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1600 Fire Water System and Fire Fighting Equipment

AbstractThis section provides fire water system design details and specifies fire fightingequipment requirements. Preferred equipment locations and designs for varioufacilities are also included.

Contents Page

1610 Basic Design Philosophy 1600-4

1611 Single Fire Concept

1612 Firefighting Methods

1613 Use of Water as an Extinguishing Agent

1614 Water Capacity and Rates

1615 Sources of Water

1616 Fire Water Consumption by Process Operation

1617 Fire Water System Impairments

1620 Fire Water System Design 1600-7

1621 Fire Water Pumps and Drivers

1622 Fire Water Supply Piping/Hose

1623 Fire Water Piping Design

1624 Fire Water Hydrants

1630 Fire Water Equipment 1600-13

1631 Fire Water Hose

1632 Fire Water Couplings

1633 Fire Water Nozzles

1634 Fire Water Accessories

1635 Incipient Stage Hose Systems

Chevron Corporation 1600-1 January 1997

1600 Fire Water System and Fire Fighting Equipment Fire Protection Manual

1636 Fire Water Monitors

1640 Foam Systems 1600-23

1641 Types of Foam

1642 Foam Systems

1643 Storage and Testing of Foam

1644 Foam Proportioners

1650 Portable Fire Extinguishers 1600-29

1651 Limitations

1652 Fire Extinguisher Selection

1653 Water Extinguishers

1654 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers

1655 Dry Chemical Extinguishers

1656 Halogenated Agent Extinguishers (Halon)

1657 Wheeled Units

1660 Fixed Fire Detection, Control and Extinguishing Systems 1600-36

1661 Fixed Water Spray Systems

1662 Fixed Foam Systems

1663 Fixed Halon Systems

1664 Fixed Dry Chemical Systems

1665 Fixed Carbon Dioxide Systems

1666 Steam

1667 Fire Detection Systems

1668 Combustible Gas Detector Systems

1669 Explosion Suppression

1670 Other Firefighting Equipment 1600-52

1671 Mobile Fire Fighting Equipment

1672 Fire Station (Plant Protection Office)

1673 Fire Equipment Cabinets

1674 Personnel Protective Equipment

1675 Communication Facilities

1676 Miscellaneous Equipment

1680 Testing and Maintenance 1600-59

1681 Dry Chemical Extinguishers Inspection/Maintenance

January 1997 1600-2 Chevron Corporation

Fire Protection Manual 1600 Fire Water System and Fire Fighting Equipment

1682 Hoses

1683 Fire Trucks—Pumpers

1684 Fire Water Distribution System

1685 Fire Pumps

1686 Fixed Fire Water Systems

1687 Other Equipment

1690 References and Manufacturers 1600-62

1691 References

1692 Manufacturers



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1610 Basic Design Philosophy

1611 Single Fire ConceptThe fire water system and the firefighting equipment in hydrocarbon processinghandling facilities are designed to handle firefighting efforts associated with onemajor fire at a time. In other words, the design capacity of major firefighting facities is determined by the largest single fire contingency.

However, some system components are sized to handle less significant contingcies. For instance, foam concentrate requirements are usually determined by afire rather than by the worst contingency, which may be a fire in the process are

1612 Firefighting MethodsFire extinguishing consists of one or more of the following methods:

• Quenching (cooling)• Smothering (blanketing)• Flame suppression (heat absorption)• Flame propagation interruption (free radical-chain breaking)

These extinguishing methods are discussed in more detail in Section 610.

1613 Use of Water as an Extinguishing AgentWater continues to be the most widely used and accepted fire extinguishing marial because it is economical and effective. Used properly, it has excellent quenching capabilities, cooling effectiveness, and, for some materials, vapor dision characteristics. A gallon of water applied at 50°F and entirely vaporized intsteam at 212°F removes over 9000 BTUs of heat.

In a light spray, water cools the surface of hot oils. It may form a froth on viscouoils, which can cool to below the flash point of the fuel, resulting in “extinguish-ment by frothing”—a special case of quenching. A water spray is also a flame suppressor. It reduces the size and intensity of the flame, and cools and protecmaterials exposed to flames. Even as a spray, however, water is not usually caof extinguishing fire in gases or vapors of volatile oils.

Water can also be used as a smothering agent, particularly in fighting fires involving liquids heavier than water (e.g., carbon disulfide).

The steam generated as fire vaporizes water can displace or exclude air, extin-guishing the fire by smothering. Smothering is aided by confining the steam genated to the combustion zone.

Flammable materials that are soluble in water (e.g., methyl alcohol) may, in sominstances, be extinguished by dilution.



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1614 Water Capacity and RatesFire water demand is the maximum rate of water needed at a given time by a sprocess unit. Thus, the requirements of the largest single-fire contingency detemine the capacity and design of major firefighting facilities. Normally, this desigis based on the assumption that a single unit will be involved. Where separationunits or hazardous equipment is less than 50 feet (15 meters), the combined arconsidered a single fire area. If the design water flow rate for the process unit requiring the largest flow is less than the requirement for the largest tank or groof tanks, the tank protection demand becomes the design basis. See Figure 16for general design guidelines for new facilities.

The rate and duration of water flow for each plant or facility depends on the amof hydrocarbon liquid contained in the area and the capability to stop flow of fuethe area quickly.

Flow rates are a function of available pressure, hose diameter, and nozzle diamGiven a steady supply pressure, flow is not linear for a given set of orifice diameters. For instance, at 200 psig supply pressure, flow through a 1/2-inch orifice is105 gpm. A 1-inch nozzle flows 420 gpm, and a 2-inch nozzle flows 1680 gpm.Figure 1600-2 provides a chart of pressure supply and orifice diameters.

Fig. 1600-1 Design Guidelines—Duration and Rate—New Facilities

Duration and Rate Facility

1-hour supply at 500–1000 gpm Offices, shops, warehousesSingle-berth dock

2-hour supply at 1000–2000 gpm Sulfur plant, H2S recovery plantSmall processing plantsTankfield areas

Pipeline terminalsMarketing terminalsRefinery tank fields

4-hour supply at 2000–4000 gpm Midsize, 0–500 psi process plantsGas plantsMulti-berth docksOffshore platforms

4-hour supply at 4000–6000 gpm Integrated, high value, 0–500 psi plantsMidsize, 500–1000 psi process plants

6-hour supply at 6000–8000 gpm Integrated, high-value plants, large quantities of fuel at pressures above 1000 psi

Note: Minimum rate with one section of looped supply piping out of service should be at least 60% of design rate.



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1615 Sources of WaterMost water that does not contain a significant amount of oil is suitable for fightinfires. After considering all available sources, use the most reliable and most economical source for the primary supply. Integrated, high value process facilitishould have a secondary source available as well. Conduct hypothetical drills topractice making connections to the secondary source.

Include plans for utilizing all sources of water for extreme emergencies or as backup for the primary source. Public water systems, wells, ponds, canals, rivelakes and oceans are sources to consider. In some cases, access roads, pipinginlet hydrants on the fire main, additional valves, and other provisions may be needed to make these water sources usable. Weigh the cost of these additionsagainst the potential value of the water for firefighting. Often these provisions cabe made at relatively little cost. (See Figure 1600-1.)

Give the same consideration to water storage within the plant—reservoirs, cooltower basins, cooling water storage tanks, and boiler feedwater storage. Drawinthese for fire protection is normally justified. Systems such as cooling water andboiler feedwater systems also include pumping facilities that may be able to seras supplementary fire systems. Be sure, however, that such use does not creatfurther hazards by depriving vital equipment of needed cooling or process watePumper suction connections may be attached to cooling water lines at strategictions for use by mobile pumpers in fire emergencies.

Municipal water systems can be a suitable source of water for fire protection if rtively large quantities of flammable liquids are not processed, handled, or store

Fig. 1600-2 Typical Flow Rates and Pressures for Various Hose Sizes

Nozzle Size Flow Pressure

3/4-in. ID garden hose and nozzle 7-8 gpm 30 psi

1-in. ID hard rubber hose and combination nozzle

15-35 gpm 100 psi

1 1/4-in. ID hard rubber hose and combination nozzle

40-60 gpm 100 psi

1 1/2-in. fabric covered rubber lined hose, or hard rubber hose and combination nozzle

60-90 gpm 100 psi

2 1/2-in. fabric synthetic hose and combination nozzle

200 gpm 100 psi

3-in. fabric synthetic hose and combination nozzle

450 gpm 100 psi

4-in. fabric synthetic hose and combination nozzle

800 gpm 100 psi

5-in. fabric synthetic hose and combination nozzl

1300 gpm 100 psi



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the facility. The moderate water pressure (30 to 60 psi) carried in these systemsufficient if a fire pump is provided or if a fire department pumper is available foboosting pressure. Otherwise, a minimum water pressure of 75 psi is required fincipient stage fire protection (i.e., small hand-held hose lines). For foam appliction equipment, the minimum pressure requirement is established by the manuturers of the devices —generally 100 psi. A small jockey pump is required to maintain system pressure. Where higher pressure is needed fire department pumpers can be used.

Public systems with inadequate water flow may be used to supply storage faciliwhich then supply the fire water systems through pumps or by gravity flow.

1616 Fire Water Consumption by Process OperationDo not use the fire water distribution system to supply regular process utility warequirements (e.g., shell and tube heat exchangers), or for recurring line flushinproduct displacement. Use of the fire water system for process purposes must approved by the plant manager. The time of start and the time of finish and discnection from the fire system must be recorded. Such use can lead to contaminaof the fire water system. Where fire water is provided by municipal water supplisuch use may be prohibited or may require approved backflow prevention devicsuch as double check valves.

1617 Fire Water System ImpairmentsFire water systems are critical safety systems and should be protected to ensurtheir availability in an emergency. A fire water system is “impaired” when a piecof the system is out of service for maintenance or modification. Facilities shouldhave a procedure in place to document when and where any portion of the fire water system is taken out of service for maintenance or modification. One Company facility keeps a map in a central location and marks it when a pump opiece of piping is out of service. In the event of an emergency, responders can quickly check the map to determine the availability of resources. Permits shouldalso be required before any part of the fire water system is taken out of service.

1620 Fire Water System Design

1621 Fire Water Pumps and DriversRefer to the Pump Manual for more extensive coverage of pump and system desi

Jockey Pumps. For reliable and immediate first aid protection, use a small centrugal pump (i.e., jockey pump) to maintain fire water system pressure at 125 to psig under low-flow conditions. Jockey pumps are typically installed to run in reculation mode when not needed to boost fire water system pressure. Systems without jockey pumps need to have surge protection to avoid damaging the pipwhen the main pumps start.



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Main Fire Pumps. Main fire pumps should be automatically controlled to start whenever there is a demand that reduces system pressure below 100 psig. Pushould be sized to maintain 100 psi residual pressure at the most distant hydrathe system design flow rate. Provide spare pumps for rapid manual or automatiswitchover if the primary pump fails. Spare pumps should be diesel-engine drivwith independent fuel tanks. Where steam is available, steam driven pumps maused to supplement the electric and diesel driven units.

Each main pump should be piped to allow for performance testing at its design rate while isolated from the plant fire water system (see Appendix F). In-line flowmeters or orifice plates facilitate periodic testing of the pumps and system fire water flow rates. These devices should be provided for new fire water pump instions.

• Mobile Pumps. Portable pumps are useful for drafting from open water andpumping into the main supply lines, drafting from open water or from a tankand pumping directly into hose lines, or pumping into hose lines from hydraon process water or low pressure fire systems. The two most commonly ustypes of portable pumps are:

• Trailer pumpers (pump and prime mover on a trailer) that can be towed to position with a car or pickup. They give considerable flexibility for a nominainvestment. Their usual capacity is about 500 gpm at 120 psig. These unitsalso useful in routine plant maintenance for pumping out tanks, sumps, etc.and to control flooding caused by high fire water runoff when fighting majorfires.

• Truck-mounted pumps (fire trucks) that are ready to pump as soon as the truck reaches the fire. They may be front-mounted and engine-driven by anextension to the engine crankshaft, or “midship-mounted” behind the cab adriven through the main truck transmission. Such trucks usually carry consable hose and other firefighting equipment. Occasionally, pumping units incporating their own separate engine drive may be mounted on a truck (see Section 1671).

1622 Fire Water Supply Piping/Hose

Suction Hose. Drafting from open water requires a “hard” suction hose that will not collapse, an inlet strainer, and a means of removing air (priming) to start theflow. Most fire department pumpers have a gear pump, exhaust ejectors, or mafold-vacuum primer. Although the maximum theoretical suction lift is 34 feet, thepractical maximum is about 20 feet. Suction hose should be no longer than necsary and connections must be airtight.

Boosting from hydrants or other outlets is most commonly done with 5-inch harsuction hose. With hydrants that have only 2 1/2-inch outlets, multiple (parallel)suction lines are connected between the hydrant and the pumper suction. Regufire hose is permissible for such a connection if the suction lines are kept short pressure on the hose is maintained above 10 psig. The suction hose may collapressure drops below 10 psig.



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Permanent Suction Connections. Where drafting from a standing water source (such as a tank or pond) is planned as a regular part of the fire protection proceconsider installing a permanent suction pipe to a point of easy pumper access.

Do not overlook the possibility of the water source freezing or water freezing in pipe. If in a pond, the suction pipe should usually have a strainer and foot valveConsider fiberglass or PVC pipe to avoid clogging by marine growth.

