FORTITUD INEBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XVIII WINTER 1988-1989 NUMBER 3

NEW COMMANDANTS' CORRIDOR CAPTURES CoRps' HISTIRY FOR PENTAGON VISITEORS. . . REMODELED LEJEUNEHEADQUARTERS BUILDING HONORS MEMORY OF JULIAN C. SMITH. . . RUSSIAN ARMED RRCES MUSEUMDIRECTORS SEE HISTIDRICAL CENTER. . . 'PRINCETON PAPERS' PROVIDE RICH STUDY RESOURCE FOR MARINES

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

PCN 10401220100

Marine Corps Historical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yord

Washingrisn, D.C 20374-0580Telephorre; (202) -533-3838, 433-3840, 133-384!

DIRECI'OR

BGen Edwin H. Simmiins. USMC (Ret)

HISTORICAL BRANCHCs! Marguerite) Cansphell, USMC

Deputy Director for Hisrory

Mr. Henry I Show. Jr.Assistant Depury Direcros for History

Chief Historian

Histories Season. Mr jack Shalietson: LrCol Gary D. Solis, USMC,Maj Charles D Melson, USMC, Maj Leonard A. Blasiol, USMC. Mr.Charles R Smith

Re/irrence Section; Mr. Dassnvj. Crawford; Mr. Robert V Aquilina:Mrs. Ann A Ferranre; Miss Lena SI Kal)ot, Mrs. Regrna Srrother

Oral History Section Mr. Benis M. Frank, Mrs. Meredith P. Hartley.

Archives Mrs Joyce B. Bonnerr

MUSEUMS BRANCHCol F. B Niharr, USMC (Ret)Deputy Director for Museums

Mr. Chucks A. WoodChief Curator

Artsst-in-Residence

Col Charles H. Waterhouse, USMCR

Marine Barracks, Special Projects Mr. Richard A Lasssg E.ek,bsts; Mr.

Beuny L Lenos. Sr. SSgr Leroy M Dyas, USMC Art; Mr. John T.Dyer, Jr Personal Papers Mr J Michael Miller, Mr Paul W. HallamRegistrar bliss jennifer L Goodsng

Museums Branch Activities, QuanticoLtCol William A Beebe II, USMC

Assistant Deputy Director for MuseumsOffice c-in-Charge

Assistant OfjScer.sn.Charge for Branch Actsvstics Mr. Kenneth LSmith-Christmas Operations Officer Vacant

Ordnance; Mr. john G Griffiths. Restoration; Mr joseph E. Payron.Aeronautics; Mr. Peter L Carriss Evhsbits; Mr Ronald). Perkins. Un,-,fisrrsrs Mrr Nancy' F King Secursds; SSgr Mark Hearherron, USMC.

SUPPORT BRANCHMaj George R Dunham. USMCHead Division Esccuris'e Officer

Ad,niniitrotsi'e; isrLr john B. Dickisois, jt., USMC; SSgr BobbyFlis(mes, USMC: SOp! Kimberly L Tovekisyah, USMC. Security SSgrRondo Shoove, USMC Lihrary' Miss Evelyn A. Englander

Puhlsc.atis,ni Production. Mr. Robert E. Srruder. Productson MrsCatherine A Kerns Graphics; Mr. William S. Hill. T1-p eseaisng. Cpljavier Ca.sttis. USMC

Editor, FortitudineMr. Rolserr E. Struder

FORTITUD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Historical Bulletin Volume XVIII Winter 1988-1989 No. 3

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published toeducate and train Marines in the uses of military and Marine Corps history.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Memorandum from the Director! An Appreciation ofLtGen Julian C. Smith 3

Readers Always IVnte: A Fellow 'Flying Tiger' Views Boyington's Record - - - - 7

Acquisitions: Collection Adds Medals, Papers of WWI Officer Hero 8

Soviet Military Museum Leaders Tour Historical Center 9

New Books: Modern Warfare Methods Start at Civil War, Book Says 11

Navy Secretary Dedicates Pentagon Corridor toHistory of Corps and Its Commandants 12

Notable Amphibious Doctrine Papers Given to Center 16

Mentioned in Passing: LtGens Buehl and Buse Die,Were HQMC Chiefs of Staff 19

Answers to Historical Quiz: Marines in Cold Weather 20

Cartoon 'Recruit' Skyler Fishhawk Becomes Bandsman 21

Chronology: 'Over There:' The Marine Experience in World War I, Part III - - 22

Historical Quiz: Marines in Cold Weather 24

THE COVER

Visitors to the Secretary of the Navy's offices on the 4th deck of the Pentagon arenow able to appreciate a brief history of the Marine Corps in the form of reproduc-tion portraits and narrative paintings displayed in the new "Commandants of theMarine Corps Corridor." Portraits of 27 of the 29 Commandants are interspersedby works evocative of their periods. The corridor includes contemporary works, amongthem "U.S. Marine Reservist," a pencil-and-charcoal drawing from sketches producedon a NATO winter exercise in Norway in 1984 by Maj DonnaJ. Neary, USMCR,and the cover of this issue. Features of the corridor and a report on its developmentare provided by Chief Curator Charles Anthony Wood, beginning on page 12.

Fortitudine is produced in the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi-sion. The text for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-pointor 24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound. matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

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HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Memorandum from the Director

An Appreciation of LtGen Julian C. Smith

BGen Simmons

T here have been a confusing numberof Marine Corps generals named"Smith." In World War lithe quiet figureof MajGenjulian C. Smith stood in theshadow of the formidable, sometimes sul-furous, LtGen Holland M. ("Howlin'Mad") Smith. But no Marine divisioncommander was more loved than wasJulian Smith by the members of his divi-sion, the 2d Marine Division, and partic-ularly those who were with him at Tarawa.

So it was entirely appropriate andalmost inevitable that the new headquart-ers of the 2d Marine Division at CampLejeune would be named forJu!ian Smith.That new headquarters is a remodeling ofthe old Post Hospital on Hospital Point,a remarkably handsome red brick build-ing in the Federal style that would notlook out of place on the campus of a pres-tigious Eastern university, say the Univer-sity of Virgina.

Dedication of the new headquarters,which houses the command elements ofII Marine Expeditionary Force, as well asof the 2d Marine Division, was on 1 Febru-ary 1989, the 48th anniversary of the acti-vation of the division, It was a splendidceremony, carefully planned and orches-trated by the present division commander,

MajGen Orb K. Steele, who has a defttouch for such things.

T he ceremony took place in front ofthe portico of the building against abackdrop of Marines standing with thebattle colors of the regiments and battal-ions of the division on the circular drive.The Commandant, Gen Gray, waspresent. It was his idea, while he was Com-manding General, 2d Marine Division,along with the then base commander, now

lstLt Julian C. Smith, photographedsometime around 1912, was called a "hzghbrow" by his CO, Smedley D. Butler

retired LtGen Charles G. Cooper, that thehospital would make an admirable head-quarters.

Also present was LtGen Ernest T. Cook,Jr., in his capacity as CG II MEF, and agood number of other generals and seniorofficers, active and retired, as well as ahundred or so members, counting wives,of the 2d Marine Division Association. Butthe cynosure of the occasion was Mrs. Har-riotte Byrd Smith, Julian's widow, betterknown to all, and with good reason, as"Happy" Smith.

I had the honor of giving the dedicato-

3

ry speech, a task that I enjoyed research-ing and delivering.

ulian Constable Smith was born on 11September 1885 in Elkton, Maryland.

is father was the postmaster of that lit-tle farming community. Young Julianreceived his bachelor of arts degree in 1908from the University of Delaware. Suchbald facts are easy to come by. One has todig a little deeper to learn that he workedall the time that he was in school, bothas a clerk in his father's post office and forthe local newspaper. He had hoped to goto law school but he graduated in the mid-dle of a recession. He had liked the tasteof military training that he had gotten atthe University of Delaware, so he borrowed$300 and went to Washington to take theexamination for a commission in theMarines.

There were 225 applicants and Smithplaced 15th. Amongst the other new lieu-tenants were Alexander A. Vandegrift andRoy S. Geiger. Smith and his classmateswere ordered to active duty on 6 February1909. They were sent off to basic trainingby crusty MajGenComdt George F. Elliottwho gave them just one bit of advice:"Don't get married while you're a secondlieutenant."

The equivalent of today's Basic Schoolwas then at Port Royal, South Carolina—the future site of Marine Corps RecruitDepot, Parris Island. Young Julian gradu-ated ninth in his class and was ordered tosea duty. His nautical experience up to thispoint was limited to sailing a boat inChesapeake Bay. He had never even seena battleship until he boarded the RhodeIsland at the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 27December 1909. The 15,000-ton battle-ship had a mixed main battery of four12-inch and eight 8-inch guns. Marinesmanned a secondary battery of eight3-inch guns. In February 1910 Rhode Is-land sailed southward for winter trainingat Guantanamo. The Atlantic is notpleasant in February and the young lieu-tenant got memorably seasick, particularly

SourcesIn addition to the biographical

files held in the Reference Sectionof the Marine Corps HistoricalCenter and official records, thewriter made extensive use of thetranscript of the oral history ofLtGen Julian C. Smith. The inter-views underlying the oral historywere conducted by Mr. Benis M.Frank during a three-month periodfrom November 1967 to January1968. Also of great value are the per-sonal papers of Gen Smith, held bythe Center and recently painstaking-ly cataloged by Maj Joe F. Myers,USMCR.— EHS

In 1928 Maj Smith was captain of the Ma-rine Corps Rifle and Pistol Team whichwon all four national Service matches.

while digging around in the double bot-toms taking inventory of soap and oilskins.

In gunnery practice, 2dLt Smith wasproud that his eight 3-inch guns scored

highest in the fleet in torpedo boatdefense. Training at Guantanamo also in-cluded rifle marksmanship and organiza-tion of the Marine detachments from fourbattleships into a provisional landing partybattalion.

Guantanamo was followed by elaboratebattle and scouting maneuvers in Europe-an waters. Smith got to see Paris and Lon-don, and then it was back to Guantanamobecause there was trouble brewing in Mex-ico. Marine detachments from 11 ships ofthe Atlantic Fleet were formed up into aprovisional brigade.

