fractal happiness

FRActAl HAppIneSS

Adam Blaney 06092109[Re_Map]

contentS

Preface

Critical Readings

Agenda & trajectory

Flow diagram

Site location and porcess

Basic human needs

Excess human needs

Overall happiness

Relationships

Computation

Visulising data

Interface

Scenario montages

Crit

Installation

London Derive

Paris Derive

Classification system

Fruit bowl

LSOA process tabulated data

LSOA process

LSOA process basic human needs

LSOA process excess human needs

LSOA process sustainability

LSOA process overall results

Site justification

Proto cell

Programme over time

Programme

Happiness ratio

Happiness ratio

Happiness network

Swarm fractals

Crystal growth

Encasing fractals

Initial massing model

Initial plans & sections

Prototype agenda

Voronoi screen 0.1

Voronoi screen 0.2

Forming

Casting

Stokes relative happiness state

The trajectory of this thesis aims to develop a process in which architecture is mani-fested. The central proposal is to improve a contexts happiness. Mapping methodolo-gies are implemented to quantify happiness due to infrastructural elements at key times (hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly etc) which facilitate happiness or are detrimental to happiness.

A process is highly flexible and can be added to, to generate greater resolution. This proposed model can therefore accommodate multiple contextual requirements because it is procedural. Explorations will therefore be carried out into methodologies and tools that facilitate a flexible sytem and how this transcends efficiently into architec-tural production.

The first half of the thesis [Fractal Happiness] proposes and contextualises the design intention. The second half of the thesis [Packing Happiness] proposes the execution of the architectural system and the tools and process used to attain this flexible system.

PRefAce

Happiness - Feeling or showing pleasure, a qualitative emotional response

This body of work will address issues which impact upon the emotion happiness, what is the most significant factor be it physical or non physical that impacts upon happiness. A possible end result may highlight a universal factor or ratio that optimises a communi-ties happiness, maybe this factor or ratio is specific to a context but at what scale does this change; street, neighbourhood, town, city, nationally. Can this ratio then be utilised in planning policy to generate a new urban context.

For the purpose of the first stage of the exploration we have refrained from using the human emotion of happiness to quantify how happy a particular place is. This draws links with the Gross National Happiness (GNH) criteria developed Bhutan government, this alters from the global norm of Gross National Production (GNP). Both aim to quantifi-ably measure the prosperity of a country. A non subjective criteria needs to be imple-mented to quantify happiness to generate comparative studies. The criteria has be based on Sigmund Freuds trait theory, this has been used as it represents a western-ised model of society and it also removes the subjective qualities of emotion. Trait theory states that all humans has basic needs, these needs are outlined in later pages. A process of mapping existing programme that facilitates or impedes these needs and comparing these to government standards will therefore create a basic needs happi-ness score.

The criteria for measuring a Freudian model of happiness has been applied to a gridded area of Stoke on Trent. Each cell in this grid can then be given a quantifiable happiness rating according to the attributes within that cell, this can therefore be compared to each cell. We explore what physical and nonphysical infrastructure facilitates or impedes a cities state of happiness, the exploration can then be developed to analyse what has the greatest influence (such as propaganda) on happiness according to cur-rent theory. A hierarchy of the infrastructure can be defined for each of these positions, scenarios are played out to measure the success of these positions. The aim is to therefore deduce what accommodates for the happiest city, a city has a metabolism and therefore it can change states, this will be reflected in the data as it will be repre-sented over time. This will reveal the greatest average happy city, the happiest city at any one time and the happiest point in a city at any one time. What can be deduced from this data is that is there a particular regime, of government model that optimally facili-tates a cities happiness state more so than others. Does happiness therefore become desirable and result in regeneration of a particular area? Is happiness a desirable com-modity that is consumed to generate income for regeneration? Does this model of con-sumption destroy the happiness recorded in this exploration?

The human emotion of happiness can be accommodated for and compared to the GNH model of a cities happiness. This can confirm or deny the actual influences of happiness and what is physically there on terms of infrastructure to facilitate happiness. The human emotion can be incorporated by setting up a digital infrastructure that records an individuals position within the grid and asks them How happy are you out of 1 - 10? This is time based (hourly, weekly, monthly, and yearly). Time is a factor that is incorpo-rated into the physical data collection. This can therefore confirm or deny what mapping methods have highlighted. In order to deduce the most significant ratio an interface will need to be created which offers the user the opportunity to select what they perceive as the most important factors, over a large range of people a trend will be produced in which a ratio can be defined specific to that population. Interests may arise of corrupt data is introduced, if a framework is created in which design can manifest new program-matic typologies may emerge. This bares resemblance into computation and research published by Paul Coates, Programming architecture and Kostas Terzidis, Algorithmic architecture. To what extent can architectural design and production be automated? The data harvesting methodologies carried out in defining happiness states lend itself to a computation process of design as these data inputs and the defined ratios are the variables which ultimately inform the optimised form of an architectural object.

AgendA And TrAjectoRy

All of the above caters for a mass population, as outlined in the book Building Happi-ness it is very much down to an individual in what they require for happiness to flourish or increase. I feel that at certain points in the design process a top down methodology cannot accommodate for the individual / all be it an unfeasible amount of work. Specific points are highlighted in Building Happiness in which certain planning models help to facilitate happiness more than others, an example of this is the corridor and suite design dormitories from Baum and Valins, 1977. In essence the corridor model is detrimental to happiness, this is because of certain factors such as no natural light, no clear escape route if confronted ect. The corridor model hinders possibilities in new friendships being created, therefore for the duration of dwelling in this accommodation model the individual is more likely to be a recluse from the other house mates. In contrast studies undertake revealed those living in the suite model were more likely to live together in later years of university, therefore long lasting friendships are cemented.

BEDZED is a contemporary development which instils community spirit, something which became redundant with the right to buy scheme introduced by Margret Thatcher. This scheme was detrimental to community spirit which resulted in social housing schemes being neglected, undesirable and unsafe because of its deign orientation, this is most prominent in Sheffields Park Hill development. Sustainable benefits of inducing a community spirit are prominent and proven in the BEDZED scheme, car pooling being one minor factor but having significant ramifications. This is depicted by Richard Rodgers.

All of the above addresses a digitally efficient and flexible design process utilising already available tools all with the aim to improve a contexts state of happiness. Digital production of design and potential systems is a topic that will be explored further in later chapters of this thesis.

AgendA And TRAjectoRy 0.2

Nodes , Variables , Complexity , Systematic , Landscape

Flneur , Period , Culture , Unitary , Change

Branding , Seductive , Relative , Landscape , data scape , Iconography

Natural systems , Digital , Perception , Reality , Standardisation

Scalability , Complexity , Digital efficiency , Networks , Adaption

Culture , Commodity , Objects , Consumption , Independence , Alternative

Foot hills , Plains of ID , Nimby - ism , Density , Self gain

De-/signing the urbanism: Techno-genesis and the urban image.Healy, P. & Bruyns, G. 2006

Feed back loops , Reactive , Response , Sustainable , Emer-gent , Automation

The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of another future

Pickering, A

Movements , Ideologies , Reformation , Globalisation , Untenable

Radical Games: Popping the bubble of the 1960s architectureSchrijver, L.

Situationistas: arte, politica, urbanismo

Andreotti, L. & Costa, X.

Fast-forward Urbanism: Rethinking architectures engagement with the cityCuff, D. & Bruyns, R.

Recovering Landscape: Essaya in contemporary landscape architectureCorner, J.

Network Parctices: New strate-gies in architecture and designBurke, A. & Tierney, T.

Capitalist Realism: Is there no alternative?

Fisher, M.

The Infrastructural City: Networked ecologies in Los AngelesVamelis, K.

CRItIcAl ReAdIngS

The significance of the critical readings helps to inform valid trajectories. This open discussion allows collaboration from opposite or conducive perspectives producing a far greater proposal. In the most basic sense it produces a core source of information in which interests can be discussed and shared openly, this engagement with peers solidifies a year long discourse in which a unified identity emerges. This spontaneous identity holds interests with regards to political and social possibilities, what is required for potential equality? That can or can not be corrupted?

CRITIcAl ReADIngS

Selected area to test comparaitve happiness values 1 : 8000 [Stoke on Trent]

The selected area has been gridded up into cells of 200 meters x 200 meters. This process defines a cells state and allows comparative studies. It facilitates data processing.

200 metersx

200 meters

Flow dIAgRAm

All data derived (where applicable) will be com-pared to city averages, National averages and Buhtan national averages. This will give a com-parative scale in which happiness can be judged quantifiably. This is a framework / criteria itself in which the process can be applied to any place to create a greater data bank to compare hap-piness, a global league can be created. City or national planning could be orientated around this criteria to increase happiness values. The most significant factor that facilitates or impedes happiness has not yet been deduced, therefore a physical or non physical intervention may be needed.

A Freudian criteria has been implemented to quantify happiness. A Freudian model has been implemented because;

1 - Personality is eliminated and therefore sub-jectivity.

