Foundations and Foundations and Classical Period Review Classical Period Review

QuestionsQuestions

►One commonality of both the Roman One commonality of both the Roman and Hellenistic empires was their and Hellenistic empires was their tactics oftactics of

►A) democratic decision makingA) democratic decision making►B) military conquest and pacificationB) military conquest and pacification►C) transoceanic explorationC) transoceanic exploration►D) missionary outreachD) missionary outreach►E) amphibious warfareE) amphibious warfare

► BB► Both the Macedonians and the Romans built Both the Macedonians and the Romans built

powerful armies that facilitated the powerful armies that facilitated the expansion of the two empires in the ancient expansion of the two empires in the ancient era. Their militaries would generally engage era. Their militaries would generally engage an enemy and after defeating them, pacify an enemy and after defeating them, pacify the population and absorb the territory into the population and absorb the territory into their empire. Soldiers could often stay and their empire. Soldiers could often stay and colonize the new addition to the empire and colonize the new addition to the empire and participate in its rule.participate in its rule.

►One of the main outcomes of the One of the main outcomes of the Neolithic Revolution wasNeolithic Revolution was

►A) a new vulnerability to diseaseA) a new vulnerability to disease►B) a rise in local population ratesB) a rise in local population rates►C) new monarchies being formedC) new monarchies being formed►D) a greater ability to hunt gameD) a greater ability to hunt game►E) the invention of the chariotE) the invention of the chariot

►BBSedentary agriculture gave rise to Sedentary agriculture gave rise to permanent communities that could permanent communities that could stay in one place and produce food. stay in one place and produce food. When surpluses resulted, they made When surpluses resulted, they made higher birthrates possible. The higher birthrates possible. The community could feed more people, community could feed more people, and population could then increase and population could then increase over time. over time.

►From 27 BCE, the period of relative From 27 BCE, the period of relative peace in the Mediterranean became peace in the Mediterranean became known as known as

►A) Pax ItalianaA) Pax Italiana►B) Pax BritanicaB) Pax Britanica►C) Pax RomanaC) Pax Romana►D) Pax GermaniaD) Pax Germania►E) Etruscan PeaceE) Etruscan Peace

► CC► The consolidation of the Roman empire The consolidation of the Roman empire

under Octavian produced a period of over under Octavian produced a period of over two centuries of stability that became two centuries of stability that became known as Pax Romana, or Roman Peace. known as Pax Romana, or Roman Peace. Roman law, commerce, and culture spread Roman law, commerce, and culture spread to northern Europe and into North Africa. to northern Europe and into North Africa. Roman Caesars ruled over a vast territory Roman Caesars ruled over a vast territory that was pacified by their military and run that was pacified by their military and run by their civil administrators. by their civil administrators.

►Which of the following reasons caused Which of the following reasons caused Athens and Sparta to unite in common Athens and Sparta to unite in common interest in the fifth century BCE?interest in the fifth century BCE?A) The invasion of the EgyptiansA) The invasion of the Egyptians

►B) Rampant disease in GreeceB) Rampant disease in Greece►C) Common values and religious beliefsC) Common values and religious beliefs►D) The external military threat of PersiaD) The external military threat of Persia►E) A royal marriageE) A royal marriage

►DD► In 479 BCE, the encroachment of the In 479 BCE, the encroachment of the

Persians into the Aegean helped unify Persians into the Aegean helped unify some of the Greek city-states in some of the Greek city-states in common defense. Thirty-one Greek common defense. Thirty-one Greek city-states, including Sparta and city-states, including Sparta and Athens, decided to resist the rule of Athens, decided to resist the rule of Xerxes and defeated the Persians to Xerxes and defeated the Persians to maintain their independence. maintain their independence.

►What is the correct chronology of the What is the correct chronology of the following eras of prehistory?following eras of prehistory?