In July 1911 he was detached from theRhode Island and ordered to Marine Bar-racks, Philadelphia. After a time spent atthe rifle range, he was assigned to the newAdvanced Base School. In May 1912 theMarines intervened in Cuba in what wascalled the Negro Rebellion. Smith sailedfor Cuba with the 1st Provisional MarineRegiment in the Prairie, a converted mer-chant liner much used as a transport bythe Marines. Still a second lieutenant, hefound himself protecting American sugar

and mining interests at such places as San-ta Cecilia and Los Canos.

p romoted to first lieutenant, he camehome to Philadelphia at Chris-mastime 1912 to find orders to Panamawaiting for him. In Panama he joinedSmedley D. Butler's battalion which hadjust returned after some remarkable ad-ventures in Nicaragua.

The Panama Canal was being dug butwas not yet finished. Butler, who hadhardly a high school education himself,called Smith a "high brow" because of hiscollege education and put him into ar-tillery.

Mexico was by now in the midst of achaotic revolution and the Marines land-ed at Veracruz on 21 April 1914. Butler'sPanama battalion formed part of the 1stMarine Brigade. Smith, commanding aplatoon of 3-inch landing guns, was em-barked in the battleship Minnesota anddid not get ashore until the second day.By then there was no real organizedresistance although a good deal of snip-ing was still going on.

Detached for duty with the Army,Smith stayed at Veracruz until lateNovember when he was once again or-dered to Philadelphia for further dutywith the 1st Brigade. In August 1915 theMarines began what was to be a 19-yearintervention in Haiti. Smith sailed forPort-au-Prince in the battleship Tennesseeas adjutant of the 2d Battalion, 1st Regi-ment. Later he was given command of the6th Company.

In May 1916 the 6th and 9th Compa-nies were loaded into the ever-present

Prairie for an excursion to Santo Domin-go. Two opposing factions were fighting forcontrol of Santo Domingo city. The two-company Marine battalion landed at FortGeronimo on the outskirts of the city.Smith made a reconnaissance for which hewas later commended and the two com-panies held their ground until enoughreinforcements arrived to march into thecity and to split apart the two conflictingforces.

The battalion then reem barked andmoved around the island to the port ofMonte Cristi on the north coast. MonteCristi was taken after some fighting andheld for two weeks until the 4th MarineRegiment could arrive from San Diego.There was then a march to Santiago. The6th Company was the rear guard and there

4

was some considerable fighting in whichSmith showed his mastery of that newweapon, the machine gun. After Santia-go was secured, Smith was put in chargeof the railroad that ran from Santiago toPuerto Plata.

In December 1916 he returned onceagain to Philadelphia, the home of theAdvanced Base Force, and was given com-mand of a mine-laying company. He waspromoted to captain in March 1917, amonth before the war with Germany be-gan. There was no mission in this new warfor Marine mine-laying companies, whichhad harbor defense mines, not land mines.In August 1918, Smith, newly promotedto major, requested a transfer to Quanti-co for duty with the next regiment to beformed for service in France. He was tem-porarily assigned as an instructor in theMarine Officers Training Camp. By thetime he received command of the 2dMachine Gun Battalion the war was over.

E arly in 1919 his battalion was sent toCuba where something called the Su-gar Intervention was going on. His battal-ion, as part of the Brigade, went into campon San Juan Hill.

In June 1919, Major Smith returnedonce again to Philadelphia and after ashort time was transferred to Headquart-ers, Marine Corps, in Washington. In Au-gust 1920 he was sent to Quantico, wherehe commanded the 6th Machine Gun Bat-

When Col Smith was promoted to brig-adier general in 1941 he was ordered toLondon as observer of the war in Europe.

talion. In June 1921 he was ordered toduty as Force Marine Officer on the staffof the Battleship Force, Atlantic Fleet, withthe personal endorsement of MajGen-Comdt Lejeune that he was "an expert inrifle practice and machine guns." The ad-miral's flag was first in the Arizona, thenin the Arkansas, and then in theWyoming.

In 1923 Smith returned to Washingtonto serve a four-year rather dry spell in theOffice of the Chief Coordinator, Bureauof the Budget. A good deal of his dutieshad to do with the disposal of World Warsurplus property.

H e left Washington in late summer1927 to attend a year-long course atthe Army Command and General StaffSchool at Fort Leavenworth. On gradua-tion in 1928 he was detailed as captain ofthe Marine Corps Rifle and Pistol Team.The team won all four National Servicematches that year and 17 out of 28 Na-tional Rifle Association matches. Inter-spersed with rifle and pistol matches wastime spent as an instructor in tactics at theField Officers Course at Quantico.

Twenty years had passed since he hadlistened to the Major General Comman-dant's advice not to marry young. In 1929he married Harriotte Byrd. Her first hus-band, Captain William Carl Byrd, a Ma-rine aviator, had been killed in an aircraftaccident in Nicaragua the year before.

In August 1930 Smith himself was sentto Nicaragua at the express request of theU.S. Marine Jefe Director of the GuardiaNacional. Smith was made the Chief ofStaff of the Guardia and this carried withit the Nicaraguan ranks, first of coloneland eventually brigadier general, althoughhis Marine Corps grade stayed that of amajor. This Guardia service also broughthim the Navy Cross for personal leader-ship against the Sandinistas.

The Marines, Smith among them, leftNicaragua in January 1933. His next sta-tion was Quantico where his first assign-ment was to be senior member of theboard appointed to write a detailedReview of the Organization and Opera-tions of the Guardia Nacional deNicaragua, 1927-1933, parts of which readstrangely like the Marine experience inVietnam. There were also fleet exercises totest out the new amphibious doctrine be-ing developed at Quantico.

InJune 1934 he became Director of the

Basic School at Philadelphia and in Oc-tober was promoted to lieutenant colonelafter 14 years as a major.

In April 1935 he was ordered to Head-quarters in Washington for duty with theDivision of Operations and Training, thefamous "Pots and Pans" division. By con-trast to his years as a major, he, in hiswords, "practically jumped through thegrade of lieutenant colonel," with a pro-motion to colonel in August 1935 and as-signment as Director of "Pots and Pans"in July 1936. In April 1937 he wasswitched to director of Personnel.

In June 1938 he received a plum assign-ment, command of the 5th Marines, 1stMarine Brigade, then at Quantico. This in-volved him in more fleet exercises in theCaribbean.

H e stayed at Quantico until his pro-motion to brigadier general in June1941 when he was ordered to London toserve briefly with the Naval Attache,American Embassy, as an observer ofWorld War II which was already in its se-cond year.

He returned in August 1941 to be thecommanding general of the TrainingCenter at Quantico. He was promoted tomajor general in October 1942, at aboutthe same time as the Training Center wasmoved to New River, North Carolina.

In April 1943 he was detached for over-seas duty and on 1 May took command

5

of the 2d Marine Division, then resting inNew Zealand and not yet fully recoveredfrom the effects of Guadalcanal.

In Follow Me!, the official history of the2d Marine Division in World War II,

the writer, Richard W. Johnson, speaks ofJ ulian Smith's "entirely unassuming man-ner and friendly hazel eyes" and also ofhis "determined personality that could beforcefully displayed in decisive moments."Johnson goes on to say, "His concern forhis men was deep and genuine."

I am not going to go into detail on theassault of Tarawa Atoll. You will perhapsremember that Gen Smith had to attackBetio Island with just two-thirds of his di-vision because the 6th Marines was heldback in landing force reserve. The land-ing was made on the lagoon side of theisland because that shoreline appeared tobe less heavily defended and also the la-goon waters were more sheltered.

The Navy admiral in charge of the navalgunfire bombardment optimisticallypromised, "We do not intend to neutral-ize it [meaning the island], we do not in-tend to destroy it. Gentlemen, we willobliterate it."

Gen Smith, normally soft-spoken andunassuming, was offended. He replied,"Even though you Navy officers do comein to about a thousand yards, I remind youthat you have a little armor. I want youto know that Marines are crossing the

In his most esteemed role, MajGen]ulian C. Smith, in helmet at right. Marine com-mander of the first true amphibious assault of World Wir II, leads an after-action in-spection of Tarawa by officers, including Adm Chester A. Nimitz, directly behind

By December 1944 MayGen Smith head-edthe Department of the Pacific andsoonwas to be commander at Parris Islandbeach with bayonets, and the only armorthey'!! have is a khaki shirt."

A New Zealand major on Smith's staffhad warned him that the tides atTarawa were irregular and that there mightbe as !itt!e as three feet of water over thereef at high tide. At best, Smith cou!d seeonly a 50 percent chance of landing craftc!earing the reef. Marines in !anding craftfaced the prospect of wading ashore haif-a-mile or more in the face of Japanese fire.

The 2d Marine Division landed at Tara-wa on 20 November 1943. Gen Smith'scommand post was in the battieshipMaryland, the best place for him to be tocontrol his division during the landingphase. By noon, he had committed ali ofhis reserves except one battalion. He askedfor the release of the 6th Marines. Whilehe was awaiting a reply he began organiz-ing his division headquarters and combatsupport group into a provisional infantrybattalion which he intended to lead ashorein person if his request for the reserve regi-ment was denied. The 6th Marines wasreleased to the division late in the day, toolate to be landed on D-day. The fresh regi-ment began landing on the morning ofthe 21st and the tide of battle turned.

Smith moved his command post ashoreearly on the 22d and at 1330 on the fol-lowing day, after 76 hours of the most bit-ter fighting possible, he was able toannounce that organized resistance was atan end. There had been a staggering priceof 3,381 American casualties.

But Tarawa had been the first true am-phibious assault of the war and it hadproved the validity of the Navy-MarineCorps amphibious doctrine. The blueprintworked out at Quantico and tested in fleetexercises was thus verified for future am-phibious victories both in the Pacific andthe Atlantic.

R obert Sherrod in his Tarawa: the Sto-ry of the Battle quoted Gen Smith assaying, "We made mistakes, but you can'tknow it all the first time. We learned a lotwhich will benefit us in the future. Andwe made fewer mistakes than the japs did:'

Gen Smith continued in command ofthe 2d Marine Division until April 1944when he was named Commanding Gener-al Administrative Command, V Amphibi-ous Corps. The transfer deeply hurt him.He wrote to his old friend and 1909 class-mate, Vandegrift, who was now a lieu-tenant general and Commandant of theMarine Corps, that he believed it reflect-ed upon his ability as a division com-mander and that he hoped he would stillbe considered for a tactical command.

Gen Vandegrift wrote back that he wasamazed that Smith regarded his new as-signment as a demotion and that he, Van-degrift, considered him to be the No. 2Marine in the Pacific area. Shortly there-after, Holland M. Smith, who had been

Commanding General. V Corps, wasmade commanding general of a new head-quarters, Fleet Marine Forces, Pacific, andJulian Smith was named his deputy. Thismade him indeed the No. 2 Marine in thePacific.

