four novel designs for output buffer circuit
TRANSCRIPT
Four novel designs for output buffer circuit
Abstract
Four novel output buffer circuits with noise immunity have been developed. A delay
circuit, a control circuit and/or an overcurrent absorption circuit are introduced and appended
in the developed output buffer circuits. The appended circuits can drain the part of current of
the output transistor, while the output transistor is from OFF to ON state. These novel output
buffer circuits can efficiently inhibit the instantaneous induced voltage at the ground and
prevent ground voltage from fluctuation. Therefore, the noise immunity and the stability of
the entire semiconductor chip can be improved.
Keywords: output buffer, noise immunity, delay circuit, overcurrent absorption circuit ,
fluctuation, stability, instantaneous induced voltage.
Ming-chuen Shiau : Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering HIT.
[1]-[10]
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A Localization System of a Mobile Robot UsingUltrasonic Measurements
Abstract
Based on ultrasonic sensory information, an approach based on ultrasonic time-of-flight
(TOF) data is proposed for localization of an autonomous mobile robot (AMR). It will be
proven that the combination of two ultrasonic transmitters and three receivers can be used to
determine both the position and the orientation of an AMR with respect to a world frame
uniquely. A series of simulation and experimental results are provided to show the validity
and feasibility of the proposed methods.
Keywords: autonomous mobile robots, localization, ultrasonic sensors, time-of-flight.
Hung-Hsing Lin : Instructor, Department of Electrical Engineering, HITChing-Chih Tsai : Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chung Hsing
University
1. IntroductionNavigation of the autonomous mobile
robots (AMRs) usually needs two kinds of
sensor systems whose functions can
complement each other. The first one is the
use of the internal sensing systems or
methods that have been widely used for
most wheeled mobile robots to calculate
their current locations with respect to an
inertial frame of reference. Such sensors
include encoders, speedometers, rate-gyros,
tilt sensors and so on. The type of
navigation system can be achieved by the
dead-reckoning(DR) method or the inertial
navigation system(INS) [1-3]. The second
one is the external sensing systems that
provide temporal or spatial information
obtained from the vehicle to its surrounds.
The most prevalent external sensors are
digital compasses, ultrasonic ranging
sensors, vision systems, Differential Global
Position System(DGPS) and so on. Each
kind of sensing system has its strong points
and drawbacks due to the operation
environments. The selection of the
navigation sensors depends upon price,
desired measurement range and accuracy
[4,5].
AMRs have already found widespread
applications in automated factories, offices,
hospitals and warehouses, It can be
permitted to install the sensing equipment
on a special environmental space, in order
to describe the environmental modeling and
to provide accurate absolute locations for
the autonomous mobile robots. In the
outdoor environment, the use of sensor
equipment is quite different from the
obvious road mark or the beacons of robots
operation environment. Due to the very
properties of ultrasonic sensors, such as
low-cost, and noncontactness , the purpose
of this paper is to design a novel self-
localization of autonomous mobile robots.
Wu and Tsai [6] used three ultrasonic
transmitters and two receivers to find the
localization and orientation of an
autonomous mobile robot based on
ultrasonic sensory information. Tsai [7]
developed a novel location system for an
autonomous mobile robot designed to
perform missions in any given structured
environment. Its hardware consists of a
multisensorial dead- reckoning subsystem,
a modified ultrasonic location subsystem,
and a host PC 586 computer. However, the
proposed system in [7] suffers difficulties
of finding initial position and orientation of
an AMR. The aim of the paper is to
combine the techniques proposed in [6] and
[7] for developing a new type of location
system. This novel location system not only
provides an initial position and orientation
information for the AMR, but also
determines the dynamic robot position and
orientation information [8,9].
The outline of the paper is organized
as follows. Section 2 shows the
mathematical frame of the location system.
Section 3 describes the hardware
configuration of the location system.
Several computer simulations and
experimental results for self-localization of
the AMR are shown in Section 4.
Conclusions of the paper are given in
section 5.
2. Mathematical Frame of theLocation System
This section presents a hardware
configuration and an approach for self-
localization of the AMR using mere
ultrasonic measurements. Figure 1 depicts
the physical configuration of the novel
ultrasonic location system, which consists
of two RF controlled ultrasonic transmitters
installed at the known position with respect
to the reference frame, two sets of RF
controlled switches operating in different
frequencies, and three ultrasonic receivers
placed on the AMR. In order to measure
the time-of-flight (TOF) data between the
ultrasonic transmitter/receiver modules, the
computer selects and drives one ultrasonic
transmitter by means of one RF controlled
switch to send modulated signal.
Simultaneously, each 16-bit counter with a
2 MHz counting rate accumulates the TOF
data until the corresponding receiver
confirms that the ultrasonic modulated
signal has been received. The ultrasonic
transmitters can be installed at any arbitrary
position with respect to the reference
frame, but it is constrained by that the two
transmitters must be installed at the same
height along the z-axis and the distance
between them must be suitable (about 15-
20 cm). The geometric arrangement of the
receivers mounted on the robot is shown in
Figure 2, in which three receivers are
installed at the same height on the robot.
Suppose that two ultrasonic
transmitters are installed at the known
positions T1:(xtl, ytl, zt) and T2:(xt2, yt2, zt)
and three receivers' locations are denoted
by R1:(x1, y1, z), R2:(x2, y2, z) and R3:(x3, y3,
z), respectively. Then the pose of the robot,
represented by (x, y, z,θ), can be determined
uniquely by the distances from the
transmitters to receivers. Let d1, d2, ...,d6
denote the distances from the points (xtl, ytl,
zt) and (xt2, yt2, zt) to the points(x1, y1, z), (x2,
y2, z) and (x3, y3, z), respectively. Then one
will obtain
From Figure 1, let the mobile robot's
location be denoted by (x, y, z), whose
geometric relations to the position of the
receivers R1, R2 and R3 are expressed by
where b represents the distance from
the location (x, y, z) to each receiver and θ
is the robot heading angle.
After manipulating some complicated
calculations, we can obtain x1 and y1 from
Eqs. (1-6) and (7-9).
(9)
According to the relative position of
the transmitter and receiver, the value of z
can be determined from one of the two
possible values in Eq. (14). Furthermore,
substituting the values of x1 and y1 into Eq.
(7) gives
Finally, From Eqs. (12-13), we obtain
the orientation θ of the vehicle as follows
This completes the derivation of the
position and orientation of the robot from
the six ultrasonic measurements and
geometric relations of the receivers[10].
3. Hardware ConfigurationThe physical configuration of the
proposed location system is shown in
Figure 3, in which two ultrasonic
transmitters are installed at positions
[0,0,0], [0,a,0] of the reference frame,
respectively, and three receivers are
mounted on the AMR. The only
requirement is that the three receivers must
be installed at the same height along the z-
axis.
In addition to the two transmitter
modules and the three receiver modules,
the hardware of the location system also
contains a pair of RF controlled switches
and a PC-based controller as depicted in
Figure 4. The first RF controlled switch
sends a radio signal to the corresponding
receiver and the personal computer counter
starts the counting of the TOF. Once the RF
receiver receives the radio signal, the ith
ultrasonic transmitter module will send
ultrasonic pulses back to the jth receiver
immediately in Figures 5 and 6. In this
manner, if the distance between the ith
transmitter and the jth receiver is denoted
by dij , then one will obtain
where TOFij is the time-of-flight
(TOF) between the ith transmitter and the
jth receiver, and VE and VU denote the
speeds of the electromagnetic wave and the
ultrasonic wave, respectively. However,
since VE is much larger than VU in practice,
(18) can be further simplified to be
Performing the above procedure
repeatedly, the values of dij , 1 i 2, 1
j 3, will be determined sequentially.
4. Simulation, ExperimentalResults and Discussion
In this simulation, it is assumed that
the two ultrasonic transmitters are installed
at (xt1, ytl, zt) (15, 12, 190) and (xt2, yt2, zt)
(20, 28, 190) with respect to the
reference frame. The TOF measurements
are mixed with noise modeled as zero-
mean white Gaussian processes with the
standard deviation . The true
position and orientation of the AMR is (x,
y, z, θ)=(10, 20, 5, 130 ). Applying the
static localization estimation algorithm, the
history of the estimated position and
orientation of the robot are depicted in
Figures 7 and 8, respectively. In Figure 7,
the circle is the true position, the cross sign
inside the circle denotes the estimated
position. Similar results can be shown in
Figure 8. It is explicit that the estimates are
very close to the true values, and the
detailed estimates are
(9.91, 20.21, 5.07, 130.71 )
The following experiment was performed
to investigate the accuracy and precision of
the proposed method for static pose
estimation of the AMR. Figure 9 display
the actual ultrasonic transmitters and
receivers. The detailed circuit diagram is
shown in Figures 10 and 11. The two
ultrasonic transmitters were installed at the
positions (xt1, ytl, zt) (0, 0, 256) and (xt2,
yt2, zt) (15, 11, 256) (unit: cm) with
respect to the world coordinate reference
system, and the spaced distance of the
receiver was measured as b=20 . While
the experiment was being performed, the
mean ambient temperature was fixed to be
almost constant (Ta=26.4 ) with small
temperature fluctuations allowed
and the correct speed of
the ultrasonic wave was 34695.137 /s
[10]. The true position of the robot was (x,
y, z)=(0, 0, 46) (unit: cm) with respect to
the reference frame, and the heading angle
θ were 0˚, 45˚, 90˚, 135˚, 180˚, 225˚, 270˚
and 315˚, respectively. The experimental
results are given in Table 1. It is observed
by statistics that the ultrasonic location
system is proved to be capable of having
position accuracy of less than 3 and
heading accuracy of less than 3˚. Although
the heading angles are different, the
optimal position and orientation estimates
of the AMR are all very close to the actual
values, which verifies that the proposed
system provides highly accurate and
reliable estimates.
5. ConclusionsThis paper has developed a novel
ultrasonic localization system of an AMR
in any 3D environment. The physical
configuration of the system consists of two
RF controlled ultrasonic transmitters
installed at known positions, controlled by
two sets of RF control switches, and three
ultrasonic receivers mounted on the AMR.
When the AMR stops inside the effective
coverage area of ultrasonic wave
propagation, the position and orientation of
the robot can be determined uniquely with
respect to the world frame by the proposed
method. The static localization
experimental results have verified that the
proposed method provides highly accurate
and reliable pose estimates of the robot.
6. References[1]. T. Fukao, H. Nakagawa, and N. Adachi
"Adaptive Tracking Control of a
Nonholonomic Mobile Robot," IEEE
Transactions on Robotics and
Automation, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 609-
615, October 2000.
[2]. D. Maksarov, and H. Durrant- Whyte,
"Mobile vehicle navigation in
unknown environments: A multiple
hypothesis approach", IEEE Proc.
Contr. Appl. Theory, vol. 142, no. 4,
pp. 385-400, 1995.
[3]. M. Drumheller, "Mobile robot location
using sonar", IEEE Trans. Pattern
Anal. Machine Intell., vol. PAMI-9,
pp. 325-332, Mar. 1987.
[4]. J. J. Leonard, and H. F. Durrant- Whyte
, "Directed Sonar Sensing for Mobile
Robot Navigation", Boston/London
/Dordrecht:Kluwer,1992.
[5]. B. Triggs, "Model-based sonar
localization for mobile robots",
Robotics, Autonomous Syst., vol. 12,
pp. 173-186, 1994.
[6]. C. J. Wu and C. C. Tsai, "Localization
of an autonomous mobile robot based
on ultrasonic sensory information,"
Journal of Intelligent and Robotic
Systems 30, pp. 267-277, 2001.
[7]. C. C. Tsai, "A localization system of a
mobile robot by fusing dead-reckoning
and ultrasonic measurements," IEEE
Transactions on Instrumentation and
Measure- ment, vol. 47, no. 5, pp.
1399-1404, October 1998.
[8]. J. C. Hsu , "Self Location of an
Autonomous Mobile Robot Using
Fuzzy Adaptive Extended Information
Filtering Schemes", MS thesis,
Department of Electrical Engineering,
National Chung-Hsing University, July
2002.
[9]. S. W. Lai, "Multisensorial Self-
Localization of an Autonomous
Mobile Robot over Uneven Terrain",
MS Thesis Department of Electrical
Engineering, National Chung- Hsing
University, June 2000.
[10]. A. M. Sabatini, "A digital signal
processing techniques for
compensating ultrasonic sensors",
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 44.
no. 4, pp. 869-874, 1995.
GPS
(NMEA) NMEA-0183
(GIS) (ϕ, , h) (x, y, z)
LabVIEW Matlab
GPS
(Pseudo-range error) (Carrier
Phase-delay)
(NMEA) (GPS) (GIS)
(WGS ) (TWD)
Design of a Real-time and On-line PrototypeSoftware in GPS/GIS Application
Abstract
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio positioning/navigation
system providing accurate, three-dimensional, common grid position, velocity and time
information to unlimited users and areas. In this paper, a virtual instrumentation-based
technology was adopted to construct the prototype software for GPS/GIS applications.
Including NMEA specification and GIS technology, this study combines the flexible GUI
functions of LabVIEW with the advanced analysis programming of MATLAB to develop a
novel real-time and on-line prototype software for the pseudo-range position measuring and
geodetic coordination transforming.
Indeed, the primary software features of this system is considered in its all aspect of
low-cost, flexibility, and graphic-user-interface concepts on the PC-based platform. It
functionally acquires and decodes NMEA-0183 information sentence, and then GPS user
could not only simply integrate the geodetic data into positioning and navigation
applications, but it also allows researchers do their developing on versatile programs.
Keywords: NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association), GPS (Global Positioning
System), GIS (Geographic Information System), WGS (World Geodetic System), TWD
(TaiWan Datum)
Chih-Yeh King : Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering HIT.
1. INTRODUCTIONEach GPS satellite broadcasts signal
continually that says, "According to its
atomic clock, the time is now t", and each
satellite periodically broadcasts a current,
precise estimate of its orbital elements. The
elements are determined by the ground
processing, using precise observations of
the satellite by a global network of the
tracking station whose locations have been
precise surveyed. In addition, each satellite
timing clock is monitored and regularly
calibrated by ground based processing
[2,3]. All of these estimates and
calibrations are regularly uploaded to
satellite, which in turn regularly broadcasts
them to users.
Thus, in effect, GPS receiver hears a
message; "At that time t, by its clock, its 3-
dimensional position was P." It means a
typical user is in the directing line-of-sight
of several GPS satellites simultaneously,
and these positioning data, which are
received from several satellites almost
simultaneously.
Conclusively, those straightforward
computation on the time-difference is
sufficient to calculate the user position
quite accurately, but the user's receiver gets
time-of-arrival signal inaccurately.
However, these error aren't significant,
because it is consistent across satellite. The
algorithm is built into the receiver
estimates the user's clock error along with
the user's 3-dimensional position. All that
required is a good simultaneous view of at
least four GPS satellites.
For the users with commercial GPS
receivers, the main sources of error in
computing 3-dimensional position are
listed as follows [4]:
1. Bias errors, even after the regular
calibration in the satellite clocks; at
calibration, the satellite clock biases
begin a random walk which, after a
certain hours, dominates the error,
2. Errors in ground estimates of those
satellite orbital elements,
3. Signal propagation delay error dues to
the tropospheric and ionospheric effects,
4. Relativity effects of large satellite
velocities relative to the users,
5. Earth tide, which is slight distortion of
the solid earth due to tidal forces from
the sun and moon, and
6. Signal measurement error occurs in GPS
receiver.
Several of the errors can be partially
compensated by the position estimation
algorithm within the user's receiver, but
residual errors are still remained. The
significant factor in the final result is how
these satellite ephemeredes have been
estimates and how the satellite clocks have
been calibrated recently. If the upload
estimates are not refreshed at least daily,
the resulting navigation accuracy for
precision users degraded. Using a fixed
GPS receiver in precisely surveyed
position, or Differential GPS (DGPS) can
then correct the relative instantaneous bias
errors in the clocks of all the GPS satellites
in view. The effect of this method is to
compensate not only for the SA noise, but
also for the related errors that are originated
from the tropospheric and ionospheric
transmission delays, earth tides and etc.
However, as a user moves away from the
based receiver, viewing a different
combination of GPS satellites than are
viewed by the referred receiver, the
accuracy of DGPS sharply degrades. Some
of GPS users have long desired
generalization of DGPS, that it could
provide superb navigational accuracy over
a wide geographical area. The reminder of
this paper discusses this concept further,
and it also describes a particular real-time
prototype of such a system being studied in
LabVIEW and MATLAB [5,6].