2 - Western civic values are based upon Frauds model.

The list is non exhaustive, the more data gathered the greater the sensitivity in the end model.

Agenda defining a places state of happiness Distance

travled in 5 minutes

Distance travled in 5

minutesPr o g r a m m e available in 5 minutes travel

Pr o g r a m m e available in 5 minutes travel

Basic human needs (minimum levels of happiness)

Number of supermarkets

Number of markets

Opening hours

H o m e le s s populat ion

Number of GP p r a c t i c e s

S p o r t s f a c i l i t i e s

Birth rates Crime rates

Average age

Red light d i s t r i c t

B r o t h e l s

Strip bars

Obesity rates

Competa t i ve sprts teams

NHS Expendi-t u r e

Death rate

L i f e e x p e c t a n c y

Predominant a g e

T e r m i n a l i l l n e s s

H o m e le s s s h e l t e r s

P r o p e r t y o w n e r s

P r o p e r t y r e n t e r s

Local produce

Eating dissorders

Food Shelter Health Exersion Sex Security of body

Food

(These are the final scores, for the process of developing the scoring criteria please refer to later pages for the process)

Shelter Health Exersion Sex Security of body

Average family size

Excess facilities

Employment Property Social programme Education Religion Green space

Employment Property Social programme Green space Basic Excess

Psycometric test, trait theory. Correlation defined between personality and programme, day and time.

P e r s o n a l i t y prefers cinema on weekdays at 7pm

P e r s o n a l i t y prefers Arts on weekends at 9am

Questionaire

U n e m p l o y e d

E m p l o y e d

Av house p r i c e

R e s t u r a n t S c h o o l s V a r i e t y A r e a

Travel timePredominantTruency rates

Pass rates

B a r

C i n e m a

S h o p p i n g

L e i s u r e

H o t e l

Av rent cost

Propose and aims(happiness of Stoke) Scale and level of detail

People and resources required Influences and impacts

Desktop study Field study

Influences / Facilitator

Influences / Facilitator

Congestion and peak time travel impeeding commuting duration, impacts on leisure time. This takes conges-tion as a negative.

Time of day

Personality

Day of week

Wifi

Railways

Trams

Roads

Interovert

Extrovert

Neurotic Stable

1. What is your favourite day of the week? 2. What is your favourite time of day? 3. What is your favourite location in Stoke-on-Trent? 4. What is your favourite social event?

5.

If a co-worker is performing better than me

I double my efforts so I can outdo him

or her

I try a bit harder to catch up or outdo

him or her

I consider that I may have something to learn from him or her

I don't mind - it has nothing to do with my performance

I wouldn't even notice

6. Unless you are walking with a destination in mind, you are losing time

Completely agree Mostly agree Somewhat agree Mostly disagree Completely disagree

7.

In heavy traffic on the way to an airport, your cab driver keeps taking bad "shortcuts" and then turns and says, "Nice day isn't it?", as though nothing was wrong. How do you feel?

I feel furious I feel a little angry I feel annoyed I feel slightly

annoyed I don't feel angry or

annoyed

8. I am frequently disappointed in my friends/co-workers.

Completely true Mostly true Somewhat true/

false Mostly false Completely false

9. If I cannot do something perfectly, I do not do it at all.

Completely true Mostly true Somewhat true/false

Mostly false Completely false

10. I tend to find it ____ to relax.

Extremely difficult Somewhat difficult Quite easy Very easy

11. I get angry over minor things

Always Often Sometimes Very rarely Never

12. "Time is money!"

Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree/

disagree Disagree Strongly disagree

13. Unless a person can be useful for my advancement, I have little interest in pursuing a relationship.

Completely true Mostly true Somewhat true/

false Mostly false Completely false

14. I feel tense.

Always Often Sometimes Very rarely Never *(delete as applicable)

Selected programme that generates happiness based on Freudian criteria 1 : 8000

MAppIng PRogRAmme

Key

Average house price

Average income

Sex

Education

Green spce (exertion)

Crime rates (security of body)

Employed

Unemployed

Shopping

Bar

Cinema

Hotel

Leisure

Restaurant

Social programme

NB - some of the above are non physical attributes and are explored at later stages

Gym (exertion)

Food (allotments / shops)

Shelter (home owner)

Religion

BASIc HumAn needS

Shelter - Home owner and home renter 1 : 15000

Home ownership Stoke average 65% national average 69.8%

Home renters Stoke average 35% national average 30.2%

Dwelling locations

The statistics that are shown for home renters and owners were applied generically to each grid cell. This is highly inaccurate for each individual cell, but reflects accurately the condition of stoke as a whole.

Happiness value of 4.7 assigned

Happiness value of -5.8 assigned (renting negative as no asset gained)Good Bad

Good Bad

BASIc HumAn needS

Gym (exertion) 1 : 15000

Gym proximity and access per cell. This investigation provides a comparitve value.

Gym area per cellGym locations

Happiness value for exertion Good Bad

BASIc HumAn needS

Gym (exertion) 1 : 15000

Green space proximity and access per cell. This investigation provides a comparitve value.

Green space locations

Happiness value for exertion Good Bad

Range comparing national average life expectancy 80 years and Stoke 77 years

BASIc HumAn needS

Health 1 : 15000

Happiness value of -6.5 assigned

(as obesity and all other statistics on this page are bad, there-fore the value can never be positive. The greatest score per cell can be 0. As it is compared to a national average it would have to be double that or greater to recieve a score of -10.)


Happiness value of -7.77 assigned Happiness value of +4.8 assigned

Obesity rates in Stoke average 30.4% national average 23.4%

Range comparing national average hear attack and Stoke per 100 people Nat 120 Stoke 150

Range comparing national average cancer rate and Stoke per 100 people Nat 90 Stoke

Good Bad

Good Bad

Good Bad

Good Bad

BASIc HumAn needS

Sex (underage pregnancy) 1 : 15000

These figures were deduced by;

Taking the number of houses per cell

Times this number by average family size

Divide this number by female population

Divide this by female population age 14-17

Then taking the Stoke pregnancy statistic

This is rough and the area with the greatest number of houses will result in the least happiest score, which may not be true at all.

Pregnancy rates per population (according to Stoke.gov average 63 in every 1000 girls aged 14-17 fell pregnant)

Pregnancy rates compared to national average (11 girls per 1000 is UK average)

Good Bad Good Bad

Security of body happiness value

BASIc HumAn needS

Security of body (crime)1 : 15000

Crime rates / number per cell Number of crimes per cell

Crimes per 1000 population in each square (1000 / population x total crimes in square)

Good BadGood Bad

Good Bad

BASIc HumAn needS

Food (allotments) 1 : 15000

Allotment locations Allotment area per cell

Allotment land available per house in Stoke (0.96 acres per 1000 households) in relation to the allotment act of 1950 (4 acres per 1000 households)

Happiness value of 1.2 assigned

Good Bad

BASIc HumAn needS

Basic human needs hapiness score 1 : 15000

Site context Basic Happiness rating per cell out of 50

This basic happiness score is an amalgamation of all previous factors that have been outlined by a Freudian model , these factors have been analytically mapped to produce this definitive score. For greater sensitivity more sub factors can be mapped that feed into the basic human needs requirement, enough variables have been explored in this instance to pursue other avenues.

Good Bad

eXCeSS HumAn needS

Income and un / employment 1 : 15000

Range comparing national average income (26,000) and Stoke average income 23,327

Range comparing national average unemployment rate (5.5%) and Stoke 5.3%

Happiness value of 4.4 assigned Happiness value of 4.2 assigned

Range comparing national average (64.2%) and Stoke employment rate 54.2%

Good BadGood Bad


Good Bad

eXCeSS HumAn needS

House renting and house price 1 : 15000

Average renting price range

Average house price range Average house price compared to national average 194,733

Final happiness scores for renting

Final happiness scores for house prices

Renting compared to national average (691)

Good BadGood Bad

Good Bad

(average renting and house price applies to 2 bedroom semi detached homes, an average is take from 3 2 bedroom semi detached homes within each cell)

Good Bad

eXCeSS HumAn needS

Social programme, shopping 1 : 15000

Shop location and number

Happiness score based on proximity time range

(time in minutes, travel method is

Shop proximity

Good Bad

eXCeSS HumAn needS

Social programme, restaurant 1 : 15000

Restaurant location and number


(time in minutes, travel method is walking)

Restaurant proximity

Good Bad

eXCeSS HumAn needS

Social programme, bar 1 : 15000

Bar location and number


(time in minutes, travel method is walking)

Bar proximity

Good Bad

eXCeSS HumAn needS

Education 1 : 15000

Education location and number Range comparing national average (53.7%) and Stoke achieving 5 or more A* - C (43%)

(education happiness was not based on proximity, the final score was based on Stokes academic achievements. This provided a comparison to national averages in which Stokes education can be judged)

Good Bad

Stokes excessive happiness score out of 100

eXCeSS HumAn needS

Excess human needs hapiness score 1 : 15000

Site context

This excess happiness score is an amalgamation of all previous factors that have been outlined by a Freudian model , these factors have been analytically mapped to produce this definitive score. For greater sensitivity more sub factors can be mapped that feed into the excess human needs requirement, enough variables have been explored in this instance to pursue other avenues.

