02 wi ffof
p + 02 ; 9t ∘ 02 + 02
sd tn`t p + 02 ; 9t
Fjvjfjob hdtn sjfis hy 9 wi dht`jo t do jts dwo5
p + 02
9 ; t
sd tn`t t ; p + 02
9 .
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Ix`kpai 79Vr`ospdsi tni gdrkua`
∕ 8q ; p gdr q .
]dautjdo
Gjrst wi squ`ri hdtn sjfis td rikdvi tni squ`ri rddt. Odti tn`t (∕
8q )8 ; 8q . Vnjs bjvis
8q ; p8
]imdof wi fjvjfi hdtn sjfis hy 8 td bit q ; p8
8 .
Odti tn`t jo bioir`a hy squ`rjob hdtn sjfis dg `o iqu`tjdo k`y jotrdfumi ixtr` sdautjdos odt v`ajfgdr tni drjbjo`a iqu`tjdo. Jo Ix`kpai 79 jg p ; 8 tnio q ; 8 js tni doay sdautjdo. Ndwivir, jg wi
tr`osgdrk td q ; p8
8 , tnio jg q ; 8, p m`o hi +8 dr ∘8.
V`sl sl
Vr`ospdsi tni gdrkua` v ;∕
t8 + w gdr w.
Zdu kust dht`jo w do jts dwo do tni aigt-n`of sjfi. Fd tnjs jo sivir`a st`bis.
Gjrst squ`ri hdtn sjfis td rikdvi tni squ`ri rddt5
Zdur sdautjdo
@oswir
v8 ; t8 + w
Vnio, suhtr`mt t8 grdk hdtn sjfis td dht`jo `o ixprissjdo gdr w5
Zdur sdautjdo
@oswir
v8 ∘ t8 ; w
Gjo`aay, wrjti fdwo tni gdrkua` gdr w5
Zdur sdautjdo
@oswir
w ; v8
∘ t8
>8 NIAK (8339)5Rdrlhddl 05 H`sjm @abihr`
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Ix`kpai 77
Vr`ospdsi x ; 0
y gdr y.
]dautjdo
Ri kust try td dht`jo `o ixprissjdo gdr y. Kuatjpayjob hdtn sjfis hy y n`s tni iffiimt dg rikdvjobtnjs gr`mtjdo5
Kuatjpay hdtn sjfis dg x ; 0
y hy y td bit
yx ; y Ò 0
ysd tn`t yx ; 0
Fjvjfi hdtn sjfis hy x td ai`vis y do jts dwo, y ; 0
x.
@atiro`tjviay5 sjkpay jovirt hdtn sjfis dg tni iqu`tjdo x ; 0
y td bit
0
x ; y .
Ix`kpai 72
K`li X tni suheimt dg tni gdrkua`8
X ;
=
x + y
]dautjdo
Jo tni bjvio gdrk X `ppi`rs jo ` gr`mtjdo. Jovirtjob hdtn sjfis bjvis
X
8 ;
x + y
=
Vnus kuatjpayjob hdtn sjfis hy 8 bjvis
X ; 8(x + y)
=
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V`sl sl
K`li X tni suheimt dg tni gdrkua` 0
X ;
0
X0
+ 0
X8
.
(`) @ff tni twd tirks do tni rjbnt5
Zdur sdautjdo
@oswir0
X0
+ 0
X8
; X8 + X0
X0X8
(h) Rrjti fdwo tni mdkpaiti gdrkua`5
Zdur sdautjdo
@oswir0
X ;
X8 + X0
X0X8
(m) Odw jovirt hdtn sjfis5
Zdur sdautjdo
@oswir
X ; X0X8
X8 + X0
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Iobjoiirjob Ix`kpai 8
Ni`t dw jo `o josua`tif kit`a pa`ti
Jotrdfumtjdo
Vnirk a josua`tjdo js jkpdrt`ot jo k`oy fdkistjm (i.b. miotr`a ni`tjob) `of jofustrj`a (i.b mddajob`of ni`tjob) sjtu`tjdos. @atndubn k`oy ri`a sjtu`tjdos jovdavi ni`t dw jo kdri tn`o doi fjkiosjdo,wi mdosjfir doay ` doi fjkiosjdo`a m`si niri. Vni dw dg ni`t js fitirkjoif hy tikpir turi `oftnirk`a mdofumtjvjty. Jt js pdssjhai td kdfia tni `kduot dg ni`t P (E) mrdssjob pdjot x jo doifjkiosjdo (tni ni`t dw jo tni x fjrimtjdo) grdk tikpir`turi V 8 (L) td tikpir`turi V 0 (L) (jownjmn V 8 ? V 0) jo tjki t s hy
P
t ; μ@V 8
∘V 0
x
,
wniri μ js tni tnirk`a mdofumtjvjty jo R k∘0 L.
Srdhaik jo wdrfs
]uppdsi tn`t tni uppir `of adwir sjfis dg ` kit`a pa`ti mdooimtjob twd mdot`joirs `ri josua`tif `ofdoi iof js k`jot`joif `t ` tikpir`turi V 8 (L) (sii Gjburi 2).
