framing red power

8/14/2019 Framing Red Power

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research,Department of History

History, Department of

7-1-2009

Framing Red Power: The American IndianMovement, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the

Politics of MediaJason A. [email protected]

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has

been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History by an authorized administrator of

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. For more information, please contact [email protected].

Heppler, Jason A., "Framing Red Power: The American Indian Movement, the Trail of Broken Treaties, and the Politics of Media"(2009).Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research, Department of History. Paper 21.http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydiss/21
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydisshttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydisshttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historymailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyhttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydisshttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historydisshttp://digitalcommons.unl.edu/


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FRAMING RED POWER: THE AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT,THE TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES, AND THE POLITICS OF MEDIA

By

Jason A. He!e"

A T#es$s

P"esen%e& %o %#e Fa'(!%y

T#e G"a&(a%e Co!!e)e a% %#e *n$+e"s$%y o Ne-"asa

In Pa"%$a! F(!$!!/en% o Re0($"e/en%s

Fo" %#e De)"ee o Mas%e" o A"%s

Ma1o": H$s%o"y

*n&e" %#e S(e"+$s$on o P"oesso" Jo#n R. W(n&e"

L$n'o!n, Ne-"asa

J(!y 2334


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2FRAMING RED POWER: THE AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT,

THE TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES, AND THE POLITICS OF MEDIA

Jason A. He!e", M.A.

*n$+e"s$%y o Ne-"asa, 2334

A&+$se": Jo#n R. W(n&e"

T#$s s%(&y e5!o"es %#e "e!a%$ons#$ -e%6een %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%7AIM8, na%$ona! ne6sae" an& %e!e+$s$on /e&$a, an& %#e T"a$! o B"oen T"ea%$es 'a"a+an$n No+e/-e" 942 an& %#e 6ay /e&$a "a/e&, o" $n%e""e%e&, AIM;s /o%$+a%$ons an&o-1e'%$+es. T#e $n%e!!e'%(a! an& o!$%$'a! '(""en%s "esen% $n %#e 94


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@ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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#$/ an& 6as #$s s%(&en%. I e5%en& /y %#ans an& )"a%$%(&e %o /y s(e"+$s$n) 'o//$%%ee.

To/ Gannon )ene"o(s!y oe"e& #$s %$/e %o oe" $ns$)#%s an& '"$%$'$s/ %#a% s%"en)%#ene&

/y a")(/en%s an& %$)#%ene& /y "eason$n). To Do() Seee!&% I o6e /any %#ans, 6#o

oe"e& se+e"a! a'%s o $n&ness an& ass$s%an'e, an& #$s e5a/!e as a s'#o!a" an& %ea'#e"

$s one I 6$!! a!6ays !oo ( %o an& en&ea+o" %o /a%'#.

Ass$s%an'e an& )($&an'e o" /y "o1e'% e5%en&e& 6e!! -eyon& /y %#es$s

'o//$%%ee. T#ose 6#o oe"e& se'$$' #e! $n'!(&e An&"e6 G"ay-$!!, Pa%"$' Jones, an&

W$!!$a/ T#o/as. I a!so %#an %#ose a"o(n& %#e H$s%o"y Dea"%/en% 6#o )ene"o(s!y

oe"e& %#e$" %$/e &("$n) o$'e #o("s, $ns%"('%e& /e &("$n) '!asses, an& (% ( 6$%# /e as

a %ea'#$n) ass$s%an%. T#e s(o"% o /y "$en&s an& e!!o6 )"a&(a%e s%(&en%s #as a!so

-een $n+a!(a-!e. To B"en% Ro)e"s, S#ay!a S6$%, Sa/ H("!ey, Na%#an San&e"son, Sean

K"a/e", Ro-e"% Jo"&an, Les!$e Wo"$n), C#a"!es K!$n%o-e, Da+e Nes#e$/, N$' S6e$"'e,

M$'#e!!e T$e&1e, an& Ma%% Deee, I oe" /y &eees% %#ans o" yo(" en'o("a)e/en%,

on)o$n) 'on+e"sa%$ons a-o(% %#e 6o" o #$s%o"y, an& "$en&s#$.

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)"a%$%(&e o" #$s ass$s%an'e, en'o("a)e/en%, an& se"+$n) as a so(n&$n) -oa"& o" /y

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"oesso" a% So(%# Dao%a S%a%e *n$+e"s$%y, C#a"!es Vo!!an, "o+$&e& an en%#(s$as%$'

%ea'#$n) s%y!e, 'ons%"('%$+e '"$%$'$s/, an& #e! )($&e /e %o s%(&y a% %#e *n$+e"s$%y o

Ne-"asa?L$n'o!n. I a!so 6an% %o %#an /y o%#e" "oesso"s a% SDS*, $n a"%$'(!a" Je""y

S6eeney, M$'#ae! F(n'#$on, Conn$e Ha""$s, Ro-e"% Wa%"e!, an& De! Lono6s$. In

a&&$%$on, I 6o(!& !$e %o %#an Jo#n M$!!e", Don S$//ons, Nan'y Ko(a!, an& A$/

Re$n#a"&%. In /any 6ays yo( a!! $n!(en'e& /y 6o" an& oe"e& yo("se!+es as

e5e/!a"y /o&e!s o s'#o!a"s, %ea'#e"s, an& /en%o"s.

I 6o(!& !$e %o oe" /y &eees% )"a%$%(&e %o /y a/$!y/y a"en%s, Je an&

Deanna, /y $n?!a6s Donna an& Jon, /y s$s%e", K"$s%$na, /y 'o(s$n, A/an&a, an& /y

e5%en&e& a/$!y. T#e$" (n!$n'#$n) s(o"%, #one 'a!!s, !e%%e"s, an& en'o("a)e/en% 6e"e

+$%a! $n 6ays I 'anno% e5"ess. T#an yo( o" -e!$e+$n) $n /e.

F$na!!y, an& /os% o a!!, I %#an /y 6$e, Ma")o, o" #e" (n!$n'#$n) s(o"%,

'on$&en'e, en'o("a)e/en%, s())es%$ons, an& o''as$ona! "o&&$n). W$%#o(% #e" a% /y

s$&e $% 6o(!& -e +e"y (n!$e!y I 6o(!& -e 6"$%$n) %#ese a'no6!e&)e/en%s a% a!!. No

a/o(n% o %#ans 'an "eay #e". In a!! o %#e 6ays I #a+e -een -!esse& $n /y !$e, none

#as -een )"ea%e" %#an #e".


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In%"o&('%$on....................................................................................................................... 9T#e Ba%%!e$e!& o I&eas: Po!$%$'s, Ra'e, an& %#e P"ess s$n'e Wo"!& Wa" II

C#a%e" 9.......................................................................................................................... 9T#e Me&$a an& %#e O"$)$ns o Re& Po6e"

C#a%e" 2.......................................................................................................................... @=T#e Ca"a+an /(s% -e o(" $nes% #o(">: I&en%$%y, M$!$%an'y, an& %#e Po!$%$'s o La6 an&O"&e"

C#a%e" @.......................................................................................................................... Me&$a an& %#e D$s'o("se o In&$an Po!$%$'s

E$!o)(e............................................................................................................................


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2 Te'#no!o)$'a!

a&+an'e/en%s #a+e a!! -(% e!$/$na%e& %#e -a""$e"s o %$/e an& &$s%an'e %#a% on'e /a&e

o!$%$'s e"sona! an& so'$a! aa$"s. T#e "$se o /ass /e&$a s!o6!y e"o&e& %#e o!$%$'a!

o"(/s, /ass "a!!$es, a"a&es, 'o//(n$%y &e-a%es, an& o!$%$'a! $'n$'s %#a% o"/e& %#e

'o"e o o!$%$'a! &$s'o("se $n ea"!y A/e"$'a. T#e $n+en%$on o %#e %e!e)"a#, o!!o6e& -y

(n&e"sea $n%e"na%$ona! 'a-!es, "a&$o, an& %e!e+$s$on 7an& $n %o&ay;s a)e, %#e &e+e!o/en%

o sa%e!!$%es, e"sona! 'o/(%e"s, an& %#e In%e"ne%8 "e&e$ne& %#e "a'%$'e o o!$%$'s.

T#e a-$!$%y o so'$a! an& o!$%$'a! /o+e/en%s %o 'o//(n$'a%e %#e$" a)en&as

%#"o()# /ass /e&$a 6as no% !os% on %#e a'%$+$s%s o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%

7AIM8, 6#$'# (n&e"s%oo& %#e $/o"%an'e o %e!e+$s$on $n !a'$n) e&e"a! A/e"$'an In&$an

o!$'y on %#e na%$ona! a)en&a. *n!$e %#e B!a' Pan%#e" Pa"%y %#a% o")an$e& a M$n$s%"y

o Ino"/a%$on %o #an&!e $n%e"a'%$on 6$%# %#e /e&$a, %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%

7AIM8 ne+e" &e+e!oe& an o$'$a! o")an %o +o$'e %#e$" )oa!s. Ins%ea&, &"a6$n) (on

!essons !ea"ne& -y o-se"+$n) %#e C$+$! R$)#%s Mo+e/en% o %#e 94


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a'%$+$s%s, AIM (se& #$)#?"o$!e o"/s o &$ssen% %o &"a6 a%%en%$on. T#e T"a$! o B"oen

T"ea%$es 'a"a+an an& s(-se0(en% s$5?&ay o''(a%$on o %#e B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s $n

No+e/-e" 942 %#"(s% AIM $n%o na%$ona! #ea&!$nes. Na%$ona! %e!e+$s$on an& ne6sae"

ne6s 'o+e"e& %#e e+en% $n s$)n$$'an%!y &$e"en% 6ays. Te!e+$s$on o'(se& on %#e so"% o

'#an)es $n e&e"a! In&$an o!$'y %#e a'%$+$s%s 6an%e&, 6#$!e ne6sae"s 6e"e /o"e

'on'e"ne& 6$%# %#e )o+e"n/en% "esonse %o %#e a'%$+$s%s $n %#e -($!&$n). AIM !ea&e"s

a&o%e& %#e o!$%$'s o 'on"on%a%$on %o '#a!!en)e $ns%$%(%$ons %#ey 6e"e %"y$n) %o '#an)e,

an& $n so &o$n) (n&e"/$ne& %#e$" os$%$on o a(%#o"$%y as %#e /e&$a o'(se& on %#e

spectacle"a%#e" %#an %#e message.@

T#e e"a o Re& Po6e" an& A/e"$'an In&$an '(!%("a! an& o!$%$'a! #$s%o"y &("$n)

%#$s e"$o& #as )ene"a!!y "e'e$+e& !$%%!e a%%en%$on "o/ #$s%o"$ans. D$s'(ss$ons o o!$%$'a!

an& so'$a! a'%$+$s/ $n %#e !a%e 94 F"an'$s Pa(! P"('#a #as no%e& %#e a$!("e %o

@ O%#e" e5a/$na%$ons o A/e"$'an In&$an a'%$+$s/ an& %#e "ess 'an -e seen $n Ro!!an& De6$n), =So(%#Dao%a Ne6sae" Co+e"a)e o %#e 94@ O''(a%$on o Wo(n&e& Knee,> South Dakota History92

7S"$n) 9428: ?


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s%(&y =%#e '"ea%$on an& "$s$n) $/o"%an'e o an?In&$an o")an$a%$ons.> He a")(e& %#a%

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)"o(s !$e AIM, o" 6#$'# =%#e"e #as -een !$%%!e s%(&y.>

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e+en%s.92

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7"on% a)e, !ea& s%o"y8, %#e %one o %#e 6"$%$n) 7sy/a%#e%$' o" '"$%$'a!8, +$s(a! ee'%s

7#ea&!$nes an& #o%o)"a#s8, an& +o'a-(!a"y.9@ I (se %#e %e"/s =/e&$a,> =/ass /e&$a,>

93 J(!$an Bon&, =T#e Me&$a an& %#e Mo+e/en%: Loo$n) Ba' "o/ %#e So(%#e"n F"on%,> $n B"$an Wa"&,e&.,Media4 Culture4 and the Modern %frican %merican +reedom Struggle7Ga$nes+$!!e: *n$+e"s$%y P"esso F!o"$&a, 23398, 9


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%ae %#ese ne6s o(%!e%s %o /ean %e!e+$s$on +$&eo "o/ ABC, NBC, an& CBS, ne6sae"

a''o(n%s an& e&$%o"$a!s "o/ %#e ey na%$ona! ne6sae"s, %#e0e$ 3ork Timesan& %#e

ashington Post, an& /e/o$"s %o )e% a% %#e s$)n$$'an'e o %#e e+en% an& 6#a% $% %e!!s (s

)ene"a!!y a-o(% A/e"$'a;s $/a)e?"$&&en o!$%$'a! '(!%("e. T#e na%$ona! -"oa&'as%

ne%6o"s an& ne6sae"s /a$n%a$ne& )ene"a!!y #$)# a(&$en'es %#"o()#o(% %#e 94 =Na%$+e A/e"$'an,> =Na%$+e eo!es,> an& =$n&$)eno(s>

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a$!$a%$on, -(% $n /any !a'es I $n& $% ne'essa"y %o sea o a!! eo!e "e)a"&!ess o %#e$"

a$!$a%$ons. T#e 6o"& =%"$-e> $s (se& o''as$ona!!y $n %#e a)es a#ea&, $ on!y -e'a(se %#e

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/o"e a"o"$a%e %e"/ In&$an na%$ons.

H$s%o"$ans #a+e -een "e!('%an% %o s%(&y +$s(a! so("'es, $ns%ea& "ee""$n) 6"$%%en

&o'(/en%s. Ra%#e" %#an &$s/$ss %#e s%(&y o $/a)es an& /e&$a e"'e%$ons, a")(e&

#$s%o"$an Da+$& G"een-e"), =6e 6o(!& &o 6e!! %o s%(&y %#e/ as a"% o #$s%o"y, as

+e#$'!es %#a% 'on+ey $/o"%an% /ean$n)s an& $&eas a-o(% %#e 6o"!&.>9 Me&$a

e"'e%$ons -e'o/e a /e%#o& o" eo!e %o (n&e"s%an& %#e$" 6o"!&. =Ne6s> $s no% s$/!y

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9 Da+$& G"een-e"),0i6on(s Shado$, The History of an 'mage7Ne6 o": W. W. No"%on an& Co/any,2338, 55$+.


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92$no"/a%$on. =Ne6s $s a )en"e,> 6"$%es #$s%o"$an Pa(! Wea+e", =a &$s%$n'%$+e /o&e o

6"$%$n) an& o &e$'%$n) e5e"$en'e.>9 T#ose &e$'%$ons %ae /any o"/s, $n'!(&$n) 'a

'on+e"sa%$on $n O!& Re)$/e F"an'e, %#e -"ea& an& '$"'(ses o %#e Ro/an E/$"e, o" %#e

o!$%$'a! -"oa&s$&es 6"$%%en -y A/e"$'an a%"$o%s $n %#e e$)#%een%# 'en%("y.9 $n Tele#ision as a Social +orce, 0e$%pproaches to T Criticism, e&. Do()!ass Ca%e" an& R$'#a"& A&!e" 7Ne6 o": P"ae)e", 948, 2.

9< Ro-e"% Da"n%on, =An Ea"!y Ino"/a%$on So'$e%y: Ne6s an& %#e Me&$a $n E$)#%een%#?Cen%("y Pa"$s,>%merican Historical "e#ie$93 7Fe-"(a"y 23338: 9?. See Da"n%on;s &$)$%a! 'o/onen% %o =An Ea"!yIno"/a%$on So'$e%y> a% #%%:666.#$s%o"y'ooe"a%$+e.o")1o("na!sa#"93.9a#333339.#%/!.