A s it happened, Julian Smith wouldhave another tactical role to play. InJuly 1944 he was named CommandingGeneral, Expeditionary Troops, ThirdFleet. As such he did much of the plan-ning for the assault of the Palau Islands.The opposition at one of those islands,Peleliu, promised to be as bitter as atTarawa.

Gen Smith did not command the ac-tual landing. This was in the hands ofanother old friend and 1909 classmate,Roy Geiger, as Commanding General, IIIAmphibious Corps, and it was the 1st Ma-rine Division that made the landing. D-day was 15 September 1944 and not until25 November was the final pocket ofJapanese resistance destroyed.

Meanwhile Gen Smith had been de-tached to return to the States and, aftertemporary duty at Headquarters, wasgiven command in December of theDepartment of the Pacific with headquart-ers in San Francisco. He was transferredfrom there in January 1946 to Parris Islandwhere he commanded the Marine Corps

Harriotte Byrd Happy" Smith is joined by the Commandant, Gen AlfredM. Gray,at the dedication ofJulian C. Smith Hall, new headquarters of the II Marine Expedi-tionary Force and the 2d Marine Division at Hospital Point at Camp Lejeune.

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Recruit Depot until October 1946 whenhe was ordered home to await retirementon 1 January 1947.

In 1949 he founded the 2d Marine Division Association and was its first presi-

dent. This Association and its scholarshipprogram were his greatest interests in hisretirement years. In these years he lived inAlexandria, Virginia. He died on SNovember 1975 at the age of 90 after longillness.

At the time of his retirement, he wasraised in grade to lieutenant general forhaving been specially commended in com-bat. Any one of his three highest awardswould have qualified him for this promo-

tion. There was his Navy Cross for hero-ism in Nicaragua, his first DistinguishedService Medal for Tarawa, and his secondDistinguished Service Medal for the cap-ture of the Palaus. But it is for the assaulton Tarawa as the Commanding General ofthe 2d Marine Division that we remem-ber him best and the citation for that Dis-tinguished Service Medal says it very truly:

by his brilliant leadership, resolutetenacity, and gallantry in the face of ter-rific opposition, he inspired his officersand men to heroic heights of endeavor incombatting and overwhelming a relent-less, fanatical enemy. His valiant devotionto duty in the successful completion of anexacting and vital assignment reflects the

highest credit upon Major General Smith,his command and the United States NavalServices."

T he 1 February 1989 naming ceremo-ny ended with a march past of a sliceof today's 2d Marine Division. None of thevehicles or weapons in the line of marchwould have been familiar to Gen Smith.The camouflage uniforms might havereminded him of his scout elements atTarawa, but the new helmets would havelooked strange and maybe even disconcert-ing to him. What he would have knownwas the way the Marines in the 2d MarineDivision carried themselves and the proudlook in their eyes. That hasn't changed.

L111775L1

Readers Always 1Vrite

A Fellow 'Flying Tiger' Views Boyington's RecordYour Winter 1987-1988 issue with an ar-

ticle by Col. Quilter titled "One-of-a-KindMarine Aviator Pappy Boyington Dies,"and your Spring-Summer issue with a ti-tle "Question of Who Is Corps' Top WorldWar II Ace Continues," suggests that youmight welcome a letter from me regard-ing Boyington's claims with the AVG Fly-ing Tigers since I was the "officialscorekeeper." I was president of our Con-firmation Board.

When a large group of us returned tothe U.S. in the fall of 1942 on the Maripo-sa, which had been converted to a trooptransport, I went to the CAMCO office[administrative headquarters] in NewYork. I was shown payment records for my-self and others including Boyington. I waspaid for 61/3 Japanese planes destroyed andBoyington was paid for 31/2. We know thatBoyington and others made additional un-substantiated claims which were not in-cluded in the totals for which they werepaid. I believe . . . . the only reliableclaims are those for whom the pilot waspaid.

There has been only one revision of theclaims records to my knowledge. In 1984Bob Neale, commander of Squadron Oneand Boyington's commander, and 1, whowere the only surviving members of theboard, granted Robert B. Keeton a claimof a Mitsubishi twin engine bomber heshot down over Toungoo, Burma, 3 Febru-ary 1942.

When I was recruited for the AVG in

the summer of 1941, I left VF-6 as an en-sign flying Grumman fighters from thedeck of the USS Enterprise at North Is-land. When the AVG was disbanded Ireturned to the U.S. where I accepted acommission in the Army Air Force. I even-tually became group commander of the354th P-Si Fighter Group in Englandwhere I was awarded the Medal of Honorfor defending a group of Flying Fortressesfrom annihilation. I left the military serv-ice at the end of the war but remained inthe Air Force Reserve from which I retiredin 1966.

BGen James H. Howard,USAFR (Ret)

Belleair Bluffs, FloridaEDITOR'S NOTE: Twice an ace, BGenHoward is credited with 7.33 kills with theFlying Tigers and 13.33 victories as a careertotal in both theaters of World War II.

SEEKS 1942 4TH MARINES INFOThank you for noting in the Spring-

Summer 1988 issue of Fortitudine (page23) the Bataan and Corregidor Collection

[at] the U.S. Military Academy Library.The collection . . . was donated . . . in

honor of my uncle, Alexander RamseyNininger, Jr., USMA Class of '41 . .killed on Bataan, January 12, 1942, whileserving with the 57th Infantry Regiment.His exploits led to the posthumous awardof the first World War II Medal of Honor.

The collection contains . . . an unpub-lished 1951 master's thesis . . . by a form-

7

er Fourth Marine, Grant John Berry. Un-fortunately, I have not been able to findmuch else concerning the Fourth . . . be-tween the bombing of Pearl Harbor onDecember 7, 1941, and the fall of thePhilippines to the Japanese in May 1942.

I would be most grateful if you wouldask your readership for copies of anymaterial [on] the Fourth Marines, duringthis . . tragic episode in our history.

John Alexander PattersonUSAID-Box 10

FPO New York 09527-0008

ALLIES WEREN'T OFFENDEDYour memorandum of the history of the

term "Expeditionary" (Fortitudine, VolXVIII, No. 1, Spring-Summer 1988) causesme to add this historical footnote: WhenI learned that General Westmoreland wasopposed to the Marine designators MEBand MEF on the ground that they wereoffensive to our allies, I asked several Viet-namese generals directly if they had anysuch reservations. Generals Thi, Khan andKhang all reacted the same way, "Nevereven thought of it." I remonstrated withWesty, but he was unmoved. I'm pleasedthat we have gone back to the historicterm.

Perhaps the readers of Fortitudinewould be interested to know that First toFight has gone into a fourth printing.

LtGen Victor H. Krulak,USMC (Ret)

San Diego, California

Acquisitions

Collection Adds Medals, Papers of WWI Officer Heroby Jennifer L. Gooding

Registrar

uring gas alarm on the morningof June 6, while on duty at

Regimental P. C., was notified that the 8thMachine Gun Company, with the 17th In-fantry Company following, could not findthe route to go into action. Finding the8th Machine Gun Company with the In-fantry Company, LtCol Feland led themthrough Champillion which was beingshelled and sent them in. Finding that theinfantry was not the 17th Company, butpart of the 66th, he returned throughChampillion, found the 17th Company,took them according to plan of BattalionCommander. He then went to the P. C.of the 1st Battalion Commander, volun-teered to perform any duty that wouldhelp, which assistance was of value, dis-playing a high type of courage."

LtCol Logan Feland, later a major gener-al, was at the time of this action executiveofficer of the 5th Marine Regiment, andcited in general orders no. 40 of Head-quarters 2d Division, American Expedi-tionary Forces, dated 5 July 1918. For thisand many similar valorous actions, as lieu-tenant colonel and colonel, Felandreceived the Army Distinguished ServiceCross and the Army and Navy Distin-guished Service Medals (the Navy with twgold stars) and was made an officer of theFrench Legion of Honor. Today the me-dals and personal papers relating to Maj-Gen Feland's Marine Corps career are apart of the Marine Corps Museum's col-lection thanks to Mrs. Harmen L. Hoff-man of Williamsburg, Virginia. Mrs.Hoffman is a collateral descendant of GenFeland.

Gen Feland is regarded as one of theoutstanding figures in the history of theCorps. He was born in 1869 in Hopkins-yule, Kentucky, and served his country for35 years. He joined the Corps in 1899 af-ter having served with the Army in theSpanish-American War with the 3d Ken-tucky Infantry. Early Marine Corps serv-ice included expeditions to the PhilippineIslands, Cuba, Panama, and other locales.During World War I, Feland was with the

first contingent of American forces to gooverseas in May of 1917 and was involvedin a!! of the major engagements in whichthe Marines participated. Feland latercommanded the 2d Brigade in SantoDomingo and in Nicaragua.

G en Feland was cited with unusualfrequency for his courage and abili-ty to command and direct troops duringthe heat of battle in World War I, attest-ed to by the many citations in the collec-tion praising his bravery and profession-alism in the field. For his conduct duringthe bloody fighting in Belleau Wood,Feland received the Army DistinguishedService Cross. He was awarded the Armyand Navy Distinguished Service Medalsfor the "extraordinary skill" and "highestqualities of leadership" he displayed dur-ing the Aisne-Marne Defensive and thefighting at Chateau Thierry.

The Museum received Gen Feland's en-tire collection of decorations. In additionto the medals already mentioned, the col-lection includes the Silver Star with twooak leaf clusters, the World War I victorymedal with five battle clasps, the Cuban

8

MayGen Logan Feland USMC, retired asCommanding General, Department ofthe Pacific after 35 years in the Corps.

Pacification Medal, the Philippine Cam-paign Medal, and the 2d NicaraguanCampaign Medal. The French Govern-ment awarded the Croix de Guerre toFeland an extraordinary six times (withone gold star, two bronze stars, and threebronze palms).

Among Gen Feland's personal papersare original notebook pages written as acolonel and commanding officer of the5th Marines during the final days of WorldWar I, and a copy of a message to MajGeorge W. Hamilton, USMC, Command-ing Officer of the regiment's 1st Battalion,dated 11 November 1918, written at 0910,and ordering a ceasefire at 1100.

In 1941 in memory of Gen Feland, theNavy named a naval transport after

him, the USS Feland(APA 11). Feland hadserved on numerous ships early in hiscareer, including the battleships Oregon,Massachusetts, and Indiana.