2. PSEUDO-RANGEPosition calculations are generally
made of using triangulation algorithm. GPS
signals from at least four satellites are
required in order to calculated the 3-
dimensional position information. A
receiver computation is based on signal
transmission delays, and is decided to
measure the distance between user and
satellites. Moreover, these distances are
called pseudo-ranges and is written as
and
R4 =C . Wherein C denotes the speed
of light and present the
time-of-arrive delays that encounter in
reaching the receiver upon transmission
from satellites 1, 2, 3 and 4 [7].
Conclusively, user's position in Earth
Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) coordinates
Xu, Yu, and Zu can be computed by the
following equations:
where Xi , Yi , and Zi respectively are
satellite positions, and RB = CTB is due to
clock bias, TB and Ri are included as a range
correction, which is caused by offset
between the satellite and receiver clock
with the respect to GPS time (see Figure 1).
In this study, the algorithm is considered to
avoid the aforementioned ambiguity of Eq.
(1) by utilizing the adjacent-in-time
difference phase with a linearized filter to
observation model in matrix, which is
given by [8]
Herein Pn and are the pseudo-range
measured and related predicated value;
are the delta carrier-phase
measurement and the related predicated
value; is an estimated correction at
epoch n; and An is the measured partial
derivatives for epoch n; are the
system errors respectively, which is
associated with their carrier phase and
pseudo-range measured. [9,10]
Many significant algorithms are in use
today; none of them can meet all the basic
requirements (i.e. mobile, low cost,
accuracy, short range, reliable) [1]. For
Example, GPS may acquire a static
accuracy of 16 cm, however in the
relatively combined positioning mode, the
accuracy is reduced to 1.2 m. But GPS is
not self-contained positioning system and
its system accuracy could be degraded by
the availability and anti-spoofing [2].
Navigation system such as Loran C,
DECCA, and ILS can't either achieve
submeter accuracy over a range of 6 Km [3,
4].
A novel approach to determine
absolute position with a high degree of
accuracy and it is suited for real time range
estimation. Herein we implement the
Wiener-Kolmogorov model and the
Spectral Prony Algorithm (SPA) with a
priori of the system, then a wide class of
signal estimation will be lead to a solution
of optimum linear estimation problems of
GPS application.
Conclusively, this study constructs a
general description of the relevant SPA
analysis, then an advanced model will be
demonstrated. Finally we will discuss the
features with the simulation results to make
positive remarks as well as orientation of
future research.
However, the optimized estimation for Eq.
(2), in a least-square sense, is
and CP are the covariance matrix and
and WP are the disclosure vectors for
the pseudo-range and time difference
carrier phase.
3. TRANSFORMATIONALGORITHMS
First, a three-dimensional geometry is
used to derive coordinate conversion
transforming the measured geodetic
latitude, longitude and spheroid altitude
Figure 1: Pseudo-range and
position-based calculation.
into the Cartesian coordinates or vice verse
[11,12].
3-1. Transformation using the
Molodensky-Badekas Model
In the geodetic context, the general
transformation model is often referred to as
the Bursa-Wolf model. But it is invoked for
small network; its rotation parameters are
highly correlated with the translation
calculation. Therefore we choose the
alternative Molodensky- Badekas model to
avoid this correlation problem [13] and to
compute the 3-D transformation difference.
As we know TWD97(XA YA ZA), which is
based on GRS80 ellipsoid. Therefore we
had to convert data ideally through ITRF94
intermediately, and then calculated it under
ECEF (Earth-Center Earth Fixed) system
into WGS84(XB YB ZB) by using the
following formulas:
(4)
Hereinafter we must also realize that
TWD97 is based on GRS80 geodetic
ellipsoid but ECFF is corresponding to
WGS84 geodetic ellipsoid. In this study, it
simply adopts parameters as three
translation (Tx Ty Tz), one distortion S,
and three rotation (R1 R2 R3) factors listed
in table 1, which were official published by
IERS [14].
Conclusively, the calculated difference
between the two coordinate frames was the
philosophy of how an inertial datum should
be defined, and was ignored by all but a
handful of geodesics that are working at the
extraordinary levels of accuracy. The
transformation based on the above derived
difference of plus or minus few
centimeters, Therefore, as long as
proceeding is recognized, it can be stated
that WGS84 and TWD 97 are based on
same ellipsoid as commercial applications.
3-2. Transverse Mercator Mapping to
geographical conversion
The inverse formulas for the TM map
projection, as shown in Figure 2, were
taken directly from the Dept. of Defense
World geodetic system [15], and the
conversion algorithm will be duplicated in
this study. However, it is worth
emphasizing, the geographical constants
used must be those of the spheroid
associated with the mapping datum. In the
case of the Map Grid of Taiwan, the
geographical flattering and semi-major axis
length of the TWD97 are required
3-3. Ellipsoid to Cartesian conversion
In Figure 2, the three-dimensional
geometry will be used to derive the
conversion formulas from a spheroid
coordinates ( , , h) to the Cartesian
coordinates, which are centered on the
same spheroid and its axes are aligned with
the minor and major axes of that ellipsoid.
The formulae used in this package are those
given in [16].
3-4. Cartesian to geographical datum
conversion
Rearranging the specified equations,
we can derive the conversion formulas
between the Cartesian coordinates and the
geographical coordinates. However, There
is at least one difficulty, which is the
geographical latitude, it inevitably presents
on both sides of one of inverse equations.
This necessitates that some form of rotation
be used for its solution.
(A) Ellipsoidal (WGS84 , , h) to
Cartesian (ECEF X, Y, Z)
( , , h): WGS84 Latitude, Longitude and
Height
(X, Y, Z): ECEF Cartesian Coordinates
(B) Cartesian (ECEF X, Y, Z) to Ellipsoidal
(WGS84 , , h)
a : Semi-Major Axis or Equatorial Radius
b : Semi-Minor Axis or Polar Radius
Horizontal Positioning
Range,
Ellipsoidal Compensated
Angle,
First Eccentricity Square,
Second Eccentricity
Square, and
Flattening Parameter.
In this study, we also provide a
simplified formulas allowing user make the
suitable conversion transformation between
WGS84 and TWD97 datum, which adopts
GRS80 ellipsoid data and refers to ITRF
(International Terrestrial Reference Frame).
Furthermore, there are two main schemes
being considered in this study; one is to
design a control and acquisition system
using a friendly GUI (Graphic-User-
Interface) software for processing GPS
signal; another is to build-up the
conversion algorithm for concisely
coordinate transforming and dealing with
factor compensation.
(6.1)
(6.2)
(6.3)
3-5. UTM map projection
The formulae used for the UTM
projection were again taken from the
Defense Image / Mapping Agency [18]. The
eastern and northern reference are now
matched with the Map Grid of Taiwan,
which is the UTM projection of
geographical coordinates on TWD97 datum.
Since TWD97 datum uses the Geocentric
Reference System (GRS80) spheroid, the
flattening factor and its semi-major axis
Coordinate Transformation of Transverse Mercator Projection [18]
wherein E ' and N ', derived as shown in Figure 2, are the projected Easting and Northing
coordinates with
length of GRS80 must be used as
geometrical constants.
UTM provides coordinates on a world
wide flat grid for the simple computation.
UTM divides the world into 60 zones, each
being 6 longitude wide, and extending
from 80 south latitude to 84 north
latitude. The first zone was started at the
International Date-Line proceeding
eastward and it excludes the both polar-
regions.
4. SOFTWAREDEVELOPMENT
(version 6i) programming language was
implemented for this project because of its
flexibility to communicate through RS-232
or USB and to acquire signal transferring
from GPS receivers, which are easily
constructed with automating environment
for personal computers. LabVIEW's
software also enables the designer using the
object-oriented GUI (Graphic User
Interface) program in the operations that it
occurs whenever an object-task is
activated. As a result, the transformation
algorithm be discussed earlier is effectively
transparent to the user and only a little
understanding of mathematical relation
between different geodetic datum is
required.
The majority of the transformation
parameter sets between datum (stored as a
ASCII file, named Datum.dat that
accompanies this software). In Taiwan, a
national-wide set of transformation
parameters is derived here and has been
stored in "Datum.dat". If they are refined in
future reasonably which is likely as
researcher derives its own representative
transforming parameter, Datum.dat file can
be manually edited using any WINDOW's
text editor. This feature also allows the
transformation is user-defined.
5. GPS RECORDINGSince the LabVIEW's simulation is
matured, timing benchmarks showed that
the process time (on a Pentium IV
machine) was considerably less than these
time being simulated. Thus we believe that
the proposed algorithm could be
implemented in real time. In April 2002,
our group recorded that live signals over a
two-hour period by using the Garmin GPS-
25LP receiver, and then began to adopt the
algorithms from the simulation mentioned
above to process this recorded sensor data.
Reading the NMEA-0183 sentences
(seen as table 2) by LabVIEW and
converting information into WGS84, the
gedoditic position format turned out, as we
expected, not to be difficult.
3-5. Table 2: NMEA0183 samples
reading through a RS-232 channel
NMEA-0183 Standard is used to
define the electrical signal requirements,
data transmission protocol and timing
specific sentence. It formats for a 4800
baud-rate serial data bus and is based on
RS232 interface. Moreover, NMEA
information of GPS set is transmitted from
Satellite Vehicles to any receiver with a
maximum length of 80 character.
In particular we analyzed the GPS
signal by using its spectrum adopting
MATLAB. It surprises us to learn the
similar second order's Power Spectrum
Density (PSD) contour is existed (see
Figure 3), can be described as:
where are corresponded to the
GPS receiver's performance character and a
is the unknown-decay coefficient.
Therefore, the interfering error can be
eliminated by using a low-pass filtering
technology.
Having successfully demonstrated this
proposed algorithm with recorded data, we
could turn our attention to develop a
demonstration system. With an analytic
state equation, a 2nd order model can be set
up to re-process the data before the
Spectrum density (dB) vs. Frequency (Hz)
Figure 3 : Power Spectrum density ofmeasured Latitude error.
positioning calculated.
Thus special software was written and
checked on a personal computer at GPS
test-bench. It controls the receiver, acquires
data at one-second intervals, selects the
data of interest and formats it into ASCII
formats. Then data will be transmitted to
main programming loops over LabVIEW
interfaces by means of a standard
communication package.
In order to execute the measured GPS
coordination transformation, this study is
simply focused on deriving an optimized
set of conversion parameter, which is
between TWD97 or TWD96 and WGS84
for Taiwan users by using a Molodensky-
Badekas model and a multiple regression
skill to pre-evaluate GPS signals as needed.
6. CONCLUSIONThis prototype software allows the
received GPS positioning signal to be
smoothed, and to be transformed from a
spheroid Cartesian coordinates and/or the
existing TaiWan Datum to Ellipsoid
Cartesian of World Geodetic System.
It can handle reasonably large data
sets quickly and efficiently and a few
extensive tests have showed that results in
round-off errors does not affect the
transformed coordinates at sub-meter level.
However, users should be aware that the
calculation accuracy strongly depends on
the parameter used.
The friendly environment of the
LabVIEW and MATLAB will provide
graphic-oriented operation, as shown in
Figure 4.
Most importantly, such a fundamental
program is of practical use to those who
wish to transform geodetic datum between
Figure 4 : Sample of Datum-mapping ofcoordinate-trantsformation.
the different coordinate system. The main
benefit derived from studying such a
software in-house is that it is optimized for
special requirements of popular users, and
the effort overcomes some unknown
reliance, which appears to be all too
common unfortunately to be used
nowadays.
7. REFERENCE[1]. NMEA Publication 0183, "NMEA0183
Interface Standard",2nd Edition,
National Marine Electronic
Association, May 1991.
[2]. D.Wells, "Guide to GPS Positioning",
N.B. Frederiction: Univ. of New
Brunswick Graphic Service, 1987.
[3]. I.A.Getting, "The Global Positioning
System", IEEE Spectrum Magazine,
36-47, Dec. 1993.
[4]. B. Hofmann-wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger
and J. Collins, "Global Positioning
System Theory and Practice", 4th
Edition, Spring Wien, 1997.
[5]. "LabVIEW User Manual; P/N
320999C-01", National Instruments,
June. 2000.
[6]. "LabVIEW Measurements Manual;
P/N 322661A-01", National
Instruments, June. 2000.
[7]. B. Hofman-Wellenhof, H. LichTengger,
and J. Collins, "GPS Theory and
Practice", 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag
Wien NY, 1993.
[8]. P. W. McBurney, "A robust approach to
reliable real-time Kalmam filtering",
Proc. Of IEEE Position, Location, and
Navigation Symposium, 549-556,
March 1990.
[9]. S. P. Karatsinides, "Enhancing filter
robustness in cascaded GPS-INS
integration", IEEE Trans. on
Aerospace & Electronic Systems,
1001-1008, Oct. 1994.
[10]. C. C. Arcasoy and B. Koc,
"Analytical solution for continuous-
time Kalman tracked filter with
colored measurement noise in
frequency domain", IEEE Trans. on
Aerospace & Electronic Systems,
1059-1063, Oct 1994.
[11]. RTCM 134-89/SC 104-68, "RTCM
Recommended Standards for
Differential NAVSTAR GPS Service",
Ver. 2.0, Radio Technical Commission
for Maritime Services, 1993.
[12]. , "TWD67 GPS
", GPS
, ,
pp.66~78, 1996.
[13]. B. R. Bowring, "The accuracy of
geodetic latitute and height equations",
Survey Review vol. 28(218), pp. 202-
206, 1985.
[14]. C. Boucher, Z. Altamimi, P. Sillar
(eds), "The 1997 International
Terrestrial Reference Frame", IERS
Technical Notes No. 27, 1997.
[15]. MIL-STD-2401, "Department of
Defense world geodetic system",
Department of Defense Standard
Practice, Jan. 1991.
[16]. ; ; , "TWD97
",
( ), pp. 1024-1032, Aug. 2000.
[17]. ; , "
"
(42:1), ISSN: 0496-333, pp.53-68,
Mar. 2000.
[18]. NIMA Technical Report TR8350.2,
"Department of Defense world
geodetic system 1984: its definition
and relationships with local geodetic
systems", Defense Image and Mapping
Agency, Washington, 3rd Edition, July
1997.
Maxwell
Application of Broyden's method to handle thecomplicated initial value for the process of theshooting process: the onset of convection for
the Maxwell viscoelastic fluid
Abstract
This article investigates the application of Broyden's method to handle the complicated
initial value for the process of the shooting process and applies to the oscillatory mode
critical stability problem in the state of frequency not zero. We take the example of the
onset of convection for the Maxwell viscoelastic fluid which upper boundary will be rigid
and free upper surface, compare the results to related published papers. The Broyden's
method has been well proved to be very accurate to deal with the correction of eigenvalues
for the whole iterating process.
Keywords: Broyden's method, shooting process, oscillatory mode, viscoelastic fluid.
Ko-Ta Chiang : Assoicate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, HIT
(the shooting
technique)[1]
Mahajerin[2],
Davey[3]
- -
(Runge-Kutta-Gill's method) Hsu
et al.[4]
(
- Rayleigh-Benard
instability) [5,6]
(
Marangoni instability) [7,8]
( -
Benard-Marangoni
instability)[9,10]
-
Hsu
et al.[4]
Maxwell
Herbert [11]
Vest and
Arpaci [12]
Hamabata [13]
Maxwell
(viscoelastic fluid layer)
L x y
z
Maxwell
(viscous stress tensor)
(constitutive equation) Maxwell
[11-13]
λ=µ /G ( re laxa t ion
time) V µ
G G→ λ=0
(Newtonian fluid)
λ 10 12
rheological fluid λ
1012
z=0
z=L
z=
ξ
γ ξ0
T0
w ' T '
( h o r i z o n t a l
Laplacian operator) 2=∂2/∂x2+∂2/∂y2+
∂2/∂z2
( )
( )
Z
(17)
(norma l -
mode perturbations)
=0
=0
0
(plan form function)
a
(18)-(19) (3),(4),(8) (9)-(12)
(17)
D=d/dz
z=1
(20) (21)
(22)
(23)-(25) (26)
Pr Γ
C Β0
Βi a
R M
- (Sturm- Liouville's
problem)
- - (Runge-Kutta- Gill's
method) (the shooting
technique) [1]
Broyden's method [1]
(22)
(23)-(25) z=1
z=0
(26)
5.1
(20) (21)
(27a)-(27f)
(22)
(23)-(25)
(26)
z=1
5.2
(27a)-(27f) -
-
(28)
(29a)-(29c)
(30)
(33)
5.3
(36)
5.4
M R σi
(38) M R
σ i
(secant method)[4]
M R σi
Jacobian
f (36)
f 10-6
M
R σi
-
σ i
σ i
σi -
MC RC
M R
σi σi
Hsu[4]
σi
-
Perez-Garcia and
Carneiro [10] Chebyshev
Tcn(z)(n=0,1,2...)