Good Bad

OveRAll HAppIneSS ScoReS

Overall hapiness scores 1 : 15000

Site context

Stokes excessive happiness score out of 100

Stokes overall happiness score out of 150

Good Bad Good Bad

Basic Happiness rating per cell out of 50 Good Bad

Basic human happiness needs

Relationships have been defined in the above list and diagram. These relationships are based on immediate effects with one another, this can be a subjective opinion, this stage allows for data processing and posses a trade off, this results in an optimised state for each cell. If the optimised state is exceeded then negative repercussions may occur, for example increas-ing bar numbers may result in increased crime and decreased health (these repercussions are addressed later on). What is required is the most significant factor that produces the greatest yield of happiness with the least cost and negative implica-tions. Again this factor will vary from culture to culture but this flexible process can accommodate for that and provides an urban trajectory.

One way of defining a hierarchy and therefore the most significant factor would be to provide the community with an interface. The interface would facilitate unbiased predominance for each factor. This would obviously vary from culture to culture.

Time can also be incorporated into this but this would require a responsive urban environment, much like past explorations of Cedric price and Fun Place and current explorations of Philip Beesley and Hylozoic Ground.

Food Health , Bar , Restaurant , Employment , Greenspace

Sex , Employment , Greenspce , Gym , Health

Greenspce , Gym , Health , Bar , Restaurant , Shopping , Food

Bar , Health , Property , Employment

Health , Propoerty , Greenspce , Food

Crime , Food , Sex , Health , Property

Food , Sex , Health , Property , Shelter

Food , Health , Sex , Leisure , Employment

Food , Health , Sex , Property , Employment

Shelter , Employment , Sex , Health

Property , Employment , Sex , Leisure , Bar , Restaurant

Shelter , Health , Education

Employment , Greenspace , Exersion , Health

Exersion

Sex

Crime

Bars

Restaurants

Shopping

Leisure

Property

Employment

Religion

Eductation

Green Space

Excess human happiness needs

RelAtIonSHIpS

CellulAR AutomAtA

Individual desired amounts for each criteria are selected. This amount is the optimum for each cell and the whole system.

The voronoi diagram works on the basis of the most efficient distance between points. This provides a model in which to asses proximity for a certain factor, in this case bars. The shortest distance in this case is the best. It allows compara-tive studies.

Each individual cell competes to obtain the desired criteria. Each cell tries to do this within a neighbourhood of cell, therefore the neighbour-hood tries to become optimised based on the criteria. This neighbour-hood can vary in size (figure B & C). Individual cells affect the neighbourhoods state and the neighbourhood affects the cells state and consequently the whole system.

This is the location for all of the bars within the area of Stoke explored. Each bar is effectively a point in which to compare the most efficient / shortest distance. A voronoi diagram is a visualisation of this data, it is the most efficient distances between points.

Each bar is converted into a data point, the location is still accurate but more repre-sentative but this step in the process allows for the computer to process the data. Utilising parametric methodologies in design allows for dynamic possibili-ties.

Final voronoi diagram produced, this is a visualisa-tion of the most efficient distances between points. This is a visualisation and not the actual model used to analyse the data, the same principle is used within the syntax structure.

The problem with the voronoi model is that it does not take into account actual contextual routes (the road ways are not apparent). It has merely been utilised to give a more comprehensive model.

This diagram represents each cell competing with its own neighbourhood and therefore impacting on the whole system. Cells do not have to be next to one another to affect each of their states.

A gradient is added to define the cells state, in this case we are only interested in the final happiness state there-fore only one key is needed to signify this. If multiple factors were incorporated then multiple visual defining characteristics would be required.

Size of n ighbour-h o o d defined

Neighbour-h o o d s competing a g a i n s t neighbour-hoods

VoRonoI

ComputAtIon

Food

Exersion

Sex

Crime

Bars

Restaurants

Shopping

Leisure

Property

Employment

Religion

Eductation

Green Space

A - Singel cell

B - Neighbourhood a

C - Neighbourhood b

We are looking to utilise a computers capabilities (processing information) in order to develop a flexible tool. Utilising a computers processing potential lends itself well to this approach as it provides potentials for endless results with no extra man power when the framework is established. As we have used a gridded / cell approach to compare data it lends itself to a cellular automata model. A cellular automata competes against all other cells to become optimised based on the desired criteria. This is explained further below.

A voronoi mathematical model has also been utilised in order to address the proximity issues. Points of interest (ie bars, restaurants etc) can be mapped and then compared computationally by utilising this model, again this is explained in more detail below.

Above is a plan view of a voronoi diagram based on the data point of the bar locations, this represents the most efficient distance between bar locations. This is a visual representation of how a computer can process proximity information to determine the happiness value of cells.

Above is the definition used to create the 3d voronoi diagram. The diagram has been created in Grasshopper a plugin for Rhino 3d modelling. Grasshopper is a parametric modelling software, Grasshopper can also be utilised as a data processing tool. It has a strong community and may also be more intuitive to learn instead of a scripting medium because of its visual interface.

VISuAlISIng dAtA

VISuALISIng dAtA

Perspective of voronoi diagram representing bar locations

Latent data scape

Potentials in unexplored data such as time can produce data scapes that represent areas at specific time contain a concentration of activity. This may inform possible planning trajectories, why is this area failing at certain times or succeeding?

VISuAlISIng dAtA

One cell has been selected to contextualise the collected data in detail. This contextualisation of data will be in the format of photomontages representing the desired scenarios created by the user. The scenarios will be generated by them amount of specific attributes selected, these individual combinations will produce a unique montage and have ramifications on the state of happiness based on the Freudian criteria outlined earlier, certain combinations at certain times will be more successful / happier then others.

Below is a plan montage of increasing industry, as with the grid the images must have a key in order to translate the scenario. Increasing certain factors have repercussions on other factors, in this case increasing industry has reduced house prices due to decreasing desirability in the context.

Montage Key

VISuAlISIng dAtA

Data can accessed and understood easily, the problem is pure data or subjective representation of this data does not transcend into common architectural discussion. The installation attempts to address this subjective quality. It utilises physical mapping as a potential to represent the various scenarios. Physical mapping projects an image onto in this case a physical scale model of one cell. The images themselves are plans of extreme scenarios and the knock on effects these have. An interface is provided for the user, the selected attribute values are then processed, the values selected that are closest to set values for a image scenario are then physically mapped onto the model. Extreme scenario images are easier to create, subtlety is the hardest factor to address.

Different scenarios will result in other detrimental or positive affects, in this case increased green space results in increased house prices, vice versa increased industry results in lower house prices. There is therefore an optimum for all requirements.

Food / Markets, Supermarkets

Sex / Strip bars, Brothels

Education / Schools, University

Employment / Industry, Business

Exersion / Gyms

Green Space

Religion

Socail Programmes / Bars, Resurants etc

Current context

Projector

Interface

Physical mapping

Physical model

Increased green space Increased exersion (gyms)

Visual feedback loop, if the user dislikes scenario can change the attributes / scenarion using the interface.

Increased industry / employment

Shelter / House prices

Below is the interface developed for criteria selection. As outlined in previous pages the user selects the required amount of attributes per cell. Based on the existing programme / attributes within that cell a cells state of happiness changes along with the whole systems happiness state. The data / assigned attributes are processed via cellular automation for individual and collective states of happiness. Voronoi analysis is also utilised for proximity and distance of existing programme and informs potential developments and how to optimally attain these scenarios / required ratios to maintain certain happiness scenario. The software acknowledges potential locations and amount per cell. Please see video on cd for a demonstration on software and resultant scenario montages, the video runs with VLC media player.

Attributes

Attributes chosen Percentage checker

Attributes applied

View new attributes scenario

Visual representa-tion of new attribute combination at a certain time of day. The lighter the cell the happier it is

Instructions

At this point a cell may also be selected to see what existing attribute are already present within that cell.

Time of day

Interface and default cell states Interface accoutns for time of day

Attirbute analysis

Attirbute locationTesting scenarios happiness

Applying new attributes

Basic needs

Excess needs

Grid reflect-ing happi-ness state of selected scenario

InteRfAce

The time of day has an impact in what programme / attribute is desirable and what is most conducive to produce happiness at certain times of day. ie lots of bars at 9am - 5pm midweek are not the most appropriate programme / attribute, although bars on the weekend at the time of 7pm 1 am would increase happiness.

The 2nd interface allows for attribute / programme distribution analysis

Attribute / programe is selected then the cells containing that specific programme are highlighted. Not all cells contain the programme as it works on distribution and the whole system can become more happier, this idea can lend itself to Stokes current poly neuclaic to improve the whole state of happiness of Stoke

Below is the current context of the selected cell in Stoke on Trent. This provides the basis in which to carry out possible scenario montages based on a users specifications, this provides a feedback loop in which the user can alter or refine their choice as a result of the happiness results and the imagery of the context in their selected scenario.