Gen Feland retired on 1 September1933, as Commanding General, Depart-ment of the Pacific. He died on 17 July1936 in Columbus, Ohio, and was buriedin Arlington National Cemetery. LIII 775LI1

Order sent by Col Feland calls for cease-fire at 1100 on the eleventh day of theeleventh month of 1918. Message was forMaj Geo.ige W Hamilton of 1st Battalion.

Soviet Military Museum Leaders Tour Historical Center

Six Russian military museum directorsvisited the Marine Corps Historical

Center on Saturday, 17 December 1988,as part of a two-year U.S-Soviet "militarycontact activities" program.

The visitors were greeted and escortedto the Center's conference room whereDirector of History and Museums, BGenSimmons, discussed the role of the MarineCorps and detailed the historical program.He was followed by Deputy Director forMuseums, Col Nihart, who explained themuseums program and what the guestswould be seeing in the Center andMuseum.

These briefings were followed by a tourof the Center. The highlight for the visi-tors appeared to be our suite of computers:computer-driven typesetting; library com-puter connected to a nationwide network;computer cataloging of collections; anddesktop computers at nearly every workstation for word processing and othertasks. One Russian officer remarked rue-fully that they had 20 million casualtycards and no computer to retrieve infor-mation from them.

The group was quite interested in theCenter's research resources, especially theOral History Collection, the Reference Sec-

by Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)Deputy Director for Museums

tion, the Archives, and the Personal PapersCollection. At the latter, curators J.Michael Miller and Paul W. Hallamshowed features of these holdings, em-phasizing development of finding aidsand conservation as well as demonstratingtheir unique computer and indexingsystem.

T he two-year program of military con-tact activities was announced in July1988 by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff, Adm William J. Crowe, Jr., andMarshal of the Soviet Union Sergei EAkhromeyev. It was agreed that the visitsbe without public fanfare and, as a result,this first programmed visit was very low

Clockwise around the table, Capt A. M. Aleshin; LtGen S. YFederov, SAF (Ret); Col Nihart; BGen Simmons; interpreter;Capt P P Boyko, Col M. Y Kravchenko; Col V T Pasechnikov;

9

and Head of Delegation Col V S. Grichuk. Chalkboard bearsmessage in Russian "Welcome Russian Military Museum Direc-tors." Seeing it, Capt Boyko added "Spasibo." or "Thank You."

Mr J. Michael Millei Curator of Personal Papers, discusses features of the collectionwith Capt Aleshin, Col Grichuk, and LtGen Federov. Mr Miller is showing a collec-tion of captured papers of Nicaraguan A ugusto Sandino, to illustrate conservation.

key. It will be followed by 16 other ex-changes, including medical personnel,historians, ship visits, visits by the JCSChairman and service chiefs, band visits,war college visits, and rifle and pistol com-petitions.

After the tour of the Center's working

spaces the group returned to the confer-ence room where coffee and tea wereoffered and mid-morning toasts ex-changed with vodka. Each visitor waspresented a set of 12 Marine Corps uni-form plates by Maj Donna J. Neary,USMCR; a lapel pin bearing the eagle, an-

chor, and stars of the Marine Corps uni-form button and also the insigne of theHistorical Center; and a portfolio contain-ing a copy of Fortitudine, the Guide to theMarine Corps Historical Center, a list ofpublications, and museum folders. TheRussians responded with pins from theirmuseums and a print illustrating thesteam frigate Alexander Nevsky, whichvisited New York during our Civil War.

A fter being refreshed, the visitors be-gan their museum tour with exami-nation of a special exhibit created by cu-rators Miller and Hallam and exhibitspecialists Mr. Benny Lenox and SSgt Le-roy M. Dyas. The exhibit featured materialfrom the Henry Clay Cochrane collection(See Fortitudine, Fall 1988, 'With Lincolnat Gettysburg," for an earlier Cochrane ad-venture). Cochrane, as a captain of theMarine Guard on the USS Lancaster visit-ed St. Petersburg and Moscow for the coro-nation of Czar Alexander III in 1883.Cochrane was an omnivorous collector ofphotographs of his travels abroad, whichhe then turned into "magic lantern" slidesfor his lecture tours. On exhibit were hisslides of his Russian visit and the corona-tion, paper programs and illustrations ofthe coronation, and his slide projector.The visitors displayed great interest in thismemorabilia from Russia's Czarist era of105 years ago.

The balance of the museum tourstressed various exhibit and interpretivetechniques. The major exhibit, "The Ea-

Aleshin and LtGen Federov, while Capt Boyko is satisfied withBGen Simmons exchanges ceremonial vodka toasts with Capt coffee. Gen Federov, who is 78 years old is the only one of the

group who fought in World War II and is a much-decorated pilot.

The DelegationThe Soviet delegation was a cross-section of their military, with the three serv-

ices, the general staff, and the main political directorate being represented.

Col Valentin Sergeyevich Grichuk headed the delegation and represented theDepartment of Military History, General Staff. He was born in 1934 and en-tered the Army in 1953. Col Grichuk is a graduate of the Armor School, theFrunze Military Academy, and the Voroshilov Military Staff Academy.Capt First Rank Pavel Platonovich Boyko represented the Military Culture andArt Department, Main Political Directorate. He was born in 1945 and enteredthe Navy in 1964. Capt Boyko is a graduate of the Lvov Higher Political-MilitaryInstitute.Col Vitaliy Terentayevich Pasechnikov is Director of the Central Museum of theArmed Forces of the Soviet Union in Moscow. He was born in 1934 and enteredthe Army in 1953. Col Pasechnikov also is a graduate of the Lvov Higher Political-Military Institute.Capt First Rank Aleksey Mikaylovich Aleshin is Director of the Central NavyMuseum in Leningrad. He was born in 1938 and entered the Navy in 1957. CaptAleshin is a graduate of the Frunze Naval Academy in Leningrad.Col Mikhail Yakovlevich Kravchenko is Director of the Military History Museumof Artillery, Engineers, and Communications in Leningrad. He was born in 1937and entered the Army in 1956. Col Kravchenko also graduated from the LvovHigher Political-Military Institute.LtGen Sergei Yakolevich Federov, Soviet Air Force (Retired), is Director of theSoviet Air Force Museum. He was born in 1910 and served from 1932 to 1972.Gen Federov graduated from the Lenin Political-Military Academy and is a highlydecorated veteran of World War II. —FBN

10

gte and The Dragon," on Marines in theBoxer Rebellion of 1900, was of further in-terest to the visitors for its portrayal of for-eign troops in China, including Russian.Each of the group was given a poster ofthe exhibit and copies of the photographsof Russian troops.

T he day before, the group was given asimilar program by the Navy Histor-ical Center and Museum also located inthe Navy Yard. On Monday, 19 Decem-ber, the Russians were flown to Pensaco-Ia, Florida, for a visit to the Naval AviationMuseum and USS Lexington. From therethey flew to Fort Knox, Kentucky, for theU.S. Army's Armor Museum and then toWright-Paterson Air Force Base, Ohio, toview the Air Force Museum.

A return visit by service museum direc-tors is tentatively set for 26 February-4March. It is anticipated that the writer willrepresent the Marine Corps Museum. InMay the military historians' exchange willbegin with United States service histori-ans travelling to the Soviet Union. BGenSimmons expects to represent the Histo-ry and Museums Division on that visit.

E1775E

New Books

Col Nihart describes the contents ofportfolios and uniform prints to be given as gifts,as LtGen Federov looks on and Col Pasechnikov shoots scene with his camcorder

Col Grichuk looks at Henry Clay Cochrane 's "magic lantern" as Capt Aleshin, CaptBoyko, Col Pasechnikov, and Col Kravchenko look at Cochrane 'r slides of Russia in1883. The exhibit of Cochrane 's souvenir material was a high point in the Russians' visit.

Modern Warfare Methods Start at Civil War, Book Saysby Evelyn A. Englander

Historical Center Librarian

The library of the Marine Corps Histor-ical Center searches out recently publishedbooks of professional interest to Marines.These books are available from local book-stores or libraries:

The American Civil War and the Orzinsof Modern Warfare. . . . Edward Hager-man. Indiana University Press. 366 pp.1988. The author describes how the CivilWar has affected modern land warfare upthrough World War II. Its armies were thefirst to face the full impact of mid-nineteenth century technology onweapons, communications, and logistics.Civil War commanders also had to go be-yond their inherited Napoleonic traditionsand create new tactical organizations. Theywere also the first to engage in the typeof trench warfare that reached its fruitionin World War I. Hagerman traces thesechanges through detailed discussions of

the various campaigns in the Civil War.$37.50

Fire Arrow; A Novel. Frank Allen Leib.Presidio Press. 350 pp. 1988. Fire Arrowbegins with the terrorist hijacking of 65Navy personnel and dependents aboard aDC-8 chartered by the Defense Depart-ment. The hostage Americans are held ata Libyan airbase under threat of execution.

Set against the background of Russian-American relations, the U.S. prepares therescue (Operation Fire Arrow) while Rus-sian Spetznaz commandos are on theground in Libya and Libyan forces arepreparing to defend their territory. Theauthor had previously served with theNavy in Vietnam. $18.95.

Attack Helicopters; A History of Rotary-Wing Combat Aircraft. Howard A.Wheeler. Nautical and Aviation Publish-ing Co. of America. 117 pp. 1988. A his-

11

tory of combat helicopters from their usein providing logistical support andmedevac assistance to their role as air-to-surface or air-to-air combatants. Theauthor covers the contributions of Germa-ny, France, Britain, and the Soviet Union,though his emphasis remains the use anddevelopment of military helicopters by thevarious armed forces of the U.S. Includestheir use by Marines in Korea, Vietnam,and Grenada. Photographs. $22.95.

The American Experience in Vietnam.Clark Douglas and Stephen Weiss and theeditors of the Boston Publishing Co. Illus-trations selected by Kathleen A. Reidy. W.W. Norton. 352 pp. 1988. A one-volume,well illustrated history of the Vietnam Warby the editors of Boston publishing's25-volume "Vietnam Experience" series.Black-and-white and color photographs.Bibliography. $39.95

Navy Secretary DedicaTo History of Corps a.

M arine Corps history, seen throughthe lives and times of the 28 Com-mandants who have held the office, isnewly on display in the Pentagon inWashington, in the "Commandants of theMarine Corps Corridor" inaugurated atthe end of 1988.

