Four Fundamental Future Facets of Cyber-Security

Kannan SrinathanIIIT-H

The Awesome Foursome …

A Brief Discussion

Four Famous Proverbs● Well begun is half done!

● Seek out the seed of triumph in every adversity!

● It is better to know some of the

questions than all of the answers!

● All’s well that ends well!

Well begun is half done!Exemplary samples include:

● Aryabhatta’s Zero

● Church-Turing Hypothesis

● Shannon Information and Digitalization

● Von Neumann Architecture

● Trans-disciplinary links and Reductions

● Kerckhoffs's principle

● Provable Security

Our First Future Facet of Cyber-Security

Quantum Complexity and One-Way Functions

Quantum Start to Crypto!

Quantum World: It’s Bizarre!

An Experiment with PhotonsThe Three Polarizers

The Photon Experiment

The Photon Experiment (Contd.)

Qubits

An Explanation

Qubits● A quantum bit, or qubit, is a unit vector in a two dimensional

complex vector space for which a particular basis has been fixed and is denoted by:

{|0›, |1›}

● Qubits can be in a superposition of |0› and |1› such as

a|0› +b |1›

where a and b are complex numbers such that |a|2 + |b|2 = 1.

Measuring a Qubit in the Basis

For the qubit

a|0› +b |1›

the probability that the measured value is |0› is

|a|2

after which the state collapses to |0› and

the probability that the measured value is |1› is

|b|2

after which the state collapses to |1›

Quantum World: It’s More Bizarre!

▪ Superposition▪ Alive-and-Dead Cat

▪ Collapse▪ Measurement affects quantum state

▪ Uncertainty▪ A Theoretical Limitation

▪ Indistinguishability▪ Non-orthogonal states aren’t fully distinguished

▪ No-Cloning▪ Arbitrary unknown states cannot be reliably copied

▪ Entanglement▪ Spooky effect at a distance

▪ Parallelism ▪ Beware of Tensors: Dimensions Multiply!

Qubit Model Correctly Predicts the Outcome of Photon Experiment

and several other experiments too!

Quantum Secret Key Establishment Protocol

The Standard Setting

Quantum Secret Key Establishment Protocol

● Two bases are used, say b1 and b2

.● S chooses a random base,

and based on the bit to send, it sends a qubit prepared in the corresponding state.

● R measures the qubit received, with a random base. If the base is different from what S used, the bit is lost, else R measures the actual bit (always so, only if an eavesdropper is absent!).

Bit 0 1

b1

b2

Yes, No Noise Need Not Be Nice!

Uses of Uncertainty

Moving on …

Amazing Anomalous Advantages of Adversity!

Exemplary samples include:

● Randomization

● Computational Difficulty

● Quantum Uncertainty and No-Cloning

● Game Theory and Byzantium

● Secure Communication in Noisy Channels

Our Second Future Facet of Cyber-Security

Utilizing Uncertainties For Improved Security

More Adversity is Better!Faults and failures

Asynchrony and delays

Mobility and churn

Bugs and more bugs

Dishonesty and malice

Noise and natural diffusions

Quantum collapse and decoherance

Congestion and clutter

Chaos and sensitivity

Disorder and dynamics

. . .

Example: Secure Communication

● Shannon’s Result: Information-theoretically Secure Communication is Impossible in a Noiseless Insecure Channel

● Information-theoretically Secure Communication is possible in an appropriately Noisy Insecure Channel

adversary

Sender ReceiverInsecure channel

Is it noisy?

Clash of Philosophies!

Exemplary samples include:

● What is a proof?◦ Mathematics versus Computing

● What is time, and space?◦ Physics versus Algorithms

● What is efficiency?◦ Concrete versus Asymptotic

● What is the best solution?◦ Resource precedence versus re-usability

Our Third Future Facet of Cyber-Security

Whole is greater than sum-of-partsIs Security Emergent?

What is a fault?

Who is honest?

What is foreground/background?

Can a cluster of insecure systems-

simulate security?

What is a security policy?…

…

Our Example

DISTRIBUTING TRUST

Privacy Preserving Motion Detection

Privacy Preserving Face Detection

And our last and …

Fourth Fundamental Facet

All’s Well That Ends Well!Exemplary samples include:

● RGB Color Encoding

● Computational Indistinguishabilityand pseudorandomness

● Proactivization

● Super-resolution

Our Fourth Future Facet of Cyber-Security

No-Overhead SecuritySecurity and Performance Can Co-Exist!

Why remember passwords?Intelligent Security Systems

Fault-tolerance as a function of timeSpace for Improvement:

FasterLighter

FriendlierSimpler

FinerFitter

SmarterMore Economical

…

THANK YOU !

Any Questions?