fred below, jason haegele, and ross bender
TRANSCRIPT
Fred Below, Jason Haegele, and Ross Bender
Crop Physiology Laboratory Department of Crop Sciences
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
22nd Annual National No-Tillage Conference Springfield, IL
January 15, 2014
Quest for High Soybean Yields
• 9 billion people by 2050 requires a doubling of crop production, including soybean
• US average soybean yields are currently about about 42 bushels/acre
Quest for 85 Bushel Soybean
• 85 bushel soybean produced each year in state soybean yield contests
• World record soybean yield of 161 bushels
Quest for 85 Bushel Soybean
• Intelligent Intensification with the management factors that have the biggest impact on soybean yield each year
• The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
The Six Secrets of Soybean Success What Factors Have the Biggest Impact on Soybean Yield?
Champaign, IL 2012
Not Secrets of Soybean Success, but Important to Overall Crop Productivity
• Corn yields 25 bu better when it follows soybean & requires less fertilizer N
• Soybean improves soil tilth compared to corn
Crucial Prerequisites, but not Secrets of Success
• Drainage
• Weed Control
• Proper Soil pH
Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank
The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Excess Precipitation Delayed Planting in 2013
Exceptional Drought in 2012
Fertility Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank
The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Typical Fertilization for Corn and Soybean in Illinois
• 180 lbs N, 90 lbs P2O5 and 120 lbs K20 per acre applied to corn. No S or micronutrients
• No fertilizer applied to soybean
Nutrient Uptake and Removal by
62 Bushel Soybean
Nutrient Required
to Produce Removed with Grain
Harvest Index
lb acre-1 %
N 271 194 72 P2O5 50 39 78 K2O 180 75 42
S 19 11 57 Zn (oz) 7.9 2.1 27 B (oz) 5.9 1.8 36
Average of two varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012
P and K Uptake and Removal by 62 bu Soybean vs 230 bu Corn
Nutrient Required to Produce
Removed with Grain
Harvest Index
Corn Soy Corn Soy Corn Soy lb acre-‐1 %
P2O5 101 50 80 39 79 78
K2O 180 180 56 75 32 42
Corn data from Agron J. 105:161-170 (2013); Soybean data from DeKalb, IL 2012
Days After Planting0 20 40 60 80 100 120
K Up
take
(lb
K 2O a
c-1)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Perc
ent o
f Tot
al (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100GrainFlowers, PodsStem, PetiolesLeaves
Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8
Growth Stage
K Uptake & Partitioning for 62 Bushel Soybean
Average of 2 varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012
Days After Planting0 20 40 60 80 100 120
P Up
take
(lb
P 2O5 a
c-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Perc
ent o
f Tot
al (%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100GrainFlowers, PodsStem, PetiolesLeaves
Planting V3 V7 R2 R4 R5 R6 R8
Growth Stage
P Uptake & Partitioning for 62 Bushel Soybean
Average of 2 varieties at DeKalb, IL 2012
Fertility Weather
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Factor Rank The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Genetics/Variety
Variety Yield Variety Yield bu acre-1 bu acre-1
1 54.5 6 60.8 2 55.5 7 62.3 3 56.3 8 64.2 4 57.9 9 64.8 5 58.7 10 66.0
All Soybean Varieties are Not Created Equal
10 varieties with high-tech management at Champaign, IL 2012
Fertility Weather
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Factor Rank The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection
Soybean Yield Components
Yield = Pod number/acre x
Seeds per pod x
Weight per seed
Node Number0 5 10 15 20
Pod
Num
ber (
per n
ode)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0How Does Pod Number Effect Soybean Yield
50 Bushels
Node Number0 5 10 15 20
Pod
Num
ber (
per n
ode)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0How Does Pod Number Effect Soybean Yield
62 Bushels
50 Bushels
Fertility Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection Seed Treatment
