formulation and evaluation of plant extract gels as …

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211

Ahad et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PLANT EXTRACT GELS AS

ANTI-ACNE: REVIEW ARTICLE

Laili Zirrahmi Ahad1*, Rina Wahyuni

1 and Salman Umar

2

1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (STIFARM), Padang West Sumatera, Indonesia 25147.

2Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Limau Manih Campus, Padang 25163, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT

Acne is a skin irritant that occurs due to blockage of the fabasea

follicle due to dead cells, sebum, and inflammation caused by the

Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. In preparing this review article,

literature studies were used to find sources in the form of books and

journals (national, international) in the last 20 years (2000-2020). In an

effort to treat acne, natural ingredients can be used. Formulation and

evaluation of plant extract gels that have the potential to act as anti-

acne are as follows: Portulaca Quadrifida, Carica papaya L., Berberis

aristata, Luffa Acutangula, A. Spinosus and M. Alba, Azadirachta

Indica, Allium Sativum, Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and Chenopodium Album, M.

Micrantha Kunth, R.cordifolia, Phoenix Sylvestris and Cuscuta reflexa. Generally, gel

evaluation consists of homogeneity, color, pH, consistency, viscosity, spreadability,

washability, and antibacterial activity testing. The gel as result of Acorus Calamus, Annona

Squamosa and Chenopodium Album extracts combination has a strong inhibitory potential of

100 μg / ml (34 mm), 50 μg / ml (30mm), 25μg / ml (25mm) which is stronger than other

formulations.

KEYWORDS: Anti-acne, Extract, Gel evaluation, Gel formulation.

INTRODUCTION

Acne vulgaris is a skin disorder that occurs due to blockage of the fabasea follicle due to dead

cells, sebum and inflammation.[1]

Acne often appears on oily,[2]

dirty skin,[3]

and acne can

also be caused by the Propionibacterium acnes,[4]

Staphylococcus epidermidi,[5]

and

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.[6]

Acne usually appears on the face, back, upper chest, and

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 9, Issue 12, 211-227 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

*Corresponding Author

Laili Zirrahmi Ahad

College of Pharmaceutical

Sciences (STIFARM),

Padang West Sumatera,

Indonesia 25147.

Article Received on

06 October 2020,

Revised on 26 October 2020,

Accepted on 16 Nov. 2020

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps202012-17891


212


shoulders, ranging from mild blackheads to severe inflammatory acne. This disease is

categorized as mild, moderate and severe depending on the type of acne severity.[7]

Gel preparations, sometimes called jellies, are semisolid systems consisting of a suspension

made of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules, which are penetrated by a

liquid.[8]

Gel preparations have the advantage of being easier to clean on the surface of the

skin and do not contain oil that can worsen acne as well as having high water content, thus,

they can hydrate the stratum corneum and reduce the risk of inflammation due to oil

accumulation in the pores.[9]

Natural medicine is more trusted by the public because natural remedies are safer because of

the fewer side effects compared to synthetic treatments. Thus, herbal treatment can be used

because it is non-toxic, safe, and effective, and improves patient compliance in disease

treatment.[10]

Data collection

The preparation of this review article was carried out by means of literature study techniques

in the form of primary data, namely books and journals in the last 20 years. In the making of

this article, data search was carried out using online media, as well as keywords as follows:

formulation and evaluation of plant extract gels as anti-acne. The search was conducted

through a trusted website such as Google Scholar, Researchgate, Science Direct, and other

websites and reliable journals.

Analysis method

The following are the data source of the review article consisting of gel formulation, gel

evaluation and acne-causing antibacterial activity test.

a. Portulaca quadrifida extract formulation.[11]

Material Formulation

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8

Extract (%) 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8

Carbopol 934 (g) 0.5 1 1.5 2.5 - - - -

HPMC - - - - 0.5 1 1.5 2

Propylene glycol 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Propyl paraben (0.2%) (ml) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Triethanolamine (ml) q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s

Distilled water (ml) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100


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b. Papaya leaf (carica papaya L.) extract formulation.[12]

Ingredients Formulation(100 g)

F1 F2 F3

Papaya leaf extract 5 10 15

Carbomer 934 0.95 0.9 0.85

Methyl paraben 0.19 0.18 0. 17

Glycerin 4.75 4.5 4.25

Triethanolamine 0.95 0.9 0.85

Distilled water ad 100 100 100

c. Berberis aristata extract formulation.[13]