Γ=0 -
C
C 0
C
Mc
-
RC
MC ROC MOC
-
Maxwell
Γ (stress
relaxation time) Vest and Arpaci [12]
Γ
Γ Vest and
Arpaci [12] Maxwell
C h e b y s h e v
-
- -
Hsu et al.[4]
σ i
Maxwell
1. R. L. Burden and J. D. Fairs, Numerical
analysis, Prindle, Weber and Schmidt
Publishers, MA (1985).
2. E. Mahajerin, An extension of the Runge-
Kutta method for nth order initial value
problems. Comput. Struct. 42, 551-553
(1992).
3. A. Davey, Numerical methods for the
solution of linear differential eigenvalue
problem, University of Newcastle Upon
Tyne Press, 485-498 (1976).
4. C. H. Hsu, K. Y. Kung and J. J. Jou,
Runge-Kutta method for a two layer
system to shoot method from two
constraint sets to the same target set,
Comput. Struct. 60, 291-296 (1996).
5. S. Chandrasekhar, Hydrodynamic and
Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford
University Press (1961).
6. P. G. Drazin and W. H. Reid,
Hydrodynamic Stability, Oxford
University Press (1961).
7. J. R. A. Pearson, On convection cell
induced by surface tension, J. Fluid
Mech. 4, 489-500 (1958).
8. L. E. Scriven and C. V. Sternling, On
cellular convection driven by surface
tension gradients: effect of mean surface
tension and surface viscosity, J. Fluid
Mech. 19, 321-340 (1965).
9. C. L. McTaggart, Convection driven by
concentration-and temperature-
dependent surface tension, J. Fluid
Mech. 134, 301-310 (1983).
10. P. G. Carlos and C. Graciela, Linear
stability ananlysis of Benard-Marangoni
convection in fluids with a deformable
free surface, Phys. Fluids A 3(2), 292-
298 (1991).
11. D. M. Herbert, On th stability of visco-
elastic liquids in heated plane Couette
flow, Journal of fluid Mechanics, 17,
353-359 (1969).
12. C. M. Vest and V. S. Arpaci,
Overstability of viscoelastic fluid layer
heated from below, Journal of fluid
Mechanics, 36, 613-623 (1969).
13. H. Hamabata, Overstability of
viscoelastic liquid layer with internal
heat generation, International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer, 29, 645-647
(1986).
a
Bi
Bo
C
g
G
H
K
L
M
Pr
R
t
T
V
w z
W z
x,y,z
Z
α
∆T
Φ(x,y)
Γ
γ
η(x,y,t)
Θ
κ
λ
µ
v
σr ,σi
τ
ξ
o
c
Perez-Garcia and Carneiro [10]
Vest and Arpaci [12]
(cross-sectional area) (flame stretch)
(flame stretch) Le (Lewis number)
Effects of Flame Stretch and Lewis Number onthe Extinction of Dilute Sprays
Abstract
The influences of flame stretch, preferential diffusion and internal heat transfer on theextinction of dilute spray flames propagating in a duct with varying cross-sectional area areanalyzed using activation energy asymptotics. A completely prevaporized mode and apartially prevaporized mode of flame propagation are identified. We consider a non-conserved system in which the initial gas-phase composition is maintained the same, but theliquid fuel loading is systematically varied. Therefore, the influences of liquid fuel can beindependently explored. The internal heat transfer resulted from droplet gasification, is afunction of the liquid fuel loading and the initial droplet size. The analysis is restricted to adilute spray, i.e., the amount of liquid fuel loading in the fresh mixture is so small thatexpansion in perturbation analysis can be performed. The results show that the internal heattransfer, associated with the liquid fuel loading of the spray, provides internal heat loss forrich sprays but heat gain for lean sprays. The burning intensities of a lean°]or rich°^spray isenhanced°]or reduced°^with increasing liquid fuel loading and decreasing initial droplet size.The positive stretch coupled with Lewis number (Le) weakens the lean methanol-spray flame(Le>1) but intensifies the rich methanol-spray flame (Le<1). For the Le <1 flame withpositive stretch or the Le >1 flame with negative stretch, no extinction occurs. A positively-stretched Le>1 flame or a negatively-stretched Le<1 flame can be extinguished by increasingthe stretch. The flame stretch is found to strongly dominate the tendency for flame extinctioncharacterized by a C-shaped curve.
Keywords: Dilute spray; Stretch; Lewis number; Heat loss; Extinction
Chih-Hsin Tsai : Instructor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, HIT.Shuhn-Shyurng Hou : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan
University of Technology
1. INTRODUCTIONA homogeneous laminar premixed
flame influenced by external heat loss can
be described by a C-shaped extinction
curve (a double-valued function) in the
classical flame-quenching theory [1-3]. It
is well known that a given combustible
premixture will have two possible flame
speeds under a fixed amount of heat loss:
the upper branch representing stable
solution; and the lower branch showing
unstable solution. The extinction limit,
identified by the critical point in connecting
the upper and lower branch, indicates that a
sufficiently large external heat loss leads to
flame extinction.
Since flow stretch was further
recognized as an important parameter on
flame extinction [4-7], various theories [4]
and experiments [5-7] on extinction
characteristics were then demonstrated in
the stagnation-point flow in which flow
stretch is positive. It was concluded that
with increasing positive stretch, burning
intensity of a premixed flame is weakened
or enhanced, when the Lewis number (Le)
of mixture is larger or smaller than one,
respectively. There is also a study for the
propagation of a premixed flame in a close
tube with varying cross-section area [8]. It
was concluded that positive flame stretch
increases the mass burning rate, negative
flame stretch has the opposite effect, with a
Lewis number larger (smaller) than one.
Studies on flame extinction introduced
above were only focused on homogeneous
mixture. However, the participation of fuel
spray effects [9] further produced so-called
internal heat loss (or gain) to the system,
and thereby resulted in an S-shaped
extinction curve (a triple-valued function)
on spray flame extinction. Because the fuel
spray absorbs heat for the gasification
process, the internal heat transfer
embedded in the rich and lean spray
respectively resulted in heat loss and heat
gain for the system. It was generally
concluded that the S-shaped extinction
curve is found for a rich spray, if the spray
is thick enough and consists of liquid
droplets large enough. On the contrary, the
flame propagation flux of a lean spray is
increased with increasing liquid fuel
loading and decreasing initial droplet size
without the occurrence of flame extinction.
In the present study, we have
formulated an extinction theory on
stretched spray flames with non-unity
Lewis number in a nonconserved system in
which the initial gas-phase composition is
maintained the same, but the liquid fuel
loading is systematically varied. Therefore,
the influence of liquid fuel will be
independently explored without the
participation of the leaning effect from the
gas-phase mixture. Furthermore, the
coupling effects of stretch and internal heat
transfer on extinction with non-unity Lewis
number will be discussed. The
mathematical technique used is the
matched asymptotic analysis in the limit of
large activation energy. We shall also
restrict our analysis to dilute sprays [10-13]
in which the amount of liquid fuel loading
in the total fresh mixture is very small and
can be expanded in perturbation analysis.
Theoretical ModelWe adopt a one-dimensional
coordinate system in which a planar flame
sits at x=0 in a duct with varying cross-
sectional area; the two phase combustible
mixture composed of various
concentrations of oxidizer, nitrogen, fuel
vapor, and fuel droplets of a certain radius
comes from x= ; and equilibrium
reaction products move away toward x=
, as illustrated in Fig. 1., a completely
prevaporized mode and a partially
prevaporized mode of flame
propagation, shown in Fig. 1(a) and Fig.
1(b) respectively, are identified by a critical
initial droplet size for the droplet to
achieve complete vaporization at the
premixed flame front. We assume that the
droplet will start to evaporate at x=xv , only
when the gas temperature has reached the
boiling point of the liquid. Droplets then
ignite upon crossing the flame, and vanish
at x=xe upon complete combustion for lean
sprays or complete evaporation for rich
sprays.
We further assume that the external
heat transfer being O( ) is proportional to
(T Tu) in the upstream region of xv to 0. Tu
denotes the wall temperature in the
upstream region. Since the spray is dilute
and the external heat transfer is small
compared with the heat release of
combustion, it is reasonable to assume that
the amount of liquid fuel loading and the
amount of external heat transfer is of O( )
in the asymptotic analysis. Here =T /Ta
is the small parameter of expansion for
large activation energy reactions of interest
to combustion. Finally, we assume that the
fuel and oxidizer reaction for the bulk
premixed flame is one-step overall, that the
fuel droplets burn in the flame sheet limit,
and the conventional constant property
simplifications apply. More detailed
assumptions and comments were described
in an earlier study [13].
We designate the extent of gas-phase
heterogeneity by the parameter
such that Z=1 represents the completely
vaporized state. Following the previous
formulation [13], the present case for a duct
with varying cross-sectional area can be
modeled by adding -ρZu , (1/Le)(dY/dx),
dT/dx times (1/A)(dA/dx) [3] to the right-
hand sides of the non-dimensional
equations for gas-phase continuity,
conservation of fuel, oxidizer, and energy.
Where A is the cross-sectional area of the
duct, and these equations are respectively
given by
where
(5)
(6)
and the function H(x) in Eq.(4) is equal to 1
as
while x = is the non-dimensional
distance expressed in units of the preheat
zone thickness, . During the
derivation, has been
stretched as [8]. Here is called the
stretch parameter. In Eqs.(1)-(4), the
function F(T,Y0) and the constant
parameters , fF, f0, and fT are respectively ,
,1,0 and hLG for the
vaporizing droplet and ,
0, 1, and ( 1-hLG) for the burning droplet. K
represent the heat transfer coefficient for
the external heat transfer in the upstream
region. In this study, we assume
for simplification.
Performing the inner and outer
expansions based on the small parameter of
, and following the detailed matching
procedure of the previous study [13] to
match the inner and outer solutions, we
therefore reach the final results as follows:
(7)
Equation (7) indicates that the flame
propagation flux is exponentially affected
by the first-order temperature downstream
near the flame. The first- order temperature
T1+(0)is expressed by the following
equation:
For the sake of notation compactness,
we use =1 for lean sprays and =0 for
rich sprays. The liquid fuel loading is
represented by through the expansion of
for dilute sprays [13].
For completely prevaporized sprays,
the value of xe is equal to zero, we obtain
where
Here we use i= F for lean sprays and
i=O for rich sprays. Equation (9) also
indicate that the flame flux is independent
of the initial droplet size of the spray.
On the basis of the formulated results,
Eqs. (7) and (9), sample calculations for
methanol burning in air are now considered
in a nonconserved manner which maintains
the initial gas-phase composition not varies
the liquid fuel loading. We adopt an
external heat loss parameter
which is similar to that
of the earlier studies [10-11]. The influence
of flow stretch and preferential diffusion on
dilute spray flames in the problem will be
assessed based on four parameters, namely
the initial droplet radius , the liquid
fuel loading ( ), flow stretch ( ), and
Lewis number (Le). Here and show
the internal heat transfer (heat gain or heat
loss) for the fuel spray. Lewis number is
defined as in which the
diffusion coefficient of the deficient
reactant in the mixture is used and variables
are determined based on the mean gaseous
temperature upstream of the flame.
Methanol-air premixture of =0.8 and
=1.5, corresponding to Le=1.0371 and
0.9477, respectively, are adopted to show
the influence of nonunity Lewis number.
Lean spray flame with Le 1We first investigates the completely
prevaporized sprays in which no
liquid droplets exists downstream of the
flame. Fig. 2 demonstrates the flame flux
of lean methanol-spray flame with no
heat loss as functions of and
. In the region of positive stretch, the
increase of flow stretch results in the
decrease in flame propagation flux for Le >
1. However, when the flame experiences
negative stretch, the flame extinction would
never occur. Therefore, the upper and
lower branches of the C-shaped extinction
curves correspond to the stable and
unstable solutions, respectively, and are
connected at critical points represented by
the symbol . The critical points are
identified as points of flame extinction. For
a given , the increase of first leads to
decrease of indicating that a largerm
m
stretch lead to a more weakened flame, and
finally results in flame extinction when the
flow stretch is large enough. This is mainly
resulted from the suppression of burning
intensity by flow stretch for an Le > 1
flame. In the contrary, when the stretch is
negative, the decrease of would never
extinguish the flame because the negative
stretch would strengthen the burning
intensity.
Considering the partially prevaporized
sprays , the influence of the
initial droplet size on flame characteristics
is shown in Fig. 3 for a lean methanol-
spray flame of ΦG=0.8, =0.04, and
Le=1.0371. Fig. 3 shows that with
increasing the initial droplet size, the upper
branch corresponding to the stable solution
for a partially prevaporized spray first
deviates from that for the completely
prevaporized spray , and
approaches that for a homogeneous mixture
( = 0). This indicates that the flame flux
decreases with increased initial droplet size
or flow stretch. The former is due to the
reduction of internal heat gain; the latter is
caused by the augmentation of the Le > 1
effect. A lean spray containing larger
droplets will have weaker prevaporization
upstream of the flame and provides a
smaller amount of internal heat gain, and
therefore has a diminished burning
intensity. Hence, it can be extinguished by
a smaller flow stretch.
Rich spray flames with Le < 1Fig. 4 shows the flame propagation
flux of rich methanol-spray flames of
ΦG=1.5 and Le = 0.9477 as functions of
and under completely prevaporized
sprays with no heat loss. Contrary to the
lean spray, the liquid fuel absorbs heat for
upstream prevaporization, producing the
secondary gasified fuel which is equivalent
to the inert substance with no contribution
to burning for a rich spray, thus providing
an overall internal heat loss, and weakening
the flame propagation flux. For a given ,
the increase of leads to decrease in
because a larger absorbs a larger amount
m
of heat from flame for upstream droplets
evaporation representing a larger heat loss.
For a given ,the decrease of
leads to decrease of , and finally results
in flame extinction represented by the
symbol which is the critical point by
connecting the upper and lower branches.
However, when the flame with positive
stretch, the flame flux increases with
increased stretch for the Le < 1 effect.
For partially prevaporized sprays, the
effects of on flame flux with various
initial droplets size for a rich spray is
shown in Fig. 5 Fig. 5 hows that with
increasing the initial droplet size, the flame
flux first deviates from that for the
completely prevaporized spray ,
and approaches that for a homogeneous
mixture ( = 0). This indicates that the
flame flux increases with increased initial
droplet size or flow stretch. The former is
due to the reduction of internal heat loss;
the latter is caused by the enhancement of
the Le < 1 effect. A rich spray containing
larger droplets endures a weaker
m
prevaporization upstream leads to a smaller
amount of internal heat loss, and therefore
has a enhanced burning intensity.
ConclusionFollowing activation energy
asymptotics, an extinction theory of stretch
premixed flames with combustible sprays
was developed to explore the influence of
liquid fuel spray, flow stretch , and Lewis
number on the flammability limit and
extinction of methanol sprays. Results are
summaried as follows:
1. The flow stretch weakens and
strengthens the burning intensity of the
Le > 1 flame (lean methanol flame) and
the Le < 1 flame (rich methanol flame),
respectively.
2. For the lean methanol-spray flame with
Le > 1, the burning intensity weakened
by the flow stretch can be enhanced
when the lean spray has a larger amount
of liquid fuel loading or a smaller initial
droplet size.
3. For the rich methanol-spray flame with
Le < 1, the burning intensity weakened
by the flow stretch can be enhanced
when the rich spray has a smaller
amount of liquid fuel loading or a larger
initial droplet size.
Reference[1] Spalding, D.B., Pro. Roy. Soc., A 240
(1957), p.83
[2] J.D. Buckmaster, Combust. Flame
26(1976) p.151
[3] J.D. Buckmaster and G..S.S Ludford,
Theory of Laminar Flame , p.38,
Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, England (1982)
[4] Kim, Y.D and Matalon, M.,Combust.