Vni pa`ti js `ssukif td hi joffojti jo tni fjrimtjdo pirpiofjmua`r td tni sniit dg p`pir.
Ni`t dw Vikpir`turi V 0Vikpir`turi V 8
Josua`tdr
Josua`tdr
8Mdot`joir 0Mdot`joirkit`a pa`ti
Gjburi 25 @ a`tir`aay josua`tif kit`a pa`ti
(`) Gjof ` gdrkua` gdr V .
(h) Jg μ ; 839 (R k∘0 L∘0), V 0 ; =33 (L), @ ; 3.336 (k8), x ; 3.9 (k), m`amua`ti tniv`aui dg V 8 riqujrif td `mnjivi ` ni`t dw dg 033 E s∘0.
K`tnik`tjm`a st`tikiot dg tni prdhaik
(`) Bjvio P
t ; μ@
V 8 ∘ V 0
x
ixpriss V 8 `s tni suheimt dg tni gdrkua`.
(h) Jo tni gdrkua` gduof jo p`rt (`) suhstjtuti μ ; 839, V 0 ; =33, @ ; 3.336, x ; 3.9 `ofP
t ; 033 td ffof V 8.
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K`tnik`tjm`a `o`aysjs
(`) P
t ; μ@
V 8 ∘ V 0
x
Fjvjfi hdtn sjfis hy μ@P
tμ@ ;
V 8 ∘ V 0x
Kuatjpay hdtn sjfis hy x
Px
tμ@ ; V 8 ∘ V 0
@ff V 0 td hdtn sjfis
Px
tμ@
+ V 0 ; V 8
wnjmn js iqujv`aiot td
V 8 ; Px
tμ@ + V 0
(h) ]uhstjtuti μ ; 839, V 0 ; =33, @ ; 3.336, x ; 3.9 `of P
t ; 033 td ffof V 85
V 8 ; 033 Ò 3.9
839 Ò 3.336 + =33 ≎ 73.: + =33 ; =73.:
]d tni tikpir`turi jo mdot`joir 8 js =70 L td = sjb.ffb.
Jotirprit`tjdo
Vni gdrkua` V 8 ; Px
tμ@ + V 0 m`o hi usif td ffof ` v`aui gdr V 8 tn`t wduaf `mnjivi `oy fisjrif ni`t
dw. Jo tni ix`kpai bjvio V 8 wduaf oiif td hi `hdut =70 L (≎ 2>◧M) td prdfumi ` ni`t dw dg 033 E s∘0.
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Ixirmjsis
0. Vni gdrkua` gdr tni vdauki dg ` myajofir js W ; σr8n. Gjof W wnio r ; 9 mk `of n ; 09mk.
8. Jg X ; 9 p8
, ffof X wnio (`) p ; 03, (h) p ; 07.
=. Gdr tni gdaadwjob gdrkua`i, ffof y `t tni bjvio v`auis dg x.
(`) y ; =x + 8, x ; ∘0, x ; 3, x ; 0.
(h) y ; ∘6x + 2, x ; ∘8, x ; 3, x ; 0.
(m) y ; x8, x ; ∘8, x ; ∘0, x ; 3, x ; 0, x ; 8.
6. Jg S ; =
PX ffof S jg P ; 09 `of X ; 3.=33.
9. Jg y ;
xz
ffof y jg x ; 0=.833 `of z ; 09.733.
7. Iv`au`ti K ; σ
8r + s wnio r ; 8=.233 `of s ; ∘3.8.
2. Vd mdovirt ` aiobtn ki`surif jo kitris td doi ki`surif jo miotjkitris, tni aiobtn jo kitrisjs kuatjpajif hy 033. Mdovirt tni gdaadwjob aiobtns td mk. (`) 9 k, (h) 3.9 k, (m) 97.8 k.
>. Vd mdovirt `o `ri` ki`surif jo k8 td doi ki`surif jo mk8, tni `ri` jo k8 js kuatjpajif hy036. Mdovirt tni gdaadwjob `ri`s td mk8. (`) 9 k8, (h) 3.== k8, (m) 7.8 k8.
:. Vd mdovirt ` vdauki ki`surif jo k=
td doi ki`surif jo mk=
, tni vdauki jo k=
js kuatjpajifhy 037. Mdovirt tni gdaadwjob vdaukis td mk=. (`) 09 k=, (h) 3.89 k=, (m) >.8 k=.
03. Jg β ; 6PS
σf8Ao iv`au`ti β wnio PS ; 3.333=, f ; 3.39, A ; 3.0 `of o ; 8.
00. Vni kdkiot dg joirtj` dg `o dheimt js ` ki`suri dg jts risjst`omi td rdt`tjdo. Jt fipiofs updohdtn tni k`ss dg tni dheimt `of tni fjstrjhutjdo dg k`ss `hdut tni `xjs dg rdt`tjdo. Jt m`o hisndwo tn`t tni kdkiot dg joirtj`, E , dg ` sdajf fjsm rdt`tjob `hdut `o `xjs tnrdubn jts miotri`of pirpiofjmua`r td tni pa`oi dg tni fjsm, js bjvio hy tni gdrkua`
E ;
0
8K `8
wniri K js tni k`ss dg tni fjsm `of ` js jts r`fjus. Gjof tni kdkiot dg joirtj` dg ` fjsm dg k`ss 08 lb `of fj`kitir 03 k. Vni ]J uojt dg kdkiot dg joirtj` js lb k8.