Secretary of the Navy William L. BallIII, joined by the Commandant, GenAlfred M. Gray, cut a ceremonial ribbonopening the corridor in a combined dedi-cation-Marine Corps Birthday celebrationlast 10 November. Also participating inthe ribbon-cutting were Gen Paul X. Kel-ley, 28th Commandant of the MarineCorps; Mrs. Robert E. Cushman, widow ofthe 25th Commandant; and BGen EdwinH. Simmons, Director of Marine CorpsHistory and Museums. The ceremonialscissors, once used, were placed on aplaque and presented by the Secretary tothe Commandant, in commemoration ofthe event. The corridor serves NavyDepartment executive offices off Rings Athrough E on the Pentagon's 4th Deck.

Following the dedication, the tradition-al cutting of the Secretary of the Navy'sMarine Corps Birthday Cake was held,

by Char/es AnChief C

New wa/nut pane/mg, specza/ /zghttng, and hzgh/y po/ished floor distinguish the newMarine Commandants' Corridor seen here from the 'E" Ring end of Corridor 6 onthe Pentagon c 4th Deck. The comdor serves Navy Department executive offices.

Secretary Ba// on 10 November cuts the ribbon opening the corridor app/auded by,from /eft, Mrs. Robert H. Cushman, widow of the 25th Commandant; Gen Pau/ X.Ke//ey, 28th Commandant; Gen A/fredM. Gray, 29th Commandant; and to the Secre-taiy 's right, BGen Edwin H. Simmons, Director of Marine Corps History and Museums.

Rep u/se of the High/anders, New Or/eans, 1815" by Co/ Waterhouse comp/ements portrait of LtCo/-Comdt Frank/in Wharton.

tes Pentagon Corridornd Its Commandantsthony U'oodurator

with the first piece going to the oldest Ma-rine present from the Secretary's staff, ColDonald W. Johnson, a division director,and the second to the youngest, Cpl BrianSaisgiver, receptionist for an assistant secre-tary. The dedication-birthday ceremonieswere observed by more than 200 invitedguests.

A Marine corridor in the Pentagonwas suggested first in 1978 by then- AthalResupply—2 October 1918,"by CharlesL. Lock refers to the peodofMayGenNavy Secretary W. Graham Claytor, Jr., to George Barnett, the 12th Commandant, who led the Corps during its expansion forthen-Commandant Gen Louis H. Wilson, . .World War I. Lock memorializes four valiant Marine airmen who aided French allies.who assigned the project, to use Corridor 7for the purpose, to the History and Muse-ums Division. The exhibit mounted by thedivision was titled "First to Fight," coveredMarine historical events from World WarIto 1978, and was dedicated in a ceremo-ny presided over by a deputy under secre-tary of the Navy.

In August 1979, meetings held amongrepresentatives of the division, the Secre-tary's staff, and the Pentagon's facilitiesmanagement office recommended theembellishment of two areas on the fourthdeck, one to honor Chiefs of Naval Oper-ations and the other to commemorateCommandants of the Marine Corps. Like-nesses of these senior officers displayed intheir respective areas would complementportraits of Secretaries of the Navy exhibit-ed on Ring E, known as the Naval Execu-tive Corridor. Chesley Bonestell's View from Suribachi, "presents the amphibious landing on Iwo

In 1984, Secretary of the NavyJohn H. Jima from the vantage point of heavily shelled Mount Suribachi. The World War IILehman, Jr., implemented the 1979 plan, operation was staged under 18th Commandant, Gen Alexander A. Vandegrift.

Col Waterhouse's vivid recreation of the World War II amp hibi- and the 'inchor" of the Commandants' Corridor It is promi-ous assault on Tarawa," at 10-by-) feet, is the largest artwork nently situated at the entrance to the Naval Executive Corridor.

deciding that the CNO portraits would bedisplayed along Ring A between Corridors6 and 7, and Corridor 6 between Rings Aand E, and the CMC portraits would behung along Corridor 7, also between RingsA and E. Renovation of the CNO portionbegan early in 1984, with projectedremodeling of the Marine Corps corridorto begin in October of the same year.

Both areas were to have new walnutpanel wainscotting and molding; new

off-white, striated vinyl wall covering abovethe wainscotting; doors refinished in a wal-nut color with brass hardware and heralds;newly installed lighting for general illu-mination; and direct lighting for properillumination of the art. Although the 1979plan called for installation of original por-traits, curatorial concerns meant that, infact, few of these fragile and irreplaceablepaintings reasonably could be left unat-tended in public areas. At the recommen-dation of then-Commandant Gen Kelley,

Secretary Lehman accepted the substitu-tion of high-quality photographicreproductions on canvas of all of the Com-mandants' portraits.

The Marine Corps looked upon the in-stallation of art in the Commandants' Cor-ridor as an opportunity to project theCorps' image in a well-defined space. Theexcellent reproductions of the portraitswould be displayed in chronological ord-er, supported by additional reproductionsof valuable Marine Corps art reflecting theperiods of individual Commandants. In aremaining area, original art representingthe contemporary Marine Corps also couldbe hung.

The Chiefs of Naval Operations Cor-ridor was completed early in 1986. Whenthat corridor was dedicated in June, Secre-tary Lehman told Gen Kelley that he per-sonally wanted to approve the MarineCorps plan before it was executed. GenKelley's plan, essentially what is exhibitedtoday, was approved on 21 July. The His-tory and Museums Division completed therequired preparation of framed exhibits inAugust 1986, but the refurbishment of thecorridor itself was then still incomplete.

Q n 14 November 1987 the Historyand Museums Division was in-formed that work on Corridor 7 would becompleted by 1 February 1988, and on 19January Gen Simmons was able to notifyGen Gray that the corridor was availablefor hanging the exhibit.

The entire exhibit was temporarilymounted on the second deck of the Ma-rine Corps Historical Center to afford theCommandant and his staff the opportu-nity to view and critique it before instal-lation. Gen Gray approved the collectedartwork on 25 March and the division be-gan installing materials in the Pentagon.On 17 June, Gen Simmons reported to theCommandant that the hanging of the ex-hibit was completed, and suggested thatthe dedication ceremony be held on 10November to gain enhanced recognitionof this tribute to the Commandants bycoinciding with the Secretary of the Na-vy's traditional Marine Corps Birthday ob-servance.

Presented in the Commandants' Cor-ridor are reproductions of more than 60pieces of art belonging to the Corps. Por-traits of just 27 of the 29 Marine CorpsCommandants are displayed, because no

Three Marines are heavily dressed against the bitter Korean cold in November 1950,in "Village Near Hagaru" by the world-famous combat artist John Groth. The sketchrepresents the wartime leadershz of Gen Clifton B, Cates, the 19th Commandant.

Gen Leonard F Chapman, Jr., was 24th Commandant when Maj Albert M. Leahy,USMCR, painted "Checking It Out." A Marine cautiously searches an enemy bunkerduring heavy fighting at the Cam Le Bridge near Da Nang, Vietnam, in August 1968.

14

portrait of the 4th Commandant, LtColAnthony Gale (1819-1820), is known to ex-ist, and the portrait of the current Com-mandant, Gen Gray, has not yet beenpainted. The original paintings fromwhich the copies were made hang in themore protective environment of the Com-mandant's House at Marine Barracks, 8th& I, in Washington.

T he 'anchor" of the Commandants'Corridor is the 10-by-S-foot originalpainting, "Tarawa," by Col Charles H.Waterhouse, USMCR, artist-in-residenceat the Marine Corps Historical Center.This painting, depicting the famousWorld War II battle in heroic scale, is situ-ated prominently at the junction of Cor-ridor 7 and Ring E, at the entrance to theNaval Executive Corridor.

Interspersed among the portraits onboth sides of the corridor are works of artportraying significant events, or which areotherwise evocative, of the periods of te-nure of the Commandants appearing inadjacent paintings. Most of the workscomplementing the portraits were paint-ed by Marines.

The chronological arrangement beginswith the first Marine officer, Maj SamuelNicholas, whose portrait is reproducedfrom a "reconstructed" painting in oils byMaj DonnaJ. Neary, USMCR. AlthoughMaj Nicholas was never formally titled assuch, tradition holds his service to be thatof the 1st Commandant. Next to theNicholas portrait, "Landing at New Provi-dence" is reproduced from among worksin Col Waterhouse's suite of paintings,"Marines in the Revolution." It shows Con-tinental Marines in their first amphibiousassault, which resulted in the capture ofFort Montagu, one of two forts whichguarded the island of New Providence inthe Bahamas.

Beside the portrait of the 2d Comman-dant, LtCol Franklin Wharton, is thereproduction of "The Assault on Derna,27 April 1805," from Col Waterhouse's ser-ies of paintings, "Marines in the FrigateNavy." This historical reconstruction showsthe Marine action, under the leadershipof Lt Presley N. O'Bannon, which resultedin the first raising of the American flagon captured foreign territory. Wharton'sportrait itself is a historic reconstruction,painted by LtColJohnJ. Capolino in 1950.

A mong portraits of later Command-ants is the reproduction of the oilportrait from life of MajGen George Bar-nett, the 12th Commandant (1914-1920),executed by Richard Norris Brooke in1916. Gen Barnett led the Corps duringits rapid expansion for World War I andsuccessfully pressed to ensure that a Ma-rine regiment was on board the first con-voy to leave for France, living up to theCorps' tradition of being the "first tofight."

The portrait is flanked by two otherreproductions, "U.S. Marines at BelleauWood, June 1918," by SSgt Tom Lovell,USMCR, and "Aerial Resupply—2 Oc-tober 1918," by Charles L. Lock. SSgtLovell's painting in oils portrays Marinesin hand-to-hand struggle with stubbornGerman defenders of the machine gunnests which infested Belleau Wood. Theoriginal watercolor painting on paper byLock is a chronicle of the actions of Ma-rine aviator Capt Francis P. Mulcahy andhis observer, GySgt Thomas L. McCul-lough, and Capt Robert S. Lytle and hisobserver, GySgt Amil Wiman, as they flewthrough heavy German fire to drop morethan 2,600 pounds of food and stores toa surrounded French infantry regiment.

There are 21 "panels" in the configura-tion of the Commandants of the MarineCorps Corridor, each containing at leastone Commandant's portrait and one or

15

more supporting artworks. Room has beenallocated to receive portraits and represen-tative art for the current and future Com-mandants.