Flame 73:303 313 (1988)
[5] Ishizuka, I. And Law, C.K., in
Nineteenth Symposium (International)
on Combustion , The Combustion
Institute, Pittsburgh, 1982, pp. 327
335
[6] Sato, J., Nineteenth Symposium
(International) on Combustion, The
Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1982,
pp.1541 1548
[7] Tsuji, H. and Yamaoka, I., in Nineteenth
Symposium (International) on
Combustion, The Combustion Institute,
Pittsburgh, 1982, pp.1533 1540
[8] J. H. Tien., Combust. Flame 107:303
306(1996)
[9] Huang, C. L., Chiu, C. P., and Lin, T.
H.,J. Chinese Soc. Mech. Eng. 10:333
343(1989)
[10] Liu, C.C. and Lin, T.H., Combust.
Flame, vol.85 (1991), p.468
[11] Hou, S.S, Liu, C.C. and Lin, T.H., Int.
J. Heat Mass Transfer , vol.36,
No.7(1993), p.1867
[12] Hou, S.S. and Lin, T.H., Atomization
and Sprays, vol.9 (1999), p.355
[13] Lin, T.H., Law, C.K. and Chung, S.H.,
Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer ,
vol.34, No.5 (1988), p.1023
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of (a) completely
prevaporized, and (b) partially
prevaporized burning sprays
Fig. 2. variations of the flame flux ( )
with the flow stretch ( ) and the liquid
fuel loading ( ) for a lean spray flame
m
Fig. 3. Flame flux ( ) as a function of the
flow stretch ( ) with various values of
for a lean spray flame
Fig. 4. variations of the flame flux ( )
with the flow stretch ( ) and the liquid
fuel loading ( ) for the rich spray flame
m
m
Fig. 5. Flame flux ( ) as a function of the
flow stretch ( ) with various values of
for a rich spray flame
m
300 1
(Spearman Rank
Correlation Coefficient)
1 2003 7th Conference of Youth Mountaineering
Global Positioning System Usage andMountain Climbing Safety in Australia
Mountaineering Associations
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to explore possible relationship between the use of
Global Positioning System (GPS) and mountain climbing safety. The hypothesis for this
research was: There was a significant relationship between the use of GPS and mountain
climbing safety. The method employed quantitative research method in conducting this study
was measured the use of GPS in various Australia climbers and provided an overview of the
method of GPS applied in mountain climbing safety. The research participants were 300
Climbers in Australia Mountaineering Associations.1 The Spearman Rank Correlation
Coefficient and descriptive statistics were used to test the research hypothesis. Research
result supported the research hypothesis that there was a significant relationship between the
use of GPS and mountain climbing safety. Research result also indicated that this relationship
between the use of GPS and mountain climbing safety was positive.
Keywords: Global Positioning System; Mountain Climbing Safety.
Jui-lin Wang : Lecturer Insturtor Department of Industrial Management, HIT
1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Purpose and Hypothesis
The purpose of this research was to
explore possible relationship between the
use of Global Positioning System (GPS)
and mountain climbing safety. The
hypothesis for this research was: There was
a significant relationship between the use
of GPS and mountain climbing safety. GPS
is an invaluable tool in nearly every
activities of mountain climbing.
1.2 Significance of Research
Mountain climbing that cannot utilize
GPS both as directed tool and as a safety
tool may have a tremendous disadvantage
in their operations. This exploratory study
investigated the possible relationship
between the use of GPS and mountain
climbing safety of mountain climbing. This
study may offer important information
about the impact of GPS applied and
mountain climbing safety for mountain
climbing.
2. Literature ReviewThe Global Positioning System (GPS)
is a radio navigation system that allows
land, sea, and airborne users to determine
accurate location, velocity, and time
twenty-four hours a day, anywhere in the
world. A GPS receiver is in many ways a
highly technologically advanced version of
the magnetic compass, but with capabilities
that far surpass traditional orienteering. The
receiver continually gathers real-time data
from satellites, from which it calculates a
person's speed, location, altitude, and
direction of travel (Broda and Baxter,
2002). GPS provides a wide range of
mountain climbing safety benefits that
include navigation, aiding police and
ambulance dispatchers and future
applications such as the ability to locate the
origin of emergency calls from wireless
phones. But vital services would be placed
at risk if existing spectrum allocations for
GPS were removed to allow sharing by
mobile satellite services providers (Clarke,
1999). According to Australia Federal
Highway Administration (AHA) (1995),
the GPS multipurpose project will help the
Federal Highway Administration determine
what's out there and what shape it's in. The
project will include a basic inventory of the
features on each of the routes, road
conditions, and safety features. The use of
GPS technology can provide innovative
solutions for enhancing intelligent
mountain climbing including assisting
climbers in reaching a desired destination
with in-vehicle navigation systems that also
increase personal safety enroot through
collision avoidance and mayday signaling
(Johnson, 1995). GPS signals is increased
satellite power, the study found, recent
proposals have suggested a 6-dB power
increase. The author also found that GPS
systems could be affected by unintentional
interference, a combination of procedural
and technical measures should be
implemented to reduce the effects of
interference on the GPS navigation
(Leopold, 1999).
GPS is being used to map anything in
the outdoors you can imagine. Tree
locations, turf areas, shrub and flowerbeds,
woodlands - you name it and you can map
it. The beauty of good-quality GPS is that
you not only map the item, but also collect
and store information about it. Imagine
having an accurate map of the property you
manage, with detailed information about
everything on it. GPS can tell you your
exact position anywhere on the globe. Your
position can be described in many different
ways. Some prefer the old confusing
"latitude and longitude" system, while
others use a newer "state plane coordinate"
system, or some modification of it. The
state plane coordinate system simply uses
two numbers to describe your location on
an "X" and "Y" axis. A third number can be
used to describe a "Z" axis for three-
dimensional locations. This third dimension
is important for elevation information. The
"system" is composed of three main parts.
First, a constellation (or group) of satellites
orbits the earth transmitting signals.
Second, a small hand-held receiver stores
the signals transmitted by the satellites.
Third, a powerful computer interprets the
signals and provides the location
information you want. Many GPS units on
the market today combine the receiver and
computer into a single hand-held or
backpack-mounted unit. GPS is capable of
providing estimated time of arrivals to the
stores that are accurate within minutes.
This helps plan personnel for unloading the
trailers and reduces the waiting times for
tractors, trailers and climbers thereby
reducing the cost of delivery and improving
timeliness of shelf replenishment (Kincaid,
2002). GPS is as simple as the ancient
technique of triangulation and as
sophisticated as a $100,000 atomic clock.
Orbiting in precisely fixed paths some
12,000 miles from the surface of the earth
are 21 compact-car-size satellites (and three
backups). When a GPS receiver as small as
a credit card is activated, it compares its
distance from four satellites by measuring
the length of time it takes the satellites'
radio signals to reach it, computing
altitude, latitude, longitude and even speed
and direction of travel. GPS tells you where
the sun will be in 15-minute increments on
a given day. It's a great way to stay ahead
of problems." In an age in which velocity is
a fact of life, GPS is also the best way yet
to stay on the top of age-old question,
"Where am I?" Using this uncannily
accurate navigation tool, one's location
anywhere on the globe can be pinpointed to
within a few hundred feet (Granatstein,
1997).
3. Methodology3.1 Research Design and Participants
The method employed quantitative
research method in conducting this study
was measured the use of GPS in mountain
climbing and provided an overview of the
method of GPS applied in mountain
climbing safety. All Australia
Mountaineering Associations served as
respondents. Each individual was randomly
assigned to the sampling from the U.S
profession investigation database. In total,
the sample consisted of n=300 due to the
limited investigation cost.
The goal of this study was to help
climbers understand how important it was
to integrate GPS into mountain climbing. A
correlation research design was utilized to
test the research hypothesis. The hypothesis
for this research was: There was a
significant relationship between the use of
GPS and mountain climbing safety. The
research participants were 300 Climbers in
Australia Mountaineering Associations.
3.2 Data Collection and Data Analysis
In this research, the author used
survey instrumentation to collect the
research data. This research was focus on
300 Climbers in Australia Mountaineering
Associations. Data analyses were based on
research data and compiled from the
responses to the Survey of the Impact of
GPS Applied in Mountain Climbing to test
the correlation between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety. Statistical
procedures were conducted to determine
the possible existence of a relationship of
GPS applied and mountain climbing safety
of marketing organizations. Descriptive
statistics was used to analyze the impact of
GPS applied in the marketing
organizations. The Spearman Rank
Correlation Coefficient was used to test the
research hypothesis for whether there is or
is not a relationship of the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety of marketing
organizations. The accepted level of
significance in research has been
established at the 0.05 level of significance
(Fraenkel & Wallen, 1993; Popham and
Sirotnik, 1992). The Statistical Package for
the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer
software program was used to complete the
analysis of data.
4. Presentations and Analysis ofData
The purpose of this chapter was to
present a description of the research data
and to analyze the data relating to the
research hypothesis of the study. The
hypothesis for this research was: There was
a significant relationship between the use
of GPS and mountain climbing safety. The
findings in this chapter contain the raw
data, and the narrative results relating to the
research. The results are organized and
discussed in three sections: source of data,
analysis of data, and summary.
4.1 Source of Data
The research was conducted with 300
Climbers in Australia Mountaineering
Associations. Each participant completed
the Survey of the Impact of GPS Applied in
Mountain Climbing. The specific rank
variable of Spearman Rank Correlation is
identified by the perceptions of mountain
climbing safety.
4.2 Analysis of Data
This section includes an analysis of
the data obtained using the research
instrument. The analysis of the data for
research results provides information
necessary to answer the hypothesis posed.
The sample consisted of 300 Climbers in
Australia Mountaineering Associations.
(n=300). The survey instrument, The
Survey of the Impact of GPS Applied in
Mountain Climbing, designed to determine
the impact of GPS applied in the
organization. The responses from the
surveys were entered into the Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and
a series of statistical tests were run using a
significance level of 0.05. The hypotheses
are listed below.
The study contained a major
hypothesis. There was a significant
relationship between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety. This hypothesis
was examined as follows. The Spearman
Rank Correlation Coefficient was used to
examine the relationship between the use of
GPS and mountain climbing safety.
Correlation is a statistical technique that is
used to measure and describe an impact
between two variables. Siegel and
Castellan (1988) stated that the Spearman
Rank Correlation Coefficient is used to
discover the strength of a link between two
sets of data. The Spearman Rank
Correlation Coefficient is identified by
letter r compared to the of
population .
These analyses were based on
research data and compiled from the
responses to the Survey of the Impact of
GPS applied in Mountain Climbing.
Correlation between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety, Spearman r had
a value of 0.516 (p = 0.000) for the total
sample. This result explained the desire to
use the GPS technology, and the need to
utilize the GPS information database.
However this study supported the research
hypothesis that there was a significant
relationship between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety. The result also
indicated that this relationship between the
use of GPS and mountain climbing safety
was positive.
4.3 Summary
The Spearman Rank Correlation
Coefficient results were used to test the
primary research hypos thesis: There was a
significant impact of the GPS applied on
mountain climbing safety. The Spearman
Rank Correlation Coefficient results
supported the following research
hypothesis: There was a significant
relationship between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety.
5. Conclusions andRecommendations
The purpose of this chapter is to
present and discuss the results of the study.
The chapter is divided into the following
major categories: findings, conclusions,
and recommendations.
5.1 Findings
This section describes the finding of
this research. All findings are based on
Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient.
The results indicated that most of
participants agree or strong agree that the
use of GPS could have important impact on
their mountain climbing safety. Therefore,
the analysis supported the research
hypothesis: There was a significant
relationship between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety.
The major focus of the study was to
determine if there was relationship between
the use of GPS and mountain climbing
safety. Research hypothesis was examined.
Specifically, the research hypothesis stated
that there was a relationship between the
use of GPS and mountain climbing safety.
Research participants were surveyed and
tested scores to determine the relationship.
A Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
was conducted to determine if relationship
existed between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety. The data
revealed there was a significant relationship
between the GPS applied and mountain
climbing safety (p= 0.000). The two
variables, the GPS applied and mountain
climbing safety, were shown to have a
significant and positive relationship (r=
0.516). This positive relationship suggested
that as the use of GPS increased, the impact
of mountain climbing safety increased.
Therefore, there was a positive significant
relationship between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety. The finding
supported the research hypothesis: There
was a significant relationship between the
use of GPS and mountain climbing safety.
5.2 Conclusions
The goal of this study was to help
Climbers understand how important it is to
integrate GPS into mountain climbing. The
study showed the existence of a significant
positive relationship between the use of
GPS and mountain climbing safety. What
are the implications of these findings? The
results substantiated the existence of
relationship between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety. Overall, the
study accomplished the task of establishing
the relationship between the use of GPS
and mountain climbing safety. The results
of this research supported the research
hypothesis: There was a significant
relationship between the use of GPS and
mountain climbing safety.
5.3 Recommendations
The study provided a starting point for
investigating the relationship between the
use of GPS and mountain climbing safety.
While providing useful information, further
research should be conducted to obtain
more concise information in the use of
GPS. For some of climbers involved in the
study, it would be interesting to investigate
further with larger groups of participants,
focusing on different kind of climbers
around the world. The future research also
could focus on the impact of the use of
GPS in the any kinds of mountain climbing
around the world.
The impact has been established in
this study. The challenge now is to assist
plan for the use of GPS to exceed mountain
climbing. However, with the following
recommendations, the car manufactories'
leaders and climbers can effectively utilize
GPS to gain competitive advantages for
mountain climbing safety:
1. Determine the types of resources that the
climbers intend to utilize and the
services that the climbers will be
providing applying GPS.
2. Determine what types of GPS connection
best suits the needs of climbers.
3. Determine what types of efforts and
activities are needed for use of GPS in
the climbers.
4. Train climbers on the proper use of GPS
tools.
5. Emphasize the nature of GPS and the
importance on mountain climbing
safety.
ReferenceAustralia Federal Highway Administration
(AHA) (1995), Federal Highway
Administration Inventorying Unpaved
Roads, Geo Info Systems.
Broda, H. W and Baxter, R. E. (2002).
Using GIS and GPS technology as an
instructional tool, The Clearing House,
49.
Clarke P. (1999). GPS coalition voices
opposition to sharing spectrum with
Mss., Satellite News.
Granatstein, L. (1997). Making contact
once the exclusive navigation tool of the
U.S. military, Time, 52.
Johnson, W. W. (1995). Enhancing
intelligent mountaineering with GPS.
(Global Positioning System), Satellite
Communications, Vol. 19, 70.
Kincaid S. (2002). Reliable GPS is here,
Grounds Maintenance.
Leopold G. (1999). News: Study: GPS can
fly as commercial air navigator,
Electronic Engineering Times, 18.
Nunnally, J. (1967). Psychometric theory.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Popham, W. J. and Sirotnik, K. A. (1992).
Understanding statistics in education,
Itasca, Illinois: F. E. Peacock Publishers.
Siegal S. and Castellan Jr. N.J. (1988).
Nonparametric statistics for the
behavioral sciences 2nd. Ed. McGraw
Hill Book Company New York.
16
WTO
t
PZB SERVQUAL
Developing the Model for Measuring theOverall Service Quality in Banking Industry
Abstract
For responding the policy of the liberalism of the finance, the government pushesforwards the finance to open the measure, encouraging the folks to establish the commercialbank. Ministry of Finance respectively approve 16 new commercial banks, such as GrandBank, from June of 1991 and June of 1992. Those of banks have start practice ding up tonow and mostly and all exceed decade. Along with new bank join the market, causing sametrade its the competition tends the vehemence more, and along with financial development ofthe liberalism and internationalization trend bottom, and after Taiwan join WTO, needfinancial environment that face it and change, the first lesson faced by banking, exactlywhole service quality promotes.
This research is regarding our country bank of the region of Tainan as range of research,and chooses three kinds of banking of industries (include government operated, run byprivate capital and new bank). Eight customer of the bank of the house representatives beused as the research the inquisition the object. According to cultural heritage the idea of theservice quality and model and measure the method for foundation, this research aim at everykind of service quality to measure the mode, by the inquisition of the questionnaire and carryon mean, T test and Chi square test to examine five dimensions of service qualities andmeasure the service quality of the banking in order to find the difference of service quality ofthe cognition of the customer. This research finds that three kinds of banking of industries areeach to have the difference the existence in service quality comparing mutually. And theresearch will promote the service quality what if in the future for banking consequently withhelp to promote the competition ability, according to with draft the suggestion of the servicequality and to provide the bank the operator to promote the reference of service quality.