►A) Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron AgeA) Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age►B) Iron Age, Stone Age, New Stone AgeB) Iron Age, Stone Age, New Stone Age►C) Stone Age, Iron Age, Bronze AgeC) Stone Age, Iron Age, Bronze Age►D) Bronze Age, Iron Age, Stone AgeD) Bronze Age, Iron Age, Stone Age►E) Iron Age, New Stone Age, Tin AgeE) Iron Age, New Stone Age, Tin Age

► A) The Paleolithic era, c 12000 BCE, is the A) The Paleolithic era, c 12000 BCE, is the beginning of the so-called Stone Age. It was beginning of the so-called Stone Age. It was characterized by wandering clans who used stone characterized by wandering clans who used stone for crude implements. With the discovery of copper for crude implements. With the discovery of copper and its use in combination with tin around 3500 and its use in combination with tin around 3500 BCE, more durable metal objects could be BCE, more durable metal objects could be fashioned. This new alloy, bronze, could be used fashioned. This new alloy, bronze, could be used for both tools and weapons. Its military application for both tools and weapons. Its military application and use in agriculture were significant. Around and use in agriculture were significant. Around 1500 BCE, it is believed the Hittites discovered how 1500 BCE, it is believed the Hittites discovered how to smelt iron from the raw ore found in nature. This to smelt iron from the raw ore found in nature. This was another advance in the fashioning of better was another advance in the fashioning of better tools and weapons in ancient times. tools and weapons in ancient times.

►Which people migrated south into Which people migrated south into ancient India and replaced older ancient India and replaced older Harappan civilization around 1500 BCE?Harappan civilization around 1500 BCE?

►A) The MughalsA) The Mughals►B) The PersiansB) The Persians►C) The AryansC) The Aryans►D) The HellenistsD) The Hellenists►E) The MongolsE) The Mongols

► CC► The Aryans were originally pastoral nomads The Aryans were originally pastoral nomads

who raised cattle and domesticated horses. who raised cattle and domesticated horses. They came across the Hindu Kush mountains They came across the Hindu Kush mountains and arrived in the subcontinent of Asia, and arrived in the subcontinent of Asia, overrunning the people already living there. overrunning the people already living there. Recent research has reexamined the Aryan Recent research has reexamined the Aryan migration into South Asia, and new theories migration into South Asia, and new theories are being advanced about the origins of are being advanced about the origins of Vedic culture in the Indus Valley.Vedic culture in the Indus Valley.

►Which of the following statements about the Which of the following statements about the Shang dynasty, c. 1500 BCE, is true?Shang dynasty, c. 1500 BCE, is true?A) It was an early Chinese dynasty that was A) It was an early Chinese dynasty that was based on bronze technology.based on bronze technology.

► B) It was the classical dynasty praised by B) It was the classical dynasty praised by Confucius.Confucius.

► C) The emperor ruled by proclamation and C) The emperor ruled by proclamation and the military dispensed justice.the military dispensed justice.

►D) The D) The Book of SongsBook of Songs represented literature represented literature of the period.of the period.

► E) It conquered all of Southeast Asia.E) It conquered all of Southeast Asia.

►AA►The Shang dynasty was the earliest The Shang dynasty was the earliest

recorded Chinese era that rose recorded Chinese era that rose because of its technological because of its technological achievements, particularly in the area achievements, particularly in the area of bronze metallurgy. The agricultural of bronze metallurgy. The agricultural dynasty grew millet and wheat, and dynasty grew millet and wheat, and kings managed the distribution of food kings managed the distribution of food to the population.to the population.

►Which of the following religious figures Which of the following religious figures lived most recently?lived most recently?A) Jesus of NazarethA) Jesus of Nazareth

►B) Siddhartha GautamaB) Siddhartha Gautama►C) AbrahamC) Abraham►D) MohammedD) Mohammed►E) ZoroasterE) Zoroaster

►DD► Islam is the most recent world religious Islam is the most recent world religious

to be established. While Christianity, to be established. While Christianity, Judaism, and Buddhism came into Judaism, and Buddhism came into being over 2000 years ago, Islam being over 2000 years ago, Islam began around 600 CE on the Arabian began around 600 CE on the Arabian peninsula. Mohammed was the founder peninsula. Mohammed was the founder of the desert religion and claimed to be of the desert religion and claimed to be the last and most important prophet. the last and most important prophet.

►Which of the following statements does NOT Which of the following statements does NOT relate to the concept of Mandate of Heaven?relate to the concept of Mandate of Heaven?A) It deals with the Buddhist concept of A) It deals with the Buddhist concept of dharmadharma. .

► B) It corresponds to the European idea of B) It corresponds to the European idea of the divine right of kings.the divine right of kings.

