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GREENSTICK FRACTURE resembles the break that results when a

supple green branch of a tree is bent and breaks incompletely.

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FISSURE FRACTURE will occur when direct trauma is applied to

any long or flat bone

DEPRESSION FRACTURE represent areas in which multiple fissure

fracture lines intersect.

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE implies a fracture line that is transverse to

the long axis of the bone. Most are caused by bending forces.

OBLIQUE FRACTURE implies a fracture line that is oblique to the

long axis of the bone The two cortices of each fragment are in

the same plane without spiraling

SPIRAL FRACTURE indicates a fracture line that spirals along

the long axis of the bone It is caused by torsional twisting or

rotational forces.

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COMMINUTED FRACTURE Implies at least three fracture fragments The fracture lines are interconnected Comminuted fractures are difficult to

reduce and fix

MULTIPLE FRACTURE implies three or more fracture fragments in

a single bone; however, unlike comminuted fractures, the fracture lines do not interconnect.

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

IMPACTION FRACTURE implies a fracture in which a bony

fragment, generally cortical, is forced or impacted into cancellous bone. Typically this occurs at the ends of long bones.

COMPRESSION FRACTURE a fracture in which cancellous bone

collapses and compresses upon itself.

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

C L A S S I F I C A T I O NCLOSED FRACTURE

a clean break to the bone that does not damage surrounding tissue or tear through the skin is known as a closed fracture or a simple fracture.

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

Which bone? Where in the bone?

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C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

Type A Extra-articular

Type B Partial articular

Type C Complete disruption

of the articular surface from the diaphysis

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

Grouping-Type A

1. Spiral 2. Oblique 3. Transverse

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

Grouping-Type B

1. Spiral wedge 2. Bending wedge 3. Fragmented

wedge

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N

Grouping-Type C

1. Spiral multifragmentary wedge

2. Segmental 3. Irregular

C L A S S I F I C A T I O NOPEN FRACTURES

one that damages surrounding skin or tissue is known as a compound fracture or an open fracture.

Compound or open fractures are generally more serious than simple fractures, with a much higher risk of infection.

C L A S S I F I C A T I O NType I Open Fractures

Inside-out injury Clean wound Minimal soft tissue

damage No significant

periosteal stripping

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C L A S S I F I C A T I O NType II Open Fractures

Moderate soft tissue damage

Outside-in mechanism

Higher energy injury Some necrotic

muscle, some periosteal stripping

C L A S S I F I C A T I O NType IIIA Open Fractures

High energy Outside-in injury Extensive muscle

devitalization Bone coverage with

existing soft tissue not problematic

C L A S S I F I C A T I O NType IIIB Open Fractures

High energy Outside in injury Extensive muscle

devitalization Requires a local flap

or free flap for bone coverage and soft tissue closure

Periosteal stripping

C L A S S I F I C A T I O NType IIIC Open Fractures

High energy Increased risk of

amputation and infection

Major vascular injury requiring repair

C A U S E S Automobile accidents major cause Fall from height Sports injury Trivial injury fall at home Machine injuries Repetitive stress (stress fracture) Gun shot injuries Pathological problems of bone Metabolic bone diseases Defective collagen

S I G N S A N D S Y M P T O M S

Swelling or bruising over a bone Deformity of an arm or leg Pain in the injured area that gets

worse when the area is moved or pressure is applied

Loss of function in the injured area In compound fractures, bone

protruding from the skin

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T R E A T M E N T

Stop any bleeding. Immobilize the injured area. Apply ice packs to limit swelling and

help relieve pain. Treat for shock.