Keywords: Banking industry, Service quality, PZB Model, SERVQUAL
Meng-Chueh Wu : Chang Jung Christian University Department of Finance, InstructorDuan-Sheng Hiau :Hsiuping Institute of Technology, Department of Business Administration, Instructor Yuan-Duen Lee : Chang Jung Christian University, Department of International Business, Professor Chung-Lin Tsai : National Cheng Kung University, Graduate school of Business Administration,
Doctoral Student
90 1
[1]
Stafford[2]
Morrall & Katherine[3]
1.
2.
[4]
Sasser
Wyckoff [5] 1978
1980
Gronroos [6] 1983
Parasuraman,
Zeithaml & Berryd [7] 1985
Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry [8]
PZB 1988
SERVQUAL
[9]
1991
PZB Parasuraman, Zeithaml &
Berryd, 1985
Intangibility
Heterogeneous
Simultaneous production and
consumption Perishability
Saaksjarvi & Saarinen
[10]
Parasuraman [7]
(expected
quality)
(perceived quality)
Parasuraman[7]
Parasuraman
[8]
Kolter[11]
[12]
PZB 1988
22
[13]
16
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
SERVQUAL
[19]
SERVQUALParasuraman 1991
SERVQUAL
PZB
800
47%
53% 26~45
38% 66 5%
35%
3%
41-50 37% 61
4%
4~10 39% 1-4
4%
Parasuraman Zeithaml
Berry[9]
SERVQUAL Likert
22
22
0.64 Cronbach's (
0.75
(F 3.139 F 5,194 0.05=2.21)
(F=2.56
> F(4,195) 0.05 = 2.37)
=0.01
[20]
( )
( )
[1] " "
90 37 12
81-84
[2]Stafford & Marla Royne, Demographic
discriminators of service quality in the
banking industry, The Journal of
Services Marketing, Santa Barbara;
1996; Vol. 10, Iss. 4, p6-12.
[3] Morrall & Katherine ,Service quality:
The ultimate differentiator, Bank
Marketing, Washington; Oct 1994; Vol.
26, Iss. 10; p33-38.
[4]
88
[5] Sasser, W. E. Jr. & D. D. Wyckoff,
"Understanding service operations,"
Management of Service Operations,
1978 Boston: Allyn and Bacon,
Chapter 2.
[6] Gronroos, C., "Strategic Management
and Marketing in Service Sector,"
1983 MA: Marketing Science
Institute.
[7] Parasuraman, A., V. A. Zeithaml and L.
L. Berry, "A conceptual model of
service quality and its implication for
future research," Journal of Marketing,
1985, Vol49, p41-50.
[8] Parasuraman, A., V. A. Zeithaml and L.
L. Berry, "SERVQUAL: A multiple-
item scale for measuring consumer
perceptions of service of service
quality," Journal of Retailing, 64, No.1,
1998, Spring, p12-40.
[9] Parasuraman, A., V. A. Zeithaml and L.
L. Berry, "Refinement and
reassessment of the SERVQUAL
scale," Journal of Retailing,
1991,Winter,Vol67, No. 4, p420-450.
[10] Saaksjarvi, M. and Saarinen, T.,
"Evaluation of service quality of
information system," Proceedings of
the 2nd International Software Metrics
Symposium, London, 1994. October,
p84-94.
[11] Kotler, P., "Marketing Management
Analysis, Planning, Implementation
and Control." The 7th edition, NY:
Prentice-Hall,1991.
[12]
82
[13]
89
[14]
85
[15]
-
81
[16]
89
[17]
84
[18]
90
[19]
86
27 12 71-87
[20]
90 9
http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/
FM/090/FM-R-090-044.htm
R( /W)
Effect of wind speed and numbers of flake finon the heat removal efficiency of a computer
heat sink under forced convection
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of wind speed and numbers of flake fin
for the influence of heat removal phenomenon in a computer heat sink under the force
convection state and to analyze the results by means of the velocity distribution in the flow
field as well as the temperature field of module. This study makes use of integrated analysis
software of Electronic System Cooling to build the model of rectangular flat heat sink and
analyzes the temperature field of the fin and the velocity filed of the forced convection to
understand the state of heat conduction. The results show that increasing the wind velocity
and the fin flakes will reduce both the temperature and the thermal resistance in the heat sink
and the degree of decrease will retard. But increasing the amount of fin flakes will reduce the
gap of fin flakes and effect the flow field of force convection. Beside, the cooling ability to
heat sink module mainly comes from the wind capacity supplied with the electric fan above
the module. It will benefit to the capability of heat removal, if pressure gradient in the flow
field draws into ambient cold air.
Keywords: heat sink, forced convection, the amounts of flake fin, fan, the thermal resistance
Ko-Ta Chiang : Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, HIT
1. IntroductionComputer heat-sink design has
become a significant issue in computer
technology. The insufficient heat dissipate
ability is a serious fatal wound for
electronic device. In addition, the constant
rising in computer technology, develop
components into thin and tiny are in the
trends. Developing orientation and guide
principle are "Advance Integrated" and "To
curtail the coil wire of crystals distance",
also inclining to compact tight is the trend
of structural design in the area of electronic
device area. Increasing heat generation is
the opposite of the reinforcing the power of
Central Processing Unit, especially for the
sake of increasing the speed and calculating
capability of chipsets. Nevertheless without
appropriate and efficient heat sink design, it
will produce heat stress for chipsets,
baseboard and sealed body. Nevertheless, it
will critically affect the functions of chipset
such as stability and lifetime, etc. Bar-
Cohen and Kraus [1] discovered that the
dependence and stability of chipset reduced
by 10% if two degrees of centigrade of
chipset is increased and over fifty
percentage [2] of computer element failures
are caused by this overheat problem. How
can the dependence and long-lifetime of
computer elements be assured through the
most economic cost and efficient design to
dissipate the heat expeditiously? Quality
and competition of computer are
consequent upon how to use exterior flow
field, then, to analyze the heat dissipation
and conduction that are generated by
electronic element [3-7].
Modifying electronic element of
geometry site on the main board to deal
with natural convection and ability of heat
transfer, or choosing forced convection to
blow cold air across main board as fluid
medium to obtain the optimum result of
heat dissipation and cooling purpose are
most common methods to take care with
the problem of heat dissipation. Since the
natural convection is not able to carry away
enough heat, neither the forced convection
generated by fan to blow air flow across the
main board is dispersed nor centralized.
Particularly, it can not afford the need of
central processing unit - main source of
heat loading unit. A heat sink attached
directly to the central unit processor draws
away heat, and a small fan attached in turn
to the heat sink blows air onto the heat
sink, dissipating the heat into the
surrounding air. It is the way to handle
upon problem. Designing the heat sink fin
to play the substantial role is upon quantity
of fins. The size of shape may influence the
effect of convection and ability of heat
dissipates for the heat transfer analysis. The
higher rate of conduction has, the better
conduction results for material. The
conduction in sequence is Silver(410W/m
), Cooper(385 W/m ), Gold(295W/m
), Aluminum (202W/m ). In general to
consider the Cooper or Aluminum as
majority choice is for the heat sink fin,
because the capitalized cost and weight are
into account.
The fin's shape is limited by internal
space; in addition to, surface area, amount
of fins, gap distance, fin direction, or the
full volume of heat sink fin, etc. are dealing
with convection upgrade and strengthen
heat dissipative ability. In the past, heat
sink fin is regarded as two-dimensional
rectangular plate for theory analysis [9-13]
by the scholars, and the temporary state of
conduction is connected with heat sink
materials that are measured in "Biot
Numbers" that increases in quantity.
According to the heat loads and whether
being enough to sway heat by the
calculation of necessary airflow for the
entire specific system, it also prevents
overheat under the permit of temperature
raising range. According to the conditions
that heat loading and weather sway enough
thermal by the necessary dissipative airflow
amount for specific system, and prevent
overheat of system happen under the permit
of temperature raising range to chosen an
electric fan. Efficiency of thermal
dissipation level is influenced by the fan
mounting location, shape size of heat sink
through the three dimensional turbulent
current produced in the forced convection
airflow field that is caused by the fan.
Maximum temperature occurred within the
radius of hub as electric fan tightly close to
the top end of heat sink center. According
to the result of experiment made by Wirtz,
Sohal, and Wang [14] that the weakest heat
dissipative phenomenon is just within the
radius of hub of electric fan. In fact,
adjusting the mounted angle of fan and
distance between fan and heat sink can
promote the ability of heat dissipation.
From the analysis of the previous
works, there have been close correlations
between the ability of heat dissipative
module for central processing unit, shape
configuration of heat sink, and selection of
electric fan. This article investigates the
wind velocity supplied by the electric fan
and amounts of heat sink fin for the
influence of thermal dissipative
phenomenon in a computer heat sink under
the forced convection state and analyzes
the results by means of the velocity
distribution in the airflow field as well as
the thermal field of module. In order to get
imitation and explanation to assist analyze
the thermal field and velocity field of
whole module, coordinated meshing
assistant model that supported by the
Electronic System Cooling software [15] as
well as integrate software I-Deas Master
Series 8 of CAD/ CAM/ CAE/CAT are
used. This analysis software provides an
enormous figure and bond with
hydrodynamics current fluid dynamic
technology and heat dynamic technology to
be able precisely imitate the complicated
curved surface qualities, such as
convection, conduction, radiation, heat, etc.
2. Mathematic formulaThe computer heat sink module
geometry is shown in Figure 1. The basic
presume conditions for heat sink module
mounted onto the center processor unit as
following:
1. To set up air as a fluid medium and
the Newtonian Fluid fluid.
2. Three-dimensional turbulent flow
state.
3. Ignore the Radiation effect.
4. None thermal source from the heat
sink and the base bounded by the
equivalent thermal rate from the
running center processor unit
chipset.
Secondary, it sets up the physical
module of surrounding fluid field of flat
heat sink fin, for the purpose to
comprehend the heat transfer capacity that
transfer by fluid field. Found a rectangle
space that above the center processor unit
in a computer. Governing equations for
turbulent condition to describe by time
average value for the Continuity Equation,
Momentum Equation, and Energy Equation
as following [16 ]:
where is the velocity in the
coordinate direction, P and is the static
pressure and the viscous stress tensor,
is the energy transport due to conduction,
and are the additional source term
for momentum and energy respectively. E
and H are respectively the total energy and
enthalpy, defined as
where e and h are the internal energy and
static enthalpy respectively. To calculate
the convecting faces and convective
conductances from the thermal model to
the faces of the flow model using
where is the overlapping area between
the two elements and ,are the local
surface and fluid temperature respectively,
is the local adiabatic convective heat
transfer coefficient form surface element I
to near fluid element J . The local heat
transfer coefficient is derived from a
near-wall function using Reynolds analogy
which is a derivative of that of Kader [17].
The local heat transfer coefficient is
calculated by use of the local distribution
velocities, shear stresses and other
turbulence quantities in the near-wall
region.
3. Numerical procedureFirst, it uses thin shell factor of 3-node
tetrahedral as the base to set up meshing for
heat sink fin. The base was controlled by
the equivalent thermal rate from the
running center processor unit chipset. The
next, it uses substantiality element of 4-
node tetrahedral to produce the meshing for
heat sink, after that meshing the fluid field
of forced convection that generated by fan
and surrounding the heat sink. In the mean
time to combine both meshing and element
that is set up by heat sink and surrounding
air.
For the reason of accuracy in the
dimension of meshing, thus the element
chosen has been segment and compare
repeatedly. The space is open and within
the compass of length 150mm, width
150mm, and high 24mm to analyze the
forced convection fluid field that is
surrounding the heat sink after generated
by electric fan. To set up the meshing and
element for fan that is upon the heat sink by
using 3-node tetrahedral shape thin shell.
The geometry and the element for whole
module are shown in Figure 2.
Definition by setting up the
convergent condition in this temperature
field of heat sink fin and the velocity in this
forced convection field as following:
The convergent condition for thermal
field of rectangular flat heat sink
The convergent condition for surrounding
thermal field, fluid field velocity of
rectangular flat heat sink
4. Results and discussionTo determine whether the heat sink
module design being able to reach its'
optimum state can be done by judging the
level of thermal carried away by the forced
convection fluid field, after the thermal
conducted from center processor unit
chipsets.
First of all, in this investigation
according to the value of thermal field
distribution and maximum temperature of
flake fin in as consult data, and calculate
the thermal resistance value R ( /W). The
next, it analyzes fluid field condition of
forced convection, highest velocity, and
cold airflow in this open space. Not only
the cold air-flow blowing into the heat sink,
the electric fan also build up the optimum
state of heat sink module which was
designed to carry thermal away, in addition
the cold air-flow is brought by the forced
convection. Only if no more thermal gather
in the heat sink fin and bottom that the
thermal field distribution range of flake fin
of heat sink module will tend to lower the
temperature's phenomenon.
From upon analysis of heat dissipation
progress, the heat dissipation module and
shape design of surface area are counted on
the heat dissipation ability and the amounts
of heat sink flake fin; those are dealing
with close connection. In addition to those
factors, whether the airflow that produced
by the electric fan is affordable to carry the
thermal away from the heat dissipation-
taking place without a hitch. This
investigation is trying to find out heat
dissipation ability and analyze the
correlation between thermal field of heat
sink fin and velocity profile of velocity
field that influence by the forced
convection through amounts of flake fin
and the airflow velocity provided by
electric fan. We set up four composes of
variety heat sink modules as our research
objects; the amounts of fin, size of shape,
volume and surface area as listed on Table
1. The material is Aluminum Alloy (
AL6063), thermal conductivity coefficient
K is 192.13W/m , Environment Reference
temperature set up as 30 ,
atmosphere pressure is 101.35 kPa. Air is
the medium of heat dissipation fluid.
Normal airflow blow current across the
heat sink modules is arranged by six
varieties of speed from 5m/s to 30m/s. This
thermal power is set at 40 W when the heat
sink bottom contacted with central
processing unit chipsets; varieties of central
processing units and clock frequencies have
different thermal power.
4.1 Analysis of velocity field and thermal
field for the heat sink module.
First, analyze the variation of thermal
field and velocity field as blow airflow
across 9 flake fin of heat sink by 20 m/s
velocity of electric fan. As shown in Figure
3-A, velocity Profile as electric fan created
forced convection. It has shown less
airflow amount within the radius of fan-hub
and cold air that is drawing to the right and
left sides of the heat sink. From Figure 3-B,
obvious phenomenon is shown that air is
drawing to the right and left side of exterior
fin, because of the air pressure distance
between the interior and exterior heat sink,
which allowed the cold airflow to ambient
the temperature by draw to the two sides as
well as the fan blowing the air from the
middle to two sides on normal directions.
Furthermore, because of the airflow is
generated within from inner to outer radius
of fan, it caused two sides received more
airflow amount than the middle of heat sink
flake fin. As shown in Figure 4-A, B to
improve that two sides of heat sink flake
fin under the inner and outer radius
received more amount of airflow than the
middle of heat sink flake fin underneath to
the fan hub received comparatively less
amount of airflow. On the other hand, the
thermal variation of heat sink fin has
obviously correlation with airflow amount
that the more airflow the lower temperature
of fin contained. As shown in Figure 5-A,
Temperature of fins within the radius is
increased from inner to outer. Highest
thermal distributed at the location that heat
sink underneath the fan hub. For the
thermal field, the temperature increased
from the top to the bottom elucidates the
thermal conducted from the base of module
of heat sink to each fin. Figure 5-B
Thermal field elucidate the predication that
in the middle base of heat sink that just
under the inner radius received the least
airflow amount.
4.2 Airflow velocity effect
Heat dissipation phenomenon is under
the aegis airflow field of forced convection
react on the surface of each flake fin. Heat
dissipation effect is relied on the carrying
the ability of airflow field that generated by
convective thermal transmission between
two fins. In Figure 6, nine pieces of fin of
heat sink module tested by six airflow
velocities. Thermal area diminished on
account of increasing airflow velocity. The
thermal area is abating apparently declined
from 90.858 to 83.703 before reaching
to 20m/s airflow velocity, but only abated
from 47.279 to 40.542 after raising
airflow velocity to 30m/s. The temperature
decrease by degrees in the thermal field has
its utmost. As Table 2 listed, describe the
data in the Lowest Temperature , Highest
Temperature , Temperature Difference,
Average Temperature, and Thermal
Resistance R ( /W) etc. As shown in
Figure 7 Analysis for the variation on
highest thermal value of heat sink fin.
