foundation for america - montgomery isdschools.misd.org/page/download/18784/0/ancient greeks.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
A. The Ancient Greeks2000- 371 B.C.E.
B. The Greek Heritage750 – 133 B.C.E.
Foundation for
America
Greek Geography
Mountains
Islands
Mountain Region Greece is a mountainous
peninsula. Because of it’s rugged terrain, only a quarter of the country is fit for farming.
Most Greeks made their living by herding of goats or fishing the Mediterranean sea. Some became traders and did business with Greek neighbors..
The mountains also limited transportation between the Greek towns which gave the Greeks their fierce independence.
•
The Greek Isles
Greece is also made up of many Islands
These Isles gave the Greeks good natural harbor for fishing, commerce, and protection
A. Earliest Civilization in the Aegean• The earliest inhabitants
of the Greek lands were indo-Europeans known as the Minoans between 2000 B.C. AND 1400 B.C.
• The Minoans made their home on the Island of Crete.
• A King ruled these people from his palace-city of Knossos.
•
The Minoans
• In 1895 British Archeologist Sir ArthurEvans excavated the site of the Palace.
• The palace had over 800 rooms yet no defensive walls!
• Most of what we know about Minoans ,we gathered from the Fresco paintings
• The Minoan system of writing was made up of pictures and lines called linear A
The Achaean Civilization
The next group to come to the Greek isles were the Achaeans.
Achaeans were Indo-Europeans.
The Achaeans were ruled by a warrior King and quickly conquered the Minoans.
They built on the achievements of the Minoans.
Their writing was called linear B based on the Minoan linear A
The Trojan War War lasted for ten years 1250-40
B.C.
Scholars learned about the war from the Epic poems the Iliadand The Odyssey written by Homer around 750 B.C.
The tragic war began with Paris, the prince of Troy, taking Helena, the Queen of Sparta.
King Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon. Send Greek troops to recover the Queen Helena.
The Greeks win with the use of a giant horse which allows them entrance to the city.
The Greek Dark Age
While the Achaean-Greeks defeated
the Trojans, it weakened the Achaeans
to the point that the Dorian invaders,
with iron weapons, plundered the
Greek Isles.
1100 B.C.E. – 750 B.C. is a time called
The Greek “Dark” Ages.
The New Greek Army
• Military service was the duty of every Male citizen.
• By 650 B.C.E. the chariot was replaced by the Phalanx. As the major force on the battlefield.
• The phalanx was a formation of 8 rows of heavily armed foot soldiers,.
• Soldiers were expected to purchase and take care of their own equipment.
Government in Ancient Greece
• The rise of the “The City-State” or POLIS.
• Life revolved around the Acropolis or hill top fortress.
• By the 700’s B.C.E. a monarchy ruled each Polis.
• Athens and Sparta were becoming the leading city-states..
• Each Polis saw the world differently
Foundations of Democracy
o Around 500 B.C.E. the monarchies were replaced by Aristocracies.
o Their wealth came from the ownership of land
o Greeks, in search of wealth and adventure began to colonize parts of the Mediterranean close to Greece.
o In the 6th century, citizen-soldiers supported revolts of the lower class
o Many polis were then ruled by one strong man called a Tyrant.
o “The age of the Tyrant” marked a transition toward Democracy for the Greek people.
o Democracy is government by citizens.
Athenian Citizenship
Only males could be citizens.
They had to have served in the Army and defended the city.
They had to own property.
They had to be married.
They had to be born in the Polis of citizenship.
Foundations of Democracy
• 621 B.C. Athenians appointed a nobleman by the name of Draco to write a code of laws in order to prevent civil wars
• The first laws were harsh like Hammurabi’s code.
• It also made the laws public and required judges to apply the law equally to all classes.
Sparta City-State located on the Island of
Peloponnesians.
Mostly Citizen- Warriors
Boys are raised by their Mothers
until they are 8.
At 8 years, they were turned outside
the city to fend for themselves until
they were 12 .
Mostly, they picked on the Helot
farmers that lived outside the city.
• At age 12 they were rounded
up, brought back into the
city and assigned a
barracks.
• This is where they would
live until they were 55 years
old.
• They were required to
marry, but most did not live
at home.
• If they were injured, so that
they could not participate in
combat, they were not
allowed to enter the city
until they proved themselves
on the field.
The Persian Wars 492 – 449 B.C.E.
Colon ie s in re volt in Asia Min or, be lon gin g to P e rs ia
Battle of Marath on 492 BC (Dariu s I) (P h e idippe ds)
Gre e k Le agu e
Battle of Th e rm opylae 480 BC (Xe rxe s /Dariu s II ) ( Le on idas)
Battle of Salam is 479 BC
Battle of P late a 479 BC
Dalian Le agu e
P e ace of Callas 449 BC
P e rs ia an d Ath e n s s ign P e ace Tre aty
The
End !
The Ancient
Greeks pt I
PART 11. The Heritage of the Greeks
The Peloponnesian War
Pattern of Greek life
Shaping new views of the world
Alexander “The Great “ Spreading of Greek Culture
The Peloponnesian Wars: 477 – 403 B.C.E.