1623 Fire Water Piping Design

Pressure RequirementsFor small incipient stage hoses with fog nozzles, required nozzle pressures varfrom 60 to 75 psig. For 1 1/2-inch and larger fog/straight stream nozzles and lastraight stream nozzles, nozzle pressures can be up to 100 psig or greater. A 3inch garden hose can be used at 30 psig or more. Foam nozzles are designed operate between 50 and 100 psig. Most foam eductors require at least 75 psig.

To provide these nozzle pressures and allow for friction loss in hoses, hydrant psures under flow conditions should be between 75 psig and 135 psig. For hazathat require over 2000 gpm flow, the minimum hydrant pressure under flow contions should be 100 psig. Distribution lines and fire pumps should be designed that static (shutoff) pressure is no more than 50 psig above the pressure at rateflow. Hoses are difficult to handle under low flow (hence high pressure) conditioStatic hydrant pressures of more than 150 psig are undesirable. When high presures (above 150 psi) do exist at low flow, incipient stage hose should be no larthan 1 1/4 inch so that the average person can safely handle the first nozzle opon the line.

Here are a few rules of thumb for estimating pressure drop:

• Pressure drop for 1 1/2-inch hose is between 1 and 30 psig, depending on nozzle size. Larger nozzle sizes yield large flow rates and accompanying hpressure drop. Common nozzle sizes are 1/4-inch through 3/4-inch.

• Pressure drop for 2 1/2-inch hose varies between 1 psig (5/8-inch nozzle) a25 psig (1 1/4-inch nozzle). The same holds true for larger sizes.

• Deluge guns or monitors add 5 to 10 psig pressure drop.

Distribution System

Materials. Steel pipe should be used aboveground. Underground piping systemshould be constructed of steel, cement-lined steel, or high-density polyethylene(Plexco). Concrete is acceptable, but seldom economical except in large diameUnderground steel pipe should be externally coated for corrosion protection. Hidensity polyethylene coating is preferred; double tape wrap is acceptable. Interlining may be justified for salt water systems. In some areas, local approval agecies may require compliance with the requirements of NFPA 24, “Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances.” Requirements should be



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determined early in the design stage of the project, as they affect material selecand other design specifications.

Plexco high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe is a Chevron product that shouldconsidered for new underground fire water systems. HDPE does not corrode, reaccumulation of scale, and is very ductile and lightweight. HDPE pipe allowableworking pressure must be reduced at temperatures over 73°F; therefore, it should be used only in buried installations. Burial also provides protection from fire and mechanical damage. Refer to Section 400 of the Piping Manual for information on pressure rating, hydrotesting, and installation requirements for HDPE pipe.

Fiberglass pipe has been used on offshore platforms due to the highly corrosiveenvironment found there. Based on fire tests, fiberglass manufacturers stronglyrecommend fireproofing some or all of a fiberglass piping system. Where the system is dry (normally not filled with fire water), fiberglass pipe and fittings should have fireproofing. Wet systems need fireproofing only around the fittingswhere leaks are most likely.

All material used must be rated for the maximum pressure the system will reacincluding test pressure. Choice of material will also be influenced by crushing strength, susceptibility of joints to leakage and ground settlement expected.

The Piping Manual discusses water pipe for use in plant piping systems. Refer tothe Coatings Manual for information on internal and external linings.

Layout and Size. In climates where freezing does not occur, aboveground instaltion of steel fire water distribution lines has the advantages of low first cost and ease of inspection and repair. Pipe lines should be routed to minimize fire or mechanical damage. In cold climates, distribution lines should be buried belowfrost line. Recommended depth of cover in feet for fire water systems in the U.Sgiven in Figure A-8-1.1 of NFPA 24.

When possible, fire water mains should be arranged in loops around process faand tankfield areas. Shutoff valves should be located to allow isolation of systemsegments for maintenance while still providing water for all facilities. The minimum water rate with a section of pipe out of service should be at least 60 percent of the design rate at design pressure for that area.

See Figure 1600-3 for a typical layout. A 4-inch minimum fire water header shobe provided in each process facility area to serve incipient stage hose stations.Branch lines to hose stations should be 2 inches minimum. Fire water mains anheaders looping the facilities should not be less than 8 inches in diameter. Latesupplying single hydrants or monitors should not be less than 6 inches in diameIn fire water systems using salt water, the pipe diameter should be increased onsize to allow for deposits and scale buildup.

Valves. High performance-type butterfly valves, gate valves, and post-indicator style valves are recommended for block valves in fire water distribution systemsThey should provide reasonably tight shutoff and use sealing materials that do swell or deteriorate with age. Good shaft and shaft attachment design is desiraprevent broken shafts. Because many valves will be buried and, therefore, will b



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expensive to maintain, durable valves requiring little maintenance are desirablethe Piping Manual for additional guidance.

1624 Fire Water HydrantsHydrants are necessary to supplement ready-connected incipient stage hoses monitors for major protection of large risks. Required flow rates depend on the and the number of 2 1/2-inch hose streams required to control a fire of maximuanticipated extent and duration.

Hydrant Selection. Hydrant selection for a particular installation depends on whether freezing temperatures are expected. In all but freezing climates, hydraoutlets are normally valved individually aboveground. Commercial hydrants with4 1/2-inch pumper suction connection permit easier hookup to a foam pumper truck. This type of hydrant may be advisable for locations anticipating foam req

Fig. 1600-3 Typical Looped Fire Water Distribution System



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ments. In freezing climates, install the commercial, dry-barrel hydrant. See Figure 1600-4 and the manufacturer list at the end of this section.

Hydrant risers should be designed to avoid damage from frost heave. Each 2 1inch outlet should be individually valved, so that hoses can be controlled separa

Hydrant Location. Locate hydrants for the main system at least 50 feet from buings or other important structures to be protected. Hydrants should be near enoto fire hazard areas to permit the total flow required for a major fire. Unless portable booster pumps are available, no hose line should exceed 500 feet in le

In process facilities, space hydrants so that any fire risk area is within reach of hydrants by hoses of 250 feet maximum length. Generally, this means that hydshould be placed on each street corner of a facility and, if the distance betweenhydrants is more than 300 feet, another hydrant should be placed in the middle

In tankfields, locate hydrants so that all parts of the shell of each tank are withinreach of a stream from a hose not longer than 500 feet. Note that radiant heat fa fire may prevent connection to hydrants within 70 to 100 feet of an impoundmor drainage area.

Outlets. The normal main system hydrant should have one 4 1/2-inch outlet andmay also have one or two 2 1/2-inch outlets. Where water and personnel, eitheCompany or public, are plentiful, and in high-value facilities, you may want addtional 4 1/2-inch and 2 1/2-inch outlets on each hydrant. Note that coupling size

Fig. 1600-4 Types of Fire Hydrants Courtesy of International Fire Service Training Assoc. IFSTA



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not the same as hose size. For example, 5-inch hose can be fitted with 4 1/2-incouplings.

Because it provides versatility, at least one 4 1/2 inch diameter outlet is desirabcommercial hydrants. A large hose may be readily connected for maximum flowrate, and you can use adapters to attach smaller diameter hoses for smaller firecrews. This is a departure from past practices of providing a manifold of severa1/2 inch outlets connected in parallel to provide flow rates equivalent to one 5-inoutlet. Five-inch outlets are also most convenient for low-pressure (less than 10psig) fire water systems that are meant to be connected to mobile (portable) puand pumper trucks.

Hydrant Valves. Shop- or field-fabricated hydrants should have composition disglobe valves for tight shutoff and easy opening without tools. Use angle valves wherever possible. Usually, the pipe inlet on valves at hose connections is a sizlarger than the nominal hose size; that is, 2 inches by 1 1/2 inches for 1 1/2-inchose, and 3 inches by 2 1/2 inches for 2 1/2-inch hose. Pacific, Walworth, Cranand other manufacturers produce acceptable valves. Consult Volume 2 of the Piping Manual for more information.

Commercial hydrants are invariably equipped with replaceable composition valvValves with composition discs or other parts should always be fully open when use to avoid damaging the disc and seat; they should never be used to throttle flow.

Threads. Hydrants and other outlets for fire hose should have threaded connecthat permit interconnection with the fire equipment of adjacent plants and local public agencies. Use National Hose Threads for 1 1/2-inch, 2 1/2-inch, and 4 1inch fire hose in the absence of other interconnection criteria.

Hydrant Inspection and Servicing. Hydrants require periodic inspection and servicing to be sure they will function during an emergency. Valves may not operate, hose attachment threads may be damaged or leaks may develop. RefAppendix E for Inspection and Servicing Checklists.

1630 Fire Water Equipment

1631 Fire Water HoseA 2 1/2-inch hose operating at 100 psi nozzle pressure with a 1 1/8-inch nozzledischarges at about 250 gpm. A 2 1/2-inch combination nozzle designed for portable use delivers between 150 and 200 gpm, depending on the stream pattSee Figure 1600-2 for flow rates and pressures for various hose types.

Hoses used for maintenance purposes should be tested per Section 1682 befobeing returned to fire protection service. Hoses unsuitable for fire protection mabe used for utility service, providing the couplings are marked to differentiate suhoses from those dedicated to fire protection.



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Various types and sizes of fire hose are designed for specific uses. Three typesdescribed here:

• All-synthetic. All-synthetic hose prevents premature hose deterioration fromsevere abrasion or contact with oil, acids, chemicals, etc. It is also immunemildew and rot. Its weight is comparable to cotton warp-synthetic fiber hoseand it can be supplied with either single or double jackets. This hose is recomended for general use when durability is a primary concern. Larger diamehose is becoming widely accepted due to the lower pressure drop. Purchaslarger diameter 1 3/4-inch and 3-inch synthetic hose to replace, 1 1/2-inch 2 1/2-inch cotton hose, respectively, when replacement hose is needed. Re1/2-inch and 2 1/2-inch brass end couplings whenever possible.

• Cotton warp-synthetic fiber filler. This type of hose is not recommended duto high maintenance and replacement costs.

• Neoprene or plastic cover jacket. This is a single-jacket cotton/synthetic hoswith an oil-resisting Neoprene or plastic cover. The hose is designed for protion against oil, acids, grease, and other deteriorating agents. It is immune mildew and rot. It is tested to 300 psi. This hose is typically used for 1 1/4-ihard rubber first aid hose service. To minimize friction losses, 5-inch hose inow being used to carry water to and from pumpers.

1632 Fire Water CouplingsCouplings for 1 1/2-inch, 1 3/4-inch, 2 1/2-inch and 3-inch hose should be of throunded ear (rocker lug) type designed to slide over obstructions without catchi

Note Use 1 1/2-inch couplings for 1 1/2-inch and 1 3/4-inch hose. Use 2 1/2-incouplings for 2 1/2-inch and 3-inch hose. The most common and preferred matis brass. Although aluminum couplings are preferred due to their light weight, thshould be used only in fresh water systems and in a noncorrosive atmosphere. Corrosion may occur when dissimilar metals are connected. Use plastic couplinonly for light-duty, non-firefighting purposes.

1633 Fire Water NozzlesHose stored on carts, trucks, or elsewhere should have at least one nozzle for e250 feet of hose. Combination monitor nozzles are desirable in large facilities. Iusually necessary to manifold more than one 2 1/2-inch stream into such nozzlbecause the typical flow is 500 gpm or more. Refer to Figure F-4 (Appendix F) typical nozzle diameters and flow rates.

Straight Stream Playpipe NozzlesStraight stream nozzles (see Figure 1600-5) are used infrequently. They are onneeded for long-range high pressure, high-density water stream cooling, such acooling LPG vessels from a distance.



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Combination Straight Stream/FogCombination nozzles are most often used in fire, gas, dispersion, flushing, and personnel protection situations (see Figure 1600-6). Good quality nozzles are required for the protection of firefighting personnel. It is important to have a goosupply of extra nozzles available.

Combination nozzles are available in three types:

• Twist-to-adjust nozzles. The nozzle barrel is twisted to adjust between straight and fog streams. This type of nozzle is recommended for incipient stage.

• Pistol grip nozzles. These make hose handling easier and less tiring. Becauof expense, these nozzles are generally limited to use on fire apparatus bybrigades.

• Non-pistol grip nozzles with bail. A straight barrel nozzle with a handle (bailused to vary the stream (see Figure 1600-7).

Special Purpose NozzlesSpecial electrical equipment fog nozzles are available for fighting electrical fireswith water (see Figure 1600-8). It is advisable to de-energize the circuit prior toattempting extinguishment. Use of CO2 is preferred to water or dry chemical because less cleanup is required.

Extension nozzles and cellar nozzles are available for use through windows, unthe floor, under docks, etc. (see Figure 1600-9).

Fig. 1600-5 Straight Stream Playpipe Nozzle Courtesy of Akron Co.

Fig. 1600-6 Combination Straight Stream/Fog Nozzle Courtesy of Akron Co.



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Monitor NozzlesMonitors are high-capacity water users and their use must be controlled. Using combination nozzles of 500 gpm capacity on monitors is usually adequate. (SeeFigures 1600-10 and 1600-11 for examples of monitor nozzles.) Additional straigstream and stack nozzles should be available for occasional long-range stream

Use multi-gallonage nozzles only when it is important to conserve water.

Fig. 1600-7 Adjustable Fog Nozzle Courtesy of Akron Co.

Fig. 1600-8 Fixed Pattern for Electrical Fires Courtesy of Akron Co.

Fig. 1600-9 Cellar Nozzle Courtesy of Akron Co.