14/94

9@"ess. Mo&e"n o!$%$'s !e% -e#$n& a"%y -osses an& "e)$ona! -$ases %#a% $n%"o&('e& %6o

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1o$n$n) s('# $/o"%an% a'%o"s as e5e"$en'e an& $&eas%#a% o +$s$-$!$%y. In&$+$&(a!s an&

o")an$a%$ons #a& %#e a-$!$%y %o -e'o/e o+e"n$)#% 'e!e-"$%$es 6$%# /ass /e&$a e5os("e.

V$s$-$!$%y ee&s $n%o %#e se'on& s$)n$$'an% a'%o" o oe"$n) o6e" %o %#e o6e"!ess. To

-e seen an& #ea"& 6as %o #a+e an $/a'% on o!$%$'s.

B!en&$n) %o)e%#e" %#e $ns$)#%s o #$s%o"y, o!$%$'a! s'$en'e, 'o//(n$'a%$ons an&

/e&$a s%(&$es, an& so'$o!o)y, I #oe %o (n&e"s%an& %#e !$na)es -e%6een o!$%$'s an& %#e

/e&$a. Assess$n) %#e "ea'# an& $/a'% o /e&$a $s no% %o s())es% a /e%#o& o /eas("$n)

(-!$' o$n$on, as so'$a! s'$en%$s%s an& o!$%$'a! s'$en%$s%s #a+e a%%e/%e& %o &o -y

6"a$n) %#e$" e5a/$na%$ons ( 6$%# /a%#e/a%$'a! o"/(!as an& %#eo"e%$'a! se'(!a%$on.9

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s%o"e, an& &$sse/$na%e $no"/a%$on $n ne6 6ays, an& "o+$&es %#e e"e'% /e&$(/ 6$%#

6#$'# %o s%(&y /ass /e&$a.

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%"a&$%$ona! 6o" o an #$s%o"$an 6$%# %#e ne6 %e'#no!o)$es a+a$!a-!e o" &$)$%a! "esea"'#.9

D$)$%a! #$s%o"y $s -o%# a ne6 "a'%$'e an& an o!& a"%, an& %#ese ne6 &$)$%a! %oo!s a"e

'#an)$n) %#e 6ay eo!e "ea&. On!$ne "ea&$n) $s a nea"!y (-$0($%o(s e5e"$en'e,

a!%#o()# /os% &$)$%a! "ea&$n) 'o/es %#"o()# %#e o"/ o $no?sna'$n) 7"ea&$n) %#"o()#

9 See, o" e5a/!e, Pa(! M. Ke!!s%e&%, =Me&$a F"a/$n) an& %#e Dyna/$'s o Ra'$a! Po!$'y P"ee"en'e,>%merican .ournal of Political Science 7A"$! 23338: 2?2

%merican Political Science "e#ie$49 7Se%e/-e" 9448:


15/94

9+e"y s#o"% $e'es o" s'ann$n) %e5% on ne6sae"s, /a)a$nes, an& -!o)s8. Ho6e+e",

&$)$%a! #$s%o"y 6$!! %"anso"/ %#e 6ay #$s%o"$ans 'o//(n$'a%e an& 6#a% %#ey

'o//(n$'a%e. T#e /e%#o& o 'o//(n$'a%$n) $&eas 6$!! no !on)e" -e 'on$ne& %o %#e

!o)$'a! s%"('%("e o a -oo s$/!y -e'a(se #$s%o"$ans 'anno% 'on%"o! #o6 eo!e a"oa'#

an& na+$)a%e &$)$%a! s'#o!a"s#$. T#$s "e0($"es #$s%o"$ans %o %#$n o ne6 6ays %o ens("e

"ea&e"s )e% o(% o &$)$%a! "o1e'%s 6#a% #$s%o"$ans #oe %o 'o//(n$'a%e e"#as $&ea!!y,

%#ey 6$!! 6a! a6ay "o/ a &$)$%a! "o1e'% 6$%# "es# $&eas %#a% '#a!!en)e o(" o6n

a")(/en%s.94

T6o &$)$%a! 6o"s s%an& as %#e )"ea%es% $ns$"a%$on o" /y &$)$%a! /e%#o&o!o)y.

Tele#ision 0e$s and the Ci#il "ights Struggle-y W$!!$a/ G. T#o/as e5a/$ne& !o'a!

%e!e+$s$on ne6s -"oa&'as%s $n M$ss$ss$$ an& V$")$n$a, $n&$n) %#a% %e!e+$s$on ne6s $n

V$")$n$a a"oa'#e& se)"e)a%$on 6$%# a -a!an'e& a"oa'# 6#$!e "$n% &een&e&

se)"e)a%$on, 6#$!e $n M$ss$ss$$ %e!e+$s$on s%a%$ons &een&e& se)"e)a%$on an& &en$e&

A"$'an A/e"$'ans a +o$'e. T#o/asQs &$)$%a! essay "esen%s &$)$%$e& $!/ oo%a)e o

%e!e+$s$on "eo"%s an& $n%e"+$e6s %#a% a"e %o -e +$e6e& $n 'on1(n'%$on 6$%# "ea&$n) %#e

ana!ys$s an& oe"s an $n%e"es%$n) a"oa'# %o ana!y$n) /e&$a an& "a'e %#a% 6o(!& -e

&$$'(!% 6$%#o(% %#e a$& o &$)$%a! %e'#no!o)y. T#e se'on& 6o" $s Do() Seee!&%Qs

Mo(n%a$n Mea&o6s "o1e'%, 6#$'# sees %o ana!ye %#e (-!$' &$s'o("se s(""o(n&$n) %#e

e+en% an& %#e 6ays $% 6as "eo"%e& on, $n%e""e%e&, an& "e/e/-e"e&. Seee!&% (ses

94 Ro-e"% Da"n%on, =Goo)!e %#e F(%("e o Boos,>0e$ 3ork "e#ie$ of /ooks< 7Fe-"(a"y 92, 23348Hay&en W#$%e, =T#e (es%$on o Na""a%$+e $n Con%e/o"a"y H$s%o"$'a! T#eo"y,>History and Theory2@7Fe-"(a"y 948: 9?@@ Jay Da+$& Bo!%e", =Hye"%e5% an& %#e Re/e&$a%$on o P"$n%,> $n riting Space,Computers4 Hyperte6t4 and the "emediation of Print7Ma#6a#, NJ: La6"en'e E"!-a(/ Asso'$a%es,23398 Je Go/e,Print is Dead, /ooks in -ur Digital %ge7Ne6 o": S%. Ma"%$n;s P"ess, 2338Ma"$e?La("e Ryan, =W$!! Ne6 Me&$a P"o&('e Ne6 Na""a%$+es,> $n0arrati#e across Media, The

*anguages of Storytelling7L$n'o!n: *n$+e"s$%y o Ne-"asa P"ess, 2338 S%e#en Ro-e"%son, =Do$n)H$s%o"y $n Hye"%e5%,>.ournal of the %ssociation for History and Computing 72338.


16/94

9!an)(a)e ana!ys$s %oo!s %o e5a/$ne Mo"/on an& non?Mo"/on ne6sae"s an& #$)#!$)#%

%#e -$ases e+$&en% $n %#e$" "eo"%$n). +raming "ed Po$erQs &$)$%a! ase'% /a""$es %#ese

%6o $&eas %o)e%#e"on %#e one #an&, %e!e+$s$on "eo"%$n) an& +$s(a! $/a)es, an& on %#e

o%#e", "$n% an& !an)(a)e.23

L$+$n) $n a 6o"!& %o&ay o nea"!y (-$0($%o(s /e&$a e5os("e an& %6en%y?o("

#o(" 'a-!e ne6s -ea/e& a"o(n& %#e 6o"!& %#"o()# so#$s%$'a%e& &$)$%a! %e'#no!o)$es, $%

'an -e #a"& %o 'o/"e#en& %#e 6on&e"/en%, e5'$%e/en%, an& an5$e%$es %#a% a''o/an$e&

%e!e+$s$on;s "$se as a /a%("e o!$%$'a! /e&$(/. Be)$nn$n) $n %#e 943s, #o6e+e",

%e!e+$s$on s$)na!e& a "e/a"a-!e o!$%$'a! an& '(!%("a! %"anso"/a%$on. Fo" %#e $"s% %$/e

A/e"$'ans -e)an e5e"$en'$n) e+en%s nea"!y s$/(!%aneo(s!y, )ene"a%$n) a ne6 so"% o

na%$ona! 'o//(n$%y. Ne6s e+en%s o%en -e'a/e s#a"e& e5e"$en'es as A/e"$'ans %("ne&

%o %e!e+$s$on %o !ea"n a-o(% e+en%s a!! a% %#e sa/e %$/e 6$%#o(% $&eo!o)$'a! o" "e)$ona!

$!%e"s %#a% a''o/an$e& !o'a! a"%y !ea&e"s o" %#e a)es o ne6sae"s, a!%#o()# !o'a!

%e!e+$s$on -"oa&'as%s #a& %#e a-$!$%y %o &"o6n o(% +o$'es.29 Fo" %#e $"s% %$/e A/e"$'ans

e5e"$en'e& o6e"(! an& e/o%$ona! e+en%s $n +$+$& $/a)es "a%#e" %#an %#"o()# %e5% o"

6o"& o /o(%#. T#e &$+e"s$$'a%$on o %e!e+$s$on 'on%en% s$n'e %#e 943s $n %#e o"/ o

+$&eo'asse%%e "e'o"&e"s, 'a-!e an& sa%e!!$%e -"oa&'as%$n), a!!?ne6s '#anne!s, +$&eo on

&e/an&, an& a -o(n%y o ne6 &$)$%a! %e'#no!o)$es s'a%%e"e& TV a(&$en'es, -(% %#e $"s%

&e'a&es a%e" %#e o(n&a%$ons o ne%6o" %e!e+$s$on %#e -$) %#"ee #a& $//ense o6e" $n

23 W$!!$a/ T#o/as, =Te!e+$s$on Ne6s an& %#e C$+$! R$)#%s S%"())!e: T#e V$e6s $n V$")$n$a an&M$ss$ss$$,> Southern Spaces, @ No+e/-e" 233,#%%:666.so(%#e"nsa'es.o")'on%en%s233%#o/asa.#%/. Horrile Massacre of 'mmigrants8

Mountain Meado$s in Pulic Discourse, e&. Do()!as Seee!&%, #%%:/o(n%a$n/ea&o6s.(n!.e&(.29 See T#o/as, =Te!e+$s$on Ne6s an& C$+$! R$)#%s,>

#%%:666.so(%#e"nsa'es.o")'on%en%s233%#o/asa.#%/ .


17/94

9%merican &uarterly79438: 24?24.

@ Ross 0(o%e& $n T#e&a Pe"&(e an& M$'#ae! D. G"een, The Cherokee 0ation and the Trail of Tears7Ne6o": V$$n) P"ess, 2338, ?


22/94

29Be)$nn$n) $n %#e 94


23/94

22e"+as$+e '(!%("e o n$ne%een%# 'en%("y $&eas. One $/a)e o In&$ans $n %#e "ess

o"%"aye& %#e/ %#"o()# %#e !ens o %#e =no-!e sa+a)e.> A Times%o"y $n %#e !a%e 94 as =no !on)e" 'on%en% %o !ay %#e o-se0($o(s Ton%o

%o %#e 6#$%e /an;s Lone Ran)e".>@4 O%#e" "ess &es'"$%$ons &es'"$-e& an $/a)e o a

/o&e"n 6a""$o". T#e /a)a$ne"amparts&es'"$-e& a N$s0(a!!y $)#%$n) $n Was#$n)%on

s%a%e o" $s#$n) "$)#%s as:

Ta!! an& s$n(o(s, 6$%# $ne ea%("es, #$s -!a' s#o(!&e"?!en)%# #a$" se'("e&6$%# a "e& #ea&-an&, B"$&)es '(%s a !a/-oyan% $)("e. . . . He #as -eena""es%e& 29 %$/es s$n'e -e'o/$n) $n+o!+e& $n %#e $s#$n) "$)#%s an& #as a

9?yea" sen%en'e on aea! o+e" %#e yea"s, 6#en e6 o%#e" so("'es o&$)n$%y 6e"e a+a$!a-!e, #e #as 'o/e %o %ae "$&e $n %#e a-$!$%y %o $)#%-a', as #e says, =so %#a% $% %aes %#"ee o" o(" o %#e/ %o )e% %#e #an&'(son.>3

T#e sy/a%#e%$', $ -$ase&, o"%"aya!s o In&$ans $n %#e "ess e!! aa"%, #o6e+e", 6#en

/$!$%an% a'%$+$s%s -e)an se$$n) "oe"%y an& -"an&$s#$n) 6eaons. T#e "ess &e$'%e&

%#e a'%$+$s%s as $&ea!$s%$' an& &e&$'a%e& %o %#e "es%o"a%$on o %"a&$%$ona! '(!%("e,

'#a!!en)$n) %#e /a$ns%"ea/ a%%$%(&es a-o(% In&$an eo!es an& a&&$n) %#e$" +o$'es %o %#e

&$n o '$+$! "$)#%s &$s'o("se.

T#e s%o"y o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% an& %#e T"a$! o B"oen T"ea%$es

ne'essa"$!y -e)$ns 6$%# a -"oa& &$s'(ss$on o %#e /e&$a an& %#e o"$)$ns o Re& Po6e";s

"e?AIM a&o%$on o /e&$a %a'%$'s. C#a%e" 9 o(%!$nes %#e /a$n In&$an a&+o'a'y

o")an$a%$ons an& %#e$" $n%e!!e'%(a! '(""en%s %#a% !e& %#e/ %o a&o% o" "e1e'% s%"a%e)$es o"

@4 Times%o"y 0(o%e& $n Ma"y Ann Wes%on,0ati#e %mericans in the 0e$s, 'mages of 'ndians in theT$entieth Century Press7Wes%o"%, Conn.: G"een6oo& P"ess, 944


24/94

2@(s$n) %#e /e&$a o" %#e$" a&+an%a)e. D$e"en% )"o(s (se& %#e /e&$a $n &$e"en% 6ays,

an& &$s'(ss$n) %#e o"/a%$on o o!$%$'a! $&eas $n %#e 'on%e5% o /e&$a "e!a%$ons !ea&s %o

an e5!o"a%$on o %#e o"$)$ns o AIM an& %#e$" $&eas. As a&/$"e"s o %#e C$+$! R$)#%s

Mo+e/en% an& !ea"n$n) "o/ o%#e" o")an$a%$ons, %#e !ea&e"s o AIM &e+e!oe& $&eas o"

)a$n$n) e5os("e o %#e$" )oa!s %#"o()# a sy/a%#e%$' "ess.

One o %#ose $&eas 6as %#e T"a$! o B"oen T"ea%$es 'a"a+an. C#a%e" 2 '#a"%s %#e

!ann$n) o %#e T"a$! o B"oen T"ea%$es an& %#e ea"!y /e&$a 'o+e"a)e "$o" %o %#e

o''(a%$on o %#e B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s. Me&$a 'o+e"a)e -y %#e na%$ona! "ess "$o" %o

%#e o''(a%$on 6as sa"se. Bo%# %e!e+$s$on an& ne6sae" -a"e!y %o('#e& on %#e

'a"a+an;s "o)"ess a'"oss %#e na%$on %#"o()# O'%o-e" 942. T#e !a' o e5os("e

'#an)e& 6$%# %#e o''(a%$on. C#a%e" @ e5!a$ns %#e "easons o" %#e o''(a%$on an&

e5a/$nes %#e "ess; "ea'%$on %o %#e e+en%. Ne6sae"s 'o+e"e& %#e e+en% /o"e %#o"o()#!y

an& s(s%a$ne& %#an %e!e+$s$on, -(% %#e$" 'o+e"a)e o'(se& on #o6 %#e )o+e"n/en% 6o(!&

"eson& %o %#e o''(a%$on "a%#e" %#an %#e /essa)e o %#e a'%$+$s%s. Te!e+$s$on ne%6o"s

6e"e /o"e $n%e"es%e& $n ("s($n) %#e so"% o o!$'y '#an)es %#e )o+e"n/en% 6o(!&

(n&e"%ae as a "es(!% o %#e o''(a%$on, -(% %#e a/o(n% o 'o+e"a)e 6as a" !ess %#an

ne6sae"s. Bo%# %e!e+$s$on an& ne6sae"s %en&e& %o s$/!$y %#e e+en% an& ne)!e'%e&

%o $n+es%$)a%e #$s%o"$'a! an& 'on%e/o"a"y '(""en%s %#a% !ea& %o %#e 'a"a+an an&

o''(a%$on.