ScenARIo montAgeS

Street view montage current state happiness value 54.9

NB The more desatured the image the less happy the scenario

Happiness state of cells taken from computer models processed data. Draker = least happy

Selected cell for montage scenarios

Below is a plan montage of increasing the exertion of a cells state, it hints at the possible benefits and the programme required to facilitate this change. This scenario proposes increased pedestrian mobility and decreased automotive conges-tion, as a result house prices increase and there is more free time for leisure activities. An increased number of gyms produces a more health conscious and healthier society.

ScenARIo MontAgeS exeRtIon

Street view montage increasing exertion, state of happiness value 82.3

Happiness state of cells have increased as a result of increasing the cells exertion percentage


Below is a plan montage of increasing the employment of a cells state, it hints at the possible benefits or negatives and the programme implemented to induce this change. This scenario proposes increased industry as a result of this there is increased automotive congestion, there is also an increased number of industrial developments within the context. As a result the house prices are reduced along with the cells state of happiness.

ScenARIo MontAgeS Employment

Street view montage increasing exertion, state of happiness value 41.4

Happiness state of cells have decreased as a result of increasing the cells employment percentage


Below is a plan montage representing the increase of green space available in a cell, it hints at the possible benefits or negatives and the programme implemented to induce this change. This scenario proposes increased public and private green space as a result of this there is increased community cohesion, there is also an improvement in health and increased house prices. The cells state of happiness and whole system is increased.

ScenARIo MontAgeS gReen SpAce

Street view montage increasing green space, state of happiness value 77.9

Happiness state of cells have increased as a result of increasing the cells green space percentage


The image below attempts to portray an extreme version of exertion. Increased pedestrian mobility is implemented, this reduction in automotive transport reduces the carbon footprint. Increased exertion also results in reduced obesity rates and other health related issues linked to being overweight, this increases life expectancy. Increased numbers of gyms have been introduced to facilitate this requirement.

CHAIn oF AFFectS

Below are a possible change of affects as a result of increasing exertion, this is not exhaustive but highlights the most predominant affected factors.

ScenARIo MontAgeS exeRtIon

Increase exertion Decrease obesity Decrease NHS expenditure Increase life expectancy

The image below attempts to portray an extreme version of employment, an infrastructure is created that revolves around the reindustrialisation of Stoke on Trent. As a result of this increased influx of industry air quality is reduced. (The more mono-tone the image the less happier the scenario is)

CHAIn of AffectS

Below are a possible change of affects as a result of increasing employment, this is not exhaustive but highlights the most predominant affected factors.

ScenARIo MontAgeS Employment

Increase industry Increase pollution Decrease house prices Increase Consumption

The below image attempts to portray an extreme version of increased green space area. Maintained and publically utilised green space increases desirability therefore house prices are increased, also community spirit may foster within the green spaces instilling a community spirit which itself generates happiness.

The 3 scenarios that have been portrayed (exertion, employment and green space) are at an extreme, subtly and a combina-tion of all attributes and programme would be a realistic development trajectory. This has highlighted what the most significant attribute is to affect happiness positively, this may be attained by offering the interface to the community of Stoke. If a large number of people utilise the facility a specific attribute contextual to Stoke will emerge that is the most popular, this would therefore be the most significant attribute to affect happiness according to stokes inhabitants.

CHAIn of AffectS

Below are a possible change of affects as a result of increasing available green space, this is not exhaustive but highlights the most predominant affected factors.

ScenARIo MontAgeS Green SpAce

Increase exertion Decrease obesity Increased communityIncrease life expectancy

A Data processed and analysed highlighting security issues. A series QR codes were created and placed along selected points within the urban context, this highlighted a potential safer route at certain times of day. An urban interactive map was created.B Node of interest and programmes were mapped that can interact. A reactive installation was produced representing programmes resonating with one another.C Existing and previous pottery industries were mapped along with their exports, this was combined with interviews asking about their feelings towards their context. This was then physically mapped onto a physical model with audio.D Explorations into how the urban environment affected specific senses when others were deprived. Sight was taken away and heart rate and sound were monitored. The installation videos the route and highlights heart rate fluctuation at specific point creating a possible apprehension factors. E Urban pollution in the form of advertisement was mapped, this then transcended into a reactive game representing pollution and its impacting qualities, possible trajectories were then highlighted with regards to advertisement.

A

B

C

D

E

GRoup CRItIque

As describe in visualising data, this is the physical installation which portrayed the group trajectory. It consist of a physical model which is projected onto, the projections themselves attempt to represent scenarios selected by the users desires using the interface. This provides a feedback loop that may inform the users desires to change attributes or confirms their selection.

Increased green space

Current context

Increased employment Increased sex

InStAllAtIon

This initial exploration into happiness and contextual programme that facilitates or impedes a communitys sense of happiness has revealed potential trajectories along with discrepancies and sensitivity issues. The cellular / gridded model does not take into account actual / existing boundaries / thresholds present within Stoke on Trent. In essence is represents the possibility of being happier if a road was crossed because this part of the road is in a happier cell, this is not the case in the real world. This is the greatest limiting factor of this approach (cellular). The uniform nature of the cell does allow accurate comparisons because they are all uniform in area, and this is the comparative. What is therefore needed is a singular constant which allows for critical comparisons between actual existing boundaries / thresholds contextual to Stoke on Trent. This can be attained by utilising a Lower Super Outut Area model. This approach addresses actual thresholds and allows for comparisons as the population remains constant for each area. This will be explored at a later date.

The cellular model is incapable of representing actual contextual conditions, it is not sensitive enough to address this factor, this is because it is based on a uniform grid which Stoke on Trent is not.

Cell boundary

Crossing the cell boundary does not represent an actual transition between physical boundaries / thresholds specific to Stoke on Trent. It is because of this uniform grid it impedes its own sensitivity.. Crossing the cells boundary does therefore not warrant an actual difference in happi-ness with regards to actual thresholds.

Scale 1 : 5000

Contextual boundary

Diagram representing cellular models short comings.

Lower Super Output Area context scale 1 : 700,000Lower Super Output Area boundary lines

CellulAr model AnAlySIS

68.6 38.8

London cross railThe study trip to London included an exploration of the cross rail development, this development looks to reduce congestion at peak times and impements the potential of hyper mobility. The scale of this infra-structural develpment is of intrest because of the potentail gains it gives back to its community. Increased efficiency in commuting times results in more leisure time being available. Within a radius of the cross rail development it resembles a 5 minute city model.

The study trip to Paris with [Re_Map] highlighted the contrasting policy and urban development compared to tha of Manchester and the UK. The scale of the Parisian develop-ments is most evident in the La Defense and the Arc de Triomphe axis, in which the context is arranged by thses two nodes, all be it La Defence failed as a development

THeSIS development

ClASSIfIcAtIon SyStem

Function

Faciality

Blance

Discontinuity

Orientation

Geometry

Diversification

FAMILIES

Common Name

Classification Summary

Species name

Species

Mass customisation is facilitated via a dynamic design process (programming). An interface is provided to the user and the resultant species are recorded. All this is underpinned to produce a community of happiness.

InItAl pRopoSAl

Mass customisation was an initial response to physically manifest a context that is based upon or generates happiness, this is not attainable in the case if mass customisation is the only driver. The thesis trajectory needs more parameters. The problem with this idea is that it doesnt adapt to time requirements, a possible fractal system may be able to respond to this factor along with gener-ating mass customisation. Crystalline studies explored by Aranda and Lasch will be analysed for a potential trajectory.

The species tree will still inform a fractal system but in reverse, the constituent parts inform the whole, in this case the form can be designed inside out. The species tree is a fractal itself, much like an L tree.

Selection

FRuIt Bowl

The bowl itself was modelled in rhino and grasshopper was used to generate the voronoi apertures on the surface, because this is a parametric software size and number of apertures can be determined by a user with no extra work load.

The form is operatively modelled, the grasshopper definition is then applied. A command in Rhino called contour is used to section up the form. The distance between sections can be determined effectively altering the resolution of the final product. This is apparent in the project Ornamented Columns by Michael Hansmeyer.

Lazer cutter cutting out sheets of acrylic sectioned lines straight from the model. This is a reductive process therefore there is waste and not 100% materially efficient. It highlights efficiency from design to production when incorporating multiple tools into the whole process, production informs design and vice versa.

All of the constituent parts are now cut out, they have been numbered sequen-tially to speed up manual finishing. The bowl is glued using liquid solvent.

Inital form

Contour

Altering the resolution

This experiment was carried out to explore the potentials in digital fabrication technologies. Digital fabrication technologies were utilised as it lends itself well to a mass customisation idea. The process used for production is called sectioning which is then lazer cut in this case and staked.