O ccupying this extra room in the in-terim are works by two contem-porary Marine artists, Maj Neary, the artistof the reconstructed Nicholas portrait, andCWO-2 Alex Young, USMCR. Maj Nearyis represented by four pencil-and-charcoaldrawings executed from sketches producedwhile on a NATO winter exercise in Nor-way in 1984. CWO-2 Young's four water-color paintings are derived from hisassignment covering the 24th InterserviceRifle Matches at Quantico in 1986.

The Commandants' Corridor is includ-ed on the daily public guided tours of thePentagon. More than 49,000 people takepart in these tours each year. L111775L11

DISTINGUISHED guests attending the dedicatton of the cotridot in-cluded H. Lawrence Gussets ill, Undet Secretary of the Navy, Kest-neth P Berqaist, Assistant Sectetan' of the Navy (Manpower & ReserveAffaits); Evetett Pyats. Assistant Sevretary of the Navy Shipbuilding& Lagistics); Thomas FT Faught, Jr. Assistant Sectetaty of the Nays

(Reseatch Engineering & Systems), Robert H Conn, Assistant Secre-

tory of the Navy (Financial Management), and Luwtence L. Lamade,Getictal Counsel

Also attending wete MajGen John S Grinalds, USMC, DeputyDirectot, Fotve Structute. Resoutces & Assessment Ditrctorase lJ-8(;

RAdm John K Ready, Ditectot, Ptogram Appraisal; and RAdmEvrtettr D Stumbaugh, Judge Advocate General of the Navy.

Reptesenting the Histoty and Museums Division, in addition toDen Simmons, were Col Marguetite J Campbell. USMC. DeputyDitectot fot Histoty; Col Brooke Nihost, USMC (Ret), Deputy Ditec'sot for Musrums; Henr, FT Shaw, Jr. Cluef Flisti,siati; asid Chasles Att.

thonv Wood, Chief Catasot

The 26th Commandant, Gen Louis H. W/ilson, Jr., saw his Marines travel to NorthernEurope for NATO exercises. Accompanying the troops was Maj' John T Dyer Jr.,USMCR, whose painting shows Marine LVTP- 7s in the town square of Eutin, Germany.

Notable Amphibious Doctrine Papers Given to Center

T he day after Thanksgiving 1987, Idrove a van north to PrincetonUniversity's archives building to retrieve 13boxes containing valuable historicalmaterial relating to the development andemployment of Marine Corps amphibiousdoctrine and techniques. The labels on theboxes read "Princeton University MarineCorps Historical Project." This, in fact, wasthe effort which resulted in the publica-tion in 1951 of The US. Marines andAm-phibious War byjeter A. Isely and PhilipA. Crowl.

As Gen Merrill B. Twining noted in hisinterview with the Oral History Section,a wealth of talent and experience residedin Quantico at the end of World War IIwith the Marine officers who had servedin one or more of the six Marine divisionswhich fought in the Pacific and had par-ticipated in one or more of the campaignsconducted by those divisions. At the Ma-rine Corps Schools at this time, an effortwas underway to capture the lessonslearned in the amphibious operations ofthe Pacific War by publishing a series ofso-called "blue books." Meanwhile, inWashington, another war was being wagedon a battlefield which extended fromCapitol Hill to the White House over theproposed unification of the Armed Fbrces.Before the opening guns were fIred, doe-

by Benis M. FrankHead Oral History Section

trinal positions were being dug in by eachof the services, in the paper war that wasgoing on during Congressional hearingspreceding legislation of the NationalDefense Act of 1947. Gen Twining, thenat Quantico, was not surprised to learnthat anti-Marine forces were saying thatthe Marine Corps "historically had neverhad anything to do with the developmentof amphibious operations."

Gen Twining "saw the danger, informedJerry Thomas [BGen Gerald C. Thomas,then head of the Plans and Policies Divi-sion at Headquarters Marine Corps], andinterested him in a project to get our pre-war effort recorded, to have a professionalwriter investigate and write for us. I sug-gested Gordon Craig of Princeton." Craighad been a Marine officer during the warand, in fact, had worked for Gen Twiningat the Marine Corps Schools.

F ollowing the end of World War II, averitable flood of operational accountsof battles, memoirs of admirals and gener-als, and other like publications delugedthe public. As Isely and Crowl mentionedin their article about the book (MarineCorps Gazette, December 1950), up tothat time there had been but few attemptsat a scientific analysis of the doctrines andtechniques employed in World War II, and

that this held true of the Pacific campaignsas a whole. They also noted that their bookwas an attempt to correct the situation,and that The US. Marines andAmphibi-ous War was not planned as another oper-ational history, but "as a story of theMarine Corps' development of the doc-trine of amphibious war in the period be-tween the two wars [and] of theapplication of that doctrine in the Pacif-ic." The book resulted from an agreementbetween Princeton University and Com-mandant of the Marine Corps Gen Alex-ander A. Vandegrift, approved bySecretary of the Navy James V. Forrestalon 28 April 1947. Even though it wassponsored by the Marine Corps, this wasnot to be an official history. The agree-ment stipulated that the manuscriptsould not be altered by the Marine Corpsexcept to correct factual errors and to de-lete material that was still classified. Also,the agreement said quite clearly that theCommandant "will have no competenceto alter or modify the findings of theauthors or the conclusions reached in thestudy."

Isely and Crowl, both professors of his-tory at Princeton and both naval officersin the recent war, were designated theauthors by the President of PrincetonUniversity. To supervise the work, the

Among World War II Pacific campaigns examined by Isely andCrowl was the assault on Peleliu and the subsequent battle for

its Japanese airfield Their book settled questions on the originsof US. amphibious operations in favor of the Marine Corps.

university president established an editori-al board consisting of Dr. Craig as chair-man; Joseph R. Strayer, chairman of theHistory Department at Princeton; RobertG. Albion, professor of history at HarvardUniversity; and Francis R. B. Godolphin,Dean of the College at Princeton. LikeCraig, Godolphin was a Marine officer inWorld War II.

T he research for the book was done bythe authors and five research assis-tants in the files of the Records Section,Marine Corps Schools, and of the Histor-ical Division at Headquarters MarineCorps. As each chapter was completed,drafts were sent for comment to Army,Navy, and Marine Corps officers who hadparticipated in the campaign covered bythat chapter and were thus competent toreview them. This resulted in a large col-lection of responses which are extremelyinteresting and valuable, and are in theboxes obtained by the Historical Centerfrom Princeton in 1987.

In addition, the authors and editorialboard held a series of seminars attendedby Marine officers who participated ineither the planning for or conduct of alanding—or both—to discuss the chapterwhich had been written about that par-ticular operation. The Marines would takethe train to Princeton from Washington,Quantico, or, in a few cases, Norfolk. Theywould have dinner and then begin a dis-cussion of the operation, commenting onthe draft chapter under consideration. Nota few of these seminars lasted long intothe night. Inevitably, either one of theauthors or a research assistant would takenotes and record the seminar discussions.These notes, too, are amongst the materialretrieved from Princeton.

A perusal of the acknowledgements atthe beginning of the book reveals thequality of the reviewers, military as wellas civilian, including such respected writersand historians as Hanson W. Baldwin; Ber-nard M. Brodie; W. Frank Craven; EdwardMeade Earle; Kent Roberts Greenfield;John Miller, Jr.; Samuel Eliot Morison;Louis Morton; Albert E Simpson; andRobert R. Smith. In fact, Adm Morisonwas very cooperative, and made availableto Isely and Crowl appropriate draft chap-ters of his monumental 15-volume histo-ry of naval operations in World War II.Initially, the authors were not going to askDr. Earle to review the draft manuscript

of their book because, as an advocate ofstrategic bombing, he was thought to beunsympathetic to the Marine Corps, andwas quoted as having said that he thoughtthe Marine Corps was an American foreignlegion and that the Marines' first loyaltywas to the Corps and not the country.

Some of the reviewers were extremelymeticulous and painstaking in their

comments. Adm Raymond A. Spruance,for example, provided many pages ofhandwritten comments on the chapters hewas asked to review, and Gen Oliver P.Smith returned 20 pages of single-spaced,typewritten comments on the Peleliuchapter alone. In the comment file was anote from then-Co! Wallace M. Greene,Jr., to Dr. Crowl, recommending that theauthors visit all the locations of Marineoperations in the Pacific, beginning atPearl Harbor, to obtain an on-the-sceneview of each landing.

Chapters dealing with certain opera-tions generated fuller and more heatedresponses than others. There is, for in-stance, considerable correspondenceregarding the Iwo Jima chapter, most ofthe comments centering on the Marines'perception of a lack of adequate navalgunfire preparation of Iwo before thelanding. Naval gunfire at Iwo remains apoint of contention today. When the lateMajGen Donald M. Weller's transcript isaccessioned into the Oral History Collec-tion, one will be able to read the com-ments of the V Amphibious Corps navalgunfire officer regarding naval gunfire atIwo.

In the boxes also isJeter Isely's 19-pagememo of two conferences he held regard-ing Tarawa. The first was a joint confer-ence at the National War College withVAdm Harry E. Hill, Southern AttackForce commander in the operation, andLtGenJulian C. Smith, who commandedthe 2d Marine Division in the landing.The second meeting was with Gen Smithalone. Of these two conferences, Isely com-mented:

This arrangement of confer-ences between the three of us onthe first day, and between Smithand myself alone in the secondday, was fortunate. Adm Hill isimpetuous and monopolized thefirst conference. He made somegood points, but on the wholehis suggestions were trivial and

17

sometimes selfish. The fortunateaspect about the arrangement wasthat Adm Hill's having monopo-lized the conversation all Fridayafternoon served to open GenSmith up in a counter blastagainst Hill and against HollandSmith on the second day. GenSmith thinks slowly butthoroughly. Without exceptionhis comments upon the Tarawachapter were well founded andconstructive.

T wo years later, in 1950, Gen Smithsent a letter to Isely, commenting onanother part of the book, taking exceptionto a quote the authors used from LtColClyde H. Metcalf s History of the MarineCorps, in which Metcalf had attributedthe high morale of the Marine Corps to itssmall size. Smith wrote, "I do not agreethat our small size is the reason for ourhigh morale, although it may be a con-tributing factor. Smallness sometimescauses an inferiority complex, and is oftenconducive to low morale. It could easilybecome so to the Marine Corps. I feel verystrongly that our morale can be attributedto many factors. Marines have always hadduty that required rigid discipline, smart-ness and strict attention to duty. . . . I alsopoint to the fact that when we reached outpeak strength of neatly haifa million menthat our morale in no wise deterioratedbecause of our increased strength."