25/94

2CHAPTER 1

THE MEDIA AND THE ORIGINS OF RED POWER

Po!$%$'a! /o+e/en%s ee! 'a!!e& (on %o "e!y on !a")e?s'a!e 'o//(n$'a%$ons $n o"&e" %o /a%%e",

%o say 6#o %#ey a"e an& 6#a% %#ey $n%en& %o (-!$'s %#ey 6an% %o s6ay.

To&& G$%!$n9

To (n&e"s%an& 6#y AIM a&o%e& /e&$a %a'%$'s, $% $s $/o"%an% %o %"a'e %#e o!$%$'a!

%#o()#% %#a% e5$s%e& "$o" %o AIM;s e/e")en'e. T#e $&eo!o)y o AIM 6as o(n&e& on %#e

'(!%("a!, o!$%$'a!, an& so'$a! $&eas o %#e 94


26/94

2A/e"$'ans, 6#o #oe& %#e &$sa"$%y -e%6een "a'e 6as e"ase&.2

A$&$n) %#e &e+e!o/en% o AIMQs o!$%$'a! $&eas 6as %#e #(n% o" s(-+e"s$+es,

a"%$'(!a"!y 'o//(n$s%s. W$%# %#e So+$e% *n$on asse"%$n) &o/$nan'e o+e" Eas%e"n

E("oe, P"es$&en% Ha""y T"(/an "e-($!% A/e"$'aQs /$!$%a"y /$)#% an& o"'e&

an%$'o//(n$s% a!!$an'es -e%6een 94 an& 944. L$-e"a! an%$'o//(n$s%s !a$& %#e

)"o(n&6o" %#a% 6o(!& se"+e as A/e"$'aQs o"e$)n o!$'y a)a$ns% %#e So+$e%s. Po!$%$'a!

%#$ne"s !$e A"%#(" S'#!es$n)e", J".. &e$ne& an%$'o//(n$s/ 6$%# !$-e"a!$s/ "$s$n) %o %#e

'#a!!en)e o "o%e'%$n) &e/o'"a'y "o/ %#e %#"ea% o %o%a!$%a"$an$s/. A!%#o()#

S'#!es$n)e" e/#as$e& %#a% 'o//(n$s/ 6as a %#"ea% to%#e *n$%e& S%a%es, no% in%#e

*n$%e& S%a%es, 'o(n%e"s(-+e"s$+es !$e Sena%o" Jose# M'Ca"%#y o W$s'ons$n an&

Sena%o" A"%#(" Wa%$ns o *%a# so()#% %o "o+e o%#e"6$se an& $n$%$a%e& a 'a/a$)n

a)a$ns% &o/es%$' 'o//(n$s/. Co(n%e"s(-+e"s$+es sa6 'o//(n$s/ &$e"en%!y %#an

!$-e"a!s, &e'$&$n) %#a% 'o//(n$s%s 6e"e &an)e"o(s as %#e/se!+es, $/e&$n) A/e"$'aQs

+a!(es an& %"a&$%$ons %o e+en%(a!!y "e!a'e %#e Re(-!$' 6$%# a So+$e%?s%y!e )o+e"n/en%.@

T#e an%$'o//(n$s% '"(sa&e "ea'#e& $n%o A/e"$'an In&$an 'o//(n$%$es %#"o()#

%#e a&o%$on o %#e e&e"a! )o+e"n/en%;s o!$'y o %e"/$na%$on, /ean% %o &e'ons%"('% %#e

"ese"+a%$ons an& "e!o'a%e A/e"$'an In&$ans %o ("-an 'en%e"s. In %#e +e"na'(!a" 'o//on

%o %#e Co!& Wa", "oonen%s o %e"/$na%$on so()#% %o =!$-e"a%e> %#e In&$ans ='on$ne&> %o

='on'en%"a%$on 'a/s> o" =so'$a!$s%$' en+$"on/en%s.> T#e ='o//(n$s%$'> na%("e o

"ese"+a%$ons #a& "$sen $n %#e 94@3s as Co//$ss$one" o In&$an Aa$"s Jo#n Co!!$e"

2 Te""y H. An&e"son, The Si6ties, 7Ne6 o": Pea"son?Lon)/an, 2338, 9?@ R$'#a"& G$& Po6e"s,0ot ithout Honor, The History of %merican %nticommunism, 7Ne6 Ha+en: a!e

*n$+e"s$%y P"ess, 9448, 23@, 29@?29. A"%#(" Wa%$ns, =Te"/$na%$on an& Fe&e"a! S(e"+$s$on: T#e Re/o+a! o Res%"$'%$ons o+e" In&$an

P"oe"%y an& Pe"son,>%nnals of %merican %cademy of Political and Social Science, @99 7May 948:.


27/94

2 D("$n) %#e

"es$&en%$a! 'a/a$)n a)a$ns% Lyn&on Jo#nson, N$5on "oose& a -o!& ne6 In&$an o!$'y

%#a% 6as =93 &e)"ees "o/ %#e as%.>4 In !a%e Se%e/-e" 94 H$s !an, $ e!e'%e&, 6as %#e a-o!$s#/en% o %#e %e"/$na%$on

"o)"a/: =T#e "$)#% o se!?&e%e"/$na%$on o %#e In&$an eo!e 6$!! -e "ese'%e& an& %#e$"

a"%$'$a%$on $n !ann$n) %#e$" o6n &es%$ny 6$!! -e en'o("a)e&.>93 N$5on 6o(!& !$+e ( %o

%#a% "o/$se as "es$&en%. In a se'$a! /essa)e %o Con)"ess on J(!y , 943, N$5on

&e'!a"e& %#e e&e"a! )o+e"n/en% 6o(!& #e! A/e"$'an In&$ans ("s(e =se! &e%e"/$na%$on

. . . 6$%#o(% %#e %#"ea% o e+en%(a! %e"/$na%$on.> He ass("e& %#e In&$ans %#ey ='o(!&

ass(/e 'on%"o! o+e" %#e$" o6n !$e 6$%#o(% -e$n) sea"a%e& $n+o!(n%a"$!y "o/ %#e %"$-a!

)"o(.>99

T#e A/e"$'an In&$an 'o//(n$%y )"ee%e& N$5on;s s(o"% o se!?&e%e"/$na%$on

6$%# en%#(s$as/. B"('e W$!!$e, %#e e5e'(%$+e &$"e'%o" o NCAI, &e'!a"e& $n %#e a!! o

943 %#a% N$5on 6as =%#e $"s% *.S. P"es$&en% s$n'e Geo")e Was#$n)%on %o !e&)e %#a% %#e

)o+e"n/en% 6$!! #ono" o-!$)a%$ons %o %#e In&$an %"$-es.> Na+a1o %"$-a! !ea&e" Pe%e"

Discarded 'ndians of 5tah7L$n'o!n: *n$+e"s$%y o Ne-"asa P"ess, 23328, 29?, 2@?2@. On HCR93, see =Ho(se Con'(""en% Reso!(%$on 93,> A(). 9, 94@, $nDocuments of 5nited States 'ndian

Policy, e&. F"an'$s Pa(! P"('#a 7L$n'o!n: *n$+e"s$%y o Ne-"asa P"ess, 94438, 2@@ Kenne%# R. P#$!$,Termination "e#isited7L$n'o!n: *n$+e"s$%y o Ne-"asa P"ess, 23338, 9


29/94

2Ma'Dona!& a)"ee&, &e'!a"$n) N$5on s#o(!& =-e +$e6e& as %#e A-"a#a/ L$n'o!n o %#e

In&$an eo!e.>92 Ho6e+e", N$5onQs ne6 o!$'y 6en% no6#e"e as !e)$s!a%o"s an&

-("ea('"a%s $n %#e BIA an& Con)"ess s%y/$e& #$s !ans. A!%#o()# BIA a"o"$a%$ons

"ose o+e" %6o?#(n&"e& e"'en% -e%6een 94


30/94

24o!$'y. In 94"amparts7J(ne 94@8, 2


31/94

@3Man Called Horse, Soldier /lue4 an&*ittle /ig Man$/-(e& %#e A/e"$'an (-!$' 6$%# a

ne6 a%%$%(&e %o6a"&s A/e"$'an In&$ans.9


32/94

@9s("e/a'y.> In e5!a$n$n) #$s $&eo!o)y, Ca"/$'#ae! 6"o%e B!a' a'%$+$s%s =&on;% 6an% %o

;)e% 6#$%ey; %#ey 1(s% 6an% %o )e% #$/ o %#e$" -a's.> Ca"/$'#ae! a")(e& %#a% as =a

e"son o"esse& -e'a(se o #$s -!a'ness,> #e #a& a 'o//on 'a(se 6$%# o%#e"s 6#o

s(e"e& s$/$!a" ='o!on$$n) %"ea%/en%> -y %#e *n$%e& S%a%es. T#e ='o!o"e& /asses,> #e

'on%$n(e&, a!! s#a"e& a o6e"!ess "e!a%$ons#$ 6$%# %#e =o6e"(! e6.>9

A/on) %#e ='o!o"e& /asses> 6e"e A/e"$'an In&$ans. A )"o( o yo(n) s%(&en%

a'%$+$s%s, "$/a"$!y !e& -y C!y&e Wa""$o", en)$nee"e& %#e /$!$%an% &e+e!o/en% o In&$an

a'%$+$s/. Bo"n %o a %"a&$%$ona!$s% Pon'a a/$!y $n O!a#o/a $n 94@4, #e -e'a/e a

"ese'%e& an'y?&an'e" a% o66o6s a'"oss O!a#o/a. He "e/a$ne& a'%$+e $n %"$-a!

'(!%("e an& 6as a&/$"e& o" #$s no6!e&)e o %"$-a! son)s an& s%o"$es.94 S(""e& %o

a'%$on -y %#e s!o6 "o)"ess o NCAI, a yo(n)e" )ene"a%$on o In&$ans "ea!$e& $n%e)"a%$on

6as (n!$e!y an& !ooe& -eyon& %#e$" o6n e5e"$en'es o" $&eo!o)$'a! $ns$)#%s. Wa""$o"

"o+e& '"$%$'a! $n %#e e+o!(%$on o %#e$" %#$n$n). Wa""$o";s !on)?%$/e 'o//$%/en%s %o

In&$an o!$%$'s !e& #$/ %o ass(/e %#e "es$&en'y o %#e Na%$ona! In&$an o(%# Co(n'$! a%

%#e a)e o %6en%y?e$)#%. Fo!!o6$n) a 'one"en'e a% %#e *n$+e"s$%y o C#$'a)o $n 94


33/94

@2In Fe-"(a"y 94 H$s %es%$/ony 6as "e/a"a-!y

s$/$!a" %o Ca"/$'#ae!;s essay (-!$s#e& a e6 /on%#s -eo"e. Wa""$o" e5"esse&

"(s%"a%$on 6$%# %#e =no%?so?s(-%!e "a'$s% +o'a-(!a"y o %#e /o&e"n /$&&!e '!ass> an&

a%%a'e& ass$/$!a%$on an& %#ose sy/a%#e%$' %o $n%e)"a%$on. H$s "(s%"a%$on s%e//e& "o/

%#e a%e"na!$s%$' na%("e o %#ose 6an%$n) %o #e! %#e =&e"$+e&> In&$ans.29

As s%(&en% "a&$'a!s !$e Je""y R(-$n &e'!a"e& =6a" a)a$ns% A/e"$a,> In&$ans

s#$%e& %#e$" $&eas %o o'(s on 'on"on%a%$ona! a'%$on %o en'o("a)e so'$a! '#an)e.22 NIC

an& Wa""$o" -o""o6e& "#e%o"$' an& %a'%$'s "o/ %#e B!a' Pan%#e"s %o "oo% $%s ne6 $&eas.

In a na%$on %#a% a!!?%oo?6e!! "e/e/-e"e& %#e %#"ea% o as'$s/ an& %o%a!$%a"$an$s/, Wa""$o"

'on&e/ne& 6#$%es as "a'$s%s, as'$s%s, 'o!on$a!$s%s, an& "ea'%$ona"$es an& &e"$&e&

/o&e"a%e an& 'onse"+a%$+e In&$ans as =*n'!e To/a#a6s> o" =A!es>"e& on %#e

o(%s$&e -(% 6#$%e on %#e $ns$&e.2@ Pa"a!!e!$n) %#e SNCC &e/an&s o" B!a' Po6e"

a"%$'(!a%e& -y S%oe!y Ca"/$'#ae!, NIC an& Wa""$o" 'a!!e& o" =Re& Po6e"> an&

s(o"%e& &$"e'% 'on"on%a%$on 6$%# %#e e&e"a! )o+e"n/en%, (s$n) %a'%$'s -ase& on %#e

'$+$! "$)#%s, an%$?6a", an& Ne6 Le% /o+e/en%s:

W#a% 'an yo( &o 6#en a so'$e%y %e!!s yo( %#a% yo( s#o(!& -e none5$s%en%As I !oo a% $%, %#e s$%(a%$on 6$!! no% '#an)e (n!ess "ea!!y +$o!en% a'%$on'o/es a-o(%. I %#$s 'o(n%"y (n&e"s%an&s +$o!en'e %#en %#a% $s %#e 6ay %o

&o $%. So/e o %#e yo(n) In&$ans a"e a!"ea&y %a!$n) "e+o!(%$on. =We#a+e %"$e& e+e"y%#$n) e!se,> %#ey say. =T#e on!y %#$n) !e% $s o(" )(ns.Le%;s (se %#e/.>2

*n$+e"s$%y o Ne-"asa P"ess, 94448 e&s. A!+$n Jose#y J"., Joane Na)e!, an& T"oy Jo#nson, 9@?9.29 =We A"e No% F"ee,> C!y&e Wa""$o", $n Jose#y,"ed Po$er, 9?.22 (o%e& $n Ma%(so6, 5nra#eling of %merica, @9.2@ S%e$ne", The 0e$ 'ndians,


34/94

@@

Wa""$o";s "#e%o"$' 6as $n!(en%$a! $n s#a$n) %#e 6ay In&$ans 'on'e$+e& o %#e

6o"!& a"o(n& %#e/. T#$s s#$% $s e+$&en% -y e5a/$n$n) %#e a%%$%(&e %o6a"&s o!$%$'a!