► C) It relates to the duties and C) It relates to the duties and responsibilities of the ruler over the people. responsibilities of the ruler over the people.

►D) It maintains that earth and heaven are D) It maintains that earth and heaven are connected.connected.

► E) It relates to the ups and downs of ruling E) It relates to the ups and downs of ruling families.families.

►CCThe Mandate of Heaven was first used The Mandate of Heaven was first used by the Zhou dynasty to justify the by the Zhou dynasty to justify the takeover of the Shang dynasty. It takeover of the Shang dynasty. It suggested a relationship between the suggested a relationship between the quality of leadership and the authority quality of leadership and the authority enjoyed by the ruling emperor or king. enjoyed by the ruling emperor or king. Europeans also came to believe that Europeans also came to believe that kings rule under the guidance of God. kings rule under the guidance of God.

► Paleolithic society can be characterized by Paleolithic society can be characterized by which of the following traits? which of the following traits?

► A) Tools made of iron were used by settled A) Tools made of iron were used by settled communities.communities.

► B) Its members worshipped a single creator B) Its members worshipped a single creator God.God.

► C) The division of labor was based on gender C) The division of labor was based on gender in a hunger-gatherer system.in a hunger-gatherer system.

► D) Powerful kings ruled cities with D) Powerful kings ruled cities with administrations.administrations.

► E) Large urban communities evolved.E) Large urban communities evolved.

►CC►Social groups in the Paleolithic era Social groups in the Paleolithic era

grew from clans into tribes and grew from clans into tribes and sustained themselves through hunting sustained themselves through hunting and gathering food. Warfare became and gathering food. Warfare became more organized with the use of clubs more organized with the use of clubs and spears. Women and men had and spears. Women and men had different roles to play in finding food different roles to play in finding food and preparing it. and preparing it.

► The earliest urban settlements are believed The earliest urban settlements are believed to have been established to have been established

► A) in North America by the Hopewell A) in North America by the Hopewell peoplespeoples

► B) by Germanic tribes in northern EuropeB) by Germanic tribes in northern Europe► C) by the Khmer clans in Southeast AsiaC) by the Khmer clans in Southeast Asia►D) by the Sumerians in southern D) by the Sumerians in southern

MesopotamiaMesopotamia► E) in the Balkans by Slavic tribesE) in the Balkans by Slavic tribes

►DD►The Sumerians established settled The Sumerians established settled

urban areas about 2500 BCE. It is urban areas about 2500 BCE. It is theorized that they came from the theorized that they came from the Caspian Sea area. These early cities Caspian Sea area. These early cities evolved into more sophisticated social evolved into more sophisticated social orders, with government and orders, with government and administration.administration.

► The city of Teotihuacan in Central America, The city of Teotihuacan in Central America, c. 200 BCE, was known forc. 200 BCE, was known for

► A) a powerful aristocracy oligarchy that A) a powerful aristocracy oligarchy that ruled all of ancient Mexicoruled all of ancient Mexico

► B) massive pyramids dedicated to the sun B) massive pyramids dedicated to the sun and moonand moon

► C) regular human sacrificeC) regular human sacrifice►D) early manufacture of steel weaponsD) early manufacture of steel weapons► E) large animal sculptures on hilltopsE) large animal sculptures on hilltops

►BB►Teotihuacan was one of the great Teotihuacan was one of the great

urban wonders of ancient America. Its urban wonders of ancient America. Its pyramids were focused on worship of pyramids were focused on worship of the heavens. It is believed to have the heavens. It is believed to have grown to over 100,000 people by 600 grown to over 100,000 people by 600 CE, and it was some 8 square miles. CE, and it was some 8 square miles. With no written records, all knowledge With no written records, all knowledge of this great city is limited to of this great city is limited to archeological excavation. archeological excavation.