Ingredients Formulation (100 g )

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12

Extract 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.5 2 1.5 2

Carbopol 934 1 1.5 1 1.5 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 1.5 1.5 2

PEG 400 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 30 20 20 20 20

Propylene glycol 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Methyl paraben 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Propyl paraben 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Triethanolamine q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s

Distilled water ad 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

d. Luffa acutangula, Amaranthus spinosus and Morus Alba Extract Formulation.[14]

Ingredients Formulation (%)

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

Luffa acutangula extract ( g) 1 1 1 1 1 1

Amaranthus spinosus extract (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1

Morus alba extract (g) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Carbopol 940 (mg) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1. 25 1.5

Polyethylene glycol (ml) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Methyl paraben (mg) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Triethanolamine (ml) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Distilled water ad (ml) 100 100 100 100 100 100

e. Azadirachta Indica (Neem) & Allium Sativum (garlic) Extract Formulation.[15]


F1 F2 F3

Neem extract 1 - 0.5

Garlic extract - 1 0.5

Carbazole 940 2 2 2

PEG 400 2 2 2

Methyl paraben 0.1 0.1 0.1

Triethanolamine 2 2 2



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f. Garlic (Allium Sativum) extract.[16]

Ingredients Formulation (100 g)

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9

Extract 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Carbopol 934 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 1 1 1 1

HPMC 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

PEG 4000 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Propylene glycol 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

Methyl paraben 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Triethanolamine q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s q.s

Distilled water ad 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

g. Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and Chenopodium Album Extract

Formulation.[17]

Ingredients% Formulation

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

Acorus calamus extract (mg) 500 500 500 500 500 500

Annona squamosa extract 500 500 500 500 500 500

Chenopodiumalbum extract 500 500 500 500 500 500

Carbopol 940 (mg) 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5

Polyethylene glycol (ml) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Methyl paraben (mg) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Triethanolamine (ml) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Distilled water ad (ml) 100 100 100 100 100 100

h. Mikania micrantha kunth extract formulation.[18]

Material Formulation(100 g)

F1 F2 F3 F4

M. micrantha Kunth Extract 10 12.50 15 17.50

HPMC 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50

Propilen glycol 15 15 15 15

Methyl paraben 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20

Ethyl paraben 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Distilled water ad 100 100 100 100

i. Rubia cordifolia root extract formulation.[19]

Ingredients Formulation(100 g)

F1 F2 F3

Extract 0.02 0.05 0.1

Carbopol 940 0.9 0.9 0.9

Propylene glycol 20 20 20

Propyl paraben 0.08 0.08 0.08

Methyl paraben 0.2 0.2 0.2

Triethanolamine q.s q.s q.s



215


j. Phoenix Sylvestris and Cuscuta reflexa Extract Formulation.[20]


F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6

Phoenix Sylvestris extract 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cuscuta reflexa extract 1 1 1 1 1 1

Carbopol 940 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

Polyethylene glycol 2 2 2 2 2 2

Methyl paraben 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Triethanolamine 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Distilled water ad 100 100 100 100 100 100


216


Evaluation of plant extracts gels preparations as anti-acne

S.

no. Formul

a

Evaluation plant extracts gels Reference

Physical Appearance pH Viscosity

(ρ)

Spreadibility

Test

Washability Gelling Extrudability

Odor Color Homogeneity Consistency

a. Portulaca Quadrifida Extract [11]

F1 - Greenish Homogeneous - 7.0 32170 37.5 - - -








b. Papaya Leaf (carica papaya L.) Extract [12]

F1 Typical

odor

Brown Homogeneous Soft 6 - 6.2 - - -

F2 Typical

odor

Chocolate Homogeneous Soft 6 - 6.5 - - -

F3 Typical

odor

Dark brown Homogeneous Soft 6 - 6.7 - - -

c. Berberis Aristata Extract [13]

F1 - - - - 6.2 21869 13. 184 - √√ -

F2 - - - - 6.4 47823 27.296 - √ -

F3 - - - - 6.7 23227 14.646 - √√√ -

F4 - - - - 6.5 34784 18.472 - - -

F5 - - - - 6.93 29186 16.98 - √√ -

F6 - - - - 6:27 65125 37.902 - √ -

F7 - - - - 6.6 46157 23.857 - √√ -

F8 - - - - 6:48 53180 25.428 - √ -

F9 - - - - 6.03 32174 17.298 - √√ -

F10 - - - - 6.93 27467 19.143 - √√√ -


217


F11 - - - - 7.1 48246 24.076 - - -

F12 - - - - 8.02 61212 33.176 - - -

d. LuffaAcutangula, Amaranthus spinosus and Morus Alba Extract [14]

