FRANCESCANGEL I 2014

BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW

BIOLOGY REVIEW

1. These organic compounds are the main fuel supply for cellular work?

Glucose (sugar)

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2. What effect do enzymes have on chemical reactions?

They lower the activation energy of the reactions.

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3. These substances accelerate the rate of chemical reactions:

Catalysts

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4. What are the key characteristics of enzymes?

They are proteins; affected by temperature changes; work best at a specific pH.

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5. What is calculated to determine the total magnification of a microscope?

Eye piece power X objective lenses

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6. How do eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ from one another?

Eukaryotes: nucleus, large/complex cells – protists, fungi, animals, plants.

Prokaryotes: no nucleus, small/simple cells – archaea and bacteria.

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7. Describe what will happen to the molecules of a solution when the concentration on each side is the same:

Continue to move across the membrane in both directions (*maintain equilibrium)

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8. What effect will osmosis have on an animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water? Salt water?

Fresh water: cell will burst; water moves in.

Salt water: cell will shrivel; water moves out.

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9. How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

Plants contain: cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole.

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10. What organelles in the body produce proteins?

Ribosomes

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11. What are some of the functions of the mitochondria in cells?

Produce energy (ATP) for the working cells/tissues in the body.

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12. List the main principles of The Cell Theory:

-Cells are the basic units of life.-All living things are made up of cells.-All cells come from existing cells.

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13. What does it mean when a membrane is ‘selectively permeable’?

Certain molecules can pass, others cannot.

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14. What is the function of the cell membrane?

To regulate which materials enter/exit the cell.

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15. Which structures are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells?

Chloroplast and cell wall.

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16. What is the function of the cell wall?

Protection and support its shape.

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17. What is happening during diffusion?

Net movement of molecules from an area of [high] to [low].

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18. What is osmosis?

Passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water will move from where there is a [low] of solute to the [high] solute.

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19. Describe active transport:

Transport of particles requiring energy. Moves across concentration gradient (from low to high).

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20. Describe the structural make-up of the cell membrane (head/tail):

Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.

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21. The main purpose of cellular respiration is to:

Produce ATP.

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22. How is energy released from an ATP molecule?

When a phosphate group is removed from ATP.

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23. The correct sequence of cellular respiration is:

Glycolysis – Krebs – Electron Transport Chain

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24. Describe how the reactants/products are related between cellular respiration and photosynthesis:

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide; Cellular respiration produces it.

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25. What does ‘aerobic’ and ‘anaerobic’ mean?

Aerobic – requires oxygen.

Anaerobic – does not require oxygen.

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26. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by ____ during cellular respiration:

Krebs cycle

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27. The overall products of photosynthesis:

Oxygen and Glucose (sugar)

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28. What are the overall products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen + Glucose (sugar)

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29. Why do most plants appear green?

Green light is reflected.

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30. What effect does carbon dioxide have on a plant’s production of sugar?

Decrease in carbon dioxide production = decrease in sugar output.

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31. Following interphase, what are signs that mitosis has begun?

-Nuclear envelope begins to disappear.-Chromatin condenses (becomes visible).-Spindle fibers form.

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32. How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

Mitosis – produces 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells.

Meiosis – produces 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells.

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33. Diagram the different stages of mitosis:

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34. The exchanging of genetic information between homologous chromosomes is known as?

Crossing over

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35. Which type of cell goes through mitosis? Meiosis?

Mitosis – somatic cells.Meiosis – gametes (sex cells).

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36. What is a hypothesis?

An educated guess that can be TESTED.

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37. Why is it important to include a control group while conducting an experiment?

To record/determine if any changes have taken place.

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38. What is the difference between a dependent variable and independent variable?

Independent variable – X-axis; being tested.

Dependent variable – Y-axis; values change.

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39. Be able to diagram an X/Y chart with the appropriate and labels.

The effect coffee has on heart rate.Cups of coffee vs. heart rate.

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40. What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions – illustrations may be useful.

Hypertonic – solution with a [higher] of solute; cell shrinks.Hypotonic – solution with a [lower] of solute; cell swells.Isotonic – solution with [equal] of solute; no net movement.

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HYPERTONICHYPOTONIC ISOTONIC

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41. What role do vesicles have on cells?

Sacs that help move particles in/out/around the cell.

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42. What role do vacuoles have on cells?

Storage of undigested nutrients.

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43. Describe the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis:

Exocytosis – exporting materials OUT of a cell.

Endocytosis – takes materials INTO cell.