►Which of the following religious ideas Which of the following religious ideas of Zoroastrianism influenced ideas of Zoroastrianism influenced ideas found in Christianity and Judaism?found in Christianity and Judaism?A) The doctrine of salvationA) The doctrine of salvation

►B) Original sin in humansB) Original sin in humans►C) A group of loving creator godsC) A group of loving creator gods►D) The concept of good and evil in the D) The concept of good and evil in the

worldworld►E) The idea of paradise lostE) The idea of paradise lost

► DD► Zoroaster was believed to have lived in Zoroaster was believed to have lived in

ancient Persia c. 1200 BCE. He departed from ancient Persia c. 1200 BCE. He departed from the polytheistic culture of his time and the polytheistic culture of his time and proclaimed a single creator god and also evil proclaimed a single creator god and also evil spirits who opposed this god. He shared his spirits who opposed this god. He shared his teachings with his followers, an some of these teachings with his followers, an some of these ideas of one God are believed to have ideas of one God are believed to have influenced the Hebrew monotheism that influenced the Hebrew monotheism that evolved around the same time period in evolved around the same time period in Levant. Levant.

►The democracy of classical Athens The democracy of classical Athens allowed participation only forallowed participation only for

►A) the ruling elitesA) the ruling elites►B) free adult malesB) free adult males►C) male slaves and freemenC) male slaves and freemen►D) the aristocracyD) the aristocracy►E) the priestly classE) the priestly class

► BB► As a city-state, Athens had an early form of As a city-state, Athens had an early form of

democracy but allowed only free males to democracy but allowed only free males to vote in assembly. Poor farmers sometimes vote in assembly. Poor farmers sometimes ended up in debt and became slaves, thus ended up in debt and became slaves, thus losing their political rights. This limited losing their political rights. This limited sharing of power by the Athenians would sharing of power by the Athenians would have some impact on Roman republican have some impact on Roman republican systems and a great impact on later systems and a great impact on later governments in the modern era. governments in the modern era.

►What did ancient Rome and Sparta have What did ancient Rome and Sparta have in common?in common?

►A) A reliance on democratic institutionsA) A reliance on democratic institutions►B) Military values pervading the cultureB) Military values pervading the culture

C) Slaves who were eventually freed by C) Slaves who were eventually freed by the governmentthe government

►D) A single state religionD) A single state religion►E) Location in central EuropeE) Location in central Europe

►BB►Both Rome and Sparta had strong Both Rome and Sparta had strong

militaristic traditions. Young men militaristic traditions. Young men were raised by serve as soldiers, and were raised by serve as soldiers, and mothers prized the ability to bear mothers prized the ability to bear sons. Soldiering was a prestigious sons. Soldiering was a prestigious profession, and one could rise in social profession, and one could rise in social rank based on one’s service to the rank based on one’s service to the state. state.

► The Olmec, c. 1400 BCE, were known asThe Olmec, c. 1400 BCE, were known as► A) a trading people who ranged across North A) a trading people who ranged across North

AmericaAmerica► B) militarily aggressive and brutalB) militarily aggressive and brutal► C) a society without religious beliefs or C) a society without religious beliefs or

ritualsrituals►D) an early Mesoamerican society with a D) an early Mesoamerican society with a

central authoritycentral authority► E) successors to the AztecsE) successors to the Aztecs

►DD►The Olmec created the first organized The Olmec created the first organized

civilization along the Gulf Coast of civilization along the Gulf Coast of America. These people formed small America. These people formed small urban communities that shared urban communities that shared religious practices. Giant basalt religious practices. Giant basalt sculptures were carved with hand tools sculptures were carved with hand tools and probably represented powerful and probably represented powerful rulers. rulers.

► The world’s first empire was created by theThe world’s first empire was created by the► A) Akkadians, who ruled the Fertile Crescent A) Akkadians, who ruled the Fertile Crescent

c. 2300 BCE.c. 2300 BCE.► B) Babylonians, who dominated what is B) Babylonians, who dominated what is

present-day Iraqpresent-day Iraq► C) Egyptians in the Nile region in the C) Egyptians in the Nile region in the

second millennium BCEsecond millennium BCE►D) Syrian peoples north of the LevantD) Syrian peoples north of the Levant► E) Aryans, who dominated the Hindu KushE) Aryans, who dominated the Hindu Kush

►AA►The Akkadians conquered the The Akkadians conquered the

Sumerians and established rule Sumerians and established rule beyond the Tigris and Euphrates area, beyond the Tigris and Euphrates area, from the Mediterranean to the Persian from the Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf.Gulf.

►Which of the following relationships is Which of the following relationships is NOT stressed in Confucian society?NOT stressed in Confucian society?

