Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

What is a Fossil Fuel?What is a Fossil Fuel?

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels

Energy sources formed from the Energy sources formed from the remains of once living organisms.remains of once living organisms.

Oil, coal, natural gas, oil shale, Oil, coal, natural gas, oil shale, tar sands. tar sands.

Also known as hydrocarbons.Also known as hydrocarbons.

Recipe for Oil/Natural Gas Recipe for Oil/Natural Gas FormationFormation

1. Ingredients1. Ingredients

Large accumulation of Large accumulation of organic matter, marine organic matter, marine microorganismsmicroorganisms

(dinoflagellates) (dinoflagellates) Where will we get these Where will we get these conditions today?-conditions today?-Continental shelves-Continental shelves-Texas, Louisiana, Texas, Louisiana, offshore California, Gulf offshore California, Gulf of Mexico, Alaska??of Mexico, Alaska??

Continental ShelfContinental Shelf

2. Mixing Instructions2. Mixing Instructions

Buried rapidly in Buried rapidly in anaerobicanaerobic conditions.conditions.

What does anaerobic mean?What does anaerobic mean?

without oxygenwithout oxygen

Why is this important?Why is this important?

reduces decomposition by reduces decomposition by bacteriabacteria

3. Baking Instructions3. Baking Instructions

Heat and pressure to cook the Heat and pressure to cook the mixturemixture..How much? As depth increases we get How much? As depth increases we get more natural gas and less oil in more natural gas and less oil in

the oil trap.the oil trap. Time-Time- How long? Youngest rocks that oil How long? Youngest rocks that oil

has been extracted from is 1-2 million has been extracted from is 1-2 million years old. Oldest 1.5 billion until now, years old. Oldest 1.5 billion until now, may find older deposits, but not in great may find older deposits, but not in great quantities. quantities.

Oil TrapsOil Traps

Oil traps:Oil traps:Must be porous and permeable to become a Must be porous and permeable to become a

reservoir rock. reservoir rock. Structural trapsStructural traps- Rock layers have been - Rock layers have been

changed or deformed in such a changed or deformed in such a way as to way as to provide a collection site for the crude oil provide a collection site for the crude oil (domes folds and faults)(domes folds and faults)

Stratigraphic trapsStratigraphic traps-Layers of rock that -Layers of rock that contain oil due to their shape. contain oil due to their shape. (Lenses, unconformities)(Lenses, unconformities)

Structural TrapsStructural Traps

Oil RecoveryOil Recovery

Primary recovery-Primary recovery- minimal pumping, minimal pumping, sometimes a sometimes a gusher. Gushers are gusher. Gushers are rare occurrences.rare occurrences.

Today Rotary drills Today Rotary drills 10,000m or 10 10,000m or 10 Km(30,000 ft-->6 Km(30,000 ft-->6 miles)miles)

Secondary RecoverySecondary Recovery

Water injected into Water injected into one well forces oil one well forces oil towards another towards another and then is and then is pumped out. pumped out.

Primary and Primary and Secondary Secondary methods remove methods remove about 33% of the about 33% of the oil from a deposit.oil from a deposit.

Tertiary RecoveryTertiary Recovery

Steam or Carbon Steam or Carbon dioxide, or dioxide, or chemical injection chemical injection into the well into the well instead of water instead of water allows another allows another 10% of the oil to be 10% of the oil to be removed. removed. Rarely Rarely done because it is done because it is costly.costly.

PumpjacksPumpjacks

Oil removal through Oil removal through frackingfracking

Greatest Oil Reserves by Country, 2006 RanRankk CountryCountry

Proved reserves Proved reserves

(billion barrels)(billion barrels)

1. 1. Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia 264.3264.3

2.2. CanadaCanada 178.8178.8

3.3. IranIran 132.5132.5

4.4. IraqIraq 115.0115.0

5.5. KuwaitKuwait 101.5101.5

6.6. United Arab United Arab EmiratesEmirates

97.897.8

7.7. VenezuelaVenezuela 79.779.7

8.8. RussiaRussia 60.060.0

9.9. LibyaLibya 39.139.1

10.10. NigeriaNigeria 35.935.9

11.11. United StatesUnited States 21.421.4

12.12. ChinaChina 18.318.3

13.13. QatarQatar 15.215.2

14.14. MexicoMexico 12.912.9

15.15. AlgeriaAlgeria 11.411.4

16.16. BrazilBrazil 11.211.2

17.17. KazakhstanKazakhstan 9.09.0

18.18. NorwayNorway 7.77.7

19.19. AzerbaijanAzerbaijan 7.07.0

20.20. IndiaIndia 5.85.8

        

Top 20 countriesTop 20 countries 90.290.2

Rest of worldRest of world 68.168.1

World totalWorld total 1,292.51,292.5

NOTES: Proved reserves are estimated with reasonable certainty to be recoverable with present technology and prices.Source: Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 103, No. 47 (Dec. 19, 2005). From: U.S. Energy Information Administration. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/petroleu.html .

Oil ConsumptionOil Consumption

Resource measured in barrels (bls) = 42 gallonsResource measured in barrels (bls) = 42 gallons 400400 billionbillion barrels of oil barrels of oil consumedconsumed since since

beginning to use oilbeginning to use oil

1/2 of this was used just in the decade of 1/2 of this was used just in the decade of the 70’s.the 70’s.

ReservesReserves of approximately of approximately 700 billion700 billion barrels barrels of oil (1985)of oil (1985)

Resources unevenly distributedResources unevenly distributed U.S. consumes U.S. consumes about 5.5 billion barrels a year.about 5.5 billion barrels a year.

Global Oil ConsumptionGlobal Oil ConsumptionGlobal Oil Demand: 75 million barrels/dayGlobal Oil Demand: 75 million barrels/dayU.S.:U.S.: (2005) (2005) 20.6 million barrels/day20.6 million barrels/day

18.6(2012)18.6(2012)U.S. Imports:U.S. Imports: 12.2 million barrels/day12.2 million barrels/dayU. S. HouseholdU. S. Household 4.0 gallons/day 4.0 gallons/dayStrategic Reserves 570 million barrels Strategic Reserves 570 million barrels

stored stored (60 day supply)(60 day supply)

China: China: 7 million barrels/day 7 million barrels/day10.3 (in 2012)10.3 (in 2012)

We have approximately 5% of global population We have approximately 5% of global population but use approximately 25% of world oilbut use approximately 25% of world oil