F1 - Brown Homogeneous Fine 6.82±0

.11

3150 ±

10

15.23± 0.12 √√ - √

F2 - Brown Homogeneous Fine 6.95±0

.15

3256± 15 14.65 ± 0.15 √√ - √

F3 - Brown Homogeneous Fine 7.02 ±

0.11

3365 ±

18

14.15 ± 0.25 √√ - √

F4 - Chocolate Homogeneous Fine 7.05 ±

0.14

3458 ±

20

13.65 ± 0.35 √√ - √


0.12

3654 ±

25

13.12 ± 0.15 √√ - √


0.13

3562 ±

22

13.25 ± 0.33 √√ - √

e. Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and Allium sativum (Onion) Extract [15]

F1 - Brownish - Semi solid 6.67 - 11.76 - - √√√

F2 - Slightly

yellowish

- Semi solid 6.58 - 11.50 - - √√√

F3 - Brownish - Semi solid 6.79 - 12.3 - - √√√

f. Garlic ( Allium Sativum) Extract [16]

F1 - Light yellow - Semi solid 7.38 - 10.56 √√ - -





F6 - Light yellow - Stiff 7.55 - 14.22 √√ - -



F9 Light yellow - Stiff 7.65 - 7.36 √√ - -

g. Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and Chenopodium Album Extracts [17]


218



0.32

2565 ±

12

14.56 ± 0.45 √√ - √


0.35

2872 ±

35

6.56 ± 0.32 √√ - √


0.65

3012 ±

47

13.25 ± 0.46 √√ - √


0.45

3125 ±

45

13.10 ± 0.58 √√ - √


0.58

3256 ±

32

12.25 ± 0.36 √√ - √


0.45

3314 ±

14

14.65± 0.25 √√ - √

h. Mikania Micrantha Kunth Extract [18]

F1 Stable Chocolate Homogeneous Semi Solid 6.2 - - - - -




i. Rubia cordifolia Root Extract [19]

F1 - Bright

orange

- - 6.94 24.937 23.67 - -

F2 - Orange - - 7.08 23.062 24.12 - -

F3 - Orange - - 7.18 16.500 25.67 - -

j Phoenix Sylvestris and Cuscuta reflexa Extract Formulation [20]


0.11

2500 13.33 ± 0.32 √√ - √


0.15

2500 13.33 ± 0.32 √√ - √


0.11

2700 13.06 ± 0.64 √√ - √


0.14

3000 13.06 ± 0.54 √√ - √


219



0.12

3200 13.05 ± 0.21 √√ - √


0.13

3500 12.00 ± 0.11 √√ - √

√ = Average, √√ = Good, √√√ = Very good

Antibacterial Activity of Some Plant Extract Gels with the Most Potential as Anti-Acne.

Formulation Formula Inhibition Zone (mm) Reference

P. Acnes S. Epidermidis S. aureus Positive control

Portulaca Quadrifida Extract F4 15 - - - [11]

Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) Extract F3 6.800 ± 0.351 - - 20.400 ± 0.451 [12]

Extract Berberis aristata F3 14.17 ± 0.03 10.13 ± 0.07 - - [13]

Luffa Acutangula, Amaranthus Spinosus and

Morus Alba Extracts

F5

100mg / ml

50 mg / ml

25mg / ml

20 ± 0.74

17 ± 0.86

16 ± 0.5

- - 18 ± 0.5

16 ± 0.94

15 ± 0:57

[14]

Azadirachta Indica and Allium sativum

Extract

F3 - - 17 - [15]

Allium sativum L. Extract F5 - - 7 10 [16]

Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and

Chenopodium Album Extract Formulations

F5

100μg / ml

50 μg / ml

25μg / ml

34 ± 0.69

30 ± 0.58

25 ± 0.45

- - 33 ± 0.45

32 ± 0.76

22 ± 0.45

[17]

a. Mikania Micrantha Kunth Extract F4 - 16.69 ± 0.1 - 26.99 ± 0.15 [18]

b. Rubia cordifolia Extract F3 28.2 20.4 - 36.7 (P.acne)