►A) Emperor-subjectA) Emperor-subject►B) Husband-wifeB) Husband-wife►C) Sister-brotherC) Sister-brother►D) Father-sonD) Father-son►E) Teacher-studentE) Teacher-student

►CC►Confucius laid the framework for a Confucius laid the framework for a

harmonious society by suggesting that harmonious society by suggesting that certain hierarchical relationships could certain hierarchical relationships could stabilize the nation. These stabilize the nation. These relationships suggested superior and relationships suggested superior and inferior hierarchies within families and inferior hierarchies within families and the nation as a whole. Sibling the nation as a whole. Sibling relationships involving sisters were not relationships involving sisters were not understood. understood.

► Italian artifacts, c. 30 BCE, found on the Italian artifacts, c. 30 BCE, found on the Asian subcontinent suggestAsian subcontinent suggest

► A) Christian missionary activity during the A) Christian missionary activity during the life of Jesuslife of Jesus

► B) a thriving trade between ancient Rome B) a thriving trade between ancient Rome and South Asiaand South Asia

► C) a global economy during the time of the C) a global economy during the time of the Roman republicRoman republic

►D) a large merchant marine dominated by D) a large merchant marine dominated by the Gupta empirethe Gupta empire

► E) Christian missionaries in PerisaE) Christian missionaries in Perisa

►BB►Ceramics and small buildings linked to Ceramics and small buildings linked to

ancient Rome have been excavated ancient Rome have been excavated near present-day Madras in India. near present-day Madras in India. Dated around the time of Augustus, Dated around the time of Augustus, this evidence suggests that trading this evidence suggests that trading took place in the earliest years of the took place in the earliest years of the Roman empire between Rome and Roman empire between Rome and ancient India. ancient India.

Semen est sanguis Christianorum.Semen est sanguis Christianorum.--Tertullian c. 200 CETertullian c. 200 CE

“The blood of the martyrs is the seed [of the “The blood of the martyrs is the seed [of the Church].”Church].”

►The above text relates to theThe above text relates to the►A) early persecution of the Christian A) early persecution of the Christian

church by Romechurch by Rome►B) soldiers who died in battle in ancient B) soldiers who died in battle in ancient

timestimes►C) policies of the Senate under C) policies of the Senate under

ConstantneConstantne►D) split in the Roman Catholic ChurchD) split in the Roman Catholic Church►E) bishops who controlled ItalyE) bishops who controlled Italy

►AA►Tertullian was one of the early Tertullian was one of the early

Christian church fathers during the Christian church fathers during the time of Roman persecution. He wrote time of Roman persecution. He wrote extensively about church doctrine and extensively about church doctrine and how believers were to relate to the how believers were to relate to the pagan world around them. His pagan world around them. His commentary on Christians killed by commentary on Christians killed by Rome suggests that their deaths only Rome suggests that their deaths only encouraged the growth of the religion. encouraged the growth of the religion.

►The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism include all of the following EXCEPTinclude all of the following EXCEPT

►A) Nirvana is freedom from suffering.A) Nirvana is freedom from suffering.►B) Desire is the cause of all suffering.B) Desire is the cause of all suffering.►C) Reincarnation is endless suffering.C) Reincarnation is endless suffering.►D) Suffering is always present in life.D) Suffering is always present in life.►E) Detachment from desire is E) Detachment from desire is

necessary.necessary.

►CC►Buddhists believe less in reincarnation Buddhists believe less in reincarnation

than in the need to separate oneself than in the need to separate oneself from desire, which causes suffering. from desire, which causes suffering. All yearning creates pain, and the path All yearning creates pain, and the path to bliss and happiness must end in to bliss and happiness must end in nirvana or a state of ideal detachment. nirvana or a state of ideal detachment.

►At its zenith, the Roman empire At its zenith, the Roman empire included all of the following territories included all of the following territories EXCEPTEXCEPT

►A) ScotlandA) Scotland►B) SpainB) Spain►C) BritainC) Britain►D) GaulD) Gaul►E) GreeceE) Greece

►The Roman empire was established in The Roman empire was established in Britain but did not pacify the northern Britain but did not pacify the northern part of the island, where present-day part of the island, where present-day Scotland exists. Emperor Hadrian built Scotland exists. Emperor Hadrian built a wall to separate that part of a wall to separate that part of Britannia controlled by Rome and the Britannia controlled by Rome and the northern region held by nonpacified northern region held by nonpacified tribes. tribes.