&e/ons%"a%$ons 6$%#$n %#e In&$an 'o//(n$%y. NCAI, 6#$'# %oo an essen%$a!!y

'onse"+a%$+e a"oa'# %o 'on"on%$n) e&e"a! %e"/$na%$on o!$'$es, 'on%$n(e& !y$n) a

-anne" $n !a%e 94 an& s('# a -e!$e "an

%#"o()# %#e "es% o %#e In&$an 'o//(n$%y. F(%("e AIM !ea&e" Denn$s Bans $ns$s%e& $n

94 T#ese -e!$es 6o(!& a!! '#an)e -y

943, 6#en 'on"on%a%$ons -e'a/e %#e s%a!e o AIM;s o!$%$'a! %a'%$'s.2

Re& Po6e"Qs /$!$%an'y o(n& e5"ess$on $n $%s e+o!+$n) "o%es% %a'%$'s. On

No+e/-e" 23, 94


35/94

@o''(a%$on 6as &es$)ne& =so as no% %o oen& %#e (-!$' %oo /('#, -e'a(se %#a% $s 6#e"e

o(" s(o"% 6as.>2 O%#e"s '"e&$%e& /e&$a o" %#e s'oe o %#e o''(a%$on. One a'%$+$s%

"e'a!!e& %#a% =6e 6e"e $n (!! +$e6 o %#e en%$"e 6o"!&, an& %#e )o+e"n/en% /a&e no

/o+e %o %ae (s o %#e $s!an&.>2 Sy/a%#e%$' s(o"% $n %#e /e&$a #e!e& %o "esen% %#e

a'%$+$s%s an& %#e$" )oa!s. =We )o% a !o% o $n an& a$"%$/e a"o(n& %#e 'o(n%"y,> "e'a!!e&

R(sse!! Means. =T#a% 6as 6#en I $"s% "ea!$e& %#a% %#e 6#$%e /e&$a !o+e& $% 6#en

In&$ans $)#% In&$ans. We 'o(!& "a'%$'a!!y )e% any $n& o 'o+e"a)e 6e 6an%e&.>24

T#e e+en%s o 94@3 *on #$s "e!ease "o/

"$son, Bans so()#% %o /ae a "oo(n& an& !as%$n) $/a'% on In&$an o!$%$'s an&

2 Jo#n T"(&e!!, 0(o%e& $n B(%!e", =C#e' o(" Lo'a! L$s%$n)s,> [email protected] Mon$'a Lynne%%e B(%!e", =C#e' o(" Lo'a! L$s%$n)s: In&$)eno(s Re"esen%a%$on $n Te!e+$s$on> 7P#.D.

&$ss., A"$ona S%a%e *n$+e"s$%y, 2338, 292.24 R(sse!! Means, here hite Men +ear to Tread, The %utoiography of "ussell Means 7Ne6 o": S%.

Ma"%$n;s P"ess, 9448, 9


36/94

@'ons%"('%$n) a /o+e/en% se"+e& as %#e -es% +e#$'!e o" %#a% '#an)e.

In %#e -e)$nn$n), AIM /o&e!e& $%se! a%e" %#e B!a' Pan%#e" Pa"%yQs 'o//(n$%y

se!?&eense a%"o! $n Oa!an&, Ca!$o"n$a.@9 Ho$n) %o '("- o!$'e -"(%a!$%y an& %#e

&$s"oo"%$ona%e n(/-e" o In&$an a""es%s, AIM a'%$+$s%s &e+$se& s%"a%e)$es %o /on$%o"

o!$'e a'%$+$%y. T#ey a%"o!!e& M$nneao!$sQs F"an!$n A+en(e a"/e& 6$%# 6a!$e %a!$es

an& &onne& "e& !ea%#e" 1a'e%s %#a% "ea& =A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%> a'"oss %#e -a'.

Mo"e o%en %#an no%, %#ey a!so "o&e a"o(n& $n "e& Ca&$!!a' 'on+e"%$-!es. I a a%"o! 'a/e

a'"oss In&$ans a'$n) a""es%s, %#ey 6o(!& +$&eo%ae %#e 6#o!e aa$". T#ey !a%e" -e)an

oe"$n) "$&es #o/e %o In&$ans a% -a"s, 'a%'#$n) %#e/ -eo"e %#e o!$'e 'o(!&, o" -a$!$n)

In&$ans o(% o 1a$!. Beo"e !on), AIM as a !o'a! o")an$a%$on #a& )"o6n %o a !a'e 6#e"e

In&$ans 'o(!& 'o/e an& "e'e$+e #e! $n $n&$n) a 1o-, e&('a%$on, o" )e% a !oan. T#e oo"

#o(s$n) an& e&('a%$on, 1o-!essness, an& )ene"a! !a' o "ese'% o" Na%$+e A/e"$'ans

"ea'#e& $%s %$$n) o$n% as In&$an "$&e #$% (!! -!oo/.@2

A !a")e a"% o %#e$" '#an)e $n %#$n$n) o''(""e& 6#en a )"o( 'a!!$n) %#e/se!+es

In&$ans o A!! T"$-es 7IAT8 o''($e& A!'a%"a Is!an& $n 94


37/94

@@@ S('# %a!en% se'("e& MeansQs so% $n AIM as a

'#$e soese"son. He 6o(!& a"%$'(!a%e an& e$%o/$e /os% o"'e(!!y %#e e/e")$n)

"a&$'a! os%("e an& ens("e %#e &o/$nan'e o AIM. A na%$+e o P$ne R$&)e 6#o /o+e& %o

Ca!$o"n$a 6#en #$s a%#e" %oo a na+a! s#$ya"&s 1o- &("$n) Wo"!& Wa" II, Means o%en

%"a+e!!e& &o6n %#e 6"on) %"a' $n !$e, 'a()#% ( 6$%# &"() an& a!'o#o! a-(se. Des$%e

#$s +$'es, #e 'o/!e%e& a 'o!!e)e &e)"ee $n a''o(n%$n) an& 6o"e& o" %#e Rose-(&

Rese"+a%$on %"$-a! o$'es -eo"e -e'o/$n) a'0(a$n%e& 6$%# Denn$s Bans $n 94


38/94

@-y %#"ea%s,> Means "e'a!!e&. =We #a& %o %#"ea%en $ns%$%(%$ons 6e 6e"e %"y$n) %o '#an)e.>@

T#e /e&$aQs "o!e $n &$sse/$na%$n) $no"/a%$on 6as a!6ays $/o"%an%, an& /a$n%a$n$n)

%#e$" $/a)e /ean% (s$n) o!$%$'a! %#ea%"$'s an& +$o!en% 'on"on%a%$ons. T#e (-!$', no%es

!e)a! s'#o!a" Jo#n Saye", =/(s% )e% %#e$" $no"/a%$on "o/ ne6s 'o+e"a)e, /a$n) -o%#

%#e a'%o"s an& %#e a(&$en'e s(-1e'% %o %#e /e&$aQs a-$!$%y %o $n!(en'e (-!$' o$n$on

'on'e"n$n) 6#o so'$e%yQs #e"oes an& +$!!a$ns a"e.>@


39/94

@"a/$n) %#a% )a+e a(&$en'es &"a/a an& e5'$%e/en%. S%o"$es a-o(% A/e"$'an In&$ans

&("$n) %#e 943 T#e &"$+e %o 'o+e" =B$) E+en%s>

$ns%ea& o a "o'ess '!o(&e& %#e $n%en% o a'%$+$s%s. W#$!e "ess 'o+e"a)e 6as )ene"a!!y

sy/a%#e%$' %o %#e /o+e/en%, %#e s%o"$es o%en !a'e& 'o/!e5$%y an& n(an'e. Na%$ona!

s%o"$es on Re& Po6e" $"s% s("a'e& $n 94


40/94

@4%#e/ a /e%#o& o 'o//(n$'a%$n) %o a 6$&e a(&$en'e an& $nse"%$n) %#e$" +o$'e $n (-!$'

&$s'o("se a-o(% e&e"a! In&$an o!$'y. AIM -e)an %o /a%%e" $n %#e ea"!y 943s, aea!$n)

%o a -"oa& -ase o s(o"%e"s. T#e$" o!$%$'a! %#$n$n) e& &$"e'%!y $n%o %#e '(!%("e o

'on"on%a%$on, 6#$'# !$e6$se )a+e !$e %o %#e o!$%$'s o /e&$a. T#e e5!os$+e )"o6%# o

ne6 /e&$a ens("e& %#a% ne6s o In&$an "o%es%s s"ea& 0($'!y an& 'o(!& -e "e!$'a%e& $n

o%#e" 'o//(n$%$es %#"o()#o(% %#e na%$on. In %#$s 'on%e5% e/e")e& %#e $&ea o a /a"'# on

Was#$n)%on, D.C., on %#e e+e o %#e 942 "es$&en%$a! e!e'%$on, 6#$'# 6o(!& "oe! %#e

A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% $n%o na%$ona! #ea&!$nes an& )ene"a%e (-!$' &$s'o("se a-o(%

Na%$+e o!$%$'s.


41/94

3CHAPER 2

THE CARAVAN MUST BE OUR FINEST HOUR:

IDENTITY, MILITANCY, AND THE POLITICS OF LAW AND ORDER

I% $s no a''$&en% o #$s%o"y o" o '(!%("e %#a% o(" ne6sae"s an& %e!e+$s$on

"esen% !$%%!e ne6s, %#a% %#ey o+e"&"a/a%$e 6#a% %#ey "eo"%, an& %#a% /os%

'$%$ens #a+e on!y a o))y no6!e&)e o (-!$' aa$"s %#o()# o%en an $n%ense!y e!% one.

I o!$%$'a! a'%s a"e %o "o/o%e so'$a! a&1(s%/en% an& a"e %o /ean 6#a% o(" $nne"

"o-!e/s "e0($"e %#a% %#ey /ean, %#en %#ese a'%s #a+e %o -e &"a/a%$' $n o(%!$ne

an& e/%y o "ea!$s%$' &e%a$!.

M(""ay E&e!/an9

I% $s o-+$o(s %o /e %#a% %#e se$("e an& 'on%$n(e& o''(a%$on o %#e -($!&$n)

a"e no%#$n) /o"e %#an a o"/ o -!a'/a$! -y a s/a!! )"o( 6#$'# see

%o a'#$e+e %#"o()# +$o!en'e o-1e'%$+es 6#$'# a"e no% s(o"%e&

-y a /a1o"$%y o "ese"+a%$on In&$ans.

Ro)e"s C. B. Mo"%on2

T#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% -e'a/e %#e -es%?no6n "oonen% o In&$an se!?

&e%e"/$na%$on, 'a%a(!%e& %o %#e (-!$' 'ons'$o(sness %#"o()# %#e /ass /e&$a. Ne6s

/e&$a 6as '"('$a! %o &e!$+e"$n) AIM;s /essa)e %o a na%$ona! a(&$en'e, -(% %#e /essa)e

6as %oo o%en !os% $n %#e &"a/a s(""o(n&$n) a "o%es% o" &e/ons%"a%$on. Te!e+$s$on '"e6s

an& ne6sae" "eo"%e"s on!y no%$'e& %#e a'%$+$s%s 6#en %#ey en)a)e& $n s#o6/ans#$

an& '"ea%e& &"a/a%$' $/a)es. Fo" e5a/!e, a!%#o()# %#e $)#% o" %"ea%y "$)#%s #a& -een

on)o$n) o" &e'a&es, $% on!y -e'a/e a (-!$' $ss(e 6#en %#e "ess %oo no%$'e. Re&

Po6e" s("a'e& as a ne6s $%e/ a% %#e -e)$nn$n) o 940e$ 3ork Times, No+e/-e" 942, @ $"s% en%e"s na%$ona! ne6sae"s $n =Ne6 Wo" S%(&$es L$e o %#e A/e"$'an

In&$an To&ay,>0e$ 3ork Times, 9@ Fe-"(a"y 940e$ 3ork Times, 23 A()(s% 943.


42/94

9S%"ee% '"$/e, "$o%s, an& &e/ons%"a%$ons (e!e& ne6 o!$%$'a! &$s'(ss$ons $n %#e

94scoedo an&Miranda, an& %#e e"'e%$on o P"es$&en% Lyn&on

Jo#nson;s G"ea% So'$e%y "e6a"&$n) a"%$'$an%s o ("-an "$o%s &"o+e an5$o(s +o%e"so

a!! "a'esa6ay "o/ !$-e"a!s an& %o6a"& 'onse"+a%$+es, 6#o oe"e& ne6 $&eas o"

'o/-a%$n) +$o!en'e an& &$so"&e". T#e !oss o a$%# $n !$-e"a!$s/ "o%e'%$n) an $n&$+$&(a!;s

e"sona! se'("$%y &"a/a%$'a!!y %"anso"/e& A/e"$'an o!$%$'s, &es%a-$!$$n) %#e G"ea%

So'$e%y an& 'on%"$-(%$n) %o P"es$&en% R$'#a"& N$5on;s +$'%o"y o+e" H(-e"% H(/#"ey.

Nea"!y %6e!+e /$!!$on +o%e"s a-an&one& %#e De/o'"a%$' Pa"%y -e%6een 94 Go!&6a%e"

'#a")e&. =An& $%s a$!("es a"e s%"e6n a-o(% (s $n %#e "(--!e o "$s$n) '"$/e "a%es.> By

'onne'%$n) !$-e"a!$s/ %o %#e so("'e o '$+$! (n"es%, #e %$e& %o)e%#e" &$so"&e" 6$%# !$-e"a!

$&eas as %6$n %#"ea%s %o A/e"$'an so'$e%y. As %#e &e'a&e /a"'#e& on6a"&, %#e !o)$'

)a$ne& 6$&e" a''e%an'e -y %#e )ene"a! o(!a%$on. F(e!$n) %#e (nease o+e" %#e &$"e'%$on

o so'$a! '#an)e 6as /ass /e&$a an& %#e$" &e$'%$on o +$o!en% '"$/e an& o!$%$'a!

&e/ons%"a%$ons. T#ese $&eas an& a%%$%(&es e5%en&e& $n%o %#e 943s.

T#e /a1o" ne6s o(%!e%s $"s% &$s'o+e"e& %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% $n 943,

M$'#ae! F!a//,*a$ and -rder, Street Crime4 Ci#il 5nrest4 and the Crisis of *ieralism in the 19:s7Ne6 o": Co!(/-$a *n$+e"s$%y P"ess, 2338, 2?@.

(o%e& $n F!a//,*a$ and -rder, @@.


43/94

2%6o yea"s a%e" $%s o(n&$n) $n M$nneao!$s. CBS $"s% "eo"%e& on AIM;s o!$'e a%"o!s

$n J(ne, 6#$'# 6as %#e$" a%%e/% %o '("- o!$'e #a"ass/en% -y /on$%o"$n) an&

+$&eo%a$n) %#e a'%$ons o !a6 eno"'e/en%. As AIM -e)an na%$ona! 'a/a$)ns, %#ey

s%a)e& !a")e" "o%es%s an& &e+e!oe& "e!a%$ons#$s 6$%# "eo"%e"s. Me/-e"s o AIM

$n+$%e& "eo"%e"s %o %#e$" T#ans)$+$n) Day "o%es% $n 943, 6#e"e %#ey -("$e& P!y/o(%#

Ro' $n san& an& se$e& %#eMayflo$er '' "e!$'a. J$/ Ha!e 6$%# ABC an& Jo#n

C#an'e!!o" o NBC 6e"e "esen% &("$n) %#e T#ans)$+$n) "o%es%, as 6as a "eo"%e" 6$%#

%#e0e$ 3ork Times. AIM #oe& %o "esen% %#ese sy/-o!s as o"ess$+e an& 'o!on$a!,

%#(s '#a!!en)$n) A/e"$'ans %o 'ons$&e" 6#a% %#ey 6e"e 'e!e-"a%$n).0e$ 3ork Times, 2 No+e/-e" 943, 2 7P#.D. &$ss.,A"$ona S%a%e *n$+e"s$%y, 2338, 223?229.