Predicting the phenomenon that thermal
would not abated to ultimate value, as to
generate the fan to six expectant velocities,
as the thermal value is not decrease by
degrees anymore. How to comprehend the
decrease by degrees of thermal value as
increasing the generation of airflow
velocity by taking highest temperature of
four modules at 5m/s airflow velocity? The
degree of abatement only got 6.3%, 5.2%,
4.6%, and 4.0% once developed the
velocity to reach 30m/s. Before the velocity
of 20m/s, the degree of abatement for this
four modules reached to the highest
temperature are 41.7%, 35.4%, 28.0%, and
25.8%. In addition to the degree of
convective thermal transmission has
reached to its' maximum value as the
airflow velocity reached to some level to
transport the thermal amount (capacity) by
airflow field. The thermal dissipation
ability will reach to the bond that only
generated by electric fan.
4.3 The effect of dealing with amount of
flake fin of heat sink
Upon the conclusions, to reach the
maximum level of convective thermal
transmission is the promotion of related
factors between airflow field and surface of
flake fin. By raising or abating the amounts
of flake fin is the utmost easy route to
increase or decrease the heat dissipative
area. As list in Table 1 in the meantime
raising the flake fin number to increase the
surface area, change the forced convection
as well. Figure 8 has shown four modules
running by 20m/s airflow velocity of
electric fan. The velocity field that under
the fan within the inner and outer radius
that increment is 38.17%, because the
velocity is advanced from the value
28.935m/s to 39.981m/s. Under the same
amount of airflow, velocity value promoted
only due to short the distance of gap
between fins after raised the flake fin
numbers. Furthermore, thermal dissipate
ability is improved because of increased
two sides on the right and left ambit cold
air is evaluated by the velocity value
followed by shorten the middle gap
distance of whole modules. As shown in
Figure 9, thermal field variation after raise
the amounts of flake fin, thermal field was
abated from high thermal field (52.973 ~
46.058 ) to low thermal field (38.868 ~
36.855 )
As raised the amounts of flake fin, as
well as the variety thermal value and
thermal resistance value R( /W) etc., the
value was decrease by degrees. How to
relate the heat dissipation field and
decrease by degrees of high temperature
after raise the flake fin numbers under the
basis of utmost thermal field (52.973 ) of
nine pieces of flake fin module blown by
airflow in 20m/s velocity? Raising four
flake fin numbers is as one unit and for
each unit is 2,142mm2. The total surface
area will increase by 8,568mm 2. The
highest thermal decrease by degrees is
14.44% 8.09% 6.70%. In fact, under the
consideration of minimum gape distance is
the reason of limitation of flake fin
numbers. The thermal value do not
declined anymore when increasing the
flake fin to its' ultimate number, because
the gape distances between two fins for the
four modules decreased in series by
5.125mm 2, 3.083mm 2, 2.063mm 2, and
1.450mm2. Airflow section area abated
caused by variety of the forced convection
airflow field.
5. ConclusionsComprehend the analysis of the
airflow velocity supplied by fan and
amounts of flake fin for the influence of
thermal dissipative phenomenon in the state
and analyze the results by the forced
convection distribution in the airflow field
as well as the thermal field module. The
results are as following:
1. The level of thermal transmission of the
surface area with the airflow field
reached to its maximum value as against
abating the variety of thermal value as
well as resistance value R ( /W) on
flake fin after increasing the wind
velocity of fan.
2. The thermal field will in stable at the low
temperature state as when increasing
thermal dissipation area by raise the
amounts of flake fin for each module.
Variety of thermal and resistance value
R( /W) decrease by degrees, and slow
down the level of decrease by raising
flake fin numbers.
3. To change the forced convective airflow
field through shorten gape distance by
increasing the amount of flake fin.
4. Majority thermal dissipation ability for
these modules are came from the cooling
airflow caused by the atmosphere
pressure distance to bring ambit air
through upon electric fans. If different
pressures of flow field attract outside of
cooling air, it can promote the capability
of heat removal module.
For the sake of uniform diffuses the amount
of heat and avoids the appearance of
centralizing heat on the base of heat sink
module, we will take the effect of copper
bottom in the base of module for the
effective of heat removal capability as
future work.
NOMENCLATURE
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The Linkage of Hi-Tech Industry between U.S.,Japan and Taiwan Stock Markets
Abstract
Recently, the information industry has replaced the financial industry becomes the
mainstream in Taiwan stock market. Most empirical researches that related to the influence
of U.S. and Japan stocks on Taiwan's electric stocks often use NASDAQ Index and Dow
Jones Index as research targets. Therefore, we can use the methodology of time series to
investigate the relationship linkage between the stock market of U.S. and the stock of Japan
and the stock of Taiwan. According to the empirical results analysis, we can find the
profitability of stock price return of every country only has single causality and does not
have feedback relationship. Each stock price return rushes impulse reaction response
analysis: No matter what the bull period and the bear period is, would finish to reaction in the
short times.
Keywords: Stock price index, Granger, Vector Autoregression model.
Ching-jun Hsu : Associate Professor, Department of Financial Management, Nan-Hua UniversityMing-Heng Wu : Postgraduate student, Department of Financial Management, Nan-Hua University
(NASDAQ)
IBM
(
1999)
(OEM)/ (ODM)
OEM
IC
1.
2.
(Intel) (Compaq) (Dell)...
NEC...
Markowitz(1952,1959)
(Portfolio theory)
Grubel(1968)
Lessard(1974)
( )
1987
Fisher and Palasvirta(1990)
23
Liu. et al.(1993)
(VAR)
(1993) (
VAR )
(1998) Granger
NASDAQ
NASDAQ
(1999)
- VAR GARCH
Grubel(1968)
Makridakis and Wheelwright(1974)
Solnick(1974)
Bang Nam Jeqn and Von
Furstenberg(1990)
1987 10
Maldonado and Saunders(1981)
Bailey and Stulz(1990)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1987 10
1987 10
......
(
) ( )
Granger and
Newbold(1974)
( 1 ) D i c k e y - F u l l e r ( D F ) ( 2 )
Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF)
(3)Phillips-Perron(PP)
Dickey and
Fuller(1981) ADF
P ( AR(P))
Y
Y (First difference)
(Drift) t
Yt =0 Yt
H0
0( ) H1
0( )
VAR
(Efficiency)
Aka ike (1973 ) AIC(Aka ike
Information Criterion)
Schwarz(1978) SBC(Schwarz
Bayesian Information Criterion)
AIC
Hsiao(1981)
(FPE)
VAR
Granger
(1981,1986) Engle and Granger(1987)
Engle and Granger(1987)
J o h a n s e n
(1988)
(Gaussian vector autoregressive model)
(Likelihood ratio)
Johansen(1988)
(Trace test)
(Maximum eigenvalue test)
Rank(π) r π=αβ'
r
(Brownian Motion)
Granger
Granger(1969)
(Predictablility)
(F-test)
H 0
X Y
H 1
Y X
Sim(1980)
(Vector Autoregress
model VAR)
VAR
VAR
Sims(1980) VAR
Yt n 1
i n n
n 1 n 1
n 1 Yt i
VAR
(persistence ) (volatility)
VAR
(innovation)
Eun and Shim(1989)
1999 2 5 2002 1 31
636
225
1997 7
1999 2 2000 2 17
5475 10202 87.6%
18 2002 1 31 5872
42.4%
1
ADF
2
AIC FPE
3
1
4 5
Granger
Granger(1969)
Granger
( )
(
)
Granger
6
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Granger
(VAR)
(VAR)
9
99
1
90
80
1
90
225
1999 2 5 2002 1 31
Granger
2 4
4
McDonald(1973)
Management 16 summer, pp57-61.
Bang N. J. & V. Furstenberg (1990),
Growing International Co-movement in
Stock Price Indexes , Quarterly Review
of Economic and Business 3, ppl5-29.
Dickey, D.A. and W.A. Fuller (1981),
Likelihood Ratio Statistics for
Autoregressive Time Series with Unit
Root , Econometrica 49, pp.1057-1072.
Engle, R. F. & C. W. J. Granger
(1987), Cointegration and Error Correction
: Representation, Estimation and Testing ,
Econometrica 55, pp.254-276.
Eun, C. and S. Shim. (1989),
International Transmission of Stock
Market Movements , Journal of Financial
and Quantitative Analysis 24, pp241-256.
Fisher, K. P. & A. P. Palasvirta.
(1990), High Road to a Global
Marketplace: The International
Transmission of Stock Market
Fluctuation , The Financial Review 25,
pp.371-394.
Grubel, H. G. (1968), International
Diversified Portfolio: Welfare Gains and
( 80)
27 10 11-19
( 88) "
"
( 88)
( 82 )
Akaike, H. (1973), Information
Theory and an Extension of the Maximum
Likelihood Principle , in B. P., and F. C.
eds., Second International Symposium on
Information Theory, Budapest : Akademiai
Kiado.
Bailey, W., and R. M. Stulz. (1990),
Benefits of International Diversification:
The Case of Pacific Basin Stock
Markets , Journal of Portfolio
Capital Flows , American Economic
Review 58, ppl299-1314.
Granger, C. W. J. (1969),
Investigating Causal Relations by
Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral ,
Econometria 37, pp.424-438.
Granger, C. W. J. (1981), Some
Properties of Time Series Data and Their
Use in Econometric Model Specification ,
Journal of Econometrics 16(1), pp.121-130.
Granger, C. W. J. (1988), Causality ,
Cointegration and Control ,Economic
Dynamics and Control 68, pp.13-228.
Granger, C. W. J. (1986),
Developments in the Study of Cointegrated
Economic Variables , Oxford Bulletin of
Economics and Statistics 48 , no.3, pp.213-
228.
Granger, C.W.J. and Newbold, P.
(1974), Superious Regressions in
Econometrics , Journal of Econometrics
2(2), pp.111-120.
Hsiao, C. (1981), Autoregressive
Modeling and Money-Income Causality
Detection , Journal of Monetary
Economics, Vol.7, pp.85-106.
Johansen, S. (1988), Statistical
Analysis of Cointegration Vectors ,
Journal of Economics and Dynamics and
Control 12, pp.231-254.
Johansen, S. (1991), Estimation and
Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration
Vectors in Gaussian Vector autoregressive
Models , Ecornetria 59, pp.1551-1580.
Johansen , S. (1994), The Role of
the Constant and Linear Terms in
Cointegration Analysis of Nonstationary
Variables , Econometric Review 13(2),
pp.205-229.
Lessard, Donald R. (1974), World,
national and industry factors in equity
returns , Journal of Finance 29, pp.379-
391.
Markowitz, H. M. (1952), Portfolio
Selection , Journal of Finance, pp.71-91.
Markowitz, H. M. (1959), Portfolio
Selection: Efficient Diversification of
Investments , New York: John Wiley &
Sons.
Makridakis, S.G., and S.C.
Wheelwright. (1974), An Analysis of the
Interrelationships among the Major World
Stock Exchanges , Journal of Business
Finance and Accounting 1, ppl95-215.
Maldonado, R and A. Saunders.
(1981), International Portfolio
Diversification and the Intertemporal
Stability of International Stock Market
Relationships , Financial Management,
pp54-63.
Schwert, G. W. (1987), Effect of
Model Specification on Tests for Unit
Roots in Macoreconomic Data , Journal
of Monetary Economics, pp.73-103.
Sims, Christopher A . (1980),
Macroeconomics and Reality ,
Econometria, Vol.48, pp.1-48.
Solnik B. (1974), The International
Pricing: A Empirical Investigation of the
World Capital Market Structure , Journal
of Finance, pp365-378.
A Problem-Solving Approach in Practical Topic Research The Design of A
[Chemical-Energy-Car]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to understand the creativity creative design and the
process and ability of problem-solving in the process of manufacturing a Chemical Energy
Car as a practical topic research. A problem-solving approach method was used in data
collection and analysis, and anecdote records observation records by teacher
experimental records oral report and result of the works of the authentic performance
evaluation was used to understand creativity creative design and problem-solving process
and ability of students. They designed a special chemical energy car by themselves with
cooperative learning, and they also solved problems of the car body transmission system
chemical energy and stopping in the setting distance with loading. Obviously, the practical
subject in the course of topic research can make students learn more with cooperative
learning, and help them to solve the practical problem which they will meet in the future.
Keywords: Chemical Energy Car problem-solving authentic performance evaluation
topic research.
Chen-Tung Huang : Associate Professor, Department of Chemcial Engineering, HIT
1
15 20 25
30m 100 200 300
400 500g
1.
2.
3.
2002
4.
5.
32*20*12cm
6. 500ml
5
7. 15000
8.
9.
e
2002
1.
2.
3.
1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5.
?
1997
1998
1993
1997
2000
Hsiao 1997
Parnes
1987
1993
2001
1
2 3
4 5
Graey 1992
1999
Reid &
Romanoff 1997
1999
2001
( )
authentic performance
assessment
2000
2000
2000
1
2
3
4
1996
1996
1998
1998 1997
2001
Garcia & Pearson 1994
2000
-
Calfee & Hiebert, 1991
1998
Maurer, 1996
(informal)
Muir & Wells,
1983
1994
900
2 3
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1012
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1989
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1989
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MgSO4 CuSO4
1.0M MgSO4 40.0 ml
CuSO4 5.0ml
Mg HCl
Skemp
HSiao 1997
3. Mg HCl
Mg
HCl
2.
1991
1.
Chem-E-Car(
)
2.
3.
1.
2.
Chem-E-Car
1. 1987
2. 1993
3. 1989
4. 1998
45 39-44
5. 1993 /
5 37-40
6. 2000
40
2 30-35
7. 2000
89
40 2 30-
35
8. R. R. Skemp.
1991
9. 2001
244 22-27
10. 1996
13 44-48
11. 1994
12. 1997
48 90-94
13. 2000
231
49-57
14. 1997
15. 2001
410 28-31
16. 1999
--
3 1-12
17. 1996
9 44-48
18. 1998
25 46-52
19. 1998
149 3082-3087
20. 2001
604
2-14
21. 1999
379 10-15
22. e
2002
23. 1997
24. 2000
8
395-410
25. Calfee, R., & Hiebert, E. (1991).
Classroom assessment of reading. In R.
Barr, M. L. Kami, P. Mosenthal, & P. D.
Pearson (Eds.), The handbook of
reading research (Vol. 2, pp.281-309).
New York: Longman.
26. Garcia, G. E. & Pearson, P. D. (1994).
Assessment and diversity in L. Darling-
Hammond (Ed). Review of Research in
Education, 20, pp.337-391.
27. Graey, R. W. (1992). Problem Solving
with Workstations. Program
Description, Teacher Materials, and
Student Information. Teacher Developed
Technology Education for the Nineties
(TD-TEN). New Jersey State Dept. of
Education.
28. Hsiao, H. C. (1997). The improvement
of creativity and productivity of
technical workers through partnership
between university and industry. Taipei,
Taiwan: The International Conference
on Creativity Development in Technical
education and Training.
29. Maurer, R. E. (1996). Designing
alternative assessments for
interdisciplinary curriculum in middle
and secondary schools. MA: Ally &
Bacon.
30. Muir, S. & Wells, C. (May/June 1983).
Informal evaluation. The Social Studies,
95-97.
31. Reid, C & Romanoff, B. (1997). Using
multiple intelligence theory to identify
gifted children. Educational Leadership,
55(1), pp.71-74.
.
pade`
A Novel Approach to Study Wave Characteristics ofMultimode Interference Couple: Polarized TE Modes
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new method to study wave propagation in Longitudinally
invariant waveguides with arbitrary index profile. In our method, we keep, in the wave
equation, the second order derivative of transverse wave field with respect to the propagation
direction, which is usually neglected in paraxial approximation utilized in many cases. An
explicit expression for the wave field at any longitudinal position along an optical waveguide
is derived, thus excluding the use of beam propagation algorithm for computation. This study
has demonstrated that our approach yields the same results as those by using a commercial
software in which a beam propagation method with Pade' approximation is used.
Keywords: Fourier cosine series, matrix method, index profile, optical waveguides.
