formulation of chemical pesticides
TRANSCRIPT
FORMULATIONS OF CHEMICAL
PESTICIDESSUDEEP PANDEY
PALB 6306
FORMULATION
• Description of the physical form of the pesticide in which it is put in the market.
Formulation = Active ingredients + Adjuvants
INGREDIENTS
ACTIVE:• The active component of the
formulated product.
• Responsible for the pesticidal effect.
Adjuvants• Components in the formulation
that are non toxic to the target pest.
• Not responsible for the pesticidal effect.
ADJUVANTS
• Adhesives/Stickers: materials that increase adhesion of fungicides to the host. polyvinyl acetate , linseed oil, gelatin
• Carriers: liquid or solid substancses in a formulation to facilitate application.• Dilutants: any liquid or solid materials used to dilute the active ingredient.
Eg: talc, bentonite clay• Extenders: retains pesticides longer on target area, slowing evaporation and
inhibiting degradation by sunlight.• Emulsifiers: chemical that prevents emulsions from mixing and settling.
Emulsifiers are used when ai is soluble in oil but not in water. Eg: soap, sulfonates
ADJUVANTS
• Fillers: a diluent in powder form.• Penetrants: enhances penetration of pesticides into plants.• Spreaders: a substance added to assist even distribution over the
target. Eg: saponins , mineral oil• Surfactants: chemicals which physically alter the surface tension
of a spray droplet.• Wetting agent: a chemical that can be added to a liquid to reduce
its surface tension and make it more effective in spreading over and penetrating surfaces. Eg: teepol, tergitol and triton
TYPES OF FORMULATIONS• SOLID
• LIQUID
• GAS
DUSTS (D)They contain a low percentage of ai wth a very fine, dry
inert carrier such as talc, chalk or clay. Ex: Malathion 5D
Advantages• Mostly used for seed
treatment and home gardening.
• Most are ready to use as purchased.
• Require simple equipment
Disadvantages• Drift hazards to non targets• Loose efficacy when used along
with water or other carriers.• Irritation to eyes, nose throat
and skin.• Difficult to get even distribution
of particles on surfaces.
WETTABLE POWDERS (W or WP)Finely ground formulations that looks like dust but when mixed with water
remains as suspensions. Ai ranges from 5-95%. Eg: Sulphur 80WP
Advantages• Easy to store transport and handle.• Less likely to cause damage to non targets.• They contain wetting and dispersing
agents.• Less skin and eye absorption than ECs and
other liquid formulations.• Do not absorb into porous surfaces, when
water evaporates, powder sits on surface and is readily picked up by insects
Disadvantages• Inhalation of particles while mixing
concentrate• Constant agitation of suspension
prior to and during application• Pumps and nozzles can be damaged
by abrasion of the particles• Visible residues can occur on dark
surfaces
SOLUBLE POWDERS (SP or WSP)They look like WP however when mixed with water they form a true solution. Ai ranges from 15-95%.
Advantages• Easy to store transport and handle.• Less likely to cause damage to non targets.• They contain wetting and dispersing agents.• Less skin and eye absorption than ECs and
other liquid formulations.• Do not absorb into porous surfaces, when
water evaporates, powder sits on surface and is readily picked up by insects
• Less agitation.
Disadvantages• Inhalation of particles
while mixing concentrate
WATER DISPERSIBLE GRANULES (WDG)Similar to WP except ai are in the form of granules rather than powder . They are also called as dry flowables. These are mixed with water. The ai content
ranges 90%. Ex:Metribuzin 25 DF
Advantages • Safer and easier to pour
and mix than WP because there is less dust.
Disadvantages• More agitation is required
than that for WP.
GRANULES (G)These are made by coating or adsorbing the active ingredient on to coarse particles such as clay, newspaper pellets, etc. they may be applied directly or along with water or other carriers. Most often used as soil treatments.
The amount of ai ranges from 1-15%.
Advantages• Fewer hazards to applicators.• Drift hazard is also low.• Ready to use- no mixing.• Simple application equipments
needed, seeders or fertilizer spreaders.
• Break down slowly than WPs or ECs.
Disadvantage • Often difficult to apply
uniformly.• Will not stick to foliage.• Irrigation or rainfall may be
required for granules to be effective.
• Hazardous to birds
PELLETS (P or Ps)Similar to granules.
Advantages• They are usually more
uniform of a specific weight or shape.
• Many rodents and insect type of baits are formulated as pellets.
EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (EC)They usually contain a liquid ai, one or more petroleum based solvents and an agent that allows the formulation to be mixed
with water to form an emulsion.
Advantages• Easy to handle, transport and
store• Little agitation required - will
not settle out or separate when equipment is running.