44/94

@a''(s$n) #$/ o $/e&$n) BIA "eo"/s. On o"&e"s "o/ %#e In%e"$o" Dea"%/en%, )(a"&s

/o+e& $n %o a""es% %#e a'%$+$s%s an& '!ea" o(% %#e -($!&$n). Co//$ss$one" B"('e (")e&

%#a% %#e '#a")es -"o()#% a)a$ns% %#e a'%$+$s%s -e &"oe&. Means "e'a!!e& %#a% =e+en $ 6e

#a&n;% &"a))e& Jo#n O. C"o6 o(% o #$s o$'e, 6e a''o/!$s#e& 6#a% 6e #a& 6an%e&: 6e

'a!!e& a%%en%$on %o #$s #$&&en a)en&a.> Des$%e Means; '!a$/, on!y CBS 'o+e"e& %#e

e+en% on na%$ona! %e!e+$s$on 6#$!e %#e0e$ 3ork Times4%#e ashington Post, %#e*os

%ngeles Timesan& %#e Chicago Triuneea'# "an a s$n)!e s%o"y on %#e $n'$&en%.4

T#e $&ea o" ano%#e" &e/ons%"a%$on a% %#e B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s e/e")e& $n

A()(s% 942 a% a S(n Dan'e on Leona"& C"o6 Do);s "oe"%y. Ro-e"% B("ne%%e, a o"/e"

'#a$"/an o %#e Rose-(& Rese"+a%$on, "esen%e& an $&ea %o %#ose $n a%%en&an'e o a /a"'#

on Was#$n)%on, D.C., %o &"a6 a%%en%$on %o %"ea%y "$)#%s an& $ss(es a'$n) Na%$+e A/e"$'an

'o//(n$%$es. T#e $&ea 6as 6e!! "e'e$+e& an& se+e"a! In&$an o")an$a%$ons !e&)e&

s(o"%. F$%y "e"esen%a%$+es "o/ +a"$o(s o")an$a%$ons /e% a% %#e en& o Se%e/-e" a%

%#e Ne6 A!-any Ho%e! $n Den+e" %o &$s'(ss !ans o" %#e /a"'#. T#e )"o( +o%e& on %6o

na/es %o 'a!! %#e 'a"a+an, %#e T"a$! o B"oen T"ea%$es an& %#e Pan A/e"$'an Na%$+e

(es% o" J(s%$'e. T#e a"%$'$an%s o"/e& e!e+en 'o//$%%ees %o /ana)e (-!$'$%y an&

%ass "e!a%e& %o %#e T"a$!.

T#e $&ea %oo s#ae -y %#e en& o %#e %6o?&ay /ee%$n) $n Den+e". Se+e"a!

'a"a+ans 6o(!& %"a+e! "o/ 6es% %o eas% a'"oss %#e *n$%e& S%a%es %o -"$n) na%$ona!

=In&$ans Ra$& *.S. B("ea(,> Chicago Triune, 2@ Se%e/-e" 949, A =In&$an M$!$%an%s F$)#% Po!$'e$n B("ea( Lo--y,>*os %ngeles Times, 2@ Se%e/-e" 949, A =2 In&$ans Se$e& $n Ca$%a! C!as#,>

0e$ 3ork Times, 2@ Se%e/-e" 949, 4. R(sse!! Means, here hite Men +ear to Tread, The %utoiography of "ussell Means 7Ne6 o": S%.

Ma"%$n;s P"ess, 9448, 942.4 B(%!e", =C#e' o(" Lo'a! L$s%$n)s,> 222. =In&$ans Ra$& *.S. B("ea( Se$e 29,> Chicago Triune, 2@

Se%e/-e" 949, A =In&$an M$!$%an%s F$)#% Po!$'e $n B("ea( Lo--y,>*os %ngeles Times, 2@Se%e/-e" 949, A =2 In&$ans Se$e& $n Ca$%a! C!as#,>0e$ 3ork Times, 2@ Se%e/-e" 949, 4=2< In&$ans A""es%e& $n D.C. P"o%es%,> ashington Post, 2@ Se%e/-e" 949, B9.


45/94

a%%en%$on %o %"ea%y "$)#%s. T#e 'a"a+ans o"$)$na%e& "o/ Sea%%!e, San F"an'$s'o, an& Los

An)e!es an& 6o(!& s%o a% In&$an 'o//(n$%$es a!on) %#e 6ay %o )a%#e" s(o"%e"s,

e+en%(a!!y 'on+e")$n) on Was#$n)%on, D.C., $n %#e !as% 6ee o %#e 942 "es$&en%$a!

e!e'%$on. To "o%e'% %#e$" $/a)e, %#e o")an$e"s %oo "e'a(%$ons %o ens("e no-o&y 6#o

6o(!& ='a(se '$+$! &$so"&e", -!o' %"a$', -("n !a)s, &es%"oy "oe"%y, o" s#o(%

o-s'en$%$es $n %#e s%"ee%> 6o(!& -e $n'!(&e& $n %#e T"a$!. =To&ay, In&$an $&en%$%y $s

&e$ne& an& "e$ne& -y a 0(a!$%y an& a se'$a! &e)"ee o s(e"$n),> e5!a$ne& Ro-e"%

B("ne%%e $n a "ess "e!ease. =T#e Ca"a+an /(s% -e o(" $nes% #o(".>93 Co//$%%ees 6e"e

o"/e& %o -e)$n o")an$$n) s(o"%e"s a'"oss %#e 'o(n%"y. B("ne%%e 6en% %o Ne6 o",

6#$!e Ho?C#(n Re(-en Snae !e& %#e M$&6es% o")an$$n) eo"% an& Ass$n$-o$ne Han

A&a/s, 6#o 6as a'%$+e $n %#e Pa'$$' No"%#6es% "e)a"&$n) $s#$n) "$)#%s, 6o"e& on %#e

Wes% 'oas%.99 T#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% "e%("ne& %o M$nneao!$s %o -e)$n

o")an$$n) %#e$" eo"%.

T#e 'a"a+ans s%a"%e& o(% o" %#e$" &es%$na%$ons a 6ee a%e" %#e Den+e" 'one"en'e.

Mo"e %#an a &oen o")an$a%$ons s$)ne& on %o %#e T"a$!, e$%#e" a"%$'$a%$n) $n %#e 'a"a+an

o" en&o"s$n) $%s )oa!s, $n'!(&$n) %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%, %#e Na%$ona! In&$an

B"o%#e"#oo& o Cana&a, %#e Na%$ona! In&$an o(%# Co(n'$!, %#e Na%$+e A/e"$'an R$)#%s

F(n&, %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Co//$ss$on on A!'o#o! an& D"() A-(se, %#e *n$%e& Na%$+e

A/e"$'ans, %#e Na%$+e A/e"$'an Wo/enQs A'%$on Co(n'$!, an& %#e Coa!$%$on o In&$an

Con%"o!!e& S'#oo! Boa"&s.92 T#e 'a"a+an "ea'#e& M$nneao!$s -y %#e en& o O'%o-e"

93 (o%e& $n Pa(! C#aa% S/$%# an& Ro-e"% A!!en Wa""$o"4 *ike a Hurricane, The 'ndian Mo#ement from%lcatra! to ounded Bnee7Ne6 o": T#e Ne6 P"ess, 9448, 9@.

99 A$/ Re$n#a"&%,"uling Pine "idge, -glala *akota Politics from the '"% to ounded Bnee7L(--o':Te5as Te'# *n$+e"s$%y P"ess, 2338, 9 S/$%# an& Wa""$o",*ike a Hurricane, 92?9 V$ne De!o"$aJ".,/ehind the Trail of /roken Treaties, %n 'ndian Declaration of 'ndependence 7A(s%$n: *n$+e"s$%y oTe5as P"ess, 944 948,


46/94

6#e"e %#ey '"ea%e& %#e =T6en%y Po$n%s Pos$%$on Pae"> %#a% soe a)a$ns% %#e =0(as$?

"o%e'%o"a%e s%a%(s> o In&$an Na%$ons. Han A&a/s '"a%e& /os% o %#e &o'(/en% an&

+o$'e& %#e T"a$!Qs $&eo!o)y an& )oa!s, 6#$'# $n'!(&e& a &e/an& o" %#e e&e"a!

)o+e"n/en% %o "e%("n %o %"ea%y?/a$n) 6$%# In&$an Na%$ons, %#e '"ea%$on o a %"ea%y

'o//$ss$on %o "e+$e6 %"ea%y +$o!a%$ons an& a"o"$a%e 'o/ensa%$on, an& a 'a!! %o

'on&('% e&e"a! In&$an o!$'y $n %#e 'on%e5% o %"ea%y "e!a%$ons. T#e a'%$+$s%s !anne& %o

"esen% %#ese $&eas %o R$'#a"& N$5on an& Geo")e M'Go+e"n, #o$n) %o o"'e In&$an

$ss(es %o %#e "on% o (-!$' &$s'o("se.9@

T#"o()#o(% %#e 'a"a+an;s /a"'# %o Was#$n)%on, D.C., %#e na%$ona! /e&$a

"e/a$ne& "e/a"a-!y s$!en%. T#e0e$ 3ork Timesan& ashington Postea'# "an on!y one

s%o"y a-o(% %#e T"a$! -eo"e O'%o-e" @9. W#a% %#ey "eo"%e& 6as (n"e/a"a-!e,

s%"a$)#%o"6a"&, an& -"$e. Ea'# s%o"y "o+$&e& -as$' a'%s a-o(% %#e T"a$! -(% )a+e no

'on%e5% %o %#e "easons o" %#e &e/ons%"a%$on. T#e0e$ 3ork Times$"s% $'e& ( %#e

s%o"y on O'%o-e" an& "$n%e& a /e"e a"a)"a# &ee $n %#e ae" 0(o%$n) Ve"non

Be!!e'o("% %#a% %#e T"a$! !ans %o ="e/$n& e!e'%e& o$'$a!s o %#e 'o//on /$s%"ea%/en%

an& ne)!e'% o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an,> -(% ne+e" e5!a$ne& %#e 'on%e5% $n 6#$'# %#e "e/a"

$s /a&e.9 T#e ashington Post6as !$e6$se +a)(e $n $%s e5!ana%$on o %#e T"a$!,

e5!a$n$n) %o $%s "ea&e"s %#a% %#e "o%es% %a")e%e& "oose& (n&$n) '(%s 6$%#o(%

se'$y$n) 6#a% ee'% o" $n!(en'e s('# '(%s 6o(!& #a+e on A/e"$'an In&$ans.9

T#e e+en%?o"$en%e&, s#a!!o6 "eo"%$n) %#a% '#a"a'%e"$e& ea"!y 'o+e"a)e o %#e

9@ =T#e 23?Po$n%s Pos$%$on Pae",>*egislati#e "e#ie$2 7No+e/-e" 9428: ?


47/94

ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, A9 =In&$ans $n Ca$%a!

Dey a Co("% O"&e",>0e$ 3ork Times, No+e/-e" 942, 2.


50/94

4a$n%.>2@No6 'a!!$n) %#e -($!&$n) %#e =Na%$+e A/e"$'an E/-assy>an asse"%$on o %#e

so+e"e$)n%y %#ey so()#%%#e a'%$+$s%s s%a%e& %#e$" &e/an&s %o e&e"a! "eo"/. AIM

'ons$s%en%!y "ee""e& -a' %o $ss(es o so+e"e$)n%y an& %"ea%y "$)#%s 6#en %#e "ess

oe"e& %#e$" +o$'e $n ne6s s%o"$es. Fo" %#e$" a"%, #o6e+e", %#e "ess )ene"a!!y #es$%a%e&

$n+es%$)a%$n) '!a$/s %o In&$an so+e"e$)n%y as %#e "eo"%$n) "e/a$ne& $5a%e& on e&e"a!

"oe"%y 7%#e BIA -($!&$n)8 an& %#e )o+e"n/en% "esonse. Ne6sae"s o'(se& on %#e

-($!&$n) %o a )"ea%e" &e)"ee %#an %e!e+$s$on, 6#$'# o''as$ona!!y "ess("e& )o+e"n/en%

o$'$a!s %o "eson& %o %#e T6en%y Po$n%s.2 Te!e+$s$on;s 'o+e"a)e, #o6e+e", &oes no%

s())es% %#e$" "eo"%s 6e"e s(-s%an%$a!!y /o"e %#o"o()# %#an ne6sae"s. O%en "eo"%s on

%#e BIA o''(a%$on 6e"e !a'e& $n -e%6een ne6s se)/en%s as /a%%e"?o?a'% s%a%e/en%s.2

T#(s, %#e o'(s on %#e &"a/a en'o("a)e& !$%%!e &$s'(ss$on o %#e $ss(es %#e T"a$! so()#% %o

"a$se.

In one o %#e e6 e&$%o"$a!s (-!$s#e& a-o(% %#e "o%es%, %#e ashington Post

see/e& %o (n&e"s%an& %#a% %#e "ess 6as /$ss$n) %#e o$n% o %#e T"a$!. T#e "o%es% =#as

-e'o/e a o'(s o /e&$a a%%en%$on an& (-!$' &$s(%e, 6#$!e %#e ("ose o" 6#$'# %#e

In&$ans 'a/e %o %o6n $s !a")e!y $)no"e&.> T#e e&$%o"$a! -"$e!y "e'o(n%s a #$s%o"y o

In&$an?6#$%e "e!a%$ons an& =6$&e!y an& o%en -"(%a!!y> a-"o)a%e& %"ea%$es. T#e ae"

'"$%$'$es %e"/$na%$on es%a-!$s#e& (n&e" P"es$&en% D6$)#% E$sen#o6e". T#en, 6$%#

=e5'e%$ona! en!$)#%en/en%> P"es$&en% N$5on "oose& se!?&e%e"/$na%$on, -(% %#e T"a$!

6an%s %o )o ("%#e" %#an N$5on an& "es%o"e %"ea%y?/a$n) an& so+e"e$)n In&$an s%a%(s.

2@ =Ano%#e" ;Wo(n&e& Knee; Was Fea"e& F"$&ay N$)#%,> ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, A93.2 Fo" e5a/!e, =In&$an P"o%es%,>>#ening 0e$s, NBC, 29 No+e/-e" 942, Van&e"-$!% Te!e+$s$on A"'#$+e.2 Se+e"a! ne6s '!$s a-o(% %#e o''(a%$on "(n on!y %6en%y o" %#$"%y se'on&s !on). See, o" e5a/!e,

=In&$an P"o%es%,>>#ening 0e$s, NBC, 2 No+e/-e" 942, Van&e"-$!% Te!e+$s$on A"'#$+e =In&$anP"o%es%,>>#ening 0e$s, CBS, @ No+e/-e" 942, Van&e"-$!% Te!e+$s$on A"'#$+e =In&$an P"o%es%,>

>#ening 0e$s, ABC, < No+e/-e" 942, Van&e"-$!% Te!e+$s$on A"'#$+e =In&$an P"o%es%,>>#ening0e$s, CBS, 93 No+e/-e" 942, Van&e"-$!% Te!e+$s$on Ne6s A"'#$+e.