►The successful warrior emperor of India The successful warrior emperor of India who repented his military excesses and who repented his military excesses and converted to Buddhism wasconverted to Buddhism was

►A) Selucius, c. 450 BCEA) Selucius, c. 450 BCEB) Asoka, c. 250 BCEB) Asoka, c. 250 BCEC) Ptolomy IV, c. 340 BCEC) Ptolomy IV, c. 340 BCE

►D) Menander, c. 140 BCED) Menander, c. 140 BCE►E) Alexander the Great, c. 330 BCEE) Alexander the Great, c. 330 BCE

►BB►Asoka ruled parts of India in the third Asoka ruled parts of India in the third

century BCE and was so disheartened century BCE and was so disheartened about one of his battles that he about one of his battles that he became a Buddhist and pacifist. He became a Buddhist and pacifist. He sent missionaries throughout the land sent missionaries throughout the land to preach repentance and peace. to preach repentance and peace.

►The central location for Jewish worship The central location for Jewish worship and ritual in ancient times was theand ritual in ancient times was the

►A) temple of Solomon in JerusalemA) temple of Solomon in Jerusalem►B) shrine at MasadaB) shrine at Masada►C) top of Mt. SinaiC) top of Mt. Sinai►D) banks of the river JordanD) banks of the river Jordan►E) fortress of MasadaE) fortress of Masada

► AA► The temple built by Solomon was the The temple built by Solomon was the

geographical center of Judaic worship until it geographical center of Judaic worship until it was destroyed fro the second time by the was destroyed fro the second time by the Romans in 70 CE. There, the priests oversaw Romans in 70 CE. There, the priests oversaw the national rituals of atonement and worship the national rituals of atonement and worship for the Hebrew people. The Holy of Holies for the Hebrew people. The Holy of Holies housed the arc of the covenant, which dated housed the arc of the covenant, which dated back to the time of Moses and the Exodus. back to the time of Moses and the Exodus. These were the most important artifacts of the These were the most important artifacts of the early Judaic experience. early Judaic experience.

►Early written evidence of China’s first Early written evidence of China’s first dynasties has been founddynasties has been found

►A) inscribed on sandstone cliffs in A) inscribed on sandstone cliffs in MongoliaMongolia

►B) on oracle bones used for divinationB) on oracle bones used for divination►C) in buried parchmentsC) in buried parchments►D) in tombs in XianD) in tombs in Xian►E) on parchments discovered in NanjingE) on parchments discovered in Nanjing

► BB► The bones of birds and turtle shells were The bones of birds and turtle shells were

used to record religious ritual and history used to record religious ritual and history during the Shang dynasty. Shamans or during the Shang dynasty. Shamans or diviners used the bones to tell the future or diviners used the bones to tell the future or to determine what should be done. to determine what should be done. Questions would be posed and then hot Questions would be posed and then hot pokers would be used to fracture the bones. pokers would be used to fracture the bones. The resulting cracks or breaks would then The resulting cracks or breaks would then be interpreted to guide people. be interpreted to guide people.

►The Medes and the Persians were The Medes and the Persians were united underunited under

►A) Alexander the GreatA) Alexander the Great►B) Cyrus the Great, c 550BCEB) Cyrus the Great, c 550BCE

C) DariusC) Darius►D) Cambyses II c. 522 BCED) Cambyses II c. 522 BCE►E) PericlesE) Pericles

►BB►Cyrus the Great was one of the early Cyrus the Great was one of the early

and successful Persian conquerors in and successful Persian conquerors in the Middle East. Under Cyrus, the the Middle East. Under Cyrus, the empire stretched from Persia to the empire stretched from Persia to the Mediterranean. The nearby Medes Mediterranean. The nearby Medes and Lydians were incorporated into and Lydians were incorporated into the Persian sphere and the so-called the Persian sphere and the so-called Achaemenid Empire was formed. Achaemenid Empire was formed.