35.3 (S.epidermidis)

[19]

c. Phoenix sylvestris and Cuscuta reflexa

Extract

F5

100μg / ml

50 μg / ml

25μg / ml

20 ± 0.12

17 ± 0.15

15 ± 0.11

- - 35 ± 0.15 (35 μg / ml)

29 ± 0.13 (20μg / ml)

25 ± 0.19 (10 μg / ml)

[20]


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Under this test, gel formulation from Portulaca Quadrifida extract was made in 8

formulations using different polymers, namely carbopol 934 and HPMC with different

concentrations, and afterward its physical parameters were evaluated, such as, its color,

homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, and pH. From testing, the Portulaca Quadrifida

formulation was proven to have anti-acne properties. The F4 is better than other formulations

with greenish color, homogeneity, spreadability of 48.47 g.cm/sec, viscosity (64250 cps), pH

(7), and 15 mm inhibition zone in Propionibacterium acnes. Anti-acne activity testing was

carried out using the disc diffusion method, and by measuring the resistance of bacterial

growth. Disc paper that has been dipped in formula at a certain concentration and placed on

the agar medium, then the inhibition zone around the disc paper was measured. Based on the

test results, it can be concluded that the plant extract gel has a significant effect in the

treatment of acne.[11]

The papaya leaf extract gel formulation was made in three formulations with concentrations

of 5, 10 and 15%, then tested for antibacterial activity, which was compared with the

formulation that is available on the market (erythromycin) using the well-known diffusion

method. The positive control used was dissolved by injection of aqua pro with a

concentration of 25 mg / L (0.005%). Antibacterial activity test was carried out by inserting

0.1 ml bacterial suspension into sterilized petri dishes. As much as 20 ml of nutritional

medium was added, stir until homogeneous and let it harden. After the media hardened, a

hole was made, then a 50 mg gel preparation was put and incubated for 24 hours at a

temperature of 35-37 0C. After 24 hours, the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured.

The antibacterial activity of papaya leaf gel extract inhibited the growth of P. acnes along

with the increasing concentration of the extract, where F3 had the greatest inhibitory power,

namely 6.8 mm, dark brown in color, soft, homogeneous, and pH 6. And as comparison of

antibacterial activity in acne, namely the preparation that is available on the market

(erythromycin), it has an inhibitory power of 20.4 mm.[12]

The testing of the Berberis aristata DC stem extract formulation was made into 12

formulations by making a differentiation in the concentration of the extract, carbopol 394 and

PEG 400. Anti-acne activity was investigated against two acne-causing bacteria, namely

Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disc diffusion method.

The test results showed that batches F3 and F10 met the desired characteristics of the gel and

were selected for the evaluation of the antimicrobial test. In this method, each petri dish was


221


added with 100 μg gel and 100 μg marketed erythromycin gel (2% w/w), then incubated at 37

° C for 24 hours for S. epidermidis and for 24-48 hours for P. acnes. Then the inhibition was

measured. The antibacterial activity test showed that the inhibition zone of formulation 3 was

13.03 mm (P. Acne), 8.23 mm (S. Epidermidis), and formulations 10 were 14.17 (P. Acne),

10.13 (S.Epidermidis). The selected formulations F3 and F10 showed an inhibitory effect on

the tested bacteria comparable to the marketed preparation, namely erythromycin.[13]

In this test, 6 formulations of anti-acne gel were made by varying the concentration of 940

carbopol polymers in extracts from the fruit of Luffa acutangula, Amaranthus spinosusleaves

and Morus alba and later evaluated for their physicochemical properties, such as pH,

washability, extrudability, spreadability and visicosity. The formulations (F1-F6) were tested

for their anti-acne activity by the well diffusion method against Propionibacterium acnes.

The test results showed that the gel is non-irritating, stable and has anti-acne activity.