51/94

3W#$!e a!a(&$n) N$5on;s !a%o"/, %#e e&$%o"s $n& $% =$n'on'e$+a-!e> %#a% %#e P"es$&en%

o" Con)"ess "es%o"e %"ea%y?/a$n) 6$%# In&$an Na%$ons. In %#e e&$%o"$a!;s o$n$on, N$5on

a!"ea&y $n%"o&('e& a =/o"e os$%$+e e&e"a!?In&$an "e!a%$ons#$> an& &e/ons%"a%e&

#$/se! as oen %o In&$an s())es%$ons. T#e "o%es% 6o(!& -e -e%%e" se"+e&, a''o"&$n) %o

%#e e&$%o"$a!, a% a$/$n) %#e$" "(s%"a%$ons a% =%#e s!o6?/o+$n) an& s%$!! o+e"!y a%e"na!$s%$'

Con)"ess.> T#e e&$%o"$a! en&s on a #oe(! no%e, 'on'!(&$n) %#a% %#e "o%es% s#o(!& no%

=&e!ay o" s$&e%"a'% %#e #oe(! e5e"$/en%.>2


52/94

9In&$an Mo+e/en%. Ra%#e" %#an $n+es%$)a%e AIM;s '!a$/ %#a% Loes'# -!o'e& "eo"/, %#e

ae" "esen%s Loes'# as ey %o %#e e'ono/$' &e+e!o/en% o "ese"+a%$onsa" "o/ %#e

"oa&-!o' AIM $ns$s%e& (on.2

I ne6sae"s 6e"e &$s%"a'%e& -y %#e &"a/a, %e!e+$s$on a% !eas% oe"e& a !a%o"/

%#a% AIM 6an%e& %o "esen% an (n+a"n$s#e& /essa)e %o %e!e+$s$on a(&$en'es. P"ess

'one"en'es -y AIM oe"e& %#e /$5 o &"a/a %#e %e!e+$s$on /e&$a so()#% an& %#e

$no"/a%$on AIM 6an%e& %o 'o//(n$'a%e %o %#e (-!$'. Fo" $ns%an'e, Denn$s Bans

soe on %#e $ss(es o 6#a% #e sa6 as a "a'$s% '(""$'(!(/ $n (-!$' s'#oo!s an& a *.S.

o!$'y o $)#%$n) V$e%na/ %o (#o!& Wes%e"n 'o!on$a!$s/. Bans 6as a6a"e o %#e s%"ee%

%#ea%e" #e 6as e"o"/$n). =We aea!e& %o %#e /e&$a %o !e% %#e 'o(n%"y no6 %#e

"easons o" %#e %aeo+e" an& 6#a% o(" &e/an&s 6e"e,> #e "e'a!!e&. =An& 6e &"esse& (

o" %#e o''as$on.>2 Bans a!so %o!& "eo"%e"s, $n an a%%e/% %o &$ss(a&e ano%#e" o"'e&

e5(!s$on -y o!$'e, =I $n+$%e yo( a!! %o s%ay an& 6$%ness %#e a%"o'$%$es %#a% a"e a-o(% %o

#aen.> T#e o''($e"s %oo %#e %#"ea% o o!$'e e+$'%$on se"$o(s!y an& -e)an as#$on$n)

6eaons o(% o 6#a%e+e" 6as a+a$!a-!e. Ve"non Be!!e'o("% &e'!a"e& %o %#e "ess: =We

#a+e no6 &e'!a"e& 6a" on %#e *n$%e& S%a%es o A/e"$'a.>24 S(o"% o" %#e a'%$+$s%s

s%a"%e& 'o/$n) $n "o/ 6e!!?no6n $)("es $n %#e 'o(n%"y. S%o!ey Ca"/$'#ae! an& %#e

B!a' Pan%#e" Pa"%y oe"e& %#e$" s(o"%, as &$& %#e (n&a/en%a!$s% "ea'#e" Ca"!

M'In%$"e. Ne6 o" Re"esen%a%$+e S#$"!ey C#$s#o!/ an& "es$&en%$a! 'an&$&a%e D".

Ben1a/$n So' a!so s(o"%e& AIM;s 'a(se.@3

2 =BIA;s Loes'#: A B("ea('"a% *na"a$& %o Sea O(%,> ashington Post, 22 No+e/-e" 942, C9.2 Denn$s Bans, -i$a arrior, Dennis /anks and the "ise of the %merican 'ndian Mo#ement,

7No"/an: *n$+e"s$%y o O!a#o/a P"ess, 2338, [email protected] Bans an& Be!!e'o("% 0(o%a%$ons $n De!o"$a,/ehind the Trail of /roken Treaties, 94.@3 =O$'$a!s, In&$ans Pa"!ey on P"o%es%,> ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, A9 De!o"$a,/ehind the

Trail of /roken Treaties, 9?94 S/$%# an& Wa""$o",*ike a Hurricane, 9.


53/94

2T#e T"a$! o B"oen T"ea%$es 6as %#e s%a"% o a '!ose "e!a%$ons#$ -e%6een AIM

an& %#e "ess %#a% -e)an %o &e'!$ne &("$n) %#e o''(a%$on o Wo(n&e& Knee, So(%#

Dao%a, $n 94@.@9

Ho6e+e", %#e a'%$+$s%s an& %#e (-!$' !ea"ne& $/o"%an% !essons "o/

%#e o''(a%$on. T#e a'%$+$s%s -e)an %o (n&e"s%an& %#a% one %a'%$' o %#e )o+e"n/en% 6as

%o &eny %#e !e)$%$/a'y o %#e &e/ons%"a%$on. Go+e"n/en% o$'$a!s 6e"e 1(s% as !$e!y %o

(se %#e "ess %o /ae %#e$" o$n% as AIM 6as. Fo" %#e$" a"%, %#e (-!$' sa6 %#a% In&$ans

6e"e no% =+an$s#$n)> -(% "a%#e" /o"e +$s$-!e %#an e+e". T#ey 6o(!& $)#% o" %"ea%y "$)#%s

an& so+e"e$)n%y -y o"'e $ ne'essa"y.

One !esson !os% o" -o%# Na%$+e a'%$+$s%s an& non?Na%$+e (-!$'s 6as %#e oo"

'#o$'e o 'on"on%a%$on an& /$!$%an'y as an a)en&a?se%%$n) %oo!. T#e /e&$a;s e/#as$s on

/$!$%an'y $)no"e& %#e en%$"e ("ose o %#e T"a$! an& %#e T6en%y Po$n%s. T#(s, %#e o!$%$'s

o 'on"on%a%$on on!y a&&e& %o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%;s "o-!e/s o

/$s'ons%"(e& "e"esen%a%$on $n %#e /e&$a. F("%#e"/o"e, AIM #a& %a"n$s#e& $%s $/a)e

a/on) %#e Na%$+e an& non?Na%$+e (-!$' an& no6 #a& %o &ea! 6$%# %#e (n$n%en&e&

'onse0(en'e. As %#e o''(a%$on o Wo(n&e& Knee 6o(!& !a%e" "o+e, %#e (-!$' #a&

!$%%!e a%$en'e o" 'on"on%a%$ons a%e" #a+$n) a!"ea&y )one %#"o()# a &e'a&e o '$+$!

(n"es% $n %#e 94 7M.A. %#es$s,San F"an'$s'o S%a%e *n$+e"s$%y, 9428.

@2 Te""$ S'#(!%, =Ba/-oo!e Me No% a% Wo(n&e& Knee: T#e Ma$n) o a Me&$a E+en% T#a% Ha&E+e"y%#$n) B(% %#e T"(%#,>Harper(s 7J(ne 94@8,


54/94

@"e%("ne& %o %#e Pa'$$' No"%#6es% ee!$n) %#a% AIM -!e6 %#e '#an'e o" "ea!, a))"ess$+e

o!$'y "eo"/.@@ Ro-e"% B("ne%%e a!so '"$%$'$e& AIM o" s#$%$n) %#e T"a$! a6ay "o/ a

ea'e(! &e/ons%"a%$on %o a +$o!en% 'on"on%a%$on. AIM !ea&e"s =6#o #a& %aen o+e"

Co//$ss$one" B"('e;s !(s# o$'e . . . 6e"e !o(n)$n) a"o(n& !$e Nao!eon an& #$s

/a"s#a!s,> B("ne%%e "e'a!!e&.@ Ano%#e" a'%$+$s% '!a$/e& a!! AIM =6an%e& 6as (-!$'$%y

an& /oney. T#ey so!& %#e In&$ans o(%, so 6e;"e !ea+$n).>@ Bo%# %#e Na%$ona! Con)"ess

o A/e"$'an In&$ans an& Na%$ona! In&$an o(%# Co(n'$! 'on&e/ne& AIM;s &es%"('%$on %o

%#e -($!&$n).@


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%#e 'ase. A!so, AIM 6as "a/e& a"o(n& 'e"e/on$es, In&$an 6a""$o"s, an& o%#e"

$/a)es %#a% %en&e& %o "e$no"'e s%e"eo%yes "a%#e" %#an 6#a% AIM 6an%e& %o

e/#as$e. T"ea%y "$)#%s 6e"e e"$#e"a! %o %#e /e&$a;s "eo"%$n) on %#e BIA.

Ne6s /e&$a o%en "esen%e& %#e e+en% as a 'on!$'% -e%6een %#e A/e"$'an In&$an

Mo+e/en% an& %#e )o+e"n/en% "a%#e" %#an a &$+e"se 'o!!e'%$on o In&$an

o")an$a%$ons see$n) %o a&&"ess "o-!e/s a% %#e e&e"a! an& !o'a! !e+e!.@

W#$!e %#e "ess o%en a&o%e& 'e"%a$n "a/es 6$%# 6#$'# %o (n&e"s%an& an& na""a%e

%#e o''(a%$on o %#e B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s, %#e "oo%s o a '(!% o 'e!e-"$%y s(""o(n&$n)

R(sse!! Means an& Denn$s Bans e/e")e& as 6e!!. In'"eas$n)!y, %#e ne6s /e&$a %("ne&

%o Bans o" Means o" %#e$" ne6s "a%#e" %#an B("ne%%e o" a #an&(! o o%#e" o")an$e"s.@4

T#e e!e+a%$on o !ea&e"s %o 'e!e-"$%y s%a%(s "e!e'%s /e&$a '(!%("e;s %en&en'y %o

e"sona!$e ne6s s%o"$es %o a%%"a'% a(&$en'es, o%en a% %#e e5ense o "e&('$n) 'o/!e5$%y.

Pa'a)$n) ne6s a"o(n& +$o!en'e, &"a/a, an& e"sona!$e& 'on!$'%s a"e (se& %o /a5$/$e

a(&$en'e s$e an& $)("e "o/$nen%!y $n%o /e&$a;s 'o+e"a)e o s$)n$$'an% e+en%s. 3

F("%#e" $n!(en'$n) %#e 'o+e"a)e o %#e B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s 6as %#e

sys%e/a%$' s%"('%("e o 1o("na!$s/. Jo("na!$s%$' ae"en'e %o no%$ons o -a!an'e an&

$/a"%$a!$%y a"e /ean% %o !e% %#e s(-1e'%s o ne6s sea o" %#e/se!+es, 6#$!e "o+$&$n)

-a!an'e on %#e o%#e" s$&e %o "e+en% %a$n) a s$&e. T#e &(a!$%y s%"('%("e o $/a"%$a!$%y

o%en !ea&s %#e /e&$a %o "esen% so'$a! an& o!$%$'a! 'on!$'%s -e%6een %6oan& o%en

only%6oe"se'%$+es. T#e se!e'%$on o" o/$ss$on o +o$'es, o!$%$'a! a'%o"s, an& $ss(es

@ Je"e/y B(sa''a, =See$n) Se!?De%e"/$na%$on: F"a/$n), %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%, an& A/e"$'anIn&$an Me&$a> 7P#.D. &$ss., C!a"e/on% G"a&(a%e *n$+e"s$%y, 2338, 9


56/94

#$)#!$)#%s %#e 6ay /e&$a sy/a%#$e& o" '"$%$'$e& %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% an&

es%a-!$s#e& -o(n&a"$es o &$s'o("se an& (-!$' /ean$n) %o %#e e+en%.9

T#e o''(a%$on en%e"e& $%s $na! &ay on No+e/-e" 6#en %#e W#$%e Ho(se

"o/$se& %o o"/a!!y a&&"ess %#e T6en%y Po$n%s 6$%#$n %#$"%y &ays. A&&$%$ona!!y, %#e

a&/$n$s%"a%$on )(a"an%ee& %#e"e 6o(!& -e no a""es%s o" '#a")es "e!a%e& %o %#e o''(a%$on

o %#e -($!&$n) an& oe"e& %#e T"a$! U e+$&en'e o %#e a-(se o In&$an !an& on %#e a"% o 6es%e"n sena%o"s. T#e

&o'(/en%s, R(sse!! Means %o!& "eo"%e"s, s#o6e& e+$&en'e o ="$$n) o In&$an !an&,

6a%e", $s#$n), a)"$'(!%("e, an& /$ne"a! "$)#%s.>2 T#e "ess $//e&$a%e!y %("ne& %o %#e

&a/a)e %#e -($!&$n) s(e"e&. In a&&$%$on %o %#e &o'(/en%s, ne6s "eo"%s #$)#!$)#%e&

&a/a)e o" %#e% o a$n%$n)s, a"%$a'%s, an& %#e &es%"('%$on o ("n$%("e an& o$'e

e0($/en%.@ T#e0e$ 3ork Times"eo"%e& on No+e/-e" 93 %#a% %#e T"a$! /e/-e"s

9 E&6a"& P. Mo")an, =T#e Goo&, %#e Ba&, an& %#e Fo")o%%en: Me&$a C(!%("e an& P(-!$' Me/o"y o %#eC$+$! R$)#%s Mo+e/en%,> $n The Ci#il "ights Mo#ement in %merican Memory, e&s. Renee C. Ro/anoan& Le$)# Ra$o"& 7A%#ens: *n$+e"s$%y o Geo")$a P"ess, 233 ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, B9.@ =In&$ans Tae Do'(/en%s as T#ey Lea+e *.S. B($!&$n),>0e$ 3ork Times, 4 No+e/-e" 942, 2

=In&$ans Lea+e B($!&$n) W$%# F$!es, A"%$a'%s,>*os %ngeles Times, 4 No+e/-e" 942, A.


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0e$ 3ork

Times, 93 No+e/-e" 942, 9. See a!so =S$o(5 Lea&e" O(%"a)e&,> ashington Post, 9 No+e/-e"


58/94

Ne6sae" "ea'%$ons !$e6$se "an #os%$!e "eo"%s on %#e &a/a)e %o %#e -($!&$n).

T#e Chicago Triune"an a s%o"y &e%a$!$n) %#e =e5%ens$+e '"$/$na! "e'o"&s> o %#e !ea&e"s

o %#e o''(a%$on. T#e ne6sae" $&en%$$e& Denn$s Bans an& -"o%#e"s C!y&e an&

Ve"non Be!!e'o("% as %#e "$n'$!e !ea&e"s o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%, an& 6"o%e

%#a% %#ey a!! #a& se"+e& %$/e $n M$nneso%a en$%en%$a"$es o" a =+a"$e%y o e!ony oenses

$n'!(&$n) -(")!a"y, a))"a+a%e& assa(!%, an& a"/e& "o--e"y.> T#e "eo"% 'on%$n(e& -y

&e%a$!$n) ea'# /an;s '"$/es, &"$+$n) %#e o$n% %#a% AIM #a& a #$s%o"y o +$o!en'e $n $%s

#$)#es% e'#e!ons o !ea&e"s#$.4

In an e&$%o"$a! en%$%!e& =Go+e"n/en% M$s#an&!e& In&$an M$!$%an%s,> 'o!(/n$s%

N$' T#$//es'# e5"esse& o(%"a)e& a% %#e ='"$/$na! a'%$ons o %#e /$!$%an% In&$ans> an&

a''(se& %#e N$5on a&/$n$s%"a%$on o =e"/$ss$+eness> $n 'o//$%%$n) se+e"a! e""o"s $n

&ea!$n) 6$%# %#e 'a"a+an. T#$//es'# '#a")e& %#a% %#e a&/$n$s%"a%$on ne6 %#e ='a"a+an

6as /o"e $n%e"es%e& $n %e!e+$se& 'on"on%a%$on %#an ea'e(! e%$%$on.> T#e

a&/$n$s%"a%$on, #e '!a$/e&, #a& =a$& o> $%s /$s%ae 6$%# %#e U3

Ano%#e" e&$%o"$a! aea"$n) $n %#e*os %ngeles Times-y Ja/es O$'e", a

"oesso" o an%#"oo!o)y a% %#e *n$+e"s$%y o A"$ona, a!so o(n& !en%y %o '"$%$'$e. He

6on&e"e& $ =)o+e"n/en% o$'$a!s 6o(!& #a+e s%oo& as$&e an& e"/$%%e& a )"o( o

(n#ay a"/e"s %o &$s/an%!e %#e Dea"%/en% o A)"$'(!%("e . . . T#e ans6e" $s, "o-a-!y

942, [email protected] =Le& B($!&$n) Taeo+e": C"$/$na! Re'o"&s o @ In&$an Lea&e"s To!&,> Chicago Triune, 9@ No+e/-e"

942, @.3 N$' T#$//es'#, =Go+e"n/en% M$s#an&!e& In&$an M$!$%an%s,> Chicago Triune, 94 No+e/-e" 942,

A.