FInAl FRuIt Bowl

LSOA LoweR SupeR output AreAS

LSOA PRoceSS

Lower super output areas have been chosen to develop the quantified happiness model with more of a realistic grounding with regards to actual boundaries and thresholds. LSOA can be used because they all contain the same population therefore allowing comparisons. The same pocess has been carried out as with the cellular model but with more sensitivity, this increase in sensitivity is due to the existing data base available when using the LSOA model. (http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/)

Scale 1 : 12000

Lower super output areas with programme mapped. The programme that has been mapped is the same as the cellular model as the criteria is still the same it is just being applied to LSOAs.

LSOA PRoceSS

Roadway infrastructure this has been mapped as it is the primary routes for transportation and informs the proximity diagrams. Increased mobility would intimately increase happiness as certain programmes are more readily available, this address issues highlighted in 5 minute city.

Scale 1 : 12000

LSOA PRoceSS

Railway infrastructure - again railway locations have been mapped as it addresses mobility not just local to Stoke but may be able to interact with other contexts therefore informing the whole system.

Scale 1 : 12000

LSOA PRoceSS

Residential locations

Scale 1 : 12000

LSOA PRoceSS

Industrial and commercial locations

Scale 1 : 12000

Public WiFi A digital infrastructure has been mapped as the digital increasingly informs the physical, its non physical proper-ties also lend itself to a highly dynamic flow of information which may come to inform time based happiness which is then integrated back into the physical.

The aim of this thesis is to locate the least happiest location in Stoke on Trent and the factors that induce this. This location will be used as a test bed for an eventual proposal. The end result is a proposal that self develops happiness based on a planning / happiness ratio.

LSOA PRoceSS

Scale 1 : 12000

LSOA PRoceSS BASIc HumAn needS

Shelter - Home owner and home renter 1 : 20000

Residential locations Home owner Home renter

(Home renter - seen as a negative because no asset is attained)

Again a gradient key has been used to repre-sent the comparat ive states of happiness per LSOA.

BAD GOOD

Please see tabulated data in later pages, this data is specific to that LSOA, it is not a generic statistic applied to a cell as done previously, therefore this data provides a more accurate contrast and happiness state.


Sex - underage pregnancy 1 : 20000

Pregnancy rates

Underage pregnancy rates, 63 in 1000 girls aged 14 - 17 years (6.3 % compared to national average of 1.1%)



Exertion - Gym access 1 : 20000

Gym locations Gym walking travel times (optimised routes taken from Google maps)

Gym access score


Exertion - Green space access 1 : 20000

Green space locations Green space walking travel times (optimised routes taken from Google maps)

Green space access score


Food - Allotment access 1 : 20000

Allotment locations Allotment walking travel times (optimised routes taken from Google maps)

Allotment access score


Security of body - Crime rates 1 : 20000

Security of body scoreResidential locations Number of crimes per area


Health 1 : 20000

Health fairHealth good


Health 1 : 20000

Terminal illnessHealth bad


Basic human needs score 1 : 20000

Basic human needs score out of 60

Current urban condition

Programm / factors have been mapped here that facilitate basic human happiness needs, this criteria was again based on the Freudian model. In this instance the LSOA that caters least to these needs is 020B with a score of -2.8 out of 60

LSOA PRoceSS eXeSS HumAn needS

House renting prices 1 : 20000

Comparative renting cost happiness score

Average house renting cost(two bedroom semi)



House prices 1 : 20000

Comparative house cost happiness score

Average house cost(two bedroom semi)



Employment 1 : 20000

Part time employmentEmployed


Employment 1 : 20000

UnemploymentSelf employed


Education 1 : 20000

Education qualified level 1 - 5

Student population Education no qualifications


Income 1 : 20000

Prosperity non car owner

Prosperity car owner


Excess human needs score 1 : 20000

Excess human needs score out of 90


Programm / factors have been mapped here that facilitate basic human happiness needs, this criteria was again based on the Freudian model. In this instance the LSOA that caters least to these needs is 020A with a score of 25.2 out of 90

LSOA PRoceSS SuStAInABIlIty

Distance traveld to work 1 : 20000

Population travel to work 2km or less


Sustainability has been mapped as it is affected by the state of happiness of an area, this is evident within the BEDZeD development. A strong community spirit is installed within this residential unit, as a result of this more people car pool or walk to work because of a master plan which creates work within a 2km proximity of the residence. This obviously lowers carbon emissions created by the community with regards to day to day travel.


Method of traveling to work 1 : 20000

TrainWalk to work Bus


Method of traveling to work 1 : 20000

CycleDrive individually Car pool

Sustainability score out of 60


Transportation methods to place of work have been recorder, this provides an indication of the areas community spirit, this is evident in the car pool study. 015C is the least sustainable area with a score of 10.1 out of 60. 013C is the least friendly with a score of 0,.8 out of 10 in the car pooling study, but this area also has the greatest scores for both walking to work and resident living within 2km of work, it also has the lowest number of drivers.


Sustainability score 1 : 20000

Overall happiness score out of 150

Basic human needs score out of 60

Top down planning methodologies will be explored / progressed with the lower super output area 020B to justify if it is a viable site to implement a possible development. The aim is to achieve a physical context that aids happiness and a community spirit that instils this. The benefits of the community spirit should theoretically improve the areas sustainability. This is currently a static output, a tool will be developed that may inform Stokes planning policy in order to improve happiness, this dynamic toll may be benefi-cial to aid Stokes poly neuclaic formation, therefore the whole system can improve and one area supports another, much like a cellular automata.

LSOA PRoceSS oveRAll ScoReS

Overall score

Excess human needs score out of 90

Overall least happy area in Stoke on Trent

Site context

Sustainability score out of 60

Overall score out of 210

LSOA PRoceSS TABulAted dAtA

Raw data collected from (http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/)

ST4 4JG (020D) ST4 3BL (020E) ST4 2LT (020A)

900

475 426 404

207 262 375

28.41 20.71 19.66

83.28 74.68 73.37

000

010

000

0.19 2.27 0.37

73.0054.0

04.00

10.63 14.43 16.82

45.04 44.31 40.45

11.68 10.37 8.05

4.79 4.31 4.52

4.37 3.94 4.8

3.19 2.66 3.26

44.29 43.76 49.41

48.15 48.35 45.16

78.7 69.9 53.79

21.29 30.09 46.22

65.75 63.27 59.39

22.41 24.27 26.47

11.84 12.47 14.14

21.45 23.8 25.67

19.41 16.33 12.98

4.17 8.96 4.73

3.88 7.31 3.64

81.000

31.27 66.67 38.14

5.91 10.05 7.46

1.37 2.32 1.03

115261

3.2-9.1-3.2-

720352

689

92181

77,333 136,000 79,283

523 421 488

1,391 1,641 1,649

(All percentage figures for comparison) Postcode ST4 2EF (016E) ST1 3HQ(016F) ST4 2DF (016D) ST4 2DP (015A) ST1 4JP (015C) ST1 3HX (016D) ST4 2RR (020C) ST4 2LA (020B) ST1 3NQ (016C) ST1 2BG (13C)

0042012039090stnemhsilbatse lanummoC

Car owner 331 294 234 248 288 234 429 355 346 403

No car 299 244 243 270 240 243 327 398 388 251

Density rate 44.22 110.72 22.56 37.5 80 22.56 26.15 35.52 53.28 52.63

80.271.5743.579717.2545.1412.8417.253.6722.54 ytinaitsirhC noigileR

Buddhist 012.00011.0048.027.02.013.0

Hindu 000081.012.043.111.133.026.0

Jewish 002.081.030.00022.0081.0

Muslim 19.72 0.27 10.96 19.4 34.88 3.18 0.97 1.34 2.68 7.35

Sikh 53.000032.012.082.044.172.068.0

Other 82.084.0081.091.094.094.044.074.073.0

No Religion 21.38 15.31 24.97 18.69 10.75 13.39 0.97 12.8 14.31 13.58

65.0428.2412.4384.4485.112.4279.7185.1156.632.41emit lluf deyolpmE

85.1163.1126.980.2168.3884.568.373.0145.4 emit trap deyolpmE

Self employed 25.655.545.3442.236.423.342.210.561.2

Unemployed 3.68 3.89 2.24 5.66 7.33 2.24 4.17 3.95 3.64 3.7

Student 47.51 9.33 45.27 33.69 10.22 45.27 3.39 3.85 5 3.11

44.1454.147.9444.345.6199.8439.825.6113.1435.81 snoitacifilauq oN

36.253552.54051848.7466.7628.0834.156.97 )5- 1 level( snoitacifilauQ

Home owner 43.67 60.53 37.78 48.75 61.18 38.08 73.19 41.03 77.62 69.38

36.0383.2259.8528.622638.8352.1512.2664.9333.65 gnitneR + licnuoC

Health Good 71.35 59.08 67.33 66.76 60.03 67 64.67 54.59 63.64 59.41

Health Fare 20.76 26.95 24.58 22.84 26.37 24.58 23.29 27.26 22.15 26.94

Health Bad 7.89 13.97 8.08 10.4 13.6 8.08 12.04 18.15 11.2 13.65

48.4227.1284.2315.025.5173.6275.715.5180.6252.31 ssenlli mret gnoL htlaeH

99.519.0268.412.9135.671.2179.635.62114.31ssel ro mk2 - krow ot delevart ecnatsiD