Impact of Seed Treatment on Emergence
Photos courtesy of AJ Woodyard, BASF
Untreated
Fungicide, Insecticide, Nematicide
Fungicide only Fungicide, Insecticide, Nematicide
Impact of Seed Treatment on Soybean Growth
R2 growth stage, Champaign, IL 2012
Impact of Seed Treatment on Soybean Growth
Plants at growth stage R2 at Champaign, IL 2012
Fertility Weather
65432 1
Factor Rank The Six Secrets of Soybean Success
Given key prerequisites
Genetics/Variety Foliar Protection Seed Treatment Row Arrangement
Row Spacing Affects Light Interception And Canopy Air Movement
30” Rows 20” Rows
Champaign, IL 2012
Standard vs High Tech – Soybean 2012 Fertility P or K applied year before to corn
75 lbs P2O5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) Banded 4-6” directly under row at planting
Variety Normal maturity grown in region Longest possible maturity for region
Foliar - No foliar protection protection Fungicide or Insecticide or Both
Seed - Untreated or fungicide only treatment Fungicide, insecticide, nematicide
Row - 30 inch row spacing arrangement 20 inch row spacing
Champaign
Harrisburg
Soybean Omission Plots 2012 6 plots at 4 sites with: • Two trials Champaign & Rushville • Banded fertility at planting • Maturity according to region • Normal maturity in standard vs full maturity in high tech
• Different company seed and foliar protection products: Syngenta or Monsanto/BASF
• All in 30 inch vs 20 inch rows, at a
seeding rate of 160,000 plants/acre
Rushville
DeKalb
Soybean Omission Plot Design
Treatments evaluated in 30 and 20 inch row spacing
MANAGEMENT FACTORS Treatment FerQlity Variety Foliar Seed treatment
HIGH TECH Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
Decrease Techn
ology -‐FerQlity None Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
-‐Variety Placed Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
-‐InsecQcide Placed Full maturity Fungicide only Full
-‐Fungicide Placed Full maturity InsecQcide only Full
-‐Foliar protecQon Placed Full maturity None Full
-‐Seed treatment Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic
TRADITIONAL None Normal maturity None Basic
Add Techno
logy +FerQlity Placed Normal maturity None Basic
+Variety None Full maturity None Basic
+Fungicide None Normal maturity Fungicide only Basic
+InsecQcide None Normal maturity InsecQcide only Basic
+Foliar protecQon None Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic
+Seed treatment None Normal maturity None Full
No Interaction of Row Spacing and Other Management Factors in 2012
30” Rows 20” Rows
Champaign, IL 2012
Location Yield Increase Δ bu acre-1
DeKalb +6.5* Champaign1 +3.0* Rushville1 +1.6* Harrisburg - 2.6* Average +2.1*
Yield Increase from 20” Row Spacing
*Significant P ≤ 0.05, Average of six trials in Illinois and of standard and high technology management. 1Two trials at Champaign and Rushville
Soybean Omission Plot Design
Treatments evaluated in 30 and 20 inch row spacing
MANAGEMENT FACTORS Treatment FerQlity Variety Foliar Seed treatment
HIGH TECH Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
Decrease Techn
ology -‐FerQlity None Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
-‐Variety Placed Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Full
-‐InsecQcide Placed Full maturity Fungicide only Full
-‐Fungicide Placed Full maturity InsecQcide only Full
-‐Foliar protecQon Placed Full maturity None Full
-‐Seed treatment Placed Full maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic
TRADITIONAL None Normal maturity None Basic
Add Techno
logy +FerQlity Placed Normal maturity None Basic
+Variety None Full maturity None Basic
+Fungicide None Normal maturity Fungicide only Basic
+InsecQcide None Normal maturity InsecQcide only Basic
+Foliar protecQon None Normal maturity Fungicide + InsecQcide Basic
+Seed treatment None Normal maturity None Full
Location Standard HighTech Δ
bu acre-1
DeKalb 66.0 77.4 +11.4* Champaign 1 52.5 64.2 +11.7* Champaign 2 58.1 66.0 +7.9* Rushville 1 39.2 47.2 +8.0* Rushville 2 37.8 49.8 +12.0* Harrisburg 47.5 55.0