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Portable Monitor NozzlesNozzles for portable monitors (see Figure 1600-12) should be the same as for tfixed monitors. In some large plants, portable monitors with capacities of 1000 2000 gpm are part of the available firefighting equipment.

Fig. 1600-10 Multi-gallonage Nozzle Courtesy of Akron Co.

Fig. 1600-11 Fixed Monitor Nozzle Courtesy of National Foam



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1634 Fire Water AccessoriesExamples of useful accessories are as follows:

• Wyes. Use a wye with a 2 1/2-inch inlet by 2 1/2-inch outlets when using a 21/2-inch hose line inlet and splitting to two 2 1/2-inch lines at the point of us(see Figure 1600-13). Several wyes are usually required. Internal clapper valves are recommended in the wyes. When using 1 3/4-inch and 3-inch hoacquire appropriately sized wyes. Aluminum wyes may be used in fresh waservice because they are light and easier to handle than brass.

• Reducers. These are used to reduce the 2 1/2-inch hydrant outlet to 1 1/2 inches when a single hose line is needed. Other sizes, such as 3-inch to 1 inch, should be stocked where applicable.

• Hose clamps, hose coupling wrenches, adapters, hose holders, etc., shoulstandard equipment.

1635 Incipient Stage Hose SystemsIncipient stage hose reels generally mean the permanently connected small hothe immediate vicinity when a fire starts (see Figure 1600-14). Incipient stage hrequires relatively small flow. Because ready-connected incipient stage hoses aintended for use by one person, the rate of application for each hose is necesslimited.

Incipient stage hoses are to be used only to fight small, incipient stage fires. Thdo not provide adequate protection for a larger fire.

Fig. 1600-12 Portable Monitor Nozzle Courtesy of Akron Co.



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Ordinarily, a hose line discharging 60 gpm at 100 psi is the maximum that can bsafely handled by one person under all conditions. One person can, however, shandle smaller hose at higher pressures, such as 1-inch hose at 150-175 psi.

Handling of smaller hose, (1 1/4-inch and below), is similar to handling garden hose. Soft, collapsible hose is somewhat more difficult to handle.

In soft hose storage devices listed by a nationally recognized laboratory, such aUnderwriters' Laboratories (UL) or Factory Mutual (FM), the water control valvecan be opened before the hose is pulled out. This results in water at the nozzlesoon as all the kinks are removed. When hose is fully extended, a hand pull rela pin, allowing water to enter the hose. With other types, the water cannot be tuon until after the hose is pulled out to the ground, because expansion of the hoswhen the water is turned on may make the hose extremely difficult to move.

Location. Locate incipient stage hoses near all risks to be protected, but not whthey would be unduly exposed to a potential fire. Incipient stage hose stations should normally be located not closer than 20 feet from the equipment or locatibeing protected.

Where volatile flammable liquids are handled, locate hoses so that more than owater stream could be applied to any location when using a maximum of 100 feof 1-inch, 1-1/4-inch, or 1-1/2-inch hose. Greater lengths are difficult for one person to handle.

Provide incipient stage fire equipment in and around process units, near pumpsimportant manifolds (particularly where frequent blind-changing is necessary), aloading racks (except those handling penetration asphalt), and in or around mobuildings.

Fig. 1600-13 Ball Valve Wye Courtesy of Akron Co.

Fig. 1600-14 FIrst Aid Hose Reel Courtesy of Herbert S. Hiller



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h 1 hose

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Types and Sizes of Hose. Incipient stage hose may be 3/4-inch garden hose, 1-inor 1 1/4-inch ID two-braid Neoprene-covered hose, 1 1/2-inch cotton hose, or synthetic fiber jacketed rubber-lined hose.

Garden hose is suitable protection for low hazard occupancies such as offices, ratories, storage areas containing little or no flammable liquids, shop areas, etcPressure on the hose should be limited to 30 to 75 psi.

Inicipient stage fire hose must be of a size easily handled by one person underexpected line pressure. Where pressure on the nozzle does not exceed about 1at any time, hose up to and including 1 1/4 inches can be used satisfactorily. Wnozzle pressures exceed 100 psi, it is desirable to limit inci-pient stage hose to inch, or to reduce the pressure.

Short lengths of 1-1/2-inch hose (not over 100 feet) can be laid out by pulling othe nozzle. Pulling longer lengths from one end might put an excessive strain ocouplings. Additional people are required to handle long lengths of 1-1/2-inch hit then ceases to be first aid equipment.

Incipient stage 1 1/2-inch fire hose is normally synthetic fiber jacketed. It is storflat, and must be laid out without kinks before water will reach the nozzle. Timeand space are required for this operation. Because of these disadvantages, 1 1inch hose reels are normally recommended for incipient stage hose stations. Thsmaller hose is usually “hard” and full flow is immediately available at the nozzlwhen the valve is opened, even when it is stored on reels or in loops. Take no mhose than you will need from the storage place. Comparing 1 1/4-inch hose wit1/2- inch hose during first response, the speed and ease of handling 1 1/4-inchfrequently more than offsets the lower water flow rate.

For large facilities or areas where the potential for large fires is higher, it may bejustified to install 1 1/2-inch preconnected hose stations in addition to incipient stage hose reels. Providing 1 1/2-inch hose stations reduces the time required firefighters to connect hose and begin to cool and contain a fire. Hose stations should at least 50 feet away from the fire area of concern and should be used bteams of firefighters rather than by one person, as is incipient stage hose.

Nozzles. Each incipient stage hose should have a nozzle attached. In general, nozzles should be adjustable so that they can discharge a spray or straight streand can be shut off. Garden hose should have a common garden hose nozzle wvariable stream pattern and shutoff. A 3/4-inch nozzle delivers about 7 gpm at 3psi nozzle pressure. Adjustable fog nozzles with a full range of patterns and shshould be provided for all 1-inch and larger first aid hoses. These nozzles shouof the type that directs a portion of the water into the spray cone, giving a solid spray pattern. This feature is particularly important for personnel protection, sucas for closing a valve within a fire area. The increased amount of water in the chelps to move the flame away from the nozzle and decrease the amount of radheat transmitted through the spray.

Valves. It is essential to use a valve that does not leak for hydrant valves and vaon 1 1/4-inch and 1 1/2-inch first aid hoses, both hard rubber and synthetic. It iseven more important that the valve be opened easily without the aid of wrenche



ays

e

h

r a reel end tes

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of nd -

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di-

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ozzle

other tools. Ball valves with Neoprene seats and angle valves with compositiondisks are reliable in these services.

To reduce friction loss and to prevent damage to valve parts, valves should alwbe fully opened when in use.

Threads. Hydrant and hose threads should be compatible with those used by thlocal public fire department that might respond to a fire. Provide adapters wherenecessary. The following hose threads should be specified unless in conflict witlocal custom or regulations:

• 1-inch Straight Iron Pipe Thread• 1 1/2-inch and larger National Hose Thread

Method of Storage. Garden hose can be stored on a live reel, hung in loops ovesaddle, or coiled in a box. Normally, 1 1/4-inch hose should be stored on a live (see Figure 1600-14). Acceptable manufacturers and models are shown at the of this section. Figure 1600-15 shows the piping arrangement for freezing climawhere the valve cannot be located in a heated area.

Synthetic 1 1/2-inch and 1 3/4-inch hose is normally stored in accordion folds inbox for protection against the weather. You can also store it in a double roll (bohose couplings on the outside) on a reel. In severe, cold climates it may be desto provide heated storage for incipient stage hoses.

1636 Fire Water MonitorsIn high-risk, high-value facilities, where fire control personnel is limited becauseoperating activities, consider using monitors as a combination incipient stage afire-control device. (Refer to Standard Drawing GB-S1007 in the Standard Drawings section.) Monitors may be either fixed or portable.

Fixed monitors can be installed to protect a specific risk within a plant or for mogeneral coverage where personnel availability is limited. Two fixed monitors mabe required—one on each side—to adequately protect a single risk in adverse conditions. Portable monitors can be strategically located around the facility. During a fire they can be quickly moved and connected by hose to the nearest hydrant. Due to the wide variation in flow rates and ranges that can be obtainedfrom monitors, each installation must be designed for the specific risks and contions involved.

Monitors discharge large volumes of water and have good straight stream rangDischarge can be controlled by the type and size of adjustable nozzle or diamestraight stream nozzle. A 1-inch diameter nozzle at 100 psi has a flow of about gpm with a range of 140 to 150 feet when the wind is less than 5 mph. Beyonddistance the stream loses its continuity, but water is thrown somewhat further inform of heavy rain, which is easily carried away by the wind. In adverse winds (mph or more), the range may be shortened as much as 40%.

The effective range of spray patterns is about 40 feet at 500 gpm and 100 psi npressure, to about 125 feet at 100 psi with straight stream.



Fig. 1600-15 Valve Box for Freezing Climates



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ation

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Monitor nozzles are not designed to be the primary water flow shutoff. The blocvalve at the monitor must be closed when the monitor is not in use. To reduce ftion loss and to prevent damage to valve parts, the block valve should always bopened wide when in use. A “persuader” should be provided at each block valvincrease the handle moment arm. Some Company locations use an Inbal diaphvalve on fire water monitors. These valves are operated using a small quarter tuvalve to vent the diaphragm, allowing full flow through the monitor in a fraction othe time required to open a gate valve.

To assure an adequate stream, locate monitor nozzles 40 to 75 feet from the hato be protected. Also consider the supply of water to the area and the drainageconditions. (See the Civil and Structural Manual, Section 500, and Section 1300 ofthis manual.) Elevated monitors may be needed to protect elevated structures containing fire hazardous equipment (see Figure 1600-16).

Monitors on Pickup Trucks. In some locations, monitors with foam capability aremounted on pickups. These are effective because they can be moved easily.

1640 Foam Systems

1641 Types of FoamFoam is a blanketing agent consisting of an aggregate of gas-filled or air-filled bubbles that can float on an oil surface. It prevents its contact with air, cools thesurface and inhibits (or suppresses) the formation of vapor. It is used primarily fextinguishing liquid pool fires.

Foam is effective on any liquid hydrocarbon at temperatures up to the boiling poof water. Applying foam to hydrocarbons heated above the boiling point of watemay cause frothing and slopovers. Foam, being largely water, is also an effectivquenching agent for fires in ordinary combustible materials.

Details concerning foam requirements, application rates and expansion ratios agiven in NFPA 11, “Foam Extinguishing Systems”; NFPA 11A, “High ExpansionFoam Systems”; and NFPA 11B, “Synthetic Foam and Combined Agent SystemFoam types and application equipment are described in this section. The Fire Protection Staff is available to provide recommended types, brands, and applicrates.

The differences between fluoroprotein foam, aqueous film forming foam (AFFFand multipurpose foam concentrates are not significant in extinguishing most firSelecting a foam is primarily an economic decision. Foam is expensive to purchand to store. For facilities that store both hydrocarbons and alcohol, and oxygefuels over 15% by volume, consider purchasing a multipurpose foam to use on alcohol and hydrocarbon-type liquid fires, and avoid storing two types of foam. all cases, standardize on 3% concentrates, so common proportioning equipmebe used regardless of type or brand. Foam is also available in 1% concentrate,this requires special metering equipment. Where weight or volume limitations e1% concentrate may be preferable.



Fig. 1600-16 Elevated Fire Water Monitor Courtesy of Elkhart Brass Manufacturing Co.



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Chemical Foam. Chemical foam is now obsolete. Chemical foam systems and supplies should be dismantled and scrapped.

Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF). AFFF concentrates are based on fluori-nated surfactants plus foam stabilizers, and are diluted with water to a 3% or 6%solution. Use of 3% concentrate is recommended to reduce the amount kept in inventory.

The foam acts as a barrier to exclude air or oxygen and to develop an aqueouson the fuel surface that can suppress the evolution of fuel vapors. AFFF is especially effective on relatively thin layers of flammable liquid, such as spills. AFFFeffective on pooled hydrocarbons and was originally designed for fires requiringquick knockdown for rescue, such as aircraft or tank vehicle accidents, and for on aircraft carriers.

Fluoroprotein Foam. Fluoroprotein foam is the most common type of mechanicafoam. Concentrates are diluted with water to a 3% or 6% solution. Use of 3% foconcentrate is recommended to reduce the amount kept in inventory.

Fluoroprotein foam was derived from protein foam concentrates to which small amounts of fluorochemical surfactants were added, similar to those used in AFFfoam agents, but in much lower concentrations. These foams generally have vegood heat stability and resist burnback (decomposition of the foam from fire expsure, allowing the fire to regain area as the foam breaks down).

Film Forming Fluoroprotein (FFFP). FFFP combines the quick knock-down quality of AFFF with the holding power of protein foam. It can be used where either AFFF or protein foams are required.

Alcohol-Resistant Foam. Alcohol-resistant (ARC) foams are suitable for use on fires in water soluble and certain flammable or combustible liquids, and in solvethat are destructive to regular foams, such as alcohols (greater than 15% of volin hydrocarbon, such as gasohol), ketones, etc.

Alcohol-resistant foam concentrates are available in a 3% or 6% solution. Use o3% solution is recommended to reduce the amount kept in inventory.

This type of foam has an insoluble barrier in the bubble structure that resists brdown at the interface of the fuel and foam blanket.

All-Purpose foam. This type combines the properties of AFFF (or fluoroprotein) and alcohol-resistant (polar fuel) concentrates, and is also available in a 3% or solution. Use of 3% concentrate is recommended to reduce the amount kept ininventory.