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no%.> O$'e" o(n& %#e o"$)$na! $n%en%$ons o %#e 'a"a+an #ono"a-!e, -(% %#e "o-!e/

s%e//e& "o/ =so/e "o%es% !ea&e"s . . . 6#o %#o()#% %#a% a -$% o /ay#e/ 6o(!& -"$n)

a&&e& a%%en%$on %o %#e$" 'a(se.> T#e e&$%o"$a! #$)#!$)#%e& %#e '"$/$na! as% o %#e =%#"ee

"$n'$!e !ea&e"s> an& '!a$/e& "ese"+a%$on?"es$&$n) In&$ans 6o(!& s(e" -e'a(se o %#e

=&es%"('%$on an& %#e% o "e'o"&s on 6#$'# /any $/o"%an% &e'$s$ons &een&.> O$'e"

sa6 %#e oss$-$!$%y o e&e"a! s(o"% o" In&$an "o)"a/s &e'!$n$n) -e'a(se o %#e

o''(a%$on, 6#$'# #e $n&s a %"a)$' o(%'o/e -e'a(se o %#e N$5on a&/$n$s%"a%$on;s

os$%$+e s%es %o $/"o+e %#e !$+es o A/e"$'an In&$ans.9

As BIA e/!oyees -e)an "e%("n$n) %o 6o" on De'e/-e" *os %ngeles Times, 2 No+e/-e"942, B.

2 =E/!oyees o BIA To Res(/e Wo",> ashington Post, De'e/-e" 942, C9 =T#"ee A$&es F$"e& a%In&$an B("ea(,> Chicago Triune, @ De'e/-e" 942, .

@ =An In&$an Lea&e" P!e&)es Re%("n o *.S. P"oe"%y,>0e$ 3ork Times, 92 Jan(a"y 94@, @ Chicago Triune, 2 Fe-"(a"y 94@, A93.


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4an& %#e BIA 'o(!& no !on)e" #o!& %#e $n%e"es% o 1o("na!$s%s.

T#e 'en%"a!$%y o !a6 an& o"&e" $n A/e"$'an o!$%$'s $n!(en'e& %#e /e&$a;s

na""a%$+e a-o(% %#e o''(a%$on o %#e B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s an& %#e e5e'%a%$on %#a%

)o+e"n/en% o$'$a!s 6o(!& "eson& %o %#e "o%es% s%e"n!y. Ho6e+e", (-!$' &$s'o("se

a-o(% %#e o''(a%$on 6as no% !$/$%e& %o so'$a! '#aos. O+e" %#e 'o("se o %#e T"a$! an& $%s

a%e"/a%#, &$s'o("se a-o(% A/e"$'an In&$an o!$%$'a! a'%$+$%y, %"$-a! )o+e"n/en%, an&

e&e"a! In&$an o!$'y e/e")e& as $/o"%an% &yna/$'s o" (n&e"s%an&$n) %#e A/e"$'an

In&$an Mo+e/en% an& %#e T"a$!. Me&$a &"o+e a se% o &$s'(ss$ons "a/e& a"o(n&

A/e"$'an In&$an o!$%$'a! $ss(es %#a% $n1e'%e& Na%$+e +o$'e $n%o (-!$' &$s'(ss$ons 6#$!e

a!so s#a$n) %#e T"a$! a"o(n& %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%, "o1e'%$n) %#e !ea&e"s as

soes/en o" %#e &e/ons%"a%$on an&, %#(s, se"+$n) as %#e ey !aye" $n Re& Po6e".


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63/94

%o ="e"esen% on!y %#e

)ene"a! (-!$',> an& "e"esen%e&, =$&ea!!y, a 6#o!e "an)e o o!$%$'a! +o$'es.> Me&$a

'"$%$'s $n %#e 94


64/94

=T#e %"ea%$es a/o(n%e& %o

a)"ee/en%s -e%6een so+e"e$)n In&$an na%$ons an& %#e Was#$n)%on a(%#o"$%$es,> %#e ae"

'on%$n(e&, an& =%#e /$!$%an%s see/ -en% on es%a-!$s#$n) %#a% $n& o "e!a%$ons#$ a)a$n.>

T#ePost'a%("e& %#e 'o"e "eason$n) -e#$n& %#e /a"'# on Was#$n)%on an& %#e

(n&e"!y$n) "easons o" %#e "(s%"a%$ons %#a% (e!e& Re& Po6e" o!$%$'a! $&eas, a!%#o()# $%

/a&e !$%%!e a%%e/% %o 'onne'% %#ose $&eas %o a -"oa&e" 'on%e5% o A/e"$'an In&$an

o!$%$'s.

T#e (-!$' &$s'(ss$ons a-o(% %#e BIA 6e"e a()/en%e& -y )ene"a! '"$%$'$s/ "o/

'onse"+a%$+e an& !$-e"a! 'o!(/n$s%s an& ne6sae"s o+e" %#e )o+e"n/en%;s #an&!$n) o

%#e e+en%s o" %#e o!$'$es %#a% %#ey e!% !e& %o %#e o''(a%$on. Conse"+a%$+e 'o!(/n$s%

N$' T#$//es'# a''(se& %#e N$5on a&/$n$s%"a%$on o =/$s#an&!$n)> %#e a'%$+$s%s an&

a!!o6$n) %#e &es%"('%$on o e&e"a! "oe"%y =$n %#e na/e o "ee see'# an& asse/-!y,

an& &("$n) a 6ee $n 6#$'# P"es$&en% N$5on soe $"/!y o %#e en& o ;an e"a o

e"/$ss$+eness.;> Des$%e #$s '"$%$'$s/s, T#$//es'# "a$se& N$5on o" s("ass$n)

="e+$o(s a&/$n$s%"a%$ons $n %a$n) a'%$ons on -e#a! o In&$ans> an& o(n& %#e

o''(a%$on a %#"ea% %o !e)$s!a%$on %#a% =!$es a!!o6> $n Con)"ess.

T#e =e"/$ss$+eness> o %#e N$5on a&/$n$s%"a%$on 6as a!so %#e o'(s o

'o!(/n$s%s Ro6!an& E+ans an& Ro-e"% No+a $n %#e ashington Post. T#e 'o!(/n$s%s

-!a/e& %#e W#$%e Ho(se o" )e%%$n) $n %#e 6ay o "eso!+$n) %#e 'on!$'%, 6"$%$n) %#a%

=P"o%es% -y In&$ans So()#% an En& %o Pa%e"na!$s/,> ashington Post, 4 No+e/-e" 942, C9. N$' T#$//es'#, =Go+e"n/en% M$s#an&!e& In&$an M$!$%an%s,> Chicago Triune, 94 No+e/-e" 942,

A.


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68/94

Geo")e

M$%'#e!!, a 'o?o(n&e" o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%, %o!& 1o("na!$s%s. T#e &o/$nan%

+$e6 o %#e a'%$+$s%s 6as %#e 'o/!e%e a-o!$s#/en% o %#e B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s an&

%#e "e/o+a! o )o+e"n/en% $n%"(s$on $n %#e &a$!y !$+es o A/e"$'an In&$ans. E0(a!!y

$/o"%an% 6as %#e "es(/%$on o %"ea%y "e!a%$ons 6$%# In&$an %"$-es.

Des$%e %#e "esen'e o %#e$" +o$'e an& %#e e!('$&a%$on o o!$'y '#an)es, %#e

/e&$a;s o'(s "e/a$ne& on o%#e" ase'%s o %#e "o%es%. In a o!$%$'a! a)e 1(s% -e)$nn$n)

%o -e &o/$na%e& -y %#e so(n& -$%e, %#e /e&$a )"a+$%a%e& %o %#e !o(&es% an& /os% +$s$-!e.

Denn$s Bans, Ve"non Be!!e'o("%, an& R(sse!! Means e/e")e& as soese"sons o" %#e

o''(a%$on. AIM /e/-e"s #e!& "ess 'one"en'es, !a'$n) %#e/se!+es a% %#e "on% o %#e

9 C.E. Ha""$s, =Be#$n& %#e In&$an P"o%es%,> ashington Post, 9 No+e/-e" 942, A9.


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71/94

3'on"on%a%$on -e%6een a'%$+$s%s an& /e/-e"s o %#e Na%$ona! T"$-a! C#a$"/ens;

Asso'$a%$on 7NTCA8 $n %#e $na! &ays o %#e o''(a%$on s%$""e& ( #ea%e& &e-a%es. NTCA

a''(se& AIM o en)a)$n) $n =sense!ess a'%s> o &es%"('%$on. AIM /e/-e"s "ea'%e& 6$%#

e0(a! +$)o". Ca"%e" Ca/, a !ea&e" o %#e O!a#o/a C$%y '#a%e" o AIM, a''(se& NTCA

o -e$n) =a"% o %#e es%a-!$s#/en% o( !e6 #e"e $"s% '!ass, 6ea" U233 s($%s, !$+e $n

U23,333 #o(ses an& &on;% )$+e a &a/n 6#o )oes %o 1a$!.>23 Na%#an L$%%!e So!&$e", a %"$-a!

'#a$"/an "o/ No"%# Dao%a, o-se"+e& %#a% %#e "eny o AIM;s "o%es% 6as =6#a% %#e

"ess an& TV en1oys. We s#o(!& 6o" %o)e%#e". We 6$!! 6o" %o)e%#e". My &oo" an& /y

#an& $s oen %o anyone. We s#o(!& a&1o("n "a%#e" %#an /ae oo!s o o("se!+es.> T#e

e5e'(%$+e &$"e'%o"y o %#e Na%$ona! Con)"ess o A/e"$'an In&$ans 7NCAI8, C#a"!es

T"$/-!e, a!so '"$%$'$e& %#e =%a'%$'s o &$s"(%$on o" &es%"('%$on> a!%#o()# %#e

o")an$a%$on s(o"%e& /any o %#e $ss(es AIM "a$se&.29

J(s% as $/o"%an% %o AIM;s /essa)e 6as %#e$" (-!$' $/a)e. AIM a'%$+$s%s

sy/-o!$'a!!y asse"%e& %#e$" so+e"e$)n%y -y &e'!a"$n) %#e BIA -($!&$n) %#e =Na%$+e

A/e"$'an E/-assy> an& &e!oye& o%#e" '(!%("a! sy/-o!s $n %#e$" e"o"/an'es -eo"e

%#e /e&$a. In %#e$" "e+o!(%$ona"y os%("$n), AIM !ea&e"s soe oen!y a-o(% s%$!! $)#%$n)

%#e =In&$an Wa"s> o %#e n$ne%een%# 'en%("y. One a'%$+$s% %o!& a 1o("na!$s% %#a% =6e a"e

"ea&y %o $)#% an& &$e o" 6#a% 6e -e!$e+e $n, 1(s% !$e %#e eo!e 6#o !$+e& #e"e 933

yea"s a)o.>22 S!o)ans s('# as =C(s%e" &$e& o" yo(" s$ns> an& =Re/e/-e" Wo(n&e&

Knee> 6e"e #ea"& %#"o()#o(% %#e B("ea( &("$n) %#e o''(a%$on o" s'"$--!e& on 6a!!s. A

23 =Ne6s Cone"en'e Con"on%a%$on,> ashington Post, 99 No+e/-e" 942, A9 ABC E+en$n) Ne6s, 93No+e/-e" 942.

29 =Ne6s Cone"en'e Con"on%a%$on,> ashington Post, 99 No+e/-e" 942, A9 =In&$ans TaeDo'(/en%s as T#ey Lea+e *.S. B($!&$n),>0e$ 3ork Times, 93 No+e/-e" 942, 9 ABC E+en$n)Ne6s, 93 No+e/-e" 94@.

22 =;In&$ans F$"s%, A!6ays,; De/ons%"a%o" De'!a"es,> ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, A.


72/94

9/a o %#e *n$%e& S%a%es &$s!ay$n) In&$an "ese"+a%$ons 6as a!%e"e& %o $n'!(&e %#e en%$"e

'o(n%"y.2@ T#e /e&$a na""a%$+e o+e" 'on"on%a%$ons &("$n) %#e BIA o''(a%$on o%en

'en%e"e& (on '(!%("a! sy/-o!s an& &e/ons%"a%$ons o =In&$anness.> Fo" e5a/!e, on

No+e/-e" %#e ashington Post#ea&!$ne& a s%o"y =Ano%#e" ;Wo(n&e& Knee; Was

Fea"e& F"$&ay N$)#%.> O''($e"s $n %#e -($!&$n), 6"o%e %#ePost, #a& =a"/e& %#e/se!+es

6$%# '!(-s, n$+es, an& a e6 -o6s an& a""o6s an& (% on 7!$s%$'8 6a" a$n%> %o $)#%

-a' a)a$ns% oss$-!e !a6 eno"'e/en% a%%e/%s %o e+$'% %#e/ "o/ %#e BIA -($!&$n).2

A&&$n) %o '(!%("a! sy/-o!s 6e"e a!!(s$ons %o #$s%o"$'a! $)("es.

E/-"a'$n) %#e$" !e)en&a"y #$s%o"y o" $n!(en'e& -y So(%# Dao%a In&$ans

"e!o'a%e& %o %#e T6$n C$%$es a"ea, AIM !ea&e"s o%en "ee"en'e& n$ne%een%#?'en%("y Lao%a

6a""$o"s an& 6o"e Na%$+e '!o%#$n) &"a6n "o/ S$o(5an %"$-es. Me/-e"s )"e6 %#e$" #a$"

!on) an& &"esse& $n %"a&$%$ona! In&$an )a"/en%s %#a% o(n& %#e$" -as$s $n Lao%a '(!%("e.2

Fo" /any, %#e yo(n) )ene"a%$on o In&$ans a"%$'$a%e& $n %"a&$%$ona! "e!$)$o(s 'e"e/on$es

o" %#e $"s% %$/e $n %#e$" !$+es. Denn$s Bans #a& #$s $"s% e5e"$en'e 6$%# a s6ea% !o&)e

a%e" #$s "e!ease "o/ "$son 6#en #e +$s$%e& F"an Foo!s C"o6 on %#e Rose-(&

Rese"+a%$on. Foo!s C"o6 6o(!& !a%e" -e'o/e AIM;s s$"$%(a! !ea&e".22

2@ =;T#e Go+e"n/en% Fo"'e& *s To A'%$on,;> ashington Post, 4 No+e/-e" 942, C9.2 =Ano%#e" ;Wo(n&e& Knee; Was Fea"e& F"$&ay N$)#%,> ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, A93.2 Ro!!an& De6$n), ounded Bnee ''7C#a&"on: G"ea% P!a$ns Ne%6o", 9448, 94?23.2< Bans, -i$a arrior, 4?93.2 =Ano%#e" ;Wo(n&e& Knee; Was Fea"e& F"$&ay N$)#%,> ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, A93.

Ro-e"% B("ne%%e an& Jo#n Cos%e", The "oad to ounded Bnee7Ne6 o": Ban%a/ Boos, 948, 293.


73/94

2P"ess "eo"%$n) o %#e s%an&o -e%6een AIM an& !a6 eno"'e/en% o%en "esen%e&

an $/a)e o #e"o$' 6a""$o"s "ea"e& %o $)#% a s%"on)e" e&e"a! o"'e. A'%$+$s%s =6ea"$n)

6a"a$n% an& a"/e& 6$%# /aes#$% %o/a#a6s> so()#% %o /o(n% a =&eense o %#e

-($!&$n).>2 J(&)e Jo#n P"a%%, 6#o "e(se& %o s$)n a s#o6?'a(se o"&e" %#a% 6o(!& a!!o6

%#e *.S. )o+e"n/en% %o e+$'% %#e a'%$+$s%s, ase& )o+e"n/en% o$'$a!s %o ne)o%$a%e

ea'e(!!y an en& %o 6#a% %#e*os %ngeles Times'a!!e& an =("$s$n).>24Ano%#e" a"%$'!e

no%e& %6o a'%$+$s%s ='a""y$n) 6#a% aea"e& %o -e o6e"(! -o6s an& a n(/-e" o

a""o6s> 6#$!e o%#e"s =#a& %a-!e !e)s 6$%# s#a" s$es e/-e&&e& $n %#e en&s.>@3

T#e &e!oy/en% o '(!%("a! $/a)es, #$s%o"$'a! $!!(s$ons, an& %#e na%("e o AIM;s

o!$%$'a! a'%$+$%y en'as(!a%e& (-!$' &$s'o("se o+e" %#e no%$on o =Re& Po6e".> T#e

"ess "e!e'%e& o(!a" A/e"$'an /e/o"y -y o"%"ay$n) AIM as /o&e"n P!a$ns In&$an

6a""$o"s, an& AIM /e/-e"s !aye& $n%o %#ese $/a)es -y %#e$" "#e%o"$' an& %#e$" '!o%#$n).