99.5148.678.583.0191.718.174.691.744.858.9klaW levart fo dohteM

Bus 11.143.25.417.75.423.227.115.488.423.7

Train 3.51 0.8 0.88 0.65 0 0.88 0.37 0.23 0.29 0

Car 55.63 10.84 29.03 90.51 18.41 29.03 64.71 27.82 23.43 6.45

Car pool 6.28 2.18 3.51 8.84 1.88 3.51 8.52 5.64 2.93 0.78

Cycle 1.53 0.51 0.44 2.01 0.43 0.44 3.26 0.84 0.29 0

Crime 8242126230181334383

Underage pregnancy rates -2.4 -1.7 -1.2 -1.6 -2.4 -0.7 -2.5 -2.4 -1.9 -1.7

2222610181242319182)setunim( ytimixorp myG

5141831985756)setunim( ytimixroP ecapS neerG

11018812195161191)setunim( ytimixorP tnemtollA

926,301000,011999,06273,35897,27052,99831,211236,97332,68552,27ecirP esuoH egarevA

093883693224524624514304854444tsoC gnitneR egarevA

Population 1,625 1,374 1,822 1,391 1,380 1,822 1,349 1,312 1,024 1,395

Highest Good +

Lowest Good +

Highest Bad -

Lowest Bad -

LSOA PRoceSS TABulAted dAtA

Data compared to deduce happiness score per area

ST4 4JG (020D) ST4 3BL (020E) ST4 2LT (020A)

300

5.89.801

-5.2 -6.6 -9.4

28.41 20.71 19.66

83.28 74.68 73.37

000

010

000

0.19 2.27 0.37

73.0054.0

04.00

10.63 14.43 16.82

9.88.901

9.7 8.6 6.7

7.3 6.6 6.9

-6 -5.4 -6.5

7.05.07.0

-9 -8.9 -9.9

5.569.5

10 8.9 6.8

-3.4 -4.8 -7.4

9.2 8.9 8.3

8.2 8.9 9.7

-6.5 6.7 -7.8

-6.6 -7.3 7.9

2.68.73.92.6 5.6 2.9

1.32.63.35.000

-3.5 -7.4 -4.25.7019.5

1.31.72.4-4.2 -6.6 -2.9

-9.2 -7.6 -9.2

3.2 2.7 2.9

5.6 6.3 8.3

3.3 5 6.7

1.479.3

7.68.85.5

9.6 21.1 23.3

32.8 35.3 25.2

42.4 56.4 48.5

1.913.928.1264.2 85.7 67.6

Comparitive score value out of 10 Postcode ST4 2EF (016E) ST1 3HQ(016F) ST4 2DF (016D) ST4 2DP (015A) ST1 4JP (015C) ST1 3HX (016D) ST4 2RR (020C) ST4 2LA (020B) ST1 3NQ (016C) ST1 2BG (13C)

00807013030stnemhsilbatse lanummoC

Car owner 7 6.2 4.9 5.2 6.1 4.9 5.83.75.79

No car 3.6-7.9-01-2.8-1.6-6-8.6-1.6-1.6-5.7-

Density rate 44.22 110.72 22.56 37.5 80 22.56 26.15 35.52 53.28 52.63

80.271.5743.579717.2545.1412.8417.253.6722.54 ytinaitsirhC noigileR

Buddhist 012.00011.0048.027.02.013.0

Hindu 000081.012.043.111.133.026.0

Jewish 002.081.030.00022.0081.0

Muslim 19.72 0.27 10.96 19.4 34.88 3.18 0.97 1.34 2.68 7.35

Sikh 53.000032.012.082.044.172.068.0

Other 82.084.0081.091.094.094.044.074.073.0

No Religion 21.38 15.31 24.97 18.69 10.75 13.39 0.97 12.8 14.31 13.58

95.96.79.96.24.59.36.21.82.3emit lluf deyolpmE

6.94.97.5012.36.65.42.36.88.3 emit trap deyolpmE

Self employed 015.84.51.64.31.71.54.37.73.3

Unemployed -5 -5.3 -3.1 -7.7 -10 -3.1 -5.7 -5.4 -5 -5.1

Student 7.01.18.07.05.92.21.75.99.101

4.8-3.8-01-7.8-3.3-8.9-8.5-3.3-3.8-7.3- snoitacifilauq oN

9.54.8014.68.9 )5- 1 level( snoitacifilauQ 8.1 5.65.66.53.6

Home owner 5.5 7.7 4.8 6.2 7.8 4.8 9.3 5.2 9.8 8.8

Council + Renting -9 -6.3 -10 -8.2 -6.2 -9.9 -4.3 -9.5 -3.6 -4.9

Health Good 10 8.3 9.4 9.4 8.4 9 9.1 7.7 8.9 8.3

Health Fare 7.6 9.9 9 8.4 9.7 9 8.5 10 8.1 9.8

Health Bad -4.3 -7.7 -4.5 -5.7 -7.5 -4.5 -6.6 -10 -6.1 -7.5

Health Long term illness -4 -8 -4.8 -5.4 -8.1 -4.8 -6.3 -10 -6.7 -7.6

6.7011.71.91.38.53.31.39.34.6ssel ro mk2 - krow ot delevart ecnatsiD012.47.35.65.41.145.42.51.6klaW levart fo dohteM

Bus 9.09.18.36.68.39.1018.31.42.6Train 08.07.01.15.209.15.23.201Car 7.0-6.2-3-1.7-2.3-9.1-01-2.3-1.1-1.6-Car pool 8.037.55.85.39.19.84.32.23.6Cycle 09.06.2013.13.11.63.16.17.4Crime -10 -8.9 -8.6 -4.7 -2.6 -8.4 -1.5 -5.5 -6.3 -7.3

Underage pregnancy rates -9.6 -6.8 -4.8 -6.4 -9.6 -2.8 -10 -9.6 -7.6 -6.8

Gym proximity 2.9 4.2 6.3 3.3 3.8 10 8 5 3.6 3.6

Green Space Porximity 8.3 10 7.1 10 6.3 5.6 3.8 6.3 3.6 3.3

Allotment Proximity 3.1 5.6 10 4 6.7 5 3.3 7.6 5.9 5.6

3.56.51.37.27.31.58.51.44.47.3ecirP esuoH egarevA

9.9017.98.88.88.81.95.97.72.8ecnereffid tsoC gnitneR egarevA

Comparitve Happiness Score

Basic human needs score out of 60 0.5 8 13.9 10.9 8.7 13 13.3 -2.8 9.6 5.3

7.939.43829.037.834.138.137.433.438.2309 fo tuo erocs sdeen namuh evissecxE

545.442.522.447.151.047.246.843.243.33051 fo tuo erocs ssenippah denibmoC

6.812.816.027.434.211.012.424.512.816.3306 fo tuo fo tuo erocs ytilibaniatsuSOverall score out of 200 66.9 60.5 64 66.9 50.2 64.1 78.9 45.8 62.7 63.6

Highest Good +

Lowest Good +

Highest Bad -

Lowest Bad -

Compared to national average house price 194,733

Compared to national average renting cost 691

(These data tables support the visual production and scoring system applied to the previous diagrams)

The diagram reflects Stoke on Trents state of happiness compared to national averages, this form of comparison can then be applied to other cities. This effectively produces a league table based on the Freudian criteria to deduce the happiest city / place and what are the factors that create the happiest place. This takes out human subjectivity of happiness and is therefore an equal comparative study.

National averageStoke on Trent average

Good Bad

0 %

100

%

StokeS RelAtIve HAppIneSS StAte

ConsumerExisting context

The existing programme of area 020B is being mapped to deduce a viable site to implement a design proposal. All physical programmes being mapped have a positive effect on happiness therefore a site with no programme must be utilised.

SIte juStIfIcAtIon

Existing programme analysis 1 : 8000

Bar

CommunityEducation Gym

RestaurantReligion

SIte juStIfIcAtIon


Residential

Grocery Corporate Allotments

Railway infrastructureGreeen space

Site juStIfIcATIon


Roadway infrastructure

No site available that does not positively affect happiness

As previously mentioned a site with no programme that positively effects the happiness of the area and ultimately the whole system must be utilised, the mapping exercise carried out for area 020B has revealed that it does not have an area within it that does not aid happiness. This area is therefore the least happy because of non physical factors. These factors though are impacted upon by the physical environment. As highlighted and mentioned previously each area is not in isolation, the whole system / LSOAreas work to better one another, this is physically accessible by road networks. Therefore a site along a major axis will be selected for development in order to increase the systems happiness.

RailwaysSelected programme along major transport axis

The major transport axis have been highlighted in order to justify a new site location redundant of programme. The site is to be located along one of these major axis to reduce commuting time therefore improving the happiness for the whole system when proximity / programme availability is taken into account.