All-purpose foam is the most expensive type of foam. Its cost is about 50% morthan other types, so its use needs to be justified.

High-Expansion Foam. High expansion (synthetic detergent) foam, when used with high expansion foam generators, produces a large volume of air bubbles, tfilm of which has little water. Consequently, this type of foam suppresses fire bydisplacement of air. Because of its very low specific gravity, it is most effective i



ind

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cess

ire

m.

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enclosed spaces where foam mass can be built up and is not carried away by wor air currents. High-expansion foam is used for fires in laboratories, aircraft hangers, paint shops, and other enclosed buildings.

1642 Foam Systems

Fixed SystemsFixed foam systems should be justified based on a risk evaluation. However, sefixed systems are frequently warranted for large storage tanks, especially for loflash products. The Tank Manual has a section covering the design of fire protec-tion for large tanks and outlines the Company position on semi-fixed systems fostorage tanks. The basic design requirements given in NFPA 11 should be follo

Foam Hose ReelsSixty-gallon foam hose reels are sometimes placed at strategic locations in proareas that have a higher risk of spill fires. See Figure 1600-17.

Foam is very useful in process areas for controlling and extinguishing fires:

• Fires at low points where hydrocarbons collect (e.g., sumps and trenches)• Fires on offshore platforms• Spill fires

Portable Foam UnitsSixty-gallon portable foam hose stations may be considered for large pump stations, for process areas, or at tank truck loading racks. Large foam trailers, ftrucks, etc., are discussed in Section 1670 of this manual.

Fixed Foam UnitsFixed foam units generally consist of a monitor with an educting nozzle (flows between 350 and 500 gpm) and a 20-minute supply of AFFF or all-purpose foaHigher volume (greater than 500 gpm) monitors are also available.

1643 Storage and Testing of Foam

InventoryFoam storage should be adequate to handle the largest anticipated need. This be a seal fire on the largest tank, a reasonable spill fire, or a fully involved tank The latter typically requires substantially greater amounts of foam. Depending othe size, location, and layout of the facility, foam storage to handle such a fire mnot be justified. However, it is prudent to have a plan for emergency backup supplies. This can consist of on-site storage or sources immediately available (within 24 hours) from suppliers or through mutual aid agreements. See Manufaturers list at the end of this section.



Fig. 1600-17 Foam Hose Reel Courtesy of Herbert S. Hiller



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TestingFoam samples should be tested annually for quality. Reliable testing of foam insures its effectiveness during an emergency situation. Testing is performed asfree service by major foam manufacturers such as National Foam, Ansul, 3M, aAngus.

Testing frequency varies depending on how and where the foam is stored. The manufacturer, as a free service, will test the foam sample for pH, specific gravitsedimentation, and quality. If the sample fails one of these tests, the manufactuperforms a fire test at a nominal fee. Contact the specific foam manufacturer fodetails on sending samples.

Anti-foam agents may be used following foam system performance tests to redthe amount of water needed to flush away spent foam.

StorageStore foam in a container properly designed for bulk storage. Protect the contaifrom extreme weather conditions. The temperature should not exceed 100°F folong periods of time. Do not store different types of foam (e.g., AFFF and fluoroprotein) in the same container.

Listed below are the three basic types of storage categories and their corresporecommended test frequencies.

Inside Storage. Foam stored indoors in the original shipping containers and kepwithin the manufacturer's recommended storage temperature range (usually 35100°F) needs to be tested at least once every three years. Some jurisdictions mhave adopted NFPA 11 as a legal requirement. This recommends annual testin(Chapter 5-3.5). However, foam deterioration is extremely slow if stored indoors

Apparatus Storage. Foam stored in active firefighting equipment (i.e., fire truckshose reels, portable foam tanks, etc.) where dilution is possible needs to be tesleast annually, and more frequently if dilution is suspected.

Outside Storage. Foam stored outside in the original containers needs to be tesonce every year.

The preferred storage is indoors under controlled environmental conditions. Theliminates the chance of dilution and minimizes temperature degradation, whichdestroys the quality of the foam. In addition, indoor storage decreases the frequof testing and has resulted in foam storage life of 20 years or more, which in tureduces costs. Foam should not be stored outside in freezing climates.

Following are additional foam storage tips:

• Rotate foam storage containers so that old foam is used before new foam.

• In smaller facilities such as marketing terminals and small chemical plants,foam in one hose reel should be used for fire training once a year. The foamthe reels not used for training should be tested on an annual basis.



ne d

anu-

n-

ent e or

ail-

less

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• If more than one container of foam has the same batch number, then only osample from the batch needs to be taken, provided all containers are storeunder the same conditions.

• Some larger facilities may want to test their own foam. Contact the foam mfacturer's local supplier for details on testing procedures.

1644 Foam ProportionersTo apply foam to a small spill or fire, you need a foam proportioner; that is, an iline eductor (or eductor-type nozzle), a pickup tube, and a container of foam. Normally a fire truck or equipment carrier has foam proportioners. See Figure 1600-18.

1650 Portable Fire ExtinguishersPortable fire extinguishers include both self-contained fire extinguishing equipmthat can be carried by one person and wheeled units that can be handled by ontwo people (refer to NFPA 10, “Portable Fire Extinguishers”). Portable extin-guishers are used in the following situations:

• To provide the primary means of extinguishment where piped water is unavable

• To quickly extinguish small fires where they are better adapted, quicker, or messy than water (e.g., small CO2 extinguishers in laboratories or computer rooms)

• To supplement hose lines where a combination of cooling and another conmethod is needed

Fig. 1600-18 Pickup Tube Proportioner Courtesy of National Foam



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ture

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l

1651 LimitationsPortable fire extinguishers are incipient stage equipment. They are designed fofires of limited size, and their period of discharge is short.

Different fire extinguishers are not equally effective on all kinds of fires. When choosing a fire extinguisher, consider the type of fire that may occur and the naof the process or occupancy.

As with all incipient stage equipment, portable fire extinguishers have limited eftiveness unless trained personnel are present when the fire starts.

1652 Fire Extinguisher SelectionGeneral guidelines for selecting portable fire extinguishers are given in Figure 1600-19.

LocationLocate portable fire extinguishers near the risk to be protected, but not so closethey can become involved in the fire. The suggested distance is between 20 fee50 feet. From any grade level point in a process plant, the maximum horizontaldistance to a dry chemical extinguisher should not exceed 50 feet. In multi-leve

Fig. 1600-19 Fire Extinguisher Selection

GUIDELINE FOR SELECTING PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Class A – Ordinary Combustible Hazards

Piped water not available or where portable extin-guisher is legally required

2 1/2 gallon stored-pressure water. If freezing condi-tions are expected, add anti-freeze chemicals or use multipurpose dry chemical extinguishers.

Multipurpose dry chemical may be considered for some warehouse facilities and offices where light-weight fire extinguishers are desirable for easier handling.

Class B – Flammable Liquids and Gases Hazards

All outdoor hazards (e.g., loading racks, process plants)

Dry chemical

Light indoor hazards (e.g., laboratories, computer rooms)

Carbon dioxide

Kitchens/deep fat fryers Multipurpose dry chemical

Class C – Electrical Hazards

Heavy electrical machinery (e.g., motors, trans-formers)

Carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. Dry chemical requires clean up; others do not.

Delicate electrical and electronic equipment (e.g., telephone exchanges, computers)

Carbon dioxide. (Dry chemical is an effective agent but difficult to clean up and may damage the equip-ment.)



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structures and elevated platforms containing processes with an associated riskfire, a dry chemical extinguisher should be located on each level, near the stairwlanding, and in other logical areas if the travel distance exceeds 50 feet.

Where possible, place extinguishers near doors or other accessways so that a not likely to occur between approaching personnel and extinguishers. Extinguislocations should be conspicuous, clearly marked, and visible from several directions. Do not place equipment, supplies, or other material in front of extinguishethat might conceal them or impede access to them.

Small extinguishers with gross weight less than 40 pounds should be located aconvenient height with the top not more than five feet above the floor. Extin-guishers with gross weight greater than 40 pounds (except wheeled types), shobe installed with the top of the extinguisher not more than 3 1/2 feet above the floor. The clearance between the bottom of the extinguisher and the floor shoulat least four inches. Do not set extinguishers on the floor or ground because of increased chance of bottom corrosion.

1653 Water ExtinguishersThe superior cooling capacity of water over other extinguishing agents makes itparticularly effective on fires involving ordinary combustibles such as wood, papfabrics, or rubber. Water extinguishers furnish a convenient, effective, and econical way to provide a small stream of water under limited pressure for locations where piped water is not justified. Water extinguishers do not require extensive cleanup after use and they are noncorrosive to electronic circuitry, both of whichare characteristic of dry chemical extinguishers.

Stored-Pressure Water Extinguishers. These extinguishers contain water stored under air pressure of about 100 psi. They are manufactured with a capacity of 1to 33 gallons of water. For offices, the 2 1/2-gallon size is recommended becauis easy to handle. A pressure gage indicates the internal pressure. Stored-preswater extinguishers are operated in a vertical position by opening a valve at theof the extinguisher; the water is expelled by internal pressure. The stream has ato 15-foot range. Intermittent flow can be controlled by the valve on most types.

Antifreeze Additives. When water extinguishers are subject to freezing weather,add antifreeze (calcium chloride) to the water to lower the freezing point Howevdo not use calcium chloride antifreeze additives in extinguishers with stainless sshells, as stainless steels are subject to chloride corrosion attack. Extinguishersstainless steel shells should be winterized according to the manufacturer's instrtions.



chlo-s.

n)

tin-hers

As a guideline, dissolve the following amounts of calcium chloride in sufficient water to fill a 2 1/2-gallon extinguisher:

This table is based on granulated 75% calcium chloride (free from magnesium ride). Individual recharges are marketed by most fire extinguisher manufacturer

1654 Carbon Dioxide ExtinguishersCarbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas, liquified under high pressure. It vaporizes when released, resulting in a smothering action on the fire by excluding the air (oxygeneeded for combustion.

☞ Caution The concentration of CO2 needed to extinguish fire will not support life.

It is safe to discharge a CO2 extinguisher in a room, but then ventilate the room toassure safe levels of oxygen. A CO2 extinguisher is well suited for indoor use where winds or drafts do not affect the discharge of the gas. Carbon dioxide exguishers (see Figure 1600-20) are preferable to water or dry chemical extinguiswhere water damage and fouling of delicate electrical, electronic, or laboratory equipment cannot be tolerated or where cleanup is a consideration.

Approximate Freezing Temperature

Amount of Calcium Chloride

10°F 5 lb

0°F 6 lb 4 oz

-10°F 7 lb 6 oz

-20°F 8 lb 2 oz

-30°F 9 lb 2 oz

-40°F 10 lb

Fig. 1600-20 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher



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Carbon dioxide extinguishers are designed to be carried to the fire. You discharthem from the vertical position toward the base of the flame by opening the convalve at the top of the extinguisher. If the extinguisher is tilted, the total contentscannot be discharged. To prevent accidental discharge, most types have a lockpin that must be removed before you can operate the valve. Because the unit discharges a gas readily dispersed by wind, you need to hold the discharge horwithin a few feet of the fire.

Carbon dioxide extinguishers are manufactured in sizes ranging from 2 to 25 pounds capacity; however, the 5-, 10-, and 15-pound sizes are the most widelyused. Smaller sizes discharge for about 15 seconds, while larger sizes dischargabout 30 seconds. The discharge can be stopped and started at will on most tyby operating the control valve. These extinguishers are suitable for installationswhere the temperature is between -40 and 120°F.

1655 Dry Chemical ExtinguishersFive basic types of dry chemical extinguishing agents are available. The first thrare the most widely accepted.

• Sodium bicarbonate base• Potassium bicarbonate base (Purple K)• Monoammonium phosphate base (multipurpose chemical)• Potassium chloride base• Urea-potassium bicarbonate base

Do not convert an extinguisher to use a chemical other than the one for which iwas designed. Conversion voids the UL label, as does using a chemical other tthat specified on the extinguisher nameplate. OSHA standards require compliawith manufacturer's instructions on the extinguisher nameplate and thus prohibconversion.

Sodium bicarbonate chemical. Sodium bicarbonate was the original dry chemicaextinguishing agent. The chemical currently available is a mixture consisting pririly of sodium bicarbonate with various additives to improve flow and storage chacteristics. Chief among the additives is a silicone polymer. It is used to preventmoisture absorption and consequent caking of chemical. Water repellency obtaby coating the particles of dry chemical with a silicone polymer makes the use odry chemical compatible with foam and/or water spray. The chemical has a medparticle size of 25 to 35 microns. Because particle size has a definite effect on eguishing efficiency, it is important to use quality chemicals. The extinguishing eftiveness of dry chemical is due primarily to its ability to interrupt the propagationof flame. It also acts as a shield from heat radiation. Its electrical resistivity is hiand it is nontoxic. This agent may be used for extinguishing fires involving flam-mable liquids, gases and electrical equipment. It is not effective in extinguishingdeep-seated fires in ordinary combustibles.

Potassium bicarbonate chemical. Potassium bicarbonate chemical is more effec-tive than sodium bicarbonate and monoammonium phosphate chemicals for ex



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guishing fires involving flammable liquids and gases. Its physical properties aresimilar to those of sodium bicarbonate chemical. Potassium bicarbonate, commknown as Purple K, is recommended for new major oil handling facilities. It is asuitable for use on fires involving electrical equipment. This agent is not effectivin extinguishing deep-seated fires in ordinary combustibles.

