fossil fuels and sedimentary rockswou.edu/~brownk/es105/es105.2007.0215.sedrx.f.pdf · erosion,...
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EROSION, DEPOSITION AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Reading: Earth ScienceTarbuck and Lutgens
Chapter 5: pages 124-133Chapter 3: pages 52-54, 61-69
Base LevelResistant bed
• Resistant bed creates a local base level
Local Base LevelNiagara Falls
Base Levellocal and ultimate
• Over time, the resistant bed is eroded• Local base level becomes closer to
ultimate base level
• Eventually resistant rock is eroded to ultimate base level
Base Levelultimate
Base Level
• Erode to ‘BASE LEVEL’• Cannot erode below base level• Local base level (temporary)• Gradual decrease in gradient from head to
mouth• Ultimate profile is idealized graded stream
Base Level
• Lower base level allows more erosion• Raise base level reduces erosion
Incised meanders
Stream Erosion
• Cut their own channels• Cut three main ways
1. Deepening2. Widening3. Headward erosion
Deepening
• Yellowstone River
Stream Processes and Floodplain Development
Widening
Headward ErosionPecos in NM
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/new_mexico.html
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/national_atlas_1970/ca000043_large.jpg
Headward Erosion
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/colorado.html
Stream Valleys
• V shaped in headwaters• Wide with flat floors nearer to mouth
Broad, flat-bottomed Valley
• Low gradient• Stream cuts into valley walls• Mass wasting delivers sediment to stream
SLOWING OF VELOCITY• Decrease in gradient• Decrease in discharge
– Evaporation– Infiltration
• Loss of channelization– Flood stage– Body of water
Deposition
Deposition
• Flows into a body of water• Creates delta
Delta Formation
• Deposition decreases gradient• Flood stage--gets out of its deposit
Delta Formation
• Flood stage--gets out of its deposit• Forms set of ‘DISTRIBUTARIES’
Delta Formation
• Forms set of ‘DISTRIBUTARIES’
Mississippi Delta
SLOWING OF VELOCITY• Loss of channelization
– Enters body of water– Flood stage—out of banks
Deposition
Stream Processes and Floodplain Development
Natural Levee Formation
Natural Levee
Creation
• Competence lost when stream leaves its channel
• Deposits largest particles first
• http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6664/6664.ch04.html
Natural Leveesfloodstage
Natural Leveessediment deposits
Yazoo River
http://www.mvk.usace.army.mil/offices/pp/yazoobackwater/basics.asp?category=basics
• Badwater Fan, Death Valley, California
Alluvial Fan
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/geology/images/alluvial_fan_lg.jpeg
Alluvial Fan
http://wiseman.brandonu.ca/earthscience/newpage35.htm
Drainage Patterns
• Channel layout within a drainage basin• Described by overall shape formed
– Dentritic– Radial– Rectangular– Trellis
Drainage patterns
Dendritic
Radial
Rectangular and trellis
Rock Types
• Igneous• Sedimentary• Metamorphic
Rock cycle diagram
Sedimentary rocks Features of sedimentary rocks
• Strata, or beds (most characteristic)• Bedding planes separate strata
May have important characteristics• Size, shape and distribution of grain sizes• Fossils
Bedding and bedding planes
• http://www.birdandhike.com/Hike/General_Info/Glossary/Gloss4.htm
Fossils
• Traces or remains of prehistoric life • Are the most important inclusions • Help determine past environments • Used as time indicators • Used for matching rocks from different
places
Features of sedimentary rocks• Porosity• Permeability
Sedimentary rocks
Sediment is derived from weatheringCarried by fluidFormed at Earth’s surfaceImportant to reconstruct much of Earth's
history
Sedimentary rocks Economic importance
• Coal• Petroleum and natural gas • Precipitation of iron and
aluminum • Deposition of gold and tin• Sand, gravel, clay
Sedimentary rocks
Two main types • Rocks formed by deposition of sediment—
Detrital• Rocks formed by precipitation from water--
Chemical (includes rocks formed by organisms)
Sediment grains
• Particle loosened from pre-existing rock• Transported to place of deposition• Shape, size, and sorting of grains can tell
about the environment of deposition
Lithification
Process of becoming stone• Burial and compaction• Precipitation of cement• Each reduces ‘pore space’
Cement
• Brought in by water• Mineral material between grains• Fills in pore spaces• Commonly calcite, silica, and sometimes
iron oxide
Types of Detrital Rocks
• Shale (most abundant)• Sandstone• Conglomerate
Shale with plant fossils
Shale
• Composed of very fine grained sediment• Shows obvious tendency to split along
planes (fissile)• Usually gray• Most common type of sedimentary outcrop
Sandstone
Sandstone• Composed of sand-size particles
– Between 1/16 mm and 2 mm diameter– Particles may be individual mineral grains or
rock fragments– Quartz most common type of grain
• Environments include•Beach, •river,
•shallow sea, •sand dunes
Conglomerate
Conglomerate
• Composed of particles larger than 2 mm• Usually particles are rock fragments
Detrital (clastic) rocks
• Shale is the most common one• Made from solid particles• Classified by particle size
Chemical rocks Material was once in solution and
precipitates to form sediment • Directly precipitated as the result
of physical processes, or • Through life processes
(biochemical origin)
Fossiliferous limestone
Chemical rocksLimestone
• Composed of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate)• Much of this calcite was precipitated by organisms• Considered an ‘organic chemical sediment’ if from
organisms• Most common type of chemical rock—• second most common type of sedimentary rock
Coquina
Close up of coquina
Chalk
Rock salt
Chemical rocksDirect mineral precipitation from water
• Evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum• Microcrystalline quartz (precipitated
quartz) known as chert, flint, jasper, opal or agate
• Travertine (calcite) and sinter (silica) from hotspring deposits
Evaporites
• http://www.bonnevillehealeyclub.org/
• http://www.paintersflat.net/saltflat.html • http://www.nv.blm.gov/Winnemucca/blackrock/BRHR_Planning.htm
• http://www.img.uni-karlsruhe.de/925.php
• http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals/2SedimentaryMineralz/Gypsum.html
• http://www.flickr.com/photos/snogun/191723596/
Chert
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/stories/marin_sedimentary.html
• http://homestake.sdsmt.edu/Photos/Surface_geology_photos.htm
• http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photochert.html
Travertine
• http://njminerals.org/travertine.html
• http://www.gonomad.com/destinations/0409/hot_springs_of_the_sierras.html
• http://www.cis.nctu.edu.tw/~whtsai/World%20Highlights/New%20Side%20Show%20Webpages/imagepages/Turkey%202001---Travertine%20stones%20and%20water%20in%20Pamukale.html
Classification of sedimentary rocks