Then there is a copy of a letter fromGen Eisenhower, written when he wasPresident of Columbia University, com-menting on the following Isely statement:"The basic theme I wish to give the bookis that once any arm has perfected thetechnique of crossing a well-defendedbeach — an attack against a large land massbecomes a relatively simple operation."Gen Eisenhower did not agree and ex-hibited his attitude about amphibiousoperations by saying in turn, "Of course,the word 'simple' is a relative one, butwhat I am getting at can be expressed inthis way: In some respects the attackagainst a defended beach is the simplestof all tactical maneuvers."

Commenting on the book's Peleliuchapter, RAdm George H. Fort, who com-manded the Western Attack Force in thelandings, wrote Isely and Crowl, "I believethat the Palau operation has been un-derestimated. Were it not for the untimely

deaths of Gens Geiger and Rupertus sosoon afterwards, I feel sure that they wouldhave helped clarify the situation. Iwo Jimawas done by the so-called Central PacificFirst Team' and received widespread pub-licity and acclaim. As Gen Geiger oncesaid, The only difference between IwoJima and Peleliu was that at Iwo Jima therewere twice as many Japs on an island twiceas large, and they had three Marine divi-sions to take it while we had one MarineDivision to take Peleliu.'

A survey of the correspondence in thepapers shows that FAdm Chester W.Nimitz took umbrage at the use in thebook of the expression, "the fundamen-tal controversy between Gen MacArthurand Nimitz immediately after the Battleof Midway According to AdmNimitz, "there never was a controversy be-tween Gen MacArthur and me at any timeduring our association in the Pacific .I would regret very much if the word con-troversy crept into the history of the Pa-cific War because of my recollection of theuse of that word in the real controversythat took place between [Adms] Sampsonand Schley after the Battle of Santiago inthe Spanish-American War. My relationswith Gen MacArthur were all that couldbe desired and our differences of opinionwere quite normal and were invariably set-tled in conferences or exchanges of views."

T hose seeking controversy, however,can find it in two packages of cor-respondence included in this collection.Central to the controversy was LtGenRobert C. "Nelly" Richardson, Jr., com-mander of U.S. Army, Central PacificArea, and a bete noir to both Adm Nimitzand LtGen Holland M. Smith, com-mander of V Amphibious Corps. In thefirst package, Richardson wrote a"Secret—For Adm Nimitz Eyes Only" inlate December 1943. In this letter, GenRichardson discusses and denigrates therole of Gen Smith and V AmphibiousCorps in the Pacific War. The letter fore-shadows what came to be the Smith vs.Smith controversy on Saipan, where Ma-rine Gen Smith relieved Army Gen RalphSmith, commander of the 27th Division.In paragraph 8 of the nine-paragraph,four-page December letter, Gen Richard-son wrote: "I feel that as a tactical head-quarters the Fifth Amphibious Corps is anunnecessary echelon of command and thatit has no means, combat or service, to fur-

ther the successful capture, defense, or de-velopment of bases in the Central PacificArea." He then made two recommenda-tions: "a. The responsibilities assigned tothe headquarters of the Fifth AmphibiousCorps be restricted to administrativeduties in connection with USMC troopsin the Central Pacific Area. b. When thetime arrives for the employment of a tac-tical corps as such in the Central PacificArea, both the corps headquarters and thecorps troops, combat and service, be fur-nished by the Army."

Nimitz apparently sent the letter forcomment to Gen Vandegrift, who had be-come Commandant on 1 January 1944,and who reacted to Richardson's letter 10days later in a five-page reasoned response,rebutting all that the Army general hadwritten. With respect to Gen Richardson'sattack on Gen Holland Smith, the Com-mandant wrote, "Sub-paragraph 'e' con-stitutes a gratuitous insinuationconcerning the professional ability of theCommanding General, Fifth AmphibiousCorps, and by inference, states that GenRichardson considers himself morethoroughly qualified to pass on the tacti-cal plans for difficult amphibious opera-tions. MajGen Holland M. Smith has forthe last four and one-half years command-ed units engaged in training for, and theconduct of amphibious operations .It should be pointed out that at least threeArmy Divisions, the 1st, 3rd, and 9th,which have actually executed amphibiousoperations, received a considerable portionof their training under Gen Smith's com-mand." There is no indication of any fur-ther correspondence on this matter.

T he second package contains a varietyof documents— transcripts of radiobroadcasts, statements and memos for therecord, letters, reports, and endorsements—13 in all—which deal with the relief ofMajGen Ralph C. Smith, USA, by LtGenHolland M. Smith on Saipan. Withoutgoing into all the material in this group,it suffices to say that a good idea is givenof the heat generated as well as of the per-spective of each of the major players asreflected in their statements. The story ofthe relief and the events leading up to itwas reported by Time-Life war correspon-dent Robert Sherrod, whose articles ap-peared in the 28 August 1944 issue of Lifeand the 12 September 1944 issue of Time.The publication of these articles exacerbat-

18

ed the situation caused by the relief itselfand led to Gen Richardson's and AdmNimitz' objections, and to Nimitz' recom-mendation to Adm Ernest J. King,CominCh/CNO, that Sherrod's credentialsbe revoked and that he be kicked out ofthe Pacific theater. Adm King endorsedNimitz' letter and forwarded it to theChief of Staff of the Army, Gen GeorgeC. Marshall. In his endorsement, Kingidentified Sherrod as the author of the twoarticles and said, "His article in Life con-tains nothing derogatory to the 27th Di-vision; it may possibly give the Marines toomuch credit, but this does not warrantbarring Mr. Sherrod as a correspondent.The article in Time was presented forreview to War Department Public Rela-tions and Navy Public Relations. Neithertook exception to it. In the circumstances,there is no ground for rescinding the ac-creditation of Mr. Sherrod." Respondingto Adm King, Gen Marshall concurred,and then noted that "relationships be-tween Marine and Army forces on Saipandeteriorated beyond mere healthy rivalry.Corrective measures are needed if we areto remove the potentiality of similar trou-bles in our future operations." He also toldAdm King that Gen Ralph Smith wastransferred from the theater "in order toobviate all possible embarrassment to theJoint Command." And there the matterstood, waiting to be revived in the post-war period when personal memoirs, offi-cial studies, and popular histories werewritten.

Of the publication of the Isely-Crowlbook, Gen Twining perhaps stated it bestwhen he noted, "I will say that the ori-gins of amphibious operations is nowdefinitely settled and will never rise again."And so it hasn't.

The US. Marines andAmphibious IVarhas served several important purposes.First, it is a well-written, accurate, anddocumented institutional memory for theCorps of its successes and failures duringits operations in World War II and the rea-sons for each. Second, published duringthe continuing heat of the unificationfight, it served to remind the other serv-ices and Americans as a whole of the rolethe Marine Corps played doctrinally andtactically in the victory in World War II.Finally, it tells a story with which all Ma-rines, present and future, should befamiliar. [Ill 775L111

Mentioned in Passing

LtGens Buehi and Buse Die, Were HQMC Chiefs of Staff

LtGen Louis H. Buehi IIILtGen Louis H. Buehi III, USMC, Chief

of Staff, Headquarters Marine Corps, diedof a stroke on 5 October 1988 at the ageof 56, and was buried in Arlington Na-tional Cemetery on 10 October 1988 withfull military honors. Born in Pittsburgh,Gen Buehi was a Marine option NROTCscholarship student at Miami University ofOhio, from which he was graduated in1954, and commissioned in the MarineCorps. In his 34 years of active service, GenBuehi commanded every level of infantryunit from platoon to brigade. He was arecruit series commander, a Marine officerinstructor at the University of Michigan,and the commander of Marine Corps Base,Camp Lejeune. In addition, he filled manystaff billets. He served two tours inVietnam—the first, 1964-65, as StaffSecretary of the 9th Marine ExpeditionaryBrigade and Staff Secretary of III MAEDuring his second tour, 1970-71, he wason the staff of the Commander, NavalForces, Vietnam, as Force AmphibiousOperations Officer and Force CombatSupport Officer. He obtained a master'sdegree in Asian studies from the Univer-sity of Michigan, and was a graduate of

by Benis M. FrankHead Oral History Section

both the Naval and Air War Colleges. Healso completed the Program for Senior Ex-ecutives in National and InternationalSecurity at the John F Kennedy School ofGovernment, Harvard University. He com-manded the 2d Battalion, 8th Marines,1974-197 5, during its deployment with theSixth Fleet in the Mediterranean. From1980 to 1982, when he was promoted tobrigadier general, he commanded the 3dMarines; upon promotion in April, thatyear, he took command of the 1st MarineBrigade. He received his second star in1985 and was assigned to HeadquartersMarine Corps as Deputy Chief of Staff forReserve Affairs. The following year, GenBuehl was made Senior Military Assistantto the Secretary of Defense, and in 1987,was advanced to lieutenant general anddesignated the Chief of Staff, HQMC, thebillet he was filling at the time of hisdeath.

LtGen Henry V Buse, Jr.LtGen Henry W. Buse, Jr., USMC (Ret),

76, a veteran of three wars in 35 years ofactive duty, died at his home in Severna,Maryland, on 19 October 1988. Appoint-ed to the Naval Academy from Pennsyl-

vania, Gen Buse was a member of theClass of 1934, and was commissioned intothe Marine Corps that year. After BasicSchool, he served in several assignments,including a tour of sea duty on board theOklahoma, and a year as a student at theArmy Infantry School at Fort Benning,Georgia. He joined the 1st Brigade atQuantico and embarked with it to Guan-tanamo Bay in September 1940. The fol-lowing year, when the brigade wasredesignated the 1st Marine Division,then-Capt Buse commanded the division's1st Scout Company, holding this com-mand until 1942, when, in New Zealand,he was named Assistant G-3 of the divi-sion. He filled this billet for the whole ofthe Guadalcanal campaign. At the begin-ning of the Cape Gloucester operation hecommanded the 3d Battalion, 7th Ma-rines, and then was transferred to the 5thMarines as executive officer; he command-ed the regiment in the Talasea operation.During the interwar period, LtCol Buseserved in a variety of staff and commandbillets, including command of the 22dMarines at Quantico and the 6th Marinesat Camp Lejeune. In the Korean War, hereturned to the 1st Marine Division as its

LtGen Louis H. Buehl III LtGen Henry U2T Buse, Jr

19

Then- Col Frank H. Schwable in 1949

chief of staff. Following Korea, Col Busewas chief of staff at Parris Island, atFMFPac, and FMFlant. In 1958, he waspromoted to brigadier general and begana three-year assignment as Marine CorpsLiaison Officer to the Vice Chief of NavalOperations. From the Pentagon, he wentto Headquarters Marine Corps to becomethe G-3, and in 1962, went overseas again,to Okinawa to take command of the 3dMarine Division. He returned to the Statesand to Headquarters in 1963 to becomeDeputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Policy.Four years later, LtGen Buse was appoint-ed Chief of Staff of Headquarters MarineCorps. He became commander of FMFPacin 1968, his last tour of active duty beforeretiring in 1970. A varsity lacrosse playerat the Academy, Gen Buse retained his in-terest in and support of athletics through-out his Marine Corps career. This interestcontinued on after retirement. For 20years, he served as Secretary and memberof the Executive Committee of the U.S.Olympic Committee. At the MemorialService held for Gen Buse at the NavalAcademy Chapel, former Commandant of

the Marine Corps Gen Louis H. Wilsondelivered the eulogy, in which he referredto Gen Buse's Marine Corps service andto his personal warmth: ". . . his compas-sion and concern for others. His loyalty toindividuals and institutions was evident inall that he did:' Gen Wilson said that

we should remember that the stan-dards he set by personal example and hisvision of the future are goals which Ma-rines of today and tomorrow should seekin their pursuit of excellence." Gen Busewas buried in the Naval AcademyCemetery with full military honors on 24October.