SIte juStIfIcAtIon


Roadways

Victoria

road

CommunityBar

SIte juStIfIcAtIon


Education

ResidentailGym

SIte juStIfIcAtIon


Religion

CorporateRestaurant

SIte juStIfIcAtIon


Consumer

Green spaceAllotments

SIte juStIfIcAtIon


Grocery

Site location

This site has been selected for development to increase happiness within Stoke on Trent. Its primary reasons for selection were as previously mentioned it has no programme positively affecting happiness. It is also situated along the major transport axis of Victoria road, this can therefore cater to a greater catchment within 5 minutes travel time. This therefore has more significance in improving the overall happiness rating of the entire system.

SIte juStIfIcAtIon


Victoria

road

PRogRAmme oveR tIme

12 noon

Context states of flux and permenance

1 pm

Time / Week / Season / Y e a rTemporary

(Micro)Seasonal

(Meso)Permenant

(Macro)

2 pm

3 pm

4 pm

5 pm

6 pm

7 pm

8 pm

9 pm

10 pm

11 pm

12 am

1 am

2 am

3 am

4 am

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Roads Railways Community BarEducation Gym Religion Residential Restaurant Corporate Allotments GrosseryGreen space

Commercial

PRoto Cell

A flexible responsive architecture may cater form many needs, this has been explored throughout architectural practice. Cedric Prices Fun Palace was a project that attempted to cater for a constant change of programme by integrating cyber-netic system into the design. Cybernetics works on a feedback loop in which an appropriate decision is made, in this case the context physically reacts. Components are therefore required to facilitate movement, in the case of the Fun Palace cranes and other mechanical parts proposed the solution. Recently Philip Beesley has created the installation Hylozoic ground, this again responds to human interaction but also takes advantage of recent developments in digital fabrication technologies. Hylozoic ground is of interest with regards to both is reactive qualities and its production, the constituent parts that create the overall form have the potential to meet multiple scales efficiently.

An urban context that is constantly in flux has positives but a constant flux may result in loss of place / identify and ultimately may not cater for any needs. There has to be constant programme to inform the entire system, this may come back to basic human needs being a constant programme.

Protocell Architecture 02 [Networks], 1200 x 600 print on lightbox (detail), 2010 Architecture needs to move away from the massive tectonics of building, and to be reimagined as a network of information and experience. Draw-ing upon Guy Debords psychogeography and Bernard Tschumis spatial and programmatic sequences, protocell architecture suggests the creation of open and inclusive synthetic spaces that exist between the virtual and the actual.

Images: pp 8-9 Leroy Cronin, The University of Glasgow, 2010; p 10 Martin Hanczyc; p 11 Omar Khan; p 12 Philip Bees-ley Architect Inc; p 13 Nic Clear

PRogRAmme

Programme is informed by time. As previously explored certain programmes have a greater impact at specific times. Having selected programmes in flux may maintain a optimum state of happiness.

Victoria Road

Flexible time based programme selection

Indicative programme locations

am Day

Allotments Bar Apartments Green space Sex Markets Permanant Temporary

pm

pm

Time

Midweek

Weekend

HAppIneSS RAtIo

An optimum programme ratio will be defined that yields the maximum state of happiness, this ratio is unique to Stoke on Trent at specific times of day or to any other context. The ratio itself is therefoe a variable but has the greatest impact upon spatial orientation. As this happiness ratio is a variable it is not necessary to define the ratio for Stoke on Trent, a standardised ratio may be defined that is generic and can then be altered to its community. In order to maintain flexibility with the design process. A method to generate a ratio would again be to provide an interface. This interface will record numerically what people perceive hierarchically as to what is the most significant programmes that generate happiness, a ratio can then be derived from this and is specific to its inhabitants.

Possible happiness ratio

6 x Appartment 3 x Allotments 1 x Restaurant 2 x Gymnasium 3 x Bar

INTERFACE

List preferences in decreasing value (1 = highest 13 = lowest)

Basic human needs

Food

Exersion

Sex

Shelter

Security of body

Health

Excess human needs

Employment rate

Education

Green space

Bars

Restaurants

Shopping

Leisure

Count

(sample population 300)

(these results are hy[pthetical, the ratio itself is a veriable as it differs from culture to culture, It may be possible to define an average / generic happiness ratio)

2

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6

1

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41

23

31

63

24

37

18

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13

10

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2

Shelter

Food

Health

Sex

Security of body

Exersion

Employment rate

Education

Green space

Bars

Restaurants

Shopping

Leisure

Ratio defined specific to area

The above ratio caters for a population of 300.

31.5

20.5

18.5

15.5

12

11.5

9

8.5

7

6.5

5

3.5

1

HAppIneSS netwoRk

The areas state of happiness is in constant flux, programmes have altering levels of positive or negative impact a various times. A network between related programmes may be required to inform and distribute happiness. This may facilitate a greater level and more constant state of happiness. Nodes are therefore created at certain times in which happiness may be concentrated. This information and network is of a digital nature, the in habitants will migrate to these attractors. Mobility therefore has significant ramifications on peak access. Physical infrastructural developments are therefore needed to support this, possible highway networks between restaurants or green space my address this.

Programme netwroks over time

Living city, Video still illustrating the teams vision for a social network of build-ings, in which communication between buildings locally can have a big impact on indoor and outdoor air quality for an entire neigh-bourhood.

(Benjamin.D and Yang.S.I. 2010. The Living. Architectural Design. Territory: Architec-ture Beyond Environment. 80(3). p63)

D tower a project by NOX is integrated and informed visually by the contexts in habitants. The visual product at the end of the day is informed by the general mood of the inhabit-ants at the end of day. This is achieved utilising a physical structure which colour output is deduced from data processed form a questionnaire on a website. This project effectively summarises a day to day mood but does little to improve it, it does however prove that a general consensus is created day to day or even hour to hour.

(http://trex.id.iit.edu/-enricg/portfolio/dtower/dtower.htm)

Time

Morning

Programe number and location

Evening

BarResturant Employment Green space Gym

SwARm FRActAlS

Previously mentioned certain programmes have significance at specific time. This can then transcend into these programmes being nodes of attraction, this in turn resonates with swarm cultures. Swarm theory may be applied to this network of nodes to constantly evaluate happiness at specific time.

The below project, Logic Matter by Skylar Tibbits address efficiency in scale. If a programme has a set area requirement that is informed by all of its internal requirements and constituent parts, then the overall form is evaluated and manifests itself to meet the system requirements to achieve maximal happiness.

Skylar Tibbits - Logic matter.

A standardised from is tessellated, logic gates are defined to inform the tessellation with regards to its neighbours this ultimately informs the overall output. It resembles sub atomic particles with define the overall structure. A variation at each logic gate creates a new overall species.

(http://www.innovationstuntmen.com/?p=1662)

Attractors at certian times Swarm of birds - nieghbour informs its neighbour which in turn informs the overall direction and form of the swarm.

BarResturant Employment Green space Gym

CRyStAl gRowtH

Fractal A geometric pattern that is repeated at ever smaller scales to produce irregular shapes and surfaces that cannot be represented by classical geometry. Fractals are used especially in computer modelling of irregular patterns and struc-tures in nature.

Rules of 6 by Benjamin Aranda & Chris Lasch

A fractal generated landscape is produced. Each unit / form is a fractal. This has potentials of integrating into a swarm system which selects certain areas that are failing in happiness and generates a new typology to increase happiness. A fractal system lends its self to this process as the whole structure can be designed inside out, therefore it is optimised structurally and is efficiently applied to various population numbers and contextual climates.

(A - NLSO non-linear systems organization, From Nanostructures to Buildings: Generating an Architecture of Crystal Geometries. Benjamin Aranda Daniel Bosia Chris Lasch. 2006

(C - http://www.phillipsdepury.com/auctions/lot-detail/ARANDA%5CLASCH/NY000111/18/2/1/12/detail.aspx)

(D - http://pytr75.blogspot.com/2011/05/aranda-lasch.html)

(1 - http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fractal)

C D

A

A - Quasicrystal by slow cooling (Al-Pd-Re), image by JEOL Scanning Electron MicroscopeB - Fractal model exploring tessellation, singular standardised form may produce infinite variation. With regards to scale / resolution, if crystal growth properties can be mimicked new param-eters may be introduced to optimise form and structural qualities

B

1

encASIng fRActAlS

With regards to form generation an optimised overall form needs to be generated / a framework needs to be implemented in with a fractal systems form is informed and spawns within an envelope.

Simon Ferris & Rem Koolhaas have both explored potentials in geometric from derived for solar parameters. Synergy Crystal developed by Dr Craig Martin address this process of creating an optimised solar envelope improving passive solar gains for both the existing context and the development itself. This form is derived by multiple iterations of sun angle calcula-tion, this process of calculations may be possible to automate and will be explored further.

A solar envelope may be created by a methodical process. Again if this is procedural the solar envelope may implemented as a computational model, this has benefits as the form generation is automated once the process is defined in a syntax. This can then meet the demands of specific area highlighted by swarm intelligence.

Primitive solar studies. This highlights a potential footprint in which the proposed scheme may occupy.