• Non abrasive• Will not plug screens or nozzles
Disadvantages• Due to high concentration of ai caliberation
and application must be done very carefully.• Flammable• May cause damage to desirable plants.• Some surfaces such as plastic or rubber
hoses gaskets and pump surfaces to deteriorate. may be damaged
• Can easily penetrate skin causing dermal hazard.
• May be corrosive.
READY TO USE LOW CONCENTRATE SOLUTIONS (RTU)Small amount of active ingredient (often 1% or less per unit volume) in an organic solvent.
Advantages• Low concentrate
formulations ready to use.• No further dilutions
required.• Especially useful for
structural and institutional pests and for household uses.
Disadvantages• Limited availability• High cost per unit of ai• Many organic solvents are
harmful to foliage thus can not be used as plant sprays.
ULTRA LOW VOLUME CONCENTRATE (ULV)Contains high percentage of ai in solution with a solvent, usually oil. They are designed to be applied at rate of only ounces per acre.
Advantages• Easy to handle, transport and
store• Remain in solution – little
agitation required.• Non abrasive to equipment• Will not plug screens or nozzles• Leave little visible residues on
treated surface.
Disadvantages• High drift hazard• Specialized equipment required• Easily absorbed through skin of
humans or animals.• Some surfaces such as plastic or
rubber parts of may be damaged• Due to high concentration of ai
caliberation and application must be done very carefully.
INVERT EMULSIONSIt contains a water soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil
carrier.
Advantages• It aids in reducing drift.• More pesticides reach the
target• Helps to reduce runoff and
improves rain storage.• Acts as sticker-spreader.
Disadvantages • It is difficult to get
thorough coverage on the underside of the foliage.
AEROSOLSThese formulations contain one or more ai and a solvent. Most aerosols contain less percentage of ai. Wasp Freeze, Ultracide
Ready to use aerosols• These formulations are usually
small, self contained units that release pesticide when the nozzle valve is triggered.
• The pesticide is driven through a fine opening by an inert gas under pressure creating fine droplets.
Smoke or Fog generators• They are used in machines
that break the liquid formulation into a fine mist or fog using a rapidly whirling disk.
• These formulations are not under pressure.
READY TO USE AEROSOLSADVANTAGES• ready to use• portable• easily stored• convenient way t buy a small amount of pesticide• retain potency over fairly long time.
DISADVANTAGES• limited areas• inhalation injury• hazardous if punctured over heated or used near an open flame• difficult to confine to target site or pest.
SMOKE OR FOG GENERATORSADVANTAGES• easy way to fill entire enclosed space with pesticide.
DISADVANTAGES• highly specialized use and equipment.• difficult to confine to target site or pest.• inhalation injury.
MICROENCAPSULATED PARTICLESLiquid or dry pesticide particles in a plastic coating to produce a
microencapsulated formulation.
Advantages• Safer for applicators to
mix and apply.• Longevity in efficacy.• Reduce injury to plants.
Disadvantages • Severe hazard to bees.• Breakdown depends on
weather conditions.
Water Soluble Packaging (Gel Pack)
• Packaging precise amounts of wettable powder or soluble powder formulations in a special type of plastic bag.
• When we drop these bags into a filled spray tank, they dissolve and release their contents to mix with the water.
• reduce the mixing and handling hazards of some highly toxic pesticides.
FUMIGANTSThese are pesticides that form gas when applied. They may be liquids packed at high or ordinary pressure and
solids.
Advantages• Toxic to a wide range of
pests.• Can penetrate cracks,
crevices, wood and tightly packed areas such as soil or stored grains.
• Single treatment usually kills most pests in treated areas.
Disadvantages• Target site must be
enclosed • Highly toxic to humans
and all other organisms.• Specialized protective
equipments may be required.
Attractants
• Attractants include pheromones, sugar and
protein hydrolysate syrups and rotting meat. • Pest managers use these attractants in sticky
traps and capture bags. • Suitable for evaluating the population density
of pest in the particular field.• Ex: methyl eugenol- fruit fly
Repellents
• Substance prevents the plants or animals by making the food or living conditions of pest unattractive• Repellents are available in aerosol and lotion
formulations• Ex: oil of citronella- mosquito napthalene boll - clothmoth
Animal Systemics
• A systemic animal pesticide is one that is absorbed and moves within the animal
• applied orally or externally • Oral applications include food additives and premeasured
capsules and liquids • External applications involve pour-on liquids, liquid sprays, and
dusts
CONCLUSION
• Having the equipment needed for the type of formulation• Formulation can applied safely under the conditions of the
application area• Formulation reach the target and stay there long enough for
control• Possibility of the formulation harming the surface on which it
is applied