Chin-Sung Hsiao : Instructor, Department of Electrical Engineering, HIT
I.Introduction Beam- propagation methods (BPM)
have been frequently used to compute the
wave field along an optical waveguide.
With these methods, the field distribution at
any longitudinal position of a waveguide
can be found by either finite- difference [1-
4] or finite-element [5-8] discretization in
the transverse domain. These conventional
methods, especially the finite-difference
BPM algorithm, are nowadays highly
referenced and used in commercial
softwares [e.g. BPM-CAD and
BeamPROP].
In dealing with the wave propagation
with the paraxial approximation valid in
use, the second order derivative with
respect to propagation distance in the wave
equation is simply neglected. This then
results in a set of first-order linear
differential equations, which can be easily
solved. If the paraxial approximation is
invalid, as is true in many cases, the
aforementioned second order derivative
should remain in order to obtain exact and
accurate solutions in solving the
corresponding wave propagation problems.
A recurrence formula for the BPM
scheme has been widely employed to
consider the effect of the aforementioned
second-second derivative in the so-called
wide-angle approximation [9,10] . The
Pade' approximant is commonly used as
one kind of such approximation. The
numerical results obtained by using the
Pade' approximation in a BPM method are
more accurate and closer to exact ones
when a higher-order Pade' approximant
operator is used [11, 12].
II. The Proposed methodWe assume that the transverse domain
of the wave field is one-dimensional. That
is, we deal with the following wave
equation in our problem
The resultant wave equation in the
example of slab waveguides with
longitudinally invariant structures
corresponds to the following matrix
equation:
Here we have expressed the electric field as
where N is a large enough number, T the
window (or the period) for Fourier cosine
series, and the propagation constant. In
deriving Eq. (2), we have assumed the
wave propagates in the z direction and x is
the one-dimensional transverse coordinate.
The matrix B in Eq. (2) is a constant full
matrix, and E is defined as
( ), where t represents
transpose. In the conventional BPM (
beam propagation method ) method for
solving Eq.(1) with Pade' approximation
used, a recurrence formula is employed to
obtain approximate results. Basically Eq.
(2) can be solved with similar
approximation used.
However, such Pade' approximation in
dealing with matrix arithmetic could result
in quite complicated computing algorithm
and yield computational inefficiency. Here
we propose a novel method to solve the
second -order matrix equation ( i.e., Eq.
(2)). Since the matrix B in Eq. (2) is not
diagonal, it is difficult to solve it directly.
In this new method, Eq. (2) is first
transformed into a matrix equation such as
Here the vector F is defined as E=Y F,
where Y is a matrix containing all the
eigenvectors of B; is the diagonal matrix
with its diagonal elements being the
eigenvalues of B (see Eq. (5) below).
Once it is solved, the vector E can be
obtained. Eq. (3) can now be readily solved
because is diagonal. To show how to solve
it, we first note that the matrix equation in
(3) corresponds to a set of second-order
ordinary differential equations:
where (i=0,1,2,....N) are
( )
elements of F and Λ ,respectively. That is,
F and Λ are defined here as
and
The solution of Eq.(4) is simply exp
exp
depend on the initial conditions. This
solution is explicit in expression and
henceforth the vector E can be explicitly
obtained as
where and are constants and
are the eigenvector of B.
As we can see above, the conventional
beam propagation method would not be
used to solve the wave propagation
problem. In the method proposed here,
simply a set of ordinary differential
equations are to be solved. The whole
method is quite efficient in computation.
We have used the method to solve an
MMIC (multimode interference coupler)
problem as shown in Fig.1, where the input
waveguide is single-mode with the core
index 1.8 and the cladding index 1.446; and
the multimode waveguide has the same
refractive indices for the core and the
cladding as the input waveguide. In the
study here, we have assumed a TE wave is
launched at the input end of the multimode
waveguide. The electric field distribution at
the output end of the multimode waveguide
calculated by use of the proposed method
with N=500 is shown in Fig.2 (a). To
compare our method with others, we have
also used a commercial software. Fig.2 (b)
shows the corresponding electric field
distribution obtained by BeamPROP with
the approximation of Pade' order (4,4) (the
output end of the multimode waveguide is
at z=60un). It can be seen from Figs.2 (a)
and (b) that the discrepancy between both
results (i.e., in Figs. (a) and (b)) is quite
negligible. Fig. 2(c) shows the
corresponding result as Pade' (1,0)
approximation is used by the commercial
software. This is equivalent to the result
obtained with paraxial approximation used,
i.e., the result obtained with the term
in Eq. (2) neglected.
III. Numerical results
Fig.1 MMIC slab waveguide under study
Fig.2(a)
.
Fig. 2(b)
Fig. 2(c)
Fig,2 Electric field distributions of the
MMIC shown in Fig. 2. (a) and (b) are the
results obtained by use of the proposed
method and BeamPROP, respectively. (c) is
the result obtained with paraxial
approximation used. The result of 2(a) is in
good agreement with that of 2(b) at
z=60um.
V. References:[1]Chung, Y. and Dagli, N. "An
assessment of finite difference beam
propagation method." IEEE J. of
Quantum Elrctron, QE-26, pp.1335-
1339, 1990.
[2] H. J. W. M. Hoekstra, G. J. M. Krijnen,
and P.V. Lambeck, "Efficient interface
conditions for the finite difference beam
propagation method ", IEEE J.
IV. ConclusionIn conclusion, we have proposed a
new method for investigating the wave
propagation in an optical waveguide with a
longitudinally invariant structure. An
explicit expression for the field at any
longitudinal position along the waveguide
can be obtained in this method, thus
excluding the use of beam propagation
algorithm for computation. The
computational results are quite correct as
they compared with a conventional BPM
method. We strongly believe that the
proposed method is quite efficient in
computation.
Lightwave Technol., vol. 10, pp. 1352-
1355, 1992.
[3] Y. Chung, and N. Dagli. "Modeling of
guide-wave optical components with
efficient finite-difference beam
propagation method.", in Tech. Dig.
IEEE AP-S Int. Symp,, 1992,, vol. 1,
pp.248-251.
[4] J. Yaamaaucchi, J. Shibayama, and H.
Nakano, "Modified finite-difference
beam propagation method based on the
generalized Douglas scheme for
variable coefficients", Photon. Technol.
Lett., vol. 7, pp.661-664, 1995.
[5] O. C. Zienkiewitz, The Finite Element
Method, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1973
[6] Rahman, B. M. A. and Davis, J. B.
"Finite-element solution of integrated
optical waveguides." IEEE J. Lightwave
Technol., vol. 2, pp.682-688, 1984.
[7] Hayata, K., Koshiba, M., Egushi, M.
and Suzuki, M. "Novel finite-element
formulation without any spurious for
dielectric waveguides" Electro. Lett.,
vol. 22, pp.295-296, 1986
[8] M. Koshiba, H. Saitoh, M. Eguchi, and
K. Hirayama, "Simple scalar finite
element approach to optical
waveguides," IEE Proc. J., vol. 139, pp.
166-171, 1992.
[9] Y. Chung and N. Dagli, "A wide angle
propagation technique using an explicit
finite difference scheme," IEEE Photon.
Technol. Lett., vol. 6, pp. 540-542, 1994.
[10] G. R. Hadley, "Wide-angle beam
propagation using Pade' approximant
operators," Opt. Lett., vol. 17, pp. 1426-
1428, 1992.
[11] G. R. Hadley, "A multistep method for
wide- angle beam propagation," Opt.
Lett., vol. 17, pp. 1743-1745, 1992.
[12] I. Ilic, R. Scarmozzino, and R. M.
Osgood, Jr., "Investigation of the Pade'
approximant-based wide-angle beam
propagation method for accurate
modeling of waveguiding circuit" J.
Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, pp. 2813-
2822,1996.
( ) ( )
The Marketing Strategic and OrganizationalDesign for Taiwanese Businessman in
Uncertainty
Abstract
It is a time period of "Large fish eating small fish", and "fast fish eating slow fish".Usually programming could not varies as fast as changing, thus swifting is not as imporant aselasticity only large scheme can lead to good result.
To face the future, what should an enterprise to do to meet challenging, and further tograsp the opportunity, so why don't we to start from innovational strategic planning andorganizational structure design,and in further obtainning competing advantage.
Innovation will not only influence the strategic planning in an enterprise, but in achanging society like present time, if we want to creat new marketing space, we must enlargeour view, over passing traditional thinking model, then we could creat innovational value.
Time is changing , it is full of challenging , many people feel these are risks everywhere. There is uncertainty in future, also unsafety. No matter which time, there is chance.A man with long range view and acting power, could create chance any way.
The population in developing countries and four major Asian small tigers, after themarket is maturing, there is still a large portion of labor force is looking for a job, not onlytheir income is limited, their competency leads the decreasing of value of their products.
China is the more important developing country, Taiwan not only close to the mainlandgeographically, but also similar in language, custom and other things. Cooperation ofTaiwan and the Chinese mainland economically, is a major portion of globally economiccooperation, therefore Taiwan business man should expand to the west reasonablly andprogram globally.
Reasonable economic strategies which is objectically utilize Taiwan asset to overcomedifficulties strategically, and to achieve a reasonable objective.
Keywords: Uncertainty, Marketing Strategic Design, Organizational Design, Innovation
Shih Rong-Ann : Instructor, Department of Chemical Engineering, HIT
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International Monetary Fund
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Wal-Mart Metro
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Panasonic
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network organization
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Volume4 No.1 2003
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2.
1998
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2003
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5 .
DRUCKER'S CLASSICS
2003 6
6 .
DRUCKER'S CLASSICS
2003 6
7.The Art and Discipline of Strategic
L e a d e r s h i p
Mike Freedman with
Benjamin B. Tregoe
2003 7
8.Andrews, K. R. The Concept of
Corporate Strategy. Illinois: Burr
Ridge: Dow Jones-Irwin, 1971.
9.Monks, R. A. G., and N. Minow
, Corporate Governance,
Cambridge, MA: Black-Well, 1995.
10.Campbell, A., M. Devine, and D.
Young. A Sense of Mission.
London: The Economist Books
Limited, 1990.
Core Value, Leadership.
Predicting Core Values-East Meets West in aDoctoral Class
Abstract
As Asian from Taiwan, we have had several opportunities to observe that American
students seem to have somewhat different priorities than we have regarding the most
important values that contribute to characteristics of leadership. Asian culture is strongly
committed to respect for experience and age, while American's seem to value equity and
problem solving over experience. This paper explores briefly, however, how a small group
(doctoral students in a course) compared and contrasted in their basic values.
In a small classroom study, a group of doctoral students from two different cultures
identified their preferred values. To compare the five top values selected by both groups, we
find that both groups preferred three values: namely, be honest, be tolerant, and become
educated. This study allow us to rethink about how the developing global society may or
may not be building a common set of values between homogeneous groups in different
cultures.
Keywords: Core Value, Leadership
Chao-Ming Lin : Lecturer, General Education Center, Hsiuping Institute of TechnologyHsun-Cheng Lin : Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hsiuping Institute of TechnologyJui-Chang Cheng : Associate Professor, Department of Finance, National Taichung Institute of
Introduction
These students in higher education administration were interested in values associated
with leadership in order to build mutual appreciation and understanding between the East and
West. The group was surprised, however, after taking a simple value inventory, that neither
group could predict the other's most preferred value statements. This paper suggests that
other groups may find it very interesting to discuss the use of similar values inventories to
build across cultural understanding.
As leaders in Asia and the Western world continue to engage in common problem
solving and project development, the need for both societies (let alone among leaders within
these cultures) to understand "value roots" will increase. The continuing increase in
information technologies and globalism may provide an exciting opportunity for leaders to
compare, contrast, and synthesize behaviors and values for mutual benefits.
Core Values of Leaders
Lord and Brown (2001) presented a model which suggests that values and subordinate
identity levels act as constraints on one another and that powerful leadership effects will be
realized only when values and self identities form coherent, interrelated patterns. In their
prior work they showed that leaders can impact many subordinate processes by influencing
the self-concept of others (Lord & Freiberg, 1999). Organizational behavioral patterns and
expectations are often re-evaluated by employees when a new top leader is selected. How
does the new leader seem to see the future?
How does the leader engage others in discussion? Is the interaction open, formal,
casual, planned, frequent, or infrequent? A leader's view of the world may reflect core
values about the nature of organizations, societies, and the purposes of people or life in
general. The core values of leaders who come from monocultural contexts may not be in the
conscious of these leaders. However, as globalism brings leaders into close dialogue with
people from alternative cultural roots, these core values will likely become important in
building common understanding and progress.
The Characteristics of Leaders in the West and East:
The Western vision of ideal organizations and leadership stems from the historical
struggle for individual rights and freedom from authoritarian domination (Macoby, 1994).
Western leaders may have more awareness of the need for individual initiative that older
Eastern cultures that have placed values on experience and wisdom from time-tested
societies.
In the ideal Asian organization, leadership is part of a natural hierarchy. The good
leader is like a good father who accepts responsibility for the development and well-being of
employees (Macoby, 1994). Chinese culture is highly relational and its first virtue is "human
heartedness" or concern for humanity (Liu, 1986a, 1986b). Imbued also with a strong sense
of duty and hierarchy, Chinese people are expected to see themselves in the context of others
and understand the need for reciprocity and obligations (Tjosvold etc. 2001).
Because the culture different in managing an organization, in Chinese culture, a leader
should to make the organization more harmony. In addition, the managing style and core
values of leader between west and east are different.
Significance of Comparative East-West Values Study
Cross-cultural understanding is critical, particularly in the complex global society
frustrated by terrorism. Although hard to define and difficult to put a finger on, culture is
extremely powerful (Peterson & Deal, 1998). Primary cultural mores affect leadership style
and expectations for professional performance. The US and Asia continue to build common
understanding and leadership processes, a necessary ingredient for world peace and
productivity.
An assessment and analysis of norms, mores, and cultural values most strongly valued
by leaders in each of the cultures of the West and the East may lead to opportunities for
discussion and mutual understanding of leadership approaches. This is particularly important
for educators seeking to build cultural understanding with students from both cultures in the
same learning groups.
What do Americans most value in leadership? What do Asian leaders most value and
respect in leaders? How do these values and mores compare and contrast? Which values
should be included in studies of leadership?
A Small Classroom Study of How East and West Saw Their Values
This article focuses on an informal action research study of a group of doctoral students
from two cultures and their preferred administrative values. A group of 10 American
doctoral students and 10 Taiwanese doctoral students in a course in the politics of education
at the University of South Dakota in the spring of 2000 participated in an activity to rank
each other's values.
The intention of the activity was to ask each group to rank a list of commonly-held
philosophical and administrative values in a list of 25. Secondly, each group was asked to
speculate about how the other cultural group would likely rank the list of values. The class
activity was to determine the extent to which each group could predict the preferred values of
the other group. Each of the groups had taken at least three doctoral classes with each other
and were familiar with each other.
Because the University of South Dakota is a relatively smaller research institution, the
doctoral classes are usually under 30 students, allowing students and faculty to become well
acquainted. Could the Midwestern Americans predict the Taiwanese student most and least
preferred values? Or, could the Taiwanese students studying in the US predict the American
groups' most and least favored values?
Results of the Simple Class Survey
Using a traditional American values inventory from Jones and Pfeiffer (1991), the two
groups of students were asked from a list of 25 statements to select their top and bottom five
most and least preferred values. Then the Americans were asked to predict what the
Taiwanese would select and vice versa. The unusual finding from this class experiment was
that neither group was able to predict each others most or least preferred values. How can
this be? These people knew each other and had taken classes together.
Americans predicted that Taiwanese student would list the following as most preferred
values:
Taiwan Predictions for Americans
Most Preferred:
Both groups of students rated each of 25 statements on a Likert-type scale to indicate
how much each item was valued (1-5 from not at all to strong preference). While both
groups' ratings of the items listed above were above the midpoint, neither group ranked any
of the items in their top five preferences. The following top five preferences were listed by
each of the groups:
It is interesting to note that among these five top values three were shared by both
groups, namely, be honest, be tolerant, and become educated. What was somewhat
surprising to the class, however, was that each group did not predict the other's top five
values. The class assumed that some national or ethnic stereotyping was yet at work when
considering primary values.