Multipurpose dry chemical. Multipurpose dry chemical (principally monoammo-nium phosphate) is effective in controlling and extinguishing fires involving flammable liquids and gases, ordinary combustible materials, and electrical equipmIt is recommended where piped water is not available, where freezing conditionare expected, or where a combination of different classes of hazards exists. It hphysical properties similar to the sodium bicarbonate chemical and is more effetive on flammable liquid fires. However, this type of extinguisher is corrosive to electronic circuitry.

Warning: Do not mix multipurpose dry chemical with either sodium bicarbonatepotassium bicarbonate or urea-potassium bicarbonate dry chemical. A chemicareaction can occur that generates CO2 and other gases, causing a pressure buildupthat could rupture the extinguisher.

Potassium chloride chemical. Potassium chloride chemical is seldom used. It haabout half the effectiveness of potassium bicarbonate chemical in extinguishingfires involving flammable liquids or gases. Potassium chloride chemical is not recommended for use where it could contact major equipment made of materiasubject to chloride stress corrosion cracking, such as stainless steels.

Urea-potassium bicarbonate chemical. Urea-potassium bicarbonate chemical wadeveloped in the late 1960's and was first listed by Underwriters' Laboratories in1972. Its increased effectiveness compared to potassium bicarbonate is due todecrepitation when heated by the flame of a fire. It becomes a mass of much smaller particles, which increases its extinguishing effectiveness. The additionacost, however, is not normally justified. Only a few manufacturers are currently marketing an approved fire extinguisher using this chemical.

Dry chemical extinguisher types. Dry chemical extinguishers are manufactured itwo types:

Cartridge-operated. Cartridge-operated dry chemical extinguishers have a replaable cartridge of compressed carbon dioxide (CO2), usually located outside the chemical container (see Figure 1600-21). Nitrogen cartridges are available for ltemperature use. To operate the extinguisher, a valve or puncture mechanism releases the gas in the small cylinder into the larger container. The flow of chemis controlled by another valve, usually located at the end of the discharge hose.

Stored-pressure. The stored-pressure (rechargeable) type is similar to the cartridtype, except that the chemical container is under full pressure all the time. Nitroor dry air is usually used as the pressuring medium. A gage on the unit indicatepressure in the chemical container. A lever or trigger operates the single valve tcontrols the flow of chemical. Stored-pressure types with disposable shells are able in the smaller sizes. They are manufactured with and without gages and operate like the rechargeable types.



hen

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dry

vice

ly).

Applications of dry chemical extinguishers. Cartridge-operated extinguishers with mild steel shells are recommended for protection of oil handling facilities except as noted below. Low temperature (nitrogen) cartridges should be used wambient temperatures at extinguisher locations drop below 10°F for extended periods.

Applications where the stored-pressure (rechargeable) extinguishers can be coered as acceptable substitutes for cartridge-operated extinguishers are:

• Protection of low risk occupancies (e.g., garages).

• Locations not subject to vibration or humidity. These conditions may causechemical packing, making the extinguisher unreliable.

• Installation where refilled cartridges are difficult to obtain.

• Installation where only one or two small extinguishers are needed (e.g., serstations). The disposable-shell type is also suitable for this application.

• Installation where appearance is particularly important (e.g., public assemb

Fig. 1600-21 Cartridge-Operated Dry Chemical Extinguisher Courtesy of Ansul Fire Protection



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g

Use of dry chemical extinguishers. Dry chemical extinguishers are designed to bcarried to the fire. Details of operation vary, depending on whether the unit is thcartridge type or the stored-pressure type.

Most models of both types of extinguishers have a locking pin or seal to prevenaccidental discharge, which must be removed or released before the unit can boperated. Both types of dry chemical extinguishers are made in a variety of sizecontaining from 2 to 30 pounds of chemical. The larger sizes have a range of 225 feet and discharge for about 20 seconds under normal conditions, but the flochemical can be controlled by opening and closing the valve. The flow should nbe throttled by partially opening the valve.

1656 Halogenated Agent Extinguishers (Halon)The manufacture of Halon was eliminated as of January 1, 1994, due to its adveffect on the earth's ozone layer. Use of this agent should be carefully considerand should be restricted to only those applications where other agents would nosuitable, such as critical electronic facilities. See Section 1663.

1657 Wheeled UnitsIn addition to small size extinguishers that are carried by one person, extinguishunits are available in larger sizes, mounted on two-wheeled carts (see Figure 1600-22). These larger units have 10 to 20 times the capacity of hand exguishers. They are intended for use on fires beyond the capacity of hand units where larger fire control capacity must be handled by fewer people.

Wheeled dry chemical extinguishers with 50 feet of hose should be located on accessible concrete pads. Primary coverage is for pump groups and fired proceheaters in flammable or combustible liquid service. Each process unit should haat least one wheeled dry chemical extinguisher. More than one may be warrantwhere obstructions could cause difficulties in moving the extinguisher. In some areas, 350-pound units may be justified.

Also available are special purpose wheeled extinguishers with 33 gallons of aqueous film forming foam (AFFF). These may be useful where a limited foam extinguishing capability is needed, such as at remote locations where piped wanot available and an unusual risk of spill fire exists.

1660 Fixed Fire Detection, Control and Extinguishing Systems

1661 Fixed Water Spray SystemsRefer to NFPA 15, “Water Spray Fixed Systems,” for additional information.

Water in spray form is more effective than straight streams, especially on burninsurfaces and on surfaces to be cooled.



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ove

In most places, water spray streams can be applied with hand-directed nozzleshoses or monitors after a fire starts. However, fixed sprays are justified in somefacilities. Conditions that may justify fixed sprays include:

• Process vessels containing 2500 gallons or more of flammable liquid underpressure, and where monitor streams cannot reach all exposed surfaces abthe normal liquid level

Fig. 1600-22 Wheeled Fire Extinguisher Units Courtesy of Ansul Fire Protection



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• Mechanical equipment containing liquids above their auto-ignition temperator that are volatile and located under other high-value equipment

• Where pumps are handling hydrocarbons above 600°F or above their auto-tion temperature

• Where high-value, long-delivery, critical pumps are located under other highvalue equipment, such as air coolers

• Critical surfaces such as valves, manifolds, headers, etc., where large voluof high temperature hydrocarbons are processed and where effective coolinrequired

• Where critical equipment is located on offshore production platforms, such wellhead production and compression equipment areas

• Where critical equipment resides in unattended facilities or where firefightinpersonnel may not be immediately available

• Where sprays are used as an alternative to fireproofing for structural membor critical instrument cables

Water spray systems should be tested at least quarterly to verify that the systemworking properly, that nozzles are not plugged, and that coverage is adequate. Section 1686.

Fixed Water Spray RequirementsThe possible variables encountered during fires with flammable liquids or gasespetroleum handling facilities make precise calculations difficult. Volume, pressuand temperature of the materials being handled—as well as the structural confition involved and weather conditions—are all factors that influence water appliction rates. Other factors to consider include available water supply, drainage capacity, and dispersion of flammable or possibly toxic materials.

The following sections give recommendations for minimum water application ra(densities) for fixed water spray systems.

Spray Systems for PumpsPumps and other devices that handle flammable liquids or gases should have tshafts, packing glands, connections, and other critical parts enveloped in directwater spray at a density of not less than 0.5 gpm per square foot of area covere(see Figure 1600-23). For a given nozzle the “area covered” equals the area ofnozzle's circle of coverage at the pump centerline. This assumes a horizontal circular pattern of spray coverage at pump centerline.

Interference from piping may require that one or more spray nozzles be locatedhigher or lower than the normal 4 or 5 feet above pump centerline. Narrow-angnozzles have a long reach. Wide-angle nozzles have a short reach and wide coverage.



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Lateral lines coming off the top of the header minimize most nozzle plugging prlems. Other recommended features are main lines sloped to drain and a flush vat the end of each main line.

Spray Systems for Vertical VesselsWater should be applied to vessels at a rate of not less than 0.25 gpm per squafoot of exposed uninsulated surface. To ensure adequate coverage, the horizondistance between nozzles must be close enough to permit meeting of spray paThe vertical distance between nozzles may be as much as 12 feet, provided rundown is expected. Nozzles should be no more than 4 to 6 feet from the vess

Spray Systems for Spheres or VesselsWater sprays on spheres or horizontal cylindrical vessels should be capable of discharging 0.25 gpm per square foot of surface area of the upper half of the ve

Fig. 1600-23 Spray System for Pumps



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The main components of spray systems for horizontal vessels are shown in Figure 1600-24. Lateral lines coming off the top of the header eliminate most nozzle plugging problems. Lines sloped to drain and a flush valve are also desidesign features.

Surfaces of the lower half are not always wetted by water rundown from above;additional coverage may be required by hand-held hoses or monitors if the vesslikely to be less than half full of liquid. Grading and drainage out from under vessels are important factors to minimize heat input to the lower vessel surface

Water sprays are not effective in providing cooling for high-velocity, jet-impinginfires. The velocity of jetting gases blows the water spray droplets away from thevessel shell. For LPG storage vessels, water monitors are required in addition tsprays. Refer to API 2510A for additional information.

Deluge Systems for SpheresDeluge systems, or high-capacity water spray systems, are preferred on LPG storage spheres. A density coverage of 0.25 gpm per square foot of surface areabove the equator is recommended. For example, about 1600 gpm of fire watewould be required to adequately protect one 65-foot diameter sphere.

The main components of a water deluge system are shown in Figure 1600-25 aare listed here:

Fig. 1600-24 Water Spray System for Horizontal Drums



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• An adequate water supply line to the top of the sphere, terminating in an opended pipe that spills the water onto the top of the sphere.

• Weir box for even distribution of water over the top of the sphere, or two or three water distributor rings spaced above 2 feet apart to further distribute fover the sphere surface. Provide drain holes to prevent retention of rain wa

• A valve and drain line in the water line located at least 50 feet from the sphThis is normally a quick-opening (quarter turn) manual valve, but could be operated by a fire detector in unattended locations. This valve could be an Inbal diaphragm valve (see Section 1636). The valve must be located awayfrom the drainage path from the sphere.

Structures and Miscellaneous EquipmentWhere projections such as manway flanges, pipe flanges, support brackets, or vessel legs obstruct water spray coverage, (including rundown on vertical surfaadditional deflectors or nozzles may be needed to maintain the wetting pattern pressure-holding surfaces.

Nonmetallic Electrical Cable and Tubing RunsOpen cable trays/conduit banks (unfireproofed) may be protected by fixed sprawhen there is potential for fire exposure, such as above hot-oil pumps or near furnaces. The preferred protection is to route critical control and power wiring away from fire risk areas. Where routing outside a fire risk area is not feasible,

Fig. 1600-25 Deluge System for Spheres



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properly installed sprays instead. An application rate of .30 gpm per square fooprojected area is recommended.

System ComponentsComponents of a fixed water spray installation should be standardized to providinterchangeable system. Systems may be operated automatically or manually, depending on the anticipated degree of hazard.

Equipment exposed to corrosive atmospheres should be constructed of corrosiresistant materials or covered with protective coatings to minimize corrosion.

Pipe, tubing, and fittings should be designed to withstand a working pressure oless than 175 psi. Include a strainer and full-flow bypass in the system.

Nozzle SelectionNozzles producing a solid cone spray pattern are effective for most fire control surface cooling applications. However, flat spray or other patterns may be moreable for certain applications.

Select a nozzle with an angle of discharge and capacity at the pressure availabthat gives the needed density on the surface, considering the distance to the nomounting location.

Spray nozzles are manufactured in a variety of configurations. Take care to ensproper application of the nozzle type. Distance of “throw” or location of the nozzfrom the surface is limited by the nozzle discharge characteristics.

Select nozzles that are not easily obstructed by debris, sediment, sand, rust deetc., in the water. The nozzle orifice size should be at least 3/8 inch. Use the larpractical nozzle size. Installing a few large nozzles is preferable to installing a greater number of smaller nozzles. Nozzles with no internal parts are less likelyplug. Include approved strainers with full capacity bypass and flushout connectwhere debris may cause plugging problems. See the manufacturer list at the enthis section.

Stainless steel nozzles are recommended. However, brass and other materialsavailable.

Water SuppliesThe type of water used is important. Fresh water has the advantage of less pluand corrosion than salt water. If salt water is used, a fresh water flush is recom-mended.

The water supply flow rate and pressure should be able to maintain water dischat the design rate and duration for all systems designed to operate simultaneouAllow for the flow rate of hose streams and other fire protection water requiremewhen determining the maximum water demand for fixed sprays.

Manual control valves or remote actuation point should be located at least 50 fefrom the hazard and identified to ensure accessibility during an emergency. Wh



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system actuation is automatic, provide manual overrides. Consider using an Inbdiaphragm valve, described in Section 1636, to actuate fixed water spray syste

The water supply should be from reliable sources, such as Company hydrant systems, connections to city water systems, fire pumps, or fire department conntions for mobile pumpers. The total water supply necessary for these installatiowill vary considerably. See Figure 1600-1.

Size of SystemProtect separate fire areas with separate spray systems. Keep single systems asmall as is feasible.

Separation of Fire AreasTypical fire areas are:

• Operating sections that can be shut down independently of other sections

• Offshore platform modules

• Process sections such as distillation, exchanger banks, manifolds, or reactsections

• Natural fire breaks (such as pipeways)

Refer to Section 1300 for more information.