► The expansion of ancient Chinese culture and The expansion of ancient Chinese culture and rule over surrounding peoples was rule over surrounding peoples was accomplished throughaccomplished through

► A) successful granting of political rights to A) successful granting of political rights to conquered provincesconquered provinces

► B) new technology and tactics used in warfareB) new technology and tactics used in warfare► C) the execution of barbarian rulersC) the execution of barbarian rulers►D) persistent assimilation of neighboring D) persistent assimilation of neighboring

kingdomskingdoms► E) Buddhist missionaries sent out to E) Buddhist missionaries sent out to

neighboring regionsneighboring regions

►DD►Cultural transference often took place Cultural transference often took place

when Chinese dynasties conquered or when Chinese dynasties conquered or were overrun themselves by were overrun themselves by neighboring peoples. Two more recent neighboring peoples. Two more recent examples of the latter were the examples of the latter were the Mongols and the Manchus. But even in Mongols and the Manchus. But even in earlier times, China would pacify and earlier times, China would pacify and absorb so-called barbarian peoples who absorb so-called barbarian peoples who became culturally Chinese over time. became culturally Chinese over time.

► The victory of Christianity over Roman The victory of Christianity over Roman paganism was advanced whenpaganism was advanced when

► A) Caligula was assassinated by the A) Caligula was assassinated by the Praetorian guardPraetorian guard

► B) Constantine legalized the religion B) Constantine legalized the religion throughout the empirethroughout the empire

► C) Trajan became emperorC) Trajan became emperor►D) bishops revolted in North AfricaD) bishops revolted in North Africa► E) Augustus converted to the faithE) Augustus converted to the faith

►BB►After having a battlefield vision of a After having a battlefield vision of a

cross in the heavens, Constantine cross in the heavens, Constantine ceased the persecution of Christians ceased the persecution of Christians and even sponsored church councils and even sponsored church councils so that early theology could be so that early theology could be codified. A network of urban codified. A network of urban bishoprics was also established so bishoprics was also established so church leadership could solidify.church leadership could solidify.

►The rugged mountainous character of The rugged mountainous character of ancient Greece led to the ancient Greece led to the

►A) oligarchic rule in AthensA) oligarchic rule in Athens►B) successful invasion of the PersiansB) successful invasion of the Persians►C) the development of separate poleis, or C) the development of separate poleis, or

city-statescity-states►D) paganistic religious traditions in the D) paganistic religious traditions in the

regionregionE) uniting of the nearby kingdoms of E) uniting of the nearby kingdoms of ThraceThrace

►CCGreece is a peninsula covered with Greece is a peninsula covered with mountains and valleys. Communities mountains and valleys. Communities grew up in isolation and developed grew up in isolation and developed their own political traditions. There their own political traditions. There were dozens of city-states, including were dozens of city-states, including Sparta and Athens. Sparta and Athens.

►All of the following are features of All of the following are features of traditional Hinduism EXCEPTtraditional Hinduism EXCEPT

►A) the Vedic beliefs of northern AryansA) the Vedic beliefs of northern Aryans►B) fertility ritesB) fertility rites►C) Dravidian practicesC) Dravidian practices►D) the concept of nirvana as the D) the concept of nirvana as the

absence of painabsence of pain►E) temple worshipE) temple worship

►DD►Hinduism is a combination of religious Hinduism is a combination of religious

practices that evolved over many practices that evolved over many years in South Asia. Folk religion, years in South Asia. Folk religion, fertility rites, and other practices are fertility rites, and other practices are part of the belief system. However, part of the belief system. However, nirvana is a feature of Buddhist nirvana is a feature of Buddhist theology.theology.

►Greater urbanization in the Andean Greater urbanization in the Andean highlands was in part a product of highlands was in part a product of

► A) more cacao being plantedA) more cacao being planted► B) far-ranging trade with other peoplesB) far-ranging trade with other peoples► C) the introduction of maize into the diet of C) the introduction of maize into the diet of

the Incasthe Incas►D) political stability under the Moche D) political stability under the Moche

cultureculture► E) the Spanish invasion after 1500E) the Spanish invasion after 1500

►CCMany times in world history, the Many times in world history, the introduction of a staple crop allows introduction of a staple crop allows more people to survive into adulthood, more people to survive into adulthood, which in turn leads to an increase of which in turn leads to an increase of population. Maize is a hardy crop that population. Maize is a hardy crop that supplies a reliable source of supplies a reliable source of carbohydrates from the people. carbohydrates from the people.