BGen Frank H. SchwableBGen Frank H. Schwable, USMC (Ret),

who trained and commanded the first Ma-rine Corps night fighter squadron to seeaction in World War II, died at the age of80 on 28 October 1988 in Purceliville, Vir-ginia. Born in Norfolk, Virginia, he wasthe son of Marine Col FrankJ. Schwable,a veteran of the Boxer Rebellion and theFilipino Insurrection. Upon graduationfrom the Naval Academy in 1928, Gen

20

Schwable was commissioned a Marine se-cond lieutenant and began flight training,receiving his wings in 1931. The followingyear he was assigned to Marine UtilitySquadron 6-M in Nicaragua. In 1941, hewent to England to train with the RoyalAir Force in radar techniques and nightflying tactics, and served as a naval observ-er in Cairo, studying RAF operations inthe desert war. He took command of andtrained VMF(N)-531, which he took to thePacific war. Flying from Piva Strip on Bou-gainville, the squadron shot down 23 ene-my aircraft; Schwable was credited withfour of the downed planes and a proba-ble fifrh. During the Korean War, hejoined the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing inMay 1952. The following July, he was shotdown behind enemy lines and held cap-tive until September 1953. Upon hisreturn to duty, he was assigned to the Di-vision of Aviation in Headquarters MarineCorps, remaining there until 1955, whenhe became Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force,Atlantic Aviation Safety Officer. He retiredin June 1959. Gen Schwable was buriedin Ebenezer Cemetery, Purceliville.

Answers to Historical Quiz

Marines in Cold Weather(Questions on page 24)

1. FromJune to October 1891, U.S. and British Marines werecalled upon to patrol for seal poachers.

2. Construction of the Marine Barracks in Sitka was com-pleted in 1892. The Marine garrison, however, withdrew fromthe Barracks in March 1912, until October 1939 when the Ma-rine Detachment, Naval Air Station, Sitka, Alaska, activatedand Marines were permanently assigned there.

3. Then-lstLtJoseph H. Pendleton served in Sitka from June1892 to June 1894, and as a captain, he served there fromNovember 1899 to March 1904.

4. On 29June 1918, the USS Brook/yn put Marines on shorein Vladivostok, Siberia, to guard the American Consulate,and later, the Russian Navy Yard, in a period of unrest dur-ing the Russian Revolution.

6. Marine Gunner Victor H. Czegka served as generalmanager and supply officer, and received a second Navy Cross.7. The 1st Marine Brigade (Provisional) was formally or-

ganized during June 1941, and included primarily the 6thMarines; the 2d Battalion, 10th Marines; and the 5th DefenseBattalion.8. During November and December 1950, 14 Marines were

awarded Medals of Honor at the Chosin Reservoir: nine withthe 7th Marines, three with the 1st Marines, and one eachwith the 5th and 11th Marines.

9. Originally activated at Camp Pendleton as the ColdWeather Training Battalion soon after the outbreak of hostil-ities in Korea, the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare TrainingCenter at Bridgeport, California, provides a center for teach-ing specific skills and tactics required to operate in winter andmountain situations.10. During February and March 1966, Company L, 3d Bat-talion, 6th Marines, was attached to the III Battalion, BrigadeNorth, Norwegian Army, for Exercise Winter Express.

5. In 1928, three Marines accompanied RAdm Byrd: CaptAlton N. Parker received a Distinguished Flying Cross, andGySgts Kennard E Bubier and Victor H. Czegka each receiveda Navy Cross for his accomplishments.

Cartoon 'Recruit' Skyler Fishhawk Becomes Bandsmanby Anne Ske/ly

W hen cartoonistJeff MacNelly, cre-ator of the comic strip "Shoe,"decided to put his diminuitive character,Skyler Fishhawk, in the Marine Band forthe summer of 1988, he thought he'd begiving the little bird a break. Skyler is nostranger to the rigors of the MarineCorps—his Uncle Cosmo usually sendshim some place for the summer— to camp(Camp Lejeune), to Paris (Parris Island),or to a summer job (with the "U.S. Ma-rine Corporation"). "When I found outthe new Commandant wants Marines tobe combat-ready," MacNelly said, "I had[Skyler] going through the same stuff he'sbeen going through for the last six or sevenyears, only carrying a tuba."

For about three weeks in the summerSkyler Fishhawk became a member of theMarine Band as envisioned by MacNelly.You won't find a member of "The Presi-dent's Own" carrying a tuba while oncombat-training maneuvers, but membersof the band were amused at MacNelly'soriginal conception of life in America'soldest band.

When Skyler's Marine Reserve unit wascalled up, he thought he'd get light dutyby joining the Marine Band. But, he neverrealized how much work it is to polish aSousaphone which is at least twice as large

as he is. Yes, Skyler concludes, the infan-try has it easy. They can clean their "littleM-16s" with a pipe cleaner. Skyler needsa ladder and a mop to get his instrumentclean. "Combat?" asks Skyler, "You callthat pressure? Hah! I'd like to see these in-fantry guys handle the kind of pressure weget in the band. Like playing a gig at theWhite House . . . and having to emptyyour spit valve."

Skyler's association with the MarineBand was formally recognized when

he was named an honorary member of theBand's tuba section. Marine Band Direc-tot Col John Bourgeois presented MacNel-ly the membership during an autumnrehearsal in Sousa Band Hall at MarineBarracks, 8th & I.

MacNelly accepted the certificate forSkyler, who was "at the beach recuperat-ing" from his stint as a Marine musicianbefore school starts. Col Bourgeois in-troduced MacNelly to Skyler's tuba sectionleader, MGySgt Thomas Lyckberg. Lyck-berg invited MacNelly to try on a Sousa-phone, a large circular tuba used when theband marches. The cartoonist gamelycomplied and at the colonel's invitationsat in with the musicians for a couple ofselections. (Unlike Skyler, who at one

At Sousa Band Hall, Marine Band Direc-tor Co/John Bourgeois presents MacNellya certificate naming "Shoe" cast memberSky/er Fishhawk an honorary member ofthe band's Tuba Section. MacNe/ly saidSky/er was particularly p/eased becauseMacNelly is an honorary Marine pilot.

point wished for "more Sousa and lessmarch," MacNelly did not have to movefrom his seat while the Band played Sou-sa's "Glory of the Yankee Navy.")

Following his informal "audition," Mac-Nelly thanked the band for its good hu-mor in letting Skyler join its ranks for thesummer. He explained that the awardwould thrill Marine Fishhawk. "He's beenfeeling low because I'm an honorary Ma-rine attack pilot. Now he's an honorarymember of the Marine Band, so I thinkwe're even:'

MacNelly has won three Pulitzer Prizesfor his political cartooning with The Rich-mond News Leader and Chicago Tribune,and has twice won awards from the Na-tional Cartoonists Society. He began draw-ing "Shoe" about 11 years ago. He hasbeen drawing political cartoons since 1970.

LIJ1775LIi

Cartoonist Jeff MacNe/ly visits the Marine Corps Museum where he is escorted throughthe "The Eagle and The Dragon" exhibit by Persona/Papers CuratorJ. Michael MillerMacNelly's award-winning, syndicated daily comic strip, "Shoe," is 11 years old

21

Part III of a Chronology, August-November 1918

'Over There:' The Marine Experience in World War Iby Robert V Aquilina

Assistant Head; Reference Section

F ollowing its outstanding achievements at Soissons in July1918, the 4th Marine Brigade reassembled near Paris, thenproceeded on to Nancy, France, for a well-earned rest, whileAmerican divisions were being assembled and organized intoan American army.

In latejuly, GenJohnJ. Pershing assigned GenJames G. Har-bord, 2d Division commander, to the American ExpeditionaryForce's Services of Supply. The new division commander was Ma-rine MajGen John A. Lejeune, yho previously had proven hismettle as a brigade commander with the AEF. BGen WendellC. Neville retained command of the 4th Brigade, with Col Har-ry Lee in command of the 6th Marines, and Col Logan Felandin command of the 5th Marines.

The month ofJuly 1918 also saw the arrival in France of Ma-rine Corps aviators. InJanuary 1918, the 1st Marine AeronauticCompany deployed from Philadelphia to Ponta Delgada in theAzores. The company was equipped and trained for seaplaneoperations and, until the armistice, would fly anti-submarinepatrols. In April 1918 the 1st Marine Aviation Squadron trans-ferred from Louisiana to Curtiss Field in Miami, Florida, whereit expanded into the 1st Marine Aviation Force. Three of the unit'sfour squadrons deployed in late July to Brest, France, under thecommand of Capt Alfred Cunningham. Operating out of basesin northern France, the eager Marine pilots initially trained withRoyal Air Force (RAF) squadrons 213, 217, and 218, flying DH-4bombers and Sopwith Camels. In October 1918, the Marine squa-drons (including a newly arrived fourth squadron from Miami)began independent operations as the Day Wing of the North-

Rapid firing raises clouds of dust as gas-masked Marines mantrenches in the Meuse-Argonne offensive of November 1918. Ma-

em Bombing Group. By the Armistice, Marine aviators