Antibacterial activity testing was carried out in 3 concentrations, namely 25, 50 and 100 mg /

ml. Then the incubation was carried out at 370 C for 24 hours and the inhibition zone was

examined. The anti-acne activity test of the extract formulation was compared with Clintop (a

gel on the market) and the test results were almost the same as Clintop. Inhibition zone of

extract gel formulation with concentration of 100 mg / ml, 50 mg / ml, 25 mg / ml which is

20 mm, 17 mm, 16 mm and Clintop inhibition zone with concentration of 100 mg / ml, 50 mg

/ ml, 25 mg / ml is 18 mm, 16 mm, and 15 mm. Thus, this shows that Luffa acutangula,leaves

Amaranthus spinosus fruit and Morus alba have the potential to fight acne-causing bacteria

and therefore can be used in topical acne-fighting preparations and can overcome antibiotic

resistance from these bacteria.[14]

The herbal anti-acne gel formulation was carried out by making 3 formulations using

Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum extract and a combination of the two extracts. The gel

formula was evaluated in accordance to its physical appearance, pH, spreadability,

extrudability, and anti-acne activity test against S. aureus. Anti-acne testing was carried out

using the well diffusion method by placing 0.2 ml of nutrients into a petri dish and then

allowed it to harden. After hardening, made a hole and a 0.5 ml gel formulation was added

and incubated at 370C for 24 hours and measured the inhibition zone. Of all the formulations

performed, the formulation (F3) was found to be optimal for all parameters, namely the

formulation was brownish, pH 6.79, spreadability 12.03 gm.cm/ sec, semisolid consistency

and inhibition zone of 17 mm. The two extracts namely Azadirachta indica and Allium


222


sativum extract in combination show potential anti-acne effects and also provide a synergistic

effect on bacteria.[15]

The garlic extract formulations were made into 9 formulations by comparing the

concentrations of carbopol 934 and HPMC, and evaluations were carried out such as color,

consistency, washability, pH, spreadability and anti-acne activity. Antibacterial activity was

carried out by the well diffusion method by placing 0.2 ml of nutrients into a petri dish and

then allowed it to harden. After hardening, a hole was made and a 0.5 ml gel formulation was

added to it, compared to the clindamycin gel on the market. After that, the incubation was

carried out at 370C for 24 hours and the inhibition zone was measured. Of all the

formulations performed, formulation 5 was optimal for all parameters, namely light yellow,

semisolid, washable, pH 7.10, spreadability 52.34 gm.cm/sec, inhibition zone 7 mm and

inhibition zone for comparison (clindamycin), was 10 mm.[16]

The formulations were made in 6 kinds from a combination of rhizome Acorus calamus,

seeds Annona squamosa andleaves Chenopodium album extract by varying the concentration

of carbopol 940. The gel was evaluated and tested for anti-acne activity against

Propionibacterium acnes. The test parameters for topical gels included organoleptic,

extrudability, spreadability and pH. The anti-acne activity test of Acorus calamus, Annona

squamosa and Chenopodium album was carried out using the agar well diffusion method by

means of bacteria in the seedlings by spreading it on a potato dextrose agar plate, then

incubating it for 24 hours at 37 °C and measuring the inhibition zone. The test results showed

that the extracts of Acorus calamus, Annona squamosa and Chenopodium album had anti-

acne activity. Of all the formulations, F5 gel was found to be the best and the formulation

was compared to the preparation on the market, namely clindamycin. The inhibition zones of

the extract and clindamycin gel were obtained, namely 100μg / ml (34 mm, 33 mm), 50 μg /

ml (30mm, 32mm), 25μg / ml (25mm, 22mm).[17]

Tests were carried out by making 4 formulations using different extract concentrations. All

formulations (F1-F4) showed good formulations on physicochemical evaluation and

antibacterial testing. The antibacterial test method used was the agar diffusion method

(Kirby-Bauer) that is by measure the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone around the

paper disc. Inhibition zone diameter increases with increasing concentration of extract and

bioplacenton as a comparison on the market. The evaluation of the M. Micrantha Kunth gel

extract showed that all formulas had similar color, odor, pH and homogeneity and


223


antibacterial tests on S.bacteriaEpidermis. The test results showed that M. micrantha Kunth

extract had significant antibacterial activity against S.epidermis. Where bioplacenton has an

inhibitory power of 26.99 mm and the extract that has the greatest inhibitory power is

formulation 4 (16.69 mm).[18]

In the formulation test, 3 formulations were made using different concentrations of R.

cordifolia extract and various parameters test were conducted such as color, pH, visicosity,

spreadability and anti-acne activity test. Anti-acne testing was carried out using the cup plate

diffusion method on P. acne and S. epidermidis bacteria. The test was carried out by

sterilizing in an oven at a temperature of 160 0C for 1 hour, then the media was sterilized by

autoclaving. The sterile media was poured 20 ml into each petri dish and allowed to solidify.