Theoretical solar envelope in which fractals generate within, detailed solar study is needed to define optimised form specific to site conditions. Micro climates are induced by each constituent part, with regards to a fractal proposal after a certain scale is passed the climate induced will be no significant enough to impact on the from generation.

A - Theoretical solar envelope

B - Fractal units occupying solar envelope

C - Fractal form / tessellation experiment

01 / 01 - 09:00 12:00 15:00 17:00

01 / 04 - 09:00 12:00 15:00 17:00

01 / 08 - 09:00 12:00 15:00 17:00

A B

1

A B C

Solar envelope montage into context suggesting fractal units grow inside an optimum form until its limit is reached. The fractal system used is a Penrose tilling system. This generates infinite tilling possibilities but the geometric arrangements are unsuit-able due to their inhabitable orientation.

SolAR gRowtH

InItAIl mASSIng model

This initial massing model is generated around solar shading. The from tapers so it does not impact on the surrounding contexts potential solar gains. A more detailed study is needed to optimise the solar form to generate potential gains. As previously mentioned in putting forms within this envelope will create their own micro climate this again needs further explora-tion. The images below represent a daily solar study during an equniox period

The initial massing model attempts to obtain an optimised solar envelope. By sectioning a digital form, the process in which the model has been created, has resulted in a floor plate typology. This is detrimental to solar access and cannot meet the demands of a fluctuating programme without compromising the entire building. Further explorations into solar envelopes, framework struc-tures and perforated volumes will need to be carried out to further develop the scheme.

A series of views have been taken to highlight the formation of an initial solar envelope. These images highlight the scale of the proposed from within its context.

Morning Afternoon Evening

InItAIl PlAnS

Sketch plans were developed to address potential micro climate issues. Development of these sketch proposals highlighted that a floor plate in which fractal units are placed does not work as it renders the fractal system itself useless as the floor plates are inflexible and impact severely on internal climates. A possible framework structure my need to be introduced. Again the goal is to achieve a community spirit within the building therefore top down planning principles will have to be applied to ensure the correct spatial organisation is achieved.

Scale na

1

Section AA Section BB

Inital first floor development Inital fourth floor develop-

Site context solar conditions Inital ground floor develop-

1PRototypIng

1PRototype AgendA

Individual explorations into material properties and possible benefits of digital materiality will be documented in the section. These investigations have been informed by some of the selected projects below among many others. This is of interest because fabricating addresses physical issues that a computer cant, the computer and physical attributes are combined in a feedback loop, one stage informs the other with an end product that could not be attainable without explorations in both digital and physical. With regards to Neri Oxmans research an optimised material is generated that can meet multiple demands. This is efficiently achievable by accessing and utilising already available tools, in this case the processing capabilities of a computer coupled with digital production technologies.

A - Beast, Neri Oxman - Material ecology is a proposed development in material research by Neri Oxman, can man made material mimic and surpass the multifunctional properties of nature. (http://web.media.mit.edu/-neri/site/projects/beast/beast.html)

B - Foam wall, AMO - Developed for the Prada Epicentre. The prject explores material qualities and variables, increased transparency is increased by void size. (OMA & AMO expo from the Barbican)

C - Flight Assembled Architecture, Gramazio & Kohler - Exploration into automating production technologies reveals poten-tials again in material properties but also a generates a more precise and affordable context that is unique.(http://www.gramaziokohler.com/web/e/projekte/209.html)

D - Laser cut columns, Barkow Leibinger -Potentials in decorating internal components to alter lighting qualities, the laser cut column still maintains its structural integrity.(http://www.barkowleibinger.com/)

E - Hylozoic ground, Philip Beesley - A physically responsive installation. The constituent parts must therefore facilitate move-ment, it also must be lightweight, utilising digital fabrications techniques made this possible. A reactive structure highlights potentials in obtaining maximal passive gains from its context. (Programmin architecture / responsive instruments)

F - Grotto, Aranda & Lasch - A topography was developed by integrating computation into the design process, a tilling proce-dure was derived using voronoi geometries to produce the final form, this generation of form proposes an architecture that mimics crystalline growth. Tooling which is a pamphlet by Aranda and Lasch provides examples and script libraries to individual explorations.(Tooling by Aranda and Lasch)

A B C

D E F

1VoRonoI ScReen 0.1

An initial 3d computer model was created in Rhino using the plug-in Grasshopper. The voronoi form is based on random points but as previously mentioned in visualising data the points may be related to specific factors. If these points therefore inform the final form it may be possible to obtain passive environmental gains with a more informed process. The screen was milled using a cnc machine, this is a reductive process and there is a large amount of waste

CNC routing was use to physically generate the final screen, the 3d model is opened in mill wizard 3d. A process is then carried to effectively create a G-code file. The G-code file is then ran to create the computer model. A drill bit is selected this was produced just using a 6 mm flat tip roughing tool path, a finer finish may be achieved using a bullnose and a smaller drill bit.

Computer model Milling process

Final screen

Production - time 5 hours.

Dimensions 500mm x 470mm

VoRonoI ScReen 0.2

A second screen was produced using the same process as previously. This time the screen has various depths, this was done with the intention of producing a casting study to produce an object that has numerous lighting qualities.

Again cnc milling is used to produce this a 3mm bull nose on a roughing tool path produced the final screen, this screen has a far finer finish to it compared to the first. Due to the varying depths in the screen this would not have been achievable by hand.

CNC milling process

Final screen

Production - time 1 hour

Dimensions 180mm x 170mm x 25mm

FoRmIng

In order to cast a positive form of the second voronoi screen a case had to be created. This was done using a vacuum former. This creates a negative form of the voronoi screen in which a casting material may be poured into multiple times.

Vacum forming process Final screen

Final form

Production - time 15 minutes


CAStIng

In order to attain multiple light qualities a casting material of clear properties was required, the obvious choice therefore was resin. A polyester resin combined with a colouring agent was used, the resin requires a catalyst to set, the resin to catalyst ratio alters depending on the volume of resin required. The resin solution was poured into the negative vacuum former. The resin takes 40minutes to an hour to cure. The end result is a digital material that has obtained multiple lighting qualities. Readdress-ing material ecology ideologies this screen with further development may act as a structural integral unit that controls solar gains all obtained by one homogenous material once a casting unit is produced.

These explorations would not have been possible without the help of Jim Backhouse and the facilities at the SED workshop.

Material propoerties close up

Final casting

Production - time 45 minutes


00 A Fractal happiness front cover.pdf0b Inner leaf.pdf0c Contents.pdf01 Preface.pdf02 thesis agenda.pdf03 thesis agenda.pdf04 Critical readings.pdf05 Critical readings text.pdf06 Spacer happiness grid.pdf07 process site map.pdf08 Flow diagram.pdf09 process selected programme.pdf010 process basic needs home owner.pdf011 process basic needs gym exersion.pdf012 process basic needs green space exersion.pdf013 process basic needs health.pdf014 process basic needs pregnancy.pdf015 process basic needs security of body.pdf016 process basic needs food allotments.pdf017 process basic needs score.pdf018 process excess needs empolyment.pdf020 process excess needs house prices renting.pdf021 process excess needs shopping.pdf022 process excess needs restaurant.pdf023 process excess needs bar.pdf024 process excess needs education.pdf025 process excess needs score.pdf026 process overall scores.pdf027 spacer computation grid.pdf028 relationship.pdf029 computation voronoi cellular automita.pdf030 3d voronoi.pdf031 3d voronoi.pdf032 visulising data.pdf033 visulising data.pdf034 interface.pdf035 scenario montages current state.pdf036 scenario montages exertion.pdf037 scenario montages employment.pdf038 scenario montages green space.pdf039 scenario montages street view exertion.pdf040 scenario montages street view employment.pdf041 scenario montages street view green space.pdf042 crit jpegs.pdf044 installation.pdf045 cellular model analysis.pdf046 london cross rail.pdf047 london cross rail.pdf048 paris trip.pdf049 paris trip 2.pdf050 paris trip 3.pdf051 paris trip 4.pdf052 Thesis spacer.pdf053 Initial proposal mass customisation.pdf054 fruit boul process.pdf055 fruit boul bottom.pdf056 fruit boul.pdf057 lsoa spacer.pdf058 lsoa process.pdf059 lsoa roadways.pdf061 lsoa railway locations.pdf062 lsoa ressy locations.pdf063 lsoa industrial and commercial locations.pdf064 lsoa public wifi.pdf065 lsoa shelter.pdf066 lsoa sex.pdf067 lsoa exertion.pdf068 lsoa exertion green space.pdf069 lsoa food allotments.pdf070 lsoa security of body.pdf071 lsoa health 1.pdf072 lsoa health 2.pdf073 lsoa basic human needs score.pdf074 lsoa renting cost.pdf075 lsoa house cost.pdf076 lsoa employment.pdf077 lsoa employment.pdf078 lsoa education.pdf079 lsoa income.pdf080 lsoa excess needs.pdf081 lsoa sustainability

fractal happiness

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