The values worksheet by Jones and Pfeiffer included 25 items. It was noteworthy for
the bicultural class of Taiwanese and American students that several items were least
preferred by either of their groups. These excluded items included the following:
The Traditional American Values Worksheet generated significant discussion about how
the developing global society may or may not be building a common set of values between
the US and Taiwan. This class experience made such a strong impact on the writer that the
topic of developing consensus of professionals in the global community about basic values
has been selected as a doctoral dissertation topic. The Traditional American Values
Worksheet may be very useful for other groups, classes, or organizations interested in
building cultural dialogue and understanding.
Many researchers have explored the values and beliefs that individuals and groups seem
to hold. Core values appear to change very slowly, even in the developing global
community. In 1998 the Kenan-Flagler Business School at Kishwaukee College in Malta,
Illinois, surveyed 170 institution employees, 380 new students, and 295 student parents in
1998 (http://kish.cc.il.us/committess/ corevalues/survey.shtml)
Common values held by these Americans included the following: Preferred Values of
Faculty, New Students, and Parents in the Kishwaukee College Survey:
Honesty and tolerance (respectfulness) are two strong values shared by the American
and Taiwanese group with the Kishwaukee group. This type of value surveying has strong
potential to generate dialogue and healthy communication, particularly among cultural
groups that look forward to building stronger relationships.
Discussion of Values Development Process
To improve the performance of organizations is a primary goal for a leader of most any
organization. How a university, government, or company keeps and motivates its employees
and clients becomes the most important task of a leader. A great leader should give
followers clear goals that require time for synthesizing vision and behavior. The core values
of leader will influence the performance of an organization. The job of a leader in the
workplace is to get things done through employees. In order to do this, the manager should
be able to motivate employees to maximize their work performance.
Owen (1990) wrote, "To manage is to control; to lead is to liberate." However, in the
global and information world, leaders and their followers can communicate through the
Internet, E-mail, Voice conference and Satellite. Leaders may have the capability today and
into the future to manage their subordinators through virtual reality.
Most definitions of leadership share the common assumption that leaders influence
subordinate's task and social behaviors (Yukl, 1992). Therefore, leaders need clear core
values to communicate to employees. A leader may need to find time for reflection on the
truly basic values that may influence day-to-day behaviors. Organizational behavior,
leadership behavior, and personal behavior may all find their roots in values of cultures.
But, what are the basic values of the East and West that may be at work in influencing
organizational behavior? How clear are contemporary leaders about how their behaviors and
cultural values may compare and contrast to those of other leaders in the highly interactive
global society? This paper begins a dialogue on these questions and the paper's purpose is to
encourage others to use comparative values inventories to stimulate discussion, mutual
understanding, and focus on shared values.
Clemmer (2000) advised leaders to ask themselves whether they had "true internal bone
deep" beliefs or an external "should" value system. Szabo, Reber; Weibler; Brodbeck. and
Wunderer compared findings on values and behavior in leadership studies across three
German-speaking countries: Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Their results showed both
similarities and inconsistencies, and suggested that the complexity of situational and
contextual factors influencing leadership made cultural value identification difficult.
Complexity and Subtlety in Core Values
The purpose of this paper was to report a useful educational activity to identify,
compare and analyze the differences between western and eastern core values of two
respective homogeneous groups of doctoral students. The results of discussion showed that
each homogeneous group could not predict the core values of each other even though those
students there are over three classes study together. Stereotypes of cultures were not able to
predict basic core values.
It appears that even in advanced education settings at the doctoral level, groups assume
that the core values of people may be obvious. However, the obviousness may not be so
easily found. Core values may or may not be part of general conversation, class discussion,
or social interactions. Core values established in childhood and influenced by many complex
variables of life experiences and education may not even be evident to individuals
themselves.
Core values may govern behaviors in subtle ways, not necessarily in the conscious of
people. Some people who uphold a particular value simply may treat their friends or
subordinates in a manner that might be assumed to relate to a core value. A Chinese
expression suggests that "it's too narrow to see the world from a hole." People across the
world's cultures will likely need to have considerable dialogue to avoid making small "hole"
assumptions about such important issues as core values. Cultures are complex, not narrow,
and international peace, global cultural development, and rich rewards from across culture
communications require a broad and synthetic view of why people behave from bases of core
values.
However, American and Taiwanese groups at the University of South Dakota did find
many shared topics of values and much opportunity for exploring similarities, as well as
differences. But, the surprising aspect of discussion was how imprecise each group appeared
to be about guessing the top preferred values of each other. It may be interesting in the
future to ask students to consider if the 9-11 New York tragedy may have influenced their
values or how other cultures in the world may assume any changes. The writers of this
article recommend that students at most any level might enjoy the challenge of discussing
how values that may be below the surface of consciousness may be a part of cultural
differences and similarities.
Summary
This article briefly introduced an experience in core values discussion. Literature on
the development of preferred core values suggested that values that influence behavior,
attitudes, politics, and stereotypes may be a fruitful topic for discussion, particularly among
students and teachers interested in cultivating the positive values for the emerging global
society. The clarity of the core values of tomorrow's global leaders will likely influence the
capabilities of these important people to catch the enthusiasm of people from many cultural
backgrounds. The Traditional American Values Worksheet of Jones and Pfeiffer generated
significant discussion at the University of South Dakota about how the developing global
society may or may not be building a common set of values between two homogeneous
groups of US and Taiwanese students. Among the five top values doctoral students in one
class in the politics of education perceived that each would prefer included namely, be
honest, be tolerant, and become educated.
References
Clemmer, Jim (2000). Knowing Thyself. CMA Management, 74(5), p.15.
Jones, J. E., Pfeiffer, J. W., (1973). Traditional American values worksheet. The 1973
Annual Handbook for Group Facilitators, San Diego, CA: University Associates.
Liu, S. H. (1986a). The contemporary significance of Chinese philosophy. Journal of
Chinese Philosophy, 13, pp.203-10.
Liu, S. H. (1986b). A philosophic analysis of the Confucian approach to ethics.
Philosophy East &West, 22, pp.417-25.
Lord, R. G., & Brown, D. J. (2001). Leadership, values, and subordinate self-concepts.
The Leadership Quarterly, 12, pp.133-52.
Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., & Freiberg, S. J. (1999). Understanding the dynamics of
leadership: the role of follower self-concepts in the leader/follower relationship.
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98.
The brief discussion on Epic of Shui HuZhuan (Outlaws of the Marsh)
Abstract
In the first epic of Shui Hu Zhuan (Outlaws of the Marsh), the 108 heroes are the groups
of patriotic who are subdued by the government finally after their first insurgence against
corrupt in Mount Liang. After their subdue, they quell a lot of uneasiness within and out of
border. However, these some heroes can't get the equal reward as they deserve, even some
are succumbed to wicked tricks. The rest are depressed and sorrowful to have pitiful life
after. The cunning people , such as sai-jian and kao-chou...etc did not get their deserved
punishment. On the contrary, they are still controlling the whole government, deceiving
emperor, imposing ugly things on patriotic and good-deed people. In order to overturn the
decayed force and make righteousness foremost, then they ferment the second insurgence.
The novel depicting the second insurgence is the sequel(second epic) of Outlaws of the
Marsh with two different edition because of different authors.
The second epic of Shi Hu Zhuan(Outlaws of the Marsh)depicts that patriotic hero
such as Song-jian and Ru-jiun-yi are plotted to death by this unrighteous people and
reincarnate as Yan-yao and Wang -mo etc. They ferment their insurgence in Dong-Ting Lake
and fought brave against heartless or pompous governor and the wicked. Therefore, the
second epic is relative close to the first epic in though and content...etc. No doubt, this is the
sequel of Outlaws of the Marsh(Shui-Hu Zhuan).
Keywords: the Host of Green-Lotus Room, The honorable guest of Rainbow Bridge, The
epic of Shui hu Zhuan .Wang- mo, Yan- yo.
Zhoau shi-me : Instructor, General Education Center, HIT
1
:
2
1 1987 52 < > 1983 139
3
;
;
3 < > 1983 7
< >
4
.
4 < > 1983
1 1985 4
1
1991 4
2
1993 4
1 1973
2 1981 7
3 1981 8
4 6 1983 7
5 1984 11
6 1985 6
7 1985 8
8 1985 12
9 1985 7
10 1986 7
11 1987 5
12 1987 8
13 1987 8
14
1988
(AD1126)
An exploratory study of the Chuen-Chiou spiritstandard and a courtier's loyalty moral in the
anarchy times-The discussion is mainly according to the responses
of the monarch and the courtiers of the Da-Churegime
AbstractIt is a common sense that the loyalty moral to a monarch is traditionally a kind of
universal and absolute value°F however, in the times of anarchy, it is very difficult andhesitated for a courtier to make the decision. Obviously, the theory of the loyalty moral to amonarch has its limitation. The purpose of this research is to illustrate the values and thelimitation of the loyalty moral to a monarch with some history instances.
This research investigates the loyalty moral violation of Jang-bang Chang, evaluated ashe deserved it by the Chuen-Chiou spirit standard described in the historical records, and tryto understand the viewpoints and characteristics of the Sung-Jin anarchy times. Moreover,the author tries to explore the possibility of loyalty thought in the times of anarchy throughthree dimensions. First, there shall be an object person for others to be loyal to°F however,how should a subject courtier conduct himself to come up against the national doom?Second, when there is a connection between personal moral integrity and the survival of thepopulace, what should a subject courtier consider first? Third, is there leave any space for anew government to found an autonomy regime while the preceding monarch has passed butthe coming one has not yet ascended the throne?
Investigating the establishment process of Bang-jang Chang's Da-Chu regime, theresearch tries to figure out and understand the dilemma and the tragic fate of those courtiersin the times of anarchy. Examining the loyalty thought of the Chuen-Chiou spirit standard,the research also finds that though some people considered " faithful loyalty surpasses one'sfree will ", but still more others were hesitate and indecisive in the times of anarchy. Theopinion of this research is that the loyalty thought of the Chuen-Chiou spirit standard is afixed and absolute model, but the problems occur randomly and develop relatively, and as aresult, there are some difficulties to come up against the highly changeable situation with achangeless theorem.Keywords: the Chuen-Chiou spirit standard the loyalty moral to a monarch
Song Gao-zong Gang Lee Bang-jang Chang
NIEN CHEN-HO : Iecturer, General Education Center, Kaohsing Hospitality College
1
2
3
4
1. ( 1969 6 )136-149
33 7 1936 4 213-218 ( 121990 ) 10-25
2. ( 1991 ) 122 1891-18923. 4. ( 1985 ) 5 161
5. 19 1984 3 1-7
5
6
7
8
9
10
5. 19 1984 3 1-76. 3 217. 5 1618. 1955 1815 8 979. 1955 1815 6 5710. 1983 3 34
11
12
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11. 1984 88-9
12. 3 5713. 4 3
14
15
16
17
18
19
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21
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14. 5 14515. 18-1916. 1968 466 553917. 758 901518. ( 1971 ) 21 278
284 285 1 10 1976 438
19. ( 1985 ) 54 61120. 25 27321. 32 352-353
( )22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
22. 4023. 1986 220
705024. 1955 1815 10 18725. ( 1986 ) 67 219126. 1985 3 18927. 291 9511-951228. 40-4229. 22 1992 334-335
6 1 1997 ) 498-500
AD1126-1127
( )
AD1126
30
31
30. 1983 352 111931. ( 1992 ) 4 36
32
34
35
36
37
38
( )
39
32. ( 1977 ) 71 133. 71 434. 835. ( 1976 ) 166 16936. 75 3-437. 86 9-1038. 83 239. 70 5
40
41
42
43 44
45
46
47
40. 78 9-1141. 79 542. 79 5-843. 91 7 844. 89 10 1145. 9146. 104 147. 27 8
48
49
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51
52
53
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56
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47513790-13791 ( 1966 ) 6973 904 23 27
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92
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97
98
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101
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135. 107 12
The New Strategy of Taiwan's Foreign Policyin the Post-U.S.-Iraq War Era
Abstract
Owing to the strengthening relationship between Sino-Russian relationship and theirpeaceful solutions of the border controversies, a new strategic triangle has come into being again.Moreover, in the wake of the end of Cold War, the international system has transformed itself intoa new one in which the Sino-Russian bloc and the Euro-American bloc compete each other. Aspart of international system, the cross-Strait relations will inevitably get involved in thetransformation of international system in the future.
When the political power has become the most important factor in the transformation ofinternational system, the economic strength and strategic advantage of Taiwan will becomeindispensable in the competition between Sino-Russia and Euro-America. In relation with thesesituations, the cross-Strait relations will back to a tight circumstance as cold war period. After thestrengthening of Sino-Russian relations, the course of action in Taiwan's foreign policy will playan important part in the keen competition between the two blocs. Among others, the interactionsbetween Taiwan and Russia will have strategic implications for the competition in the post-U.S.-Iraq War era.
Strategically speaking, there have existed multi-layered ambiguous relations betweenRussia, America, and China. But for Taiwan, they imply that there is quite a large room forstrategic consideration. Economically, the geopolitics, huge natural resources, economicstructures, and talents have made it possible for Taiwan and Russia to develop a mutuallycomplementary relationship. Given strategic and economic considerations, it will be prudent forTaiwan to form an interdependent economic relationship with Russia from their existingrelationship.
In the post-U.S.-Iraq War era, the international system has transformed itself into a multi-layered system. If Taiwan's decision makers continue to pursue its foreign policy in the traditionalway, its strategic values and economic strength will decrease to zero under the uncertainty ofglobalization. Therefore, a multi-layered way of thinking will inevitably become one of themainstreams in Taiwan's strategic thought if a diplomatic breakthrough is to be made.
Keywords: interdependence, integration, geopolitics, strategic triangle
Ta-Chun Chen : Instructor core course, National Taichung Institute of Technology.
drive
displacement
horizontal displacement
policy framework sensitivity vulnerability
hierarchical displacement
1
geo-strategic realm
geo-political region gateway region
shatterbelt 1
1. Saul B. Cohen, Global Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era,Annals the Association of American Geographers vol. 81, no. 4(1991), 562.
2
Saul B. Cohen
2. Cohen hinges
Saul B. Cohen, Global Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era,Annals the Association of American Geographers vol. 81, no. 4(1991), 570-573.
Integration theory
Interdepence theory low politics
3
noncoerciveness 4
3.
B. M. Russett responsiveness
34-384. 5
5
Fede ra l i sm In te rgovernmenta l i sm
Supranationalism 6
Functionalism
Neo-functionalism Communication theory
Dialectical Functionalism Historical
Institutionalism Political Economic Approach
5.
6. 39 853-70
Dorette
Corbey
2
1.
2. A 1
2 -> 3
3. B 2 3 ->
1
4. C 3
1 -> 2
39
8 53-70
costs 7
policy
framework8
Nye Keohane
mutual dependence
reciprocal effect 9
asymmetrical interdependence
10 sensitivity 11 vulnerability
Complex Interdependence12 Multiple Channels 13
7. Robert O. Keohane, and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence World Politics in Transition. Toron:Little, Brown, 1977, 8-11.
8. Robert O. Keohane, and Joseph S. Nye, Power and
Interdependence World Politics in Transition.Toron: Little, Brown, 1977, 11. 9. Keohane and Nye, op. cit., 8-9. 10. 11. 12. Keohane and Nye, op. cit., 23-29. 13.
Absence of Hierarchy among Issues 14
Minor Role of Military Force 15
variety
linkage strategies
agenda setting transnational and
transgovernmental relations role of international organizations16
14.
15.
16. Keohane and Nye, op. cit., 30 - 37.
cooperation interdependence
17
Martin I. Glassner
17. Saul B. Cohen, Global Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era, Annals the Association ofAmerican Geographers vol. 81, no. 4(1991), 562.
18
TMD 1987
19 1979
1987
18. 30 16519.
171-227
power asymmetry
sovereignty claim20
1991 3 1992 6
1996
21
1994 199722
20. 17-1821. 1995
22. 1993 12 8
1994 1 10
12 108-1091994
1997
7-12
1997
23
23. 3687-110
24
WTO
1999 12 10
24. 12422-26
25
25. 11
26
26. 1999 12 10
(NATO)
(spill over)
1. 12 108-109
2. 171-227
3. 11
4. 39 8
53-70
5. 124
22-26
6. 30
165
7. 36
87-110
8.
34-38
9.
7-12
1. Saul B. Cohen, Global Geopolitical Change in the Post-Cold War Era, Annals the
Association of American Geographers vol. 81, no. 4,1991.
2. Robert O. Keohane, and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence World Politics in
Transition. Toron: Little, Brown, 1977.