After solidifying an 8 mm hole was made and filled with the test substance. Petri dishes were

stored in an incubator at 370C for a certain time and the inhibition zone was measured. The

extract gel formulation was compared with the gel that is available on the market, namely

clindamycin. From the test results, R. Cordifolia gel formulation that contains 0.1% (F3)

extract showed optimal results in the anti-acne activity test on P.acne (inhibition zone 28.2

mm) and S.epidermidis (inhibition zone 20.4. mm) compared to market formulations, namely

Clindamycin gel (inhibition zone P.acne 36.7 and S.epidermidis 35.3 mm). The results of the

physical evaluation were dark orange, transparent, pH 7.18, visicosity 16,500 and

spreadability 25.67 gm.mm/min). Therefore, R.Cordifolia in gel formulation is proven to

have better potential in treating acne.[19]

The Phoenix Sylvestris seed extract formulation and Cuscuta reflexa whole part extract were

made in 6 formulations with different carbopol 940 concentrations. The evaluation of the

formula consisted of color, homogeneity, consistency, washability, extrudability,

spreadability, pH, visicosity and antibacterial activity test. Antibacterial testing was carried

out by diffusion method on P.acne bacteria, measured its inhibition zone and compared it

with a commercially available formulation (ciprofloxacin). The antibacterial activity test used

the concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 mg per ml. From testing the F5 formulation consisting

of the two extracts, it was relatively better than the other formulations and continued with the

antibacterial activity test. The results showed that formula 5 has a brownish, homogeneous,

smooth, washable color, spreadability (2.00 g cm / sec), pH 7.3, visicosity (3500 cps) and an

extract inhibition zone of 100 mg / ml (20 mm) 50 mg / ml (17 mm), 25 mg / ml (15mm), and

ciprofloxacin are 35 μg / ml (35 mm), 20μg / ml (29 mm), 10 μg / ml (25 mm).[20]


224


Evaluation of gel preparations

1. Organoleptic examination.

Physical parameters such as color, odor, homogeneity and consistency were examined

visually.[15]

2. pH examination

pH is checked by making a 1% dilution formulation of distilled water which is measured

using a digital pH meter that is calibrated at a constant temperature.[15]

Good pH is a formula

that fits the skin's pH range, namely 4.5-6.[21]

3. Viscosity examination.

The viscosity of the gel was tested using a Brookfield digital viscometer. Viscosity was

measured using spindle no. 6 at 10 rpm at room temperature about 25-300C. The viscosity

value was recorded after stable reading.[17]

The range of good viscosity values is 2000 cps-

4000 cps.[22]

4. Washability Test.

The test is done by applying it to the skin and then the level easiness of washing with water is

checked manually.[14]

5. Determination of the extrudability of the formulation.

The test was carried out by means of the gel formulation being filled in a foldable metal tube.

The tube is then pressed to remove the material and an extrudability check is carried out.[14]

Good quality gel is a gel that requires only a small amount of pressure to exit the tube.[23]

6. Spreadability Test

The spreadability test shows the area over which the gel is easily spread when applied to the

skin or areas of interest. The criterion for the gel to meet the ideal quality is that it must have

good dispersion which will affect the efficacy of the therapy.[15]

Good spreadability is

characterized by the less time required for separation of two glass slides.[14]

S = ML / T

S = Spreadability (gcm /sec), M = Weight bound to top slide, L = Length of glass slide, T =

Time taken to separate slides.[15]

CONCLUSION

From the results of this review, it can be concluded that plants that have been studied in the

formulations and evaluation of plant extract gels have the potential to act as anti-acne,

including Portulaca Quadrifida, Carica papaya L., Berberis aristata, Luffa Acutangula, A.

Spinosus and M. Alba, Azadirachta Indica, Allium Sativum, Acorus Calamus, Annona


225


Squamosa and Chenopodium Album, M. Micrantha Kunth, R.cordifolia, Phoenix Sylvestris

and Cuscuta reflexa. Gel evaluation generally consists of homogeneity, color, pH,

consistency, visicosity, spreadability, and washability, as well as antibacterial activity testing

which showed that the extract combination of Acorus Calamus, Annona Squamosa and

Chenopodium Album has a stronger inhibitory potential than other formulations.

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