DrainageIt is important to make provisions for drainage of water or foam solution that is likely to be discharged into an a fire area. Drainage capacity should allow for thexpected amount of spilled oil. See Section 1400 and the Civil and Structural Manual, Section 500, for more detail on this subject.

Automatic Sprinkler Systems. In manned process facilities, sprinkler systems argenerally not automatic. However, in offices, laboratories, and warehouses, autmatic heat-actuated systems are commonly used. Sprinkler system design shofollow NFPA 13.

Multi-story living quarters on offshore facilities should be sprinklered. Such systems are normally fresh water packed with provision for salt water makeup isystem is activated.

The need for actuation of systems to transmit an alarm to a fire station is basedlocal code requirements and whether the facility is manned continuously. The musual method is to notify the local fire department by phone.

1662 Fixed Foam SystemsFixed foam equipment is seldom recommended for use in the Company exceptlarge floating roof hydrocarbon storage tanks (over 120 feet in diameter), as covered in the Tank Manual, and for special situations such as manifold pits or onboard tank vessels. NFPA 11, “Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent



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Systems,” provides further information on this subject. A discussion on foam asextinguishing agent is included in this section of the manual.

1663 Fixed Halon SystemsHalons are vaporizing liquids that chemically inhibit combustion by interrupting flame propagation similarly to dry chemical. The two most widely used Halons aHalon 1301 and Halon 1211. Their installation and use is discussed in NFPA 12and 12B, respectively.

Based on the discovery that Halon can harm ozone in the atmosphere, as of Ja1, 1994, Halon can no longer be legally produced in this or any other developedcountry. No new Halon systems should be installed.

Halon AlternativesSome Halon substitutes have received EPA approval as part of the Significant NAlternatives Program (SNAP) and are listed in Figure 1600-26. These productsrequire significant redesign of existing fixed suppression equipment. Approved substitutes require storing and dispensing from 1.7 to 10 times the volume of H1301. A substance that allows simple exchange of gas in existing storage cylinddoes not exist. This list is changing, and information is quickly obsolete. Contacthe CRTC Fire & Process Safety Team for the latest information on acceptable Halon alternatives. The National Fire Protection Association will also provide guance in NFPA 2001. Note that we require UL and FM approval of specific applictions for all substitute extinguishing systems.

One brand of Halon substitute, Inergen™, is a mixture of inert gases, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide. Releasing large volumes of Inergen reduces oxygenair, which extinguishes the fire. However, carbon dioxide is maintained at an optimum lower level that stimulates, rather than depresses, breathing in humanother animals. Therefore, it is not necessary to evacuate people from the area pto release, as required with CO2 extinguishing systems. Inergen systems should bdesigned by experts familiar with calculating the correct volume of release. OthEPA-approved replacement gases are true suppressants like Halon, but requirehigher concentrations in air than Halon.

The substitutes for Halon in Figure 1600-26 do not cause ozone depletion (ODP0), but substitutes can have other potential effects on the atmosphere. These eare related to the length of time they require to break down in the atmosphere. ucts with longer atmospheric life could contribute to global warming and may beregulated in the future. Low global warming-potential products are preferred.



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Existing Fixed Halon SystemsRemoval of existing Halon systems is not required. Maintaining an existing systcould be expensive, however, especially if false alarms and unnecessary releasoccur. If a supplier can be found, lost Halon can be replaced, but replacement icostly. Existing Halon extinguishing systems should be evaluated to determine they can be eliminated without significant increased risk of fire loss. The Halon then be stockpiled for critical uses. In occupied areas that are manned 24 hourday by personnel trained in incipient stage firefighting, a fixed system may not bnecessary. Devices used to trigger the release of Halon can easily be convertedmanual audible alarms and control board alarms.

Fig. 1600-26 Halon Substitutes

EPA-Approved Halon Replacement Gases

Agent FM-200 Inergen Carbon Dioxide FE-13 PFC-410

Chemical Name HeptafluorpropaneCF3CHFCF3

52% Nitrogen, 40% Argon, 8% Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide CO2 Trifluoromethane CHF3 Perfluorobutane C4F10

Manufacturer Great Lakes Chemical(317) 497-6206

Ansul Fire Protection(916) 676-3344

Many E. I. DuPont Co.(302) 992-2177

3M Fire Protection(612) 736-6055

Atmospheric Life Global WarmingPotential

31 to 42 Years Low

Not Applicable None

Not Applicable None

235 Years High

500-10,000 Years Likely to be High

AllowedDischarge Time

10 Seconds to 95% Discharge

60 Seconds to Design Concentration

60 Seconds to Design Concentration



Design ConcentrationHalon: 5%

7% 34% to 50% 34 to 75% 14% 6% - 8%

Storage SpaceRequired

1 Square Foot One Cylinder

9 Square Feet Nine Cylinders

6 Square Feet Six Cylinders

2 Square Feet Two Cylinders

Unknown

Advantages • Lowest volume and pressure replacement.

• Lowest cost to convert from Halon.

• Low global warming potential.

• Greater number of distributors and hardware vendors.

• Consists of naturally occurring gases.

• Can be substi-tuted for carbon dioxide with greater margin of safety.

• Only commercial formula that does not release high concentrate of HF breakdown products.

• Consists ofnaturally occurring gases.

• Cheapestreplacement gases.

• Lowest cost true fire suppressant replacement gas available.

• Lowest storage pressure.

Disadvantages • Most expensive for gas replace-ment, so acci-dental trips and test runs more expensive.

• Requires very high storage pressure.

• Hardware cost higher.

• Not a true fire suppressant gas.

• Requires most storage space.

• Must have safe-guards to prevent suffocation.

• Extra hardware for time delays, etc. makes it the highest priced alternative initially.

• Requires high storage pressure.

• Hardware cost higher than for other suppressant gas.

• May be restricted to conditional use by EPA.

• Allowed by EPA only when others proved not to work due to global warming potential.



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Most Halon releases to the atmosphere are caused by false alarms. Consider converting retained Halon systems to manual discharge to minimize the potentifor inadvertent releases. As with all electronics, instrumentation systems for fireprotection have improved greatly in the past few years, and this is a good time review and possibly upgrade them.

1664 Fixed Dry Chemical SystemsFixed dry chemical systems may be installed to protect an area of unusual hazawhere the powder would not cause additional damage or where other media wobe substantially less effective. Systems can be installed either inside or outsideshould be designed in accordance with NFPA 17, “Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems.” Consider the effects of wind for outdoor systems. A disadvantage of fixed dry chemical systems is that they must achieve extinguishment with one discharge, or the fire will continue unabated. Consultation with the CRTC Fire &Process Safety team is recommended before proceeding with the design for thsystems.

1665 Fixed Carbon Dioxide SystemsCarbon dioxide (CO2) extinguishes almost entirely by smothering, although it doehave a negligible cooling effect of about 100 BTU per pound. Liquid carbon dioxide is stored under pressure in steel cylinders. When the valve on the cylindopens, the rapid expansion of the liquid into gas produces a refrigerating effectwhich solidifies part of the carbon dioxide to a “snow.” This “snow” soon sublimeinto gas, absorbing heat from the burning material or surrounding atmosphere. gas extinguishes fire by reducing the oxygen content of surrounding air below tflammable limit of the fuel.

Unless this concentration of gas is maintained for an extended period, carbon dioxide does not normally extinguish fires in materials that smolder or produce glowing embers, such as paper and wood. Its greatest effectiveness is on flammliquid fires that do not involve material that might cause a reflash after the CO2 has dissipated. It is especially suitable for laboratories. It also has wide application the protection of delicate electrical and electronic equipment, where cleanup afextinguishment is an important consideration.

Carbon dioxide is clean and leaves no residue to damage the equipment. It extguishes by reducing (diluting) the oxygen in air to a level that does not sustain combustion.

☞ Warning CO2 will not sustain life. It cannot be used safely in closed manned faities unless warning alarms are sounded and personnel are either evacuated bethe CO2 is released or use self-contained breathing apparatus.

Carbon dioxide systems should be designed in accordance with NFPA 12, “CarDioxide Extinguishing Systems.” Consult the CRTC Fire & Process Safety teambefore designing any new fixed CO2 systems in the Company.



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1666 SteamSteam should not be considered a fire control agent. Unlike water sprays, steamnot effective in cooling or protecting fire-exposed equipment to prevent further damage. However, because of its availability in most process plants, it provideseconomical way to prevent some types of small fires. It is especially useful in preventing ignition of leaks in hot equipment such as furnace header boxes, whthe leak is not serious but can be stopped only with a shutdown. It is also effectin preventing ignition of flange leaks by reducing the amount of air available at tleak and by dispersing and diluting the leaking material.

When used to prevent ignition, steam can be applied continuously to small leakextended periods without damage to the equipment or objectional residue. Steacan be applied at known troublesome leak points, such as a heat exchanger flaA ring of pipe (with small holes) can be temporarily installed to create a ring of steam around the flange and effectively prevent ignition of a leak until permanerepairs can be accomplished. Steam is generally provided for controlling tube rupture fires in process furnaces or heaters. A commonly accepted rate is 2 lb/h3 of firebox volume. Refer to the Fired Heater and Waste Heat Recovery Manual.

Hand-held, unbonded steam lances not in contact with piping have ignited leakwhen static electricity accumulated on the lance and subsequently discharged.

1667 Fire Detection SystemsFire or smoke detection systems are desirable in installations where a fire mighundetected for considerable time, or in gas, oil or petrochemical facilities with significant public exposure or potential environmental impact. In some areas, detion systems may be required by the authority having jurisdiction (e.g., local firedepartment). Consider fire detection systems in places such as unattended critproducing facilities, driver-operated truck-loading facilities, high-value computerfacilities, storage areas for vital records, and facilities where personnel sleep adcent to operating facilities. Fire detection devices may be actuated by fixed temture or rate of temperature rise, by smoke or ionized particles in the air, or by thradiation emitted by flames.

When selecting a detector for a specific application, consider the location of proable fire, whether immediate flame or smoldering is likely, and the precision witwhich the location of a fire could be pinpointed. Detectors can be made to sounalarm locally or at a remote location, shut down and depressurize equipment (epumps and compressors), close valves, shut down ventilating systems, discharextinguishing agent or perform other operations.

All fire detection and alarm systems except those detectors having parts that destruct on exposure (as by melting), should be tested periodically by causing tto actuate. Develop a suitable test program for each unit to assure that detectoalarms, and other intended functions will operate should a fire occur. Test detecat least every six months or more often depending on the location and the envirment to which the device is exposed. Maintain test records and correct any deficies immediately.



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Following are descriptions of the most common types of fire detection equipmeSee Figure 1600-27 for comparisons of various detectors. Additional guidance be found in Sections 2100 and 2200 for computer room applications.

Fig. 1600-27 Fire Detectors

Type Advantages Disadvantages Applications

Fusible Link Needs no electricityHighly reliableLow unit cost

Very slowHeat must impinge

Outdoors/indoors Equipment isolation and

shut downSuppression system

Fixed TemperatureHeat Detectors

Reliable and simpleEffective indoorsLow unit cost

SlowAffected by wind

Indoors/enclosed areas

Rate of RiseHeatDetectors

Self-adjusting to temperatureVariations of day/night and

summer/winterCan detect rapidly growing

fire more quicklyLow unit cost

Actuated by convected heatHeat must impingeAffected by wind


Smoke Ionization Early warningSmoldering firesLow unit cost

Easily contaminated limited environment

Affected by weather

Indoors, offices, computerrooms, electrical rooms

Smoke Photoelectric Early warning of smoldering fire

Low unit cost

Smoke must be contained Limited to indoor use

Indoors, officesOrdinary combustible fires

only

Infrared (IR) High speedModerate sensitivityManual self-test through the

windowModerate unit cost

Affected by temperature Subject to false alarms due

to myriad of IR sources inindustrial environment

No automatic self-test


Ultraviolet (UV) Highest speedHighest sensitivityAutomatic self-testModerate unit cost

Subject to false alarms fromfew identifiable source

Blinded by thick smoke

Outdoors/indoors

Dual DetectorIR & IR

Moderate speedModerate sensitivityLow false alarm rate

Limited operating temperature range

Limited self testingHigh unit cost

Outdoors/indoors

Dual DetectorIR & UV

High speedHigh sensitivityLow false alarm rateWide temperature rangeAutomatic self-test

Thick smoke reduces range High unit cost

Outdoors/indoorsCritical equipment

shutdown, isolation Suppression system



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Flame DetectorsUltraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) flame detectors react to radiation emitted fromthe flame. They must be located so the detector can “see” the flame directly. Detors must be shielded from external sources of ultraviolet or infrared radiation sas welding arcs, lightning, or radiating black bodies (e.g., hot engines, manifoldand hot vessels) to minimize false alarms. Their field of vision usually covers a larger area than heat detectors, but they do not detect a smoldering fire as quicsome smoke detectors. Flame detectors are not affected by air flow characterisand do not depend on the heat of combustion or the amount of smoke liberatedFlame detectors are suitable for inside or outside use. Where false alarm sourccannot be avoided and false alarms must be minimized, consider using combinUV/IR detectors.

Heat DetectorsHeat detecting devices fall into two categories—those that respond when the detion element reaches a predetermined temperature (fixed-temperature types) athose that respond to an increase in temperature at a rate greater than some pmined value (rate-of-rise types). Preferred types combine both the fixed-temperture and rate-of-rise principles. Heat detecting devices can also be categorizedthe spot-pattern type, in which the thermally sensitive element is a compact unicovering a small area, or the line-pattern type, in which the element is a continuwire or heat-sensitive tube.