477 BC – Aristides forms Delian League
451 BC- Series of Economic treaties
432 BC – Peloponnesian League
431 BC – Sparta surrounds Athens, Athenian Navy triumphed at sea
Athens overwhelmed with the plague
The war is stalemated for 27 years
404 BC – Athens surrenders
Pat tern of Greek LifeGreek Religion
Polytheistic
In Greek Mythology, Gods and Goddesses often look and behave just like ordinary people. The difference is that they are more powerful and had eternal life
The Greeks did not fear their gods, but they did not wish to anger them either
6 Greek gods to Know Zeus- god of the universe
Hades ruler of the
underworld
Poseidon- ruled the sea
Hera- goddess of
marriage and wife of
Zeus
Ares- god of war
Apollo- god of Sun,
music, and healing
The Greeks questioned
the Oracles who they
believed talked to the
gods
Each polis had festivals
to honor individual gods
The Classical World Class ica l = Work of
e n du rin g e xce lle n ce or a
tradition al e ve n t.
Th e Class ica l P e riod of
de ve lopm e n t
1000 B.C.E. --- 800 C.E.
Class ica l Gre e k (
He lle n is tic) cu ltu re
600 B.C.E.- 200 B.C.E
A Class ica l P e riod is
de ve lope d by soc ie tie s
w ith h igh ly de ve lope d
politica l an d soc ia l
in s titu tion s w h e re
re lig iou s an d
ph ilosoph ical th ou gh t
sh ape s c lass s tru ctu re
and gu ide s the arts .
3 characteristics of Greek Classical world
1. Rationalism : intellect that
uses reason to interpret both
the human and natural
worlds. It makes humans the
measure of all things
2. Humanism = the belief in the
triumph of the human sprit
3. Democracy = Government by
the citizens
Greek Drama and Literature
Greek Drama linked to religion
Thespis, the ancient poet, created the world’s first drama by having people speak different parts during a religious festival
Two Types of Greek Drama
A. Tragedies- focused on the suffering of the major character
B. Comedies- plays that ridiculed people, ideas, and social custom
The Visual Arts
• Greek sculptors believed that perfect harmony and proportion existed in nature.
• Sculptors portrayed the ideal rather than the real.
• The Greeks portrayed the human body in its most beautiful and graceful form
• It is Highly Classical , that is, it suggest the “Ideal”
• The Greek Ideal emphasized harmony, order, and clarity of form .
Shaping New Views of the World
• Faith in Human reason :
• 6th century, Thinkers called philosophersbegan to consider new ways to look at the world around them.
• They were dissatisfied with traditional ideas of the gods controlling natural events.
• By studying the world in a systematic, logical way they were able to make some very important discoveries
Greek Philosophers
Th e firs t Gre e k ph ilosoph e r w as a
m an n am e d Th ale s .
He con clu de d th at w ate r w as th e
base s of a ll life . An d th at th e gods
w e re n ot n e e de d for life to e xis t .
Wh ile Th ale s w as in corre ct, h is
bre akin g aw ay from tradition al
th in kin g w as th e be gin n in g a
sc ie n tific approach to th in kin g
The Greek Scientific approach
• Pythagoras = discovered the relationship between the length of sides of a triangle.
• Hippocrates = urged doctors to maintain high moral standards. “Hippocratic Oath”
• The Sophist = “men of wisdom”, were professional teachers who trained rich, ambitious young men in Athens. Sophist believed that success was more important than obedience to laws, They were not interested in ethical standards.
The Questioning Philosopher
• Socrates = The questioning philosopher.
• Lived in Athens between 469-399 B.C.E.
• Believed that people should be driven by Reason in their pursuit of knowledge and Truth
• “Know thyself” he spent his days teaching on the streets of Athens
• Taught using a question and answer method know today as The Socratic method.
Greek Historians
• To the
Greeks,
History
was the
understand
ing of
Human
behavior
• Herodotus
is the
father of
modern
history,
because he
was the
first to
gather and
analyze
historical
evidence
• Thucydides,
improved on
Herodotus
by only
including
facts that
could be
proven.
• By writing
in this
manner, he
set the
example
for
unbiased
reporting
The Spread of Greek Culture
• Between 403 and 359 B.C. Endless wars weakened the Greek city-states.
• Philip II of Macedonia desired to create an alliance between Macedonia and Greece
• He hired Greek Generals to train his men in Greek military techniques.
• Philip divided the Greeks with Bribery and Threats
Alexander “The Great”o Born in 356B.C.E.
o Educated by Aristotle.
o Gains the throne when
his father is
assassinated in336
B.C.E.
o Centralizes the
government, and takes
the Greek Army on a 13
year invasion of the
Persians.
o By 330 B.C.E. Alexander
conquers over 2 million
sq. miles
o June 10, 323 B.C.E.
Alexander dies of
Malaria
The End of the Empire
• 323 – 305 B.C.E. Civil war breaks out
between the Genera ls
• 305 B.C.E. The empire is divided between
3 genera ls
Ptolemy I …Egypt
Seleucus … Mesopotamia and
Macedonia
Ant igonus ….. Greece and Macedonia
Alexander's’ lasting Achievement
Alexander took with him thousands of Greeks to colonize the Persian world.
Named or renamed over 70 cities after himself
He encouraged the inner-marring of his soldiers and women of other cultures
He mixed Greek religion with the mystery religions of the Persians and the Babylonians
THE
END
OF
THE
GREEKS
At least for a while !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!