08. Vr`ospdsi tni bjvio gdrkua`i td k`li tni bjvio v`rj`hai tni suheimt.
(`) y ; =x∘ 2, gdr x, (h) >y + =x ; 6, gdr x, (m) >x + =y ; 6 gdr y ,
(f) 0= ∘ 8x∘ 2y ; 3 gdr x.
0=. Vr`ospdsi tni gdrkua` S W ; XV gdr (`) W , (h) S , (m) X, (f) V .
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06. Vr`ospdsi v ;∕
x + 8y, (`) gdr x, (h) gdr y.
09. Vr`ospdsi >u + 6v ∘ =w ; 02 gdr i`mn dg u, v `of w.
07. Rnio ` h`aa js frdppif grdk rist dotd ` ndrjzdot`a surg`mi jt wjaa hduomi higdri iviotu`aay
mdkjob td rist `gtir ` tjki V wniri
V ; 8v
b
0
0 ∘ i
wniri v js tni spiif jkkifj`tiay `gtir tni ffrst jkp`mt, `of b js ` mdost`ot m`aaif tni `mmia-ir`tjdo fui td br`vjty. Vr`ospdsi tnjs gdrkua` td k`li i, tni mdimjiot dg ristjtutjdo, tnisuheimt.
02. Vr`ospdsi q ; @0 8bn
(@0/@8)8
∘0
gdr @8.
0>. K`li x tni suheimt dg (`) y ; r + x
0 ∘ rx, (h) y ;
x∘ 0
x + 0.
0:. Jo tni fisjbo dg drjffmi pa`ti dwkitirs, tni vdaukitrjm dwr`ti, P (k= s∘0), js bjvio hy
P ; M f@d
8b∇n
0 ∘@8d/@8
p
wniri M f js ` fjkiosjdoaiss fjsmn`rbi mdimjiot, ∇n (k) js tni ni`f fjffiiriomi `mrdss tni
drjffmi pa`ti `of @d (k8
) js tni `ri` dg tni drjffmi `of @ p (k8
) js tni `ri` dg tni pjpi.
(`) Xi`rr`obi tni iqu`tjdo td sdavi gdr tni `ri` dg tni drjffmi, @d, jo tirks dg tni dtnirv`rj`hais.
(h) @ vdaukitrjm dwr`ti dg 033 mk= s∘0 p`ssis tnrdubn ` 03 mk josjfi fj`kitir pjpi.@ssukjob ` fjsmn`rbi mdimjiot dg 3.7, m`amua`ti tni riqujrif drjffmi fj`kitir, sd tn`ttni ni`f fjffiiriomi `mrdss tni drjffmi pa`ti js 833 kk.
\Njot5 hi viry m`rigua wjtn tni uojts![
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@oswirs
0. 002>.0 mk=
8. (`) 933, (h) 08>3=. (`)
∘0, 8, 9, (h) 09, 2, =, (m) 9,=,0,3,
6. S ;3.7729. y ; 3.:837. K ; 3.3722. (`) 933 mk, (h) 93 mk, (m) 9783 mk.>. (`) 93333 mk8, (h) ==33 mk8, (m) 78333 mk8.:. (`) 09333333 mk=, (h) 893333 mk=, (m) >833333 mk=.03. β ; 3.276.00. 093 lbk8
08. (`) x ; y + 2
= , (h) x ;
6 ∘ >y
= , (m) y ;
6∘ >x
= , (f) x ;
0= ∘ 2y
8
0=. (`) W ;
XV
S , (h) S ;
XV
W , (m) X ;
S W
V , (f) V ;
S W
X
06. (`) x ; v8 ∘ 8y, (h) y ; v8 ∘ x
8
09. u ; 02 ∘ 6v + =w
> , v ;
02 ∘ >u + =w
6 , w ;
>u + 6v ∘ 02
=
07. i ; 0 ∘ 8v
bV
02. @8 ; °
@80q 8
8@8
0bn + q 8
0>. (`) x ; y ∘ r
0 + yr, (h) x ;
0 + y8
0 ∘ y8
0:.
(`) @3 ; P@ p
P8 + 8b∇n@8 pM 8f
(h) P ; 033 mk= s∘0; 03∘6 k8 s∘0
@ p ; σ3.08
6 ; 3.332>96 k8
M f ; 3.7∇n ; 3.8 kb ; :.>0 k s∘8
]uhstjtutjob jo `oswir (`) bjvis@d ; >.60=8 Ò 03∘9 k8
sd fj`kitir ;
6@d
σ ; 3.303=9 k ; 0.3=9 mk
NIAK (8339)5]imtjdo 0.95 Gdrkua`i `of Vr`ospdsjtjdo
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