Fusible LinksFusible links are made of low melting point materials designed to vent pneumatsystems as the fire melts the link. Fusible fittings that fit standard tubing systemare available as well. These fittings are filled with a low melting point material. Fusible links should not be covered or painted. See the manufacturer list at theof this Section.

Smoke DetectorsPhotoelectric detection of smoke has been employed for many years, particularwhere the type of fire anticipated generates a substantial amount of smoke befotemperature changes are sufficient to actuate a heat detection system. Three foof photoelectric detectors are in common use: the spot-type detector, the line-tdetector, and the sampling detector. Each type measures the change in currentresulting from partial obscuring by smoke of a photoelectric beam between a receiving element and a light source. An alarm is tripped when this obscurationreaches a critical value.

The refraction type operates on the principle of reflection of a light source into aphotoconductive cell by means of smoke particles. A small chamber, open to thatmosphere, contains a light source and a photoconductive cell. These are arraso that the beam of light from the light source does not impinge upon the photoductive cell. When a sufficient quantity of smoke particles enters the chamber, tsmoke particles reflect light into the photoconductive cell. This changes the restance of the cell, and a signal is obtained.



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The ionization type of fire detector consists of an assembly of ionization chamban electronic tube, and related parts. When product-of-combustion particles, whare larger than air molecules and may be invisible, enter one of the ionization cbers, they absorb or interfere with the alpha radiation produced by a radioactivesource. This interference with the normal ionization process in the detector is employed to produce a signal.

1668 Combustible Gas Detector SystemsFixed combustible gas detectors sample the atmosphere continuously or periodcally and give warnings if preset levels of combustible gas or vapor are presentalarm signal may be located away from the sampling point, and usually is actuaat a concentration of 20% of the lower flammable limit.

Combustible gas detectors also can be used to shut down equipment or to actualarm at a preset concentration, such as 20% (or 0.2 on a 0-1 scale) of the loweflammable limit for alarm and 60% of the lower flammable limit for shutting dowequipment. Alarm and shutdown settings should be separated by 40% to minimoccurrence of false trips. Interposing relays can be connected to start or stop velating fans or release inert gas. Some detection systems have a sensing elemeeach sample location, and others draw a sample through tubing to a central senpoint.

Most fixed and portable combustible gas detectors operate on the principle thatrise in temperature of a wire causes a corresponding increase in its electrical retance. These instruments usually employ a heated platinum wire filament, frequently coated with a catalyst, that causes combustion of the gas or vapor sample. The heat from the combustion is directly proportional to the concentratof gas or vapor present in the sampling chamber. The heat raises the temperatthe filament, and at the same time increases its electrical resistance. The filameone arm of a Wheatstone bridge, which provides a means for measuring changresistance. The change is indicated by an electrical meter.

Most systems are calibrated to give reasonably accurate readings for common hydrocarbons, but they can be calibrated more accurately for a specific gas or vapor. Because of varying characteristics, instruments should be used only for type of service recommended by the manufacturer. Be sure to follow the manufturer's instructions. Periodic checking of the instrument ensures reliable operatiFor sample draw-type instruments, minor variations in the flow of samples aspi-rated to the detecting unit do not materially affect the operation of these instru-ments, but clogging of sample lines, flame arrestors, and filters makes them inoperative. Take care to regularly inspect them and keep them free from obstrutions.

Fixed combustible gas detectors are recommended only for locations that are partially or wholly unattended, locations where the consequences of an undeteleak may be serious, and locations where required by the authority having juristion. Typical applications for combustible gas detectors include:



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• Air intakes for building pressurization systems and gas turbines. These dettors should alarm at 20% lower flammable limit (LFL) and shut down the airintake at 60% LFL.

• Cooling towers to monitor for process exchanger leaks. (Other methods caused also.)

• Pumps and compressor areas, particularly when enclosed.

It is desirable for gas detection systems to operate on DC power supplies. Systoperated on AC power supplies should be equipped with automatic switchover devices to ensure continuous system energization. Otherwise, systems installefail-safe manner will generate unwarranted alarms or shutdowns.

Inspection and TestingRoutine inspection and testing of combustible gas detection systems is recom-mended and should be included in the normal maintenance program. Remove clean diffusion sensor head flame arrestors periodically per the manufacturer's instructions. Most recommend air or soap and water because trapped vapors caffect operation. Also, many solvents contain chemicals (e.g., silicon) that may poison detector elements. Check and adjust alarm set points and instrument cation routinely. Check the manufacturer's recommendations for specific maintenaand testing requirements.

1669 Explosion SuppressionSuppression of explosions is possible under certain conditions, because a shorsignificant period of time elapses before destructive pressures develop. If condiare right, it is possible to use the time available to operate a suppression system

Effective use of the rate of pressure rise to suppress an explosion requires thremajor considerations in the design of suppression systems:

1. The explosion must be detected in its incipient stage to allow time for operation of the suppression equipment. Due to the relatively short time availabledetection and suppression must be automatic, with provisions to discriminabetween an explosion and ambient variables that normally exist.

2. The mechanism for dispersing the extinguishing agent must operate at extremely high speed to fill the enclosure completely within milliseconds aftdetection of the explosion. The detection must automatically actuate to assno time lag. The extinguishing agent must be dispersed in a very fine mist fat rapid speed, normally through the use of an explosive release mechanis

3. The extinguishing agent is normally a liquid compatible with the combustionprocess to be encountered. Factors involved in the suppression mechanismthe same as those for fire extinguishing—cooling, inerting, blanketing, and combustion inhibiting.

Explosion suppression systems are not in general use in the petroleum industrythey may be considered for the protection of high-hazard, high-value operations



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where an explosion would have very serious consequences and normal methodfire protection are not adequate. Explosion suppression systems are more commonly encountered in dust handling processes (Gilsonite, coal, or grain). N69, “Explosion Prevention Systems,” provides further information on this subjec

1670 Other Firefighting Equipment

1671 Mobile Fire Fighting Equipment

Fire Trucks. Facilities with a well designed fire water system maintained at 125 150 psig may not need a pumper truck. Only in special cases are pumpers neesuch as to supply high rates of proportioned foam, to boost water pressure whenecessary or to control pressure to hand-held fire hose lines. Foam proportioninunits are used with semifixed foam systems for fighting tank fires and to supplyhand lines for fighting fires in process areas, pump manifolds, pipe trenches, tatruck loading racks (TTLRs), or other locations where spills and fire may occur.fire water pumper may be required for facilities with only low pressure fire watersystems. Also, large gallonage monitors (sizes 1000 to 2000 gpm), which are specialized pieces of equipment used only in infrequent situations, may need apumper to provide the required monitor pressure. For example, a 1500 gpm pucan supply a 2000 gpm monitor.

Fire trucks should have the following features:

• Pumper capacity of 1000 to 1200 gpm. Larger units require special justification due to a special chassis and nonstandard cab.

• 1000-gallon foam concentrate tank.

• Automatic foam proportioning system for foam proportioning. Refer to NFP1901 for guidance in selecting and specifying a fire truck, or discuss with a member of the CRTC Fire & Process Safety team.

Foam Trailers. A foam trailer with a 500-gpm monitor and 300 gallons of foam concentrate can deliver foam for 20 minutes. Large trailers can store more conctrate and deliver foam to a fire for a longer time. A foam concentrate trailer withproportioning capability, hoses, nozzles, etc., may be a suitable alternative to afoam pumper fire truck.

Twin agent units. These consist of pressurized AFFF (foam) and dry chemical units mounted on a skid unit in a small truck. Twin agent units are effective in qfire control. This system can be operated by one person. Skid units are preferrebecause they can be easily moved when replacement trucks are purchased.

A generic pumper truck specification is available from the CRTC Fire and ProceSafety Team.



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1672 Fire Station (Plant Protection Office)The fire station (or plant protection office) serves several functions and is a focapoint for large-facility fire fighting organizations. The station is the communica-tions base to which fires are reported. The fire station needs to have an enclosearea for storing the fire truck, foam truck, and trailer-mounted pumper as well ahoses, nozzles, gear for the firefighter (boots, bunker coats, hats, gloves, self-contained breathing apparatus units) and other equipment needed in emergencNormally, this equipment is mounted on mobile fire fighting apparatus that can driven to the fire site.

The station may also contain facilities for repairing hoses and nozzles and for refilling extinguishers and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units. Thestation should be as centrally located as practical, but safely away from the plathat it will not be inaccessible, damaged, or involved in fires or explosions. See Figure 1300-2 in Section 1300 for spacing recommendations.

1673 Fire Equipment CabinetsFire equipment cabinets may be justified at strategic locations around a facility.Typical cabinet contents include:

• Two 50-foot lengths of 2 1/2-inch hose• Four 50-foot lengths of 1 1/2-inch hose• One 2 1/2-inch combination nozzle• Two 1 1/2-inch combination nozzles• Two to four 5-gallon containers of foam concentrate• One educting-type 1 1/2-inch foam nozzle• Two 30-pound dry chemical extinguishers• One 2 1/2-inch by 1 1/2-inch gated wye• Two hose wrenches

1674 Personnel Protective EquipmentThe purpose of this section is to assist operating facilities in developing local woclothing programs. Following are criteria to assist in defining levels of risk of expsure to flash fire commensurate with existing operating areas. This section shobe the basis for designating appropriate fire resistant (FR) clothing for regularlyassigned operating and maintenance personnel. Guidance on the use of fire reclothing should also be developed to cover other personnel. Local managemenresponsible to evaluate needs for and justifying fire resistant clothing. Refer to recommendations in Figure 1600-28 as a guide.



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(1) Work areas should be evaluated to determine need for fire resistant clothing, based on operating conditions and history of accidental releases and fires.

(2) Regular work clothes will generally suffice for these areas. Unique circumstances should be evaluated.

GeneralHard hats and gloves are normally a part of each firefighter's personal equipmeAnyone who may be called on to help fight fires is urged to bring these items wresponding to a fire alarm. Arrangements should also be made to transport anystorehouse stock of these items to the scene of a large fire.

Fire Resistant ClothingRecent incidents in the Company and in the industry have led us to review and update our guidance on the use of fire resistant clothing. Guidance documents been developed to assist each operating company to develop local policies regarding the use of fire resistant clothing by employees, contractors, and visitoand the use of firefighters' turnout clothing.

Exposure to flash fires, when vapor-air mixtures ignite, cause burn injuries to exposed skin. Skin covered by clothing is less likely to be burned in a flash fire is exposed skin. However, neither normal clothing nor fire resistant clothing totaprevent burn injuries because they provide minimal insulating protection from thheat of burning gases in a flash fire.

Fig. 1600-28 Recommendations for Use of Fire Resistant Clothes

Recommendation Area

Use of fire resistant clothing is encouraged Refinery and chemical processingOffshore production platforms with compression, fired

equipment and power generationGas processing and compressionMajor pump/pipeline stationsLPG handling and storageMajor tank storage areasMajor wharf handling flammablesLoading/unloading trucks and rail carsRepair of hydrocarbon piping/equipment, on and off siteWell hot oil servicing

Evaluate need for fire resistant clothing(1),(2) Small, low pressure process areasLaboratories handling flammablesPilot plantsSmaller tank storage areasDrilling and production well site operationsOffshore platforms with separationMarketing terminals (except truck loading)Small docks and piers

Fire resistant clothing is considered unnecessary(2) General purpose/liquid warehousesOffices, shops, and off-plot areasLaboratories handling non-flammablesVapor-free equipment



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Cotton or wool fabrics typically minimize the burn from a flash but are likely to ignite and cause serious burn injuries. Synthetic fabrics, e.g., polyester or nylonprovide less protection, and are also likely to ignite. Such materials also melt inflash fire and may adhere to the skin and further increase the severity of the buinjury.

The benefit of fire resistant clothing is that it prevents further injury because it dnot melt or ignite in a flash fire. Fire resistant clothing is not required for incipienstage fire response.

In a review of certain fire resistant materials, differences were found in comfort,moisture absorption, abrasion resistance, and resistance to damage during laudering. Differences in properties are important in wearing comfort and durabilityTo ensure maximum employee acceptance, take care in making selections fromproducts currently available. Current acceptable materials include Kermel, Kevland Nomex III.

Fire Retardant CottonFire retardant cotton was reviewed and tested by one refinery. It was found to lomuch of its fire retardant property after several launderings.

Shrinkage problems were also experienced. Manufacturers claim that improvedmaterial will not lose significant fire retardant properties after laundering. Test don this claim is conflicting. At prolonged fire exposures (>3.5 seconds), the fire retardant cotton produces significant amounts of off-gases and hot vapors as aof the FR treating. These off-gases can create additional risk for the wearer. In tion, tests at one Company facility indicate that the lower initial cost of the FR cotton garments does not compensate for the shorter life of the garment.

Turnout ClothingFull firefighters' turnout clothing is recommenced for those fighting fires beyondthe incipient stage. An incipient stage fire is defined by OSHA as a “. .. fire whicis in the initial or beginning stage and which can be controlled or extinguished bportable fire extinguishers, Class II standpipe (1-1/2" fire hose) or small hose system without the need for protective clothing or breathing apparatus.”