Re& Po6e" 6a""$o"s (se& &$"e'% a'%$on %o $)#% /o&e"n?&ay In&$an 6a"s %o s%an& (

a)a$ns% a )o+e"n/en% %#a% see/e& 6$!!$n)$ no% ea)e"%o s%a/ o(% A/e"$'an In&$an

'(!%("e. Me/-e"s o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% e& $n%o %#ese $/a)es o" %#e

"e'$se "eason o 6an%$n) %o -e e"'e$+e& as /o&e"n &ay 6a""$o"s. B(% 'e"%a$n!y AIM

a!so a&o%e& 'e"%a$n $&ea!s o n$ne%een%#?'en%("y P!a$ns In&$an '(!%("e -e'a(se %#ey so

&ee!y "e+e"e& %#e$" an'es%o"s. Ho/a)e on %#e a"% o A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%

/e/-e"s o%en s("a'e& $n %#e "ess as an $/a)e o =%#e In&$an> "a%#e" %#an a 'o/!e5

(n&e"s%an&$n) o '(!%("a! #e"$%a)e.

Ne+e"%#e!ess, %#e o!$%$'s o /e&$a on!y se"+e& %o 1(s%$y AIM;s se!?"o/o%$on, -y

2 =J(&)e S%a!!s E+$'%$on o In&$ans *.S., P"o%es%e"s Ho!& S$%e Ta!s,> Chicago Triune, No+e/-e"942, . B93 =J(&)e Re(ses %o E+$'% In&$ans,>*os %ngeles Times, No+e/-e" 942, 9.

24 =J(&)e Re(ses %o E+$'% In&$ans,>*os %ngeles Times, No+e/-e" 942, 9.@3 =O"&e" De!aye&, In&$ans S%ay $n O$'es,> ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, A9.


74/94

@6#$'# /e&$a 'o+e"a)e /a&e $//e&$a%e 'e!e-"$%$es "o/ %#e na%$ona! a%%en%$on )$+en %o

%#e/. A'%$n) o(% /o&e"n =In&$an 6a"s> 6o(!& no% en& a%e"na!$s/ o" -("ea('"a%$'

en%an)!e/en%s, -(% "a%#e" s(-s%$%(%e& s(-s%an'e 6$%# s%y!e. T#e &"a/a%$' "eena'%/en% o

se!?&e%e"/$na%$on 6as no% %#e (!%$/a%e e5"ess$on o "ee&o/, -(% $ns%ea& %#e

&"a/a%$a%$on o o!$%$'a! s%"ee% %#ea%e". In %#e a%e"/a%# o %#e T"a$!, /e/-e"s o %#e

A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% #a& so e6 /ean$n)(! "es(!%s %o s#o6 o" %#e$" a'%$+$%$es

%#a% one 'an 'on'!(&e %#a% %#e e/-"a'e o 'on"on%a%$ona! o!$%$'s #a& !$%%!e %o &o 6$%#

"a'%$'a! "es(!%s, -e'a(se $% se"+e& %o (e! na"'$ss$s%$' se!?&"a/a%$a%$on.@9

By %#e en& o 942, /e/-e"s o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% 6e"e "e)"o($n)

$n So(%# Dao%a an& %#e "o/$nen'e o %#e /o+e/en% $n (-!$' &$s'o("se /a&e $% '!ea"

%#a% %#ea%"$'a! o!$%$'s #a& a%%"a'%e& 'ons$&e"a-!e /e&$a a%%en%$on. T#e s%"a%e)$s%s $n AIM

-e!$e+e& %#a% es'a!a%$n) oos$%$on %o A/e"$'an In&$an o!$'$es an& $%s o"%"aya! $n a

"$en&!y /e&$a en+$"on/en% 'o(!& -"$n) %#e Na%$+e es%a-!$s#/en% %o $%s nees. T#e %a'%$'

o 'on"on%a%$ona! o!$%$'s e/-"a'e& -y AIM $n 943 -e)an, $n %#e$" eyes, %o ay

&$+$&en&s $n 942. =Many o (s a"e "ea&y %o &$e o" o(" -e!$es,> R(sse!! Means sa$& $n

&eense o %#e BIA o''(a%$on.@2 B(% "a%#e" %#an "o+oe (-!$' "ea'%$on a)a$ns% %#e

)o+e"n/en%, AIM;s 'on"on%a%$ona! o!$%$'s on!y en#an'e& 'a!!s o" !a6 an& o"&e", 6#$!e

a!so "a)/en%$n) A/e"$'an In&$ans an& &"a6$n) $n ="e+o!(%$ona"y> non?In&$an o" %"$-a!

e!e/en%s $n%o %#e )"o(. T#e en& o %#e o''(a%$on #a& a!"ea&y (% $n%o /o%$on AIM;s

'o!!ase !ess %#an a yea" !a%e".

@9 C#"$s%o#e" Las'#, The Culture of 0arcissism, %merican *ife in an %ge of Diminishing >6pectations7Ne6 o": Wa"ne" Boos, 9438, 2?@.

@2 =In&$ans Se$e F$!es as So/e Go Ho/e,> ashington Post, No+e/-e" 942, B9.


75/94

EPILOGUE

Mos% o %#e '#an)e 6e %#$n 6e see $n !$e

Is &(e %o %"(%#s -e$n) $n an& o(% o a+o"

Ro-e"% F"os%, =T#e B!a' Co%%a)e>9

On %#e 'o!& n$)#% o Fe-"(a"y 2, 94@, a 'a" 'a"a+an n(/-e"$n) #(n&"e&s o

/e/-e"s an& s(o"%e"s o %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% !oo&e& $n%o %#e s/a!! %o6n

o Wo(n&e& Knee on %#e P$ne R$&)e In&$an Rese"+a%$on $n so(%#6es%e"n So(%# Dao%a.

T#e a""$+a! a% %#e sy/-o!$' s$%e %o "o%es% %#e "e)$/e o %"$-a! "es$&en% R$'#a"& W$!son

an& %o "a$se a6a"eness o Na%$+e $ss(es a%%"a'%e& %#e $//e&$a%e a%%en%$on o na%$ona! an&

$n%e"na%$ona! /e&$a. T#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en% on'e a)a$n -e'a/e ea%("e& ne6s

%#"o()#o(% /os% o ano%#e" o''(a%$on, %#$s %$/e o" se+en%y?one &ays.

By %#e !a%e 94 $n T#e Poe%"y o Ro-e"% F"os%, e&. E&6a"& Conne"y Lan%#e"n7Ne6 o": Ho!% Pae"-a's, 23328, .


76/94

+$!!a$n o o"&e" %o o%#e"s. T#e e/-"a'e o 'on"on%a%$ona! o!$%$'s, a!%#o()# (se(! as an

a%%en%$on?)"a--$n) %a'%$', &$+$&e& 'ons%$%(en%s an& e"o&e& s(o"% o" AIM. T#e o")an$'

"e/$se (n&e"!y$n) %#e T"a$! o B"oen T"ea%$es 6as !os% $n a !(""y o s%o"$es o'(s$n) on

+$o!en'e, &es%"('%$on, an& !e)a! /a%%e"s "a%#e" %#an %#e s%a%(s o A/e"$'an In&$ans $n

so'$e%y. T#e &e'$s$on %o (se 'on"on%a%$ons as a /e%#o& o $ns%$)a%$n) "eo"/ &"e6 "o/

%#e &o/$nan% $n%e!!e'%(a! '(""en%s "esen% $n %#e 94 %#a% %#ey 6e"e &ee/e& ne6s6o"%#y.

Taen as a 6#o!e, %#e o''(a%$on o %#e B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s 6as a 6a%e"s#e&

/o/en% o" %#e A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%, o"'$n) $%se! %o %#e o"e"on% o Na%$+e

a'%$+$s/ an& )ene"a%$n) a na/e o" $%se! as a )"o( %#a% 'o(!& 'a%("e a%%en%$on. W#a%

#a& -een a "e!a%$+e!y (nno%$'e& o")an$a%$on sa+e o" a #an&(! o #$)#?"o$!e o!$%$'a!

&e/ons%"a%$ons 6as no6 %a!e& a-o(% -y 1o("na!$s%s, e&$%o"$a! 6"$%e"s, %"$-a! !ea&e"s, an&

o%#e" In&$an o")an$a%$ons %#"o()#o(% %#e na%$on. AIM -($!% a "e(%a%$on as a )"o( %#a%


77/94

n#isioning the

est(ses XML en'o&$n) an& Geo)"a#$' Ino"/a%$on Sys%e/s 7GIS8 /a$n) %o !$n

%e5% an& /as %o)e%#e" (se"s 'an se!e'% a %e5% an& +$e6 e+e"y !o'a%$on /en%$one& -y %#e

&o'(/en% on an $n%e"a'%$+e /a. Ma"( a!!o6s o" easy "e%"$e+a! o $no"/a%$on as

6e!! as "o+$&$n) '!ea" &$s%$n'%$ons 6#en 0(e"y$n) %e5%. Sea"'#$n) =Kansas> /$)#% !ea& a

E5'e"% "o/ =A'%$+$s% Te!!s o BIA Sa'$n): B"(%a!$%y Mo+$e Ca!!e& Sa",> ashington Post, 2No+e/-e" 942, A9.

>n#isioning the est, Thomas .efferson and the "oots of *e$is and Clark, e&. Do()!as Seee!&%.#%%:1ee"sons6es%.(n!.e&(.


82/94

90(e"y %o ass(/e %#e *.S. s%a%e, -(% /a"( /aes %#e &$s%$n'%$on -e%6een %#e s%a%e, %#e

943s "o)"ess$+e "o' -an&, an& %#e 94 $!/. =T#e "ea! '#a!!en)e,> s#e 'on%$n(es, =$s #o6 %o /ae

%#ose ana!o) /a%e"$a!s /o"e a''ess$-!e (s$n) %#e o6e"(! %oo! o &$)$%a! %e'#no!o)y.>

S#e "a$ses so/e $/o"%an% 'on'e"ns a-o(% &$)$%a! 'o!!e'%$ons, a")($n) %#a% &$)$%$$n)

$no"/a%$on s#o(!& no% &$s!a'e ana!o). Te'#no!o)y 'an -e'o/e o-so!e%e an& "en&e"

o!&e" +e"s$ons o &$)$%a! "eso("'es $na''ess$-!e o", a% %#e !eas%, '(/-e"so/e %o a''ess.

Ho6e+e", %#$s s#o(!& no% &$s'o("a)e #$s%o"$ans "o/ en%e"$n) %#e &$)$%a! "ea!/. Ne6e"

%e'#no!o)$es an& !an)(a)es #a+e /a&e s%o"$n) &a%a eas$e", -(% &$)$%a! #$s%o"$ans s#o(!&

%#$n a-o(% %#e a+a$!a-!e %e'#no!o)y 6#en &e+e!o$n) %#e$" "o1e'%s %o ens("e a s%"('%("e&

an& s(s%a$na-!e "o1e'%.

W$%# a 'o"(s o &$)$%$e& ne6sae" a"%$'!es, ne5% 'a/e %#e "o'ess o $n%e)"a%$n)

&$)$%a! %oo!s %#a% 'an ass$s% #$s%o"$ans $n ana!y$n) /a%e"$a!. D$)$%a! %e'#no!o)$es a"e no%

an en& $n an& o %#e/se!+es -(% "a%#e" a /e%#o& o" 0(e"y$n) an& ana!y$n) /a%e"$a! $n

< A!!en H. Renea", =Te5% En'o&$n),> $n% Companion to Digital Humanities, e&. S(san S'#"e$-/an, RayS$e/ens, an& Jo#n *ns6o"%# 7O5o"&: B!a'6e!!, 2338.#%%:666.&$)$%a!#(/an$%$es.o")'o/an$on.

A--y S/$%#, hy Digiti!e7Was#$n)%on, D.C.: Co(n'$! on L$-"a"y an& Ino"/a%$on Reso("'es, 94448,@.


83/94

2ne6 6ays. Ana!y$n) !an)(a)e "e0($"e& %e5%(a! ana!ys$s %oo!s, se'$$'a!!y ToenX, a

o6e"(! ana!ys$s %oo! &e+e!oe& -y B"$an Py%!$?Y$!!$) a% %#e Cen%e" o" D$)$%a! Resea"'#

$n %#e H(/an$%$es a% %#e *n$+e"s$%y o Ne-"asa?L$n'o!n. T#$s "o1e'% a!so (se& a "ee,

6e-?-ase& se"+$'e 'a!!e& Wo"&!e %#a% a!!o6e& %#e )ene"a%$on o 6o"& '!o(&s "o/

&$)$%$e& ne6sae"s 7see F$)("e 98. De+e!o$n) +$s(a! "e"esen%a%$ons o %#e ne6sae"

a"%$'!es a!!o6s #$s%o"$ans %o so% %#e/es $n %e5% %#a% /$)#% o%#e"6$se -e #$&&en.

% ordle $ord cloud generated from the entire corpus of digiti!ed ne$spapers in F"a/$n) Re& Po6e";

T#e 6o"& '!o(&s aea"e& %o "e+ea! a o'(s on In&$ans, %#e BIA -($!&$n), an& %#e

e&e"a! )o+e"n/en% a" /o"e %#an %#ey o'(s on 6#a% A/e"$'an In&$an a'%$+$s%s #a+e %o

say o" 6#y %#ey a"e !ea&$n) a &e/ons%"a%$on. T#e $ss(es %#a% AIM 6an%e& %o 'a!!

a%%en%$on %o &("$n) %#e &e/ons%"a%$on, s('# as %"ea%y "$)#%s o" %"$-a! )o+e"n/en%, a"e !os%

$n a na""a%$+e /o"e $n%e"es%e& $n %#e e&e"a! "esonse. To "e+en% se6e& "es(!%s $n %#e

6o"& '!o(&, 'e"%a$n #"ases 6e"e s%"(n) %o)e%#e". Fo" e5a/!e, %#e =In&$an> $n

+igure 1


84/94

@=A/e"$'an In&$an Mo+e/en%> $s no% "ea& -y Wo"&!e as an $n&$+$&(a! 6o"& -(% "a%#e" as

a"% o a #"ase. T#e sa/e $s %"(e o" %#e =B("ea( o In&$an Aa$"s,> =%#e T"a$! o B"oen

T"ea%$es,> =In&$an -("ea(,> =W#$%e Ho(se,> an& se+e"a! o%#e" #"ases. T#e 6o"& '!o(&

$%se! "e+ea!s !$%%!e 6$%#o(% $n%e""e%a%$on. T#e 0(es%$on o 6#y %#e "ess o'(se& on %#e

-($!&$n) an& )o+e"n/en% "a%#e" %#an %#e ("ose o %#e T"a$! !e& %o %#e a")(/en% %#a% %#e

"ess s#ae& $%s na""a%$+e a"o(n& %#e $ss(es o !a6 an& o"&e" an& a &$s'(ss$on o

A/e"$'an In&$an o!$%$'s. Too!s !$e 6o"& '!o(&s #e! #$)#!$)#% %#e "e0(en'y o

!an)(a)e $n %e5%, a "o'ess $/oss$-!e 7o" nea"!y so8 %o a'#$e+e $n "$n%, an& "e+ea! 6ays

%o +$s(a!$e na""a%$+es an& ana!ye %#e$" s$)n$$'an'e.