Turnout clothing is mandatory for trained fire brigade members. Turnout clothinincludes helmet with face shield, coat, trousers, gloves, and insulated firefighterboots. Turnout clothing is also recommended for any personnel who enter the “zone.” For example, an operator asked to assist the brigade in closing a valve should have firefighters' turnout clothing. The “hot zone” is the area too close tofire for comfort because of radiant heat. No employee should be permitted to wturnout clothing and engage in firefighting unless they have received the traininrequired by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.156.



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OSHA 29 CFR 1910.156 (e)(2)(iii) states in part:

1. Body protection shall be coordinated with foot and leg protection toensure full body protection for the wearer. This shall be achieved bone of the following methods:

a. Wearing of a fire-resistive coat meeting the requirements of pagraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section in combination with fully extendeboots meeting the requirements of paragraphs (e)(2)(ii) and (e)(2)(iii) of this section; or

b. Wearing of fire-resistive coat in combination with protective trosers, both of which meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(3)(of this section.

2. The performance, construction, and testing of fire-resistive coats aprotective trousers shall be at least equivalent to the requirements the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standard NFPA No1971-1975, “Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting.” (See Appendix D to Subpart L) with the following permissible variations from those requirements:

a. Tearing strength of the outer shell shall be a minimum of 8 pounds (35.6 N) inany direction when tested in accordance witparagraph (2) of Appendix E; and

b. The outer shell may discolor but shall not separate or melt wheplaced in a forced air laboratory oven at a temperature of 500°(260°C) for a period of five minutes. After cooling to ambient temperature and using the test method specified in paragraph of Appendix E, char length shall not exceed 4.0 inches (10.2 cmand after-flame shall not exceed 2.0 seconds.

Turnout gear can be located on fire apparatus such as a fire truck or headquar-ters/equipment truck. It can also be carried in a pickup truck or located in controcenters or field operations offices. Trained operations and maintenance personcan use turnout gear stored in control centers to enter a hot zone or spill area.

The OSHA regulation calls for yearly training for fire brigade members and quaterly training for such members expected to perform interior or confined space ffighting. More comprehensive training is required for firefighting leaders.

Proximity SuitsFacilities that have a trained fire brigade may justify having two or three proxim(heat-reflecting) suits available for rescue or for unusually difficult approaches, such as for closing valves or similar fire control actions. Only persons with adequate training and supervision should be permitted to wear these specially designed suits. Use the suits only for those conditions approved by the manufaturer.



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Medical EquipmentFirst aid kits should be available so that small burns and scratches can be treatpromptly. Stretchers, body burn kits, blankets, and other items for first aid treatmshould be available at large fires. An emergency medical technician (EMT) shobe available during emergencies to treat serious injuries. Supervisors should unstand the procedure for obtaining an ambulance. This procedure should be preranged.

Handheld Combustible Gas IndicatorsFlammable vapors may be released outside the fire area from broken lines, unburned liquid, or other sources. A combustible gas indicator can help to detethe extent and spread of such vapors to determine the hazard involved. Indicatocan also determine hazards from flammable liquids or gases that may remain afire has been extinguished. Since this equipment is normally available in areas where large quantities of flammable liquids are handled, it does not have to be provided for fire use exclusively. Providing an indicator to the scene of a fire shobe included in prefire planning. Do not permit personnel to enter an area contaia flammable vapor-air mixture.

Breathing ApparatusBecause firefighters must sometimes enter smoky areas, self-contained breathapparatus (SCBAs) should be available. This equipment is normally available afacilities for operational or emergency use. Plans for getting this equipment to tscene of a fire should be a part of the prefire planning. SCBAs are required for rior fire fighting.

1675 Communication FacilitiesCoordination of the numerous activities involved in controlling a large fire requira reliable means of communication. This is best accomplished with a dedicatedemergency radio channel that provides rapid communication.

Communications between the incident commander (see Section 400) and the dsion or sector commanders in charge of the various phases of fire control can baccomplished by messenger, portable two-way radio, or field telephone. Messegers should always be available to maintain contact with people outside the reaother means of communication, but make full use of any telephone or radio equment available. You can also use automobiles that are radio-equipped for operational reasons. Many pieces of public fire equipment and most police cars are requipped. These facilities are frequently available for summoning additional eqment from remote locations and for communication between units.

1676 Miscellaneous Equipment

Emergency Lighting EquipmentNormal lighting is frequently lost in a fire area. If firefighting occurs at night, portable generators and floodlights are essential. Lighting the fire area is requir



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particularly in the latter phases of a fire when most of the flame has been extin-guished but much salvage and cleanup work remains to be done. Adequate lighhelps reduce accidents during these periods.

A Crouse-Hinds type ADE-14 series with a 505 wheel base is a good portable lfixture for an emergency source. If portable generators producing 120-volt curreare not readily available in the desired capacity. You can use welding generatora source of power for emergency lighting. Power for 120-volt incandescent lam(500-watt, 500/RS-Rough Service type) can be obtained from the auxiliary powtap on some generators (1000 watt), or from the main generator by adjusting thvoltage regulator.

Automobile and truck headlights may also serve as a temporary source of emegency lighting, but these are less satisfactory for many uses because they are sdirectional.

Hand ToolsShovels may be needed at the time of a fire for controlling drainage, removing debris, and similar uses. Pry bars and axes are occasionally needed to gain acbuildings and to provide additional ventilation for a burning building. These andother basic mechanical tools, such as pipe wrenches or valve handle persuadenormally available because of regular operating and maintenance requirements

LaddersLarge installations should have ladders that can reach the roof of most buildingand tanks. Ladders that may be used during a fire should be able to safely holdmore than one person at a time.

Heavy EquipmentEarth moving equipment (front-end loaders, backhoes, bulldozers) and other heequipment may be useful at fires involving tanks and oil wells. They can be useraise diversionary or impounding walls and to remove debris. Front-end loadersparticularly useful to construct an earthen fire stop for tankfield or main pipewayfires. Supervisors should know where such equipment can be obtained on shornotice. This information should be included in the pre-fire plan.

Exercise caution at a spill; heavy equipment is an ignition source. Beware of thefollowing:

• Vapor clouds• Buried piping• Firefighting equipment temporarily placed in normally unobstructed areas.



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1680 Testing and Maintenance

1681 Dry Chemical Extinguishers Inspection/MaintenanceRefer to Appendix E and NFPA 10 for detailed inspection and maintenance produres, checklists, and record keeping procedures.

1682 HosesVisually inspect hoses monthly and after each use by following these guidelines

• Look for cuts, abrasions, burns, or other damage.

• Check couplings for free rotation, thread damage, and gasket damage.

• Check aluminum couplings for corrosion and apply a protective coating afteeach use as recommended by supplier.

• Dry out thoroughly before storing if other than synthetic hose. When storinghose, fold in different places than previously folded.

Testing and MaintenanceTest hose annually with water to 150 psi or 50 psi above normal working pressuwhichever is higher. Replace cotton hose with synthetic when replacement is needed. Synthetic hose is longer wearing, mildew-resistant and does not need dried out before storing. Reuse end couplings whenever possible.

Maintain a record of hose inspections and tests. One method is to stamp a numon a coupling on each length of hose and maintain a complete history on each length by number.

Following are guidelines for testing and maintaining hoses:

• Test any hose that appears damaged.• Replace damaged or out-of-round coupling.• Lubricate coupling and threads with graphite.• Replace any damaged, cracked or dried-out gaskets. Provide gaskets for e

female coupling and hand tighten connections.

1683 Fire Trucks—PumpersRefer to Appendix E for maintenance and inspection checklists.

Annual TestFire trucks shall be recertified annually per NFPA 1901.

Annual performance tests (minimum of one hour) of the water pump are conduwith a minimum of 10 feet (3 meters) suction lift through 20 feet (6 meters) of suction hose with a strainer attached. Refer to IFSTA Specification No. 106 for



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guidance in conducting a performance test. This specification may be obtainedfrom the CRTC Fire & Process Safety team.

Tests of proportioned foam solution shall be conducted to verify proportioning r(refer to NFPA 11C).

Weekly InspectionInspect to assure that all equipment is in place and is properly maintained.

Check batteries to ensure they are charged.

Test drive vehicles to ensure they are roadworthy and can be positioned effectivat appropriate locations throughout the facility in response to fire.

Daily InspectionRun truck engines for 15 minutes, or until operating temperature is reached, to ensure that water trapped in the crankcase evaporates.

Keep fuel tanks full and check engine oil, water, and battery.

1684 Fire Water Distribution SystemThe fire water distribution system should be pressure tested at least once a yeaafter major repairs, to 50 psig above the maximum pump discharge pressure. During these tests, determine the actual flowing pressure at various discharge rat representative locations. Draw flow performance curves and compare them wpervious flow tests to detect signs of obstruction or restriction. Test block valvesopening or closing them about once every three months. Periodically flush out water line dead ends and hydrants. Conduct a flow test of the main headers evfive years.

1685 Fire PumpsConduct a load test on each fire pump monthly at rated speed and discharge psure to check condition of the pump, bearings, and shaft sealing. The suction adischarge valves should be set correctly and pressure gages should be accuratpump area should be clean and well drained.

Conduct a performance test in each fire pump annually at full rated pumping capacity to verify the pump condition and that the suction line is not obstructed.Draw a pump performance curve and compare it with the field curve establishewhen the pump was first installed (see Appendix F) and manufacturer's curve. Correct any deficiencies promptly. A smaller (jockey) pump is advisable to maintain system pressure during periods of low demand. It should be sized to supplfirst aid hose streams plus allowance for leakage (typically about 250 gpm).

See Appendix F, Fire Pump Inspection and Testing.



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1686 Fixed Fire Water SystemsAll new installations should be flow tested with water to ensure that nozzle layodischarge pattern, and overall performance is adequate. When practicable, themaximum number of systems that may be expected to operate in a fire should tested simultaneously to ensure adequate water supply. Open the main supply header flush valves at the start of testing.

Test water spray systems at least quarterly to ensure reliability. Note that no leaor misalignment problems have been experienced as a result of testing or usingwater sprays over hot pumps. The rain-like drops of water do not quench localizareas; thus are less risk than hose streams.

Where sprays are to be tested on painted surfaces, discoloration from rust anddeposits can be minimized by testing during local rainfall or by wetting the surfawith clean fire water before testing. A deluge system can be pickled to remove and silica from piping and storage vessels. Pickling solution is generally a low concentration of passivated hydrochloric acid, and sometimes hydrofluoric acidRemember to flush piping well after treatment is finished.

Refer to Appendix E for inspection and annual servicing checklists.

1687 Other Equipment

MonitorsRefer to Appendix E for inspection and annual maintenance checklists.

Hose Reels/BoxesRefer to Appendix E for inspection checklists.

HydrantsRefer to Appendix E for inspection and servicing checklists.

Foam ProportionersFoam proportioners are susceptible to plugging and must be kept clean. Wash oughly after each use, inspect the internal parts and foam proportioning orifice,dry thoroughly before storing.



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1690 References and Manufacturers

1691 References

American Petroleum Institute (API)

Chevron ReferencesCivil and Structural Manual

Fired Heater and Waste Heat Recovery Manual

Piping Manual

Pump Manual

Tank Manual

CUSA Standard Drawings

International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA)

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

API 2021 Guide for Fighting Fires In and Around Petroleum Storage Tank

API 2510A Fire-Protection Considerations for the Design and Operation ofLiquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Storage Facilities

GB-128461 Deluge System

GA-128462 Spray System

GD-S99633 Hose Reels

GD-S99643 Fire Hose Box

GB-S1007 Fire Monitor

IFSTA 106 Introduction to Fire Apparatus Practices (available from IFSTA Headquarters, Customer Services, Fire Protection Publications, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, Phone (405) 624-5723)

NFPA 10 Portable Fire Extinguishers

NFPA 11 Low Expansion Foam and Combined Agent Systems

NFPA 11A Medium and High-Expansion Foam Systems

NFPA 11B Synthetic Foam, Combined Agent Systems

NFPA 11C Mobile Foam Apparatus

NFPA 12 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems

NFPA 12A Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems

NFPA 12B Halon 1211 Fire Extinguishing Systems



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Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)OSHA 29 CFR 1910.156, “Fire Brigades”

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)Montreal Protocol

1692 Manufacturers

NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems

NFPA 13A Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Sprinkler Systems

NFPA 15 Water Spray Fixed Systems

NFPA 17 Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems

NFPA 20 Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps

NFPA 24 Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenan

NFPA 69 Explosion Prevention Systems

NFPA 194 Fire Hose Connections

NFPA 291 Fire Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants

NFPA 1901 Automotive Fire Apparatus

NFPA 1961 Fire Hose

NFPA 1962 Care, Maintenance and Use of Fire Hose

NFPA 1971 Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting

Anti-Foam Agents G. E. Silicones (800) 643-0642

Fire Pumps Hale Fire Pump Co. (215) 825-6300

Fire Resistant Clothing Cairns & Brother, Inc. (201) 473-1357

Foam Supplies National Foam (215) 363-1400 Ansul (715) 735-7411 3M (612) 736-6055

Foam Systems National Foam (215) 363-1400

Fusible Fittings Cajun/Swagelok Fittings (216) 467-0200

Hose Reels Dooley-Tackaberry (713) 479-6321

Herbert S. Hiller Corp (504) 736-0030



Hydrants/Valves American-Darling (205) 325-7856

Monitors/Nozzles Akron Brass Co. (216) 264-5678 Elkhart Brass Mfg. Co. (219) 295-8330

Portable Fire Extinguishers

Ansul Fire Protection (715) 735-7411

Water Spray Nozzles BETE Fog Nozzle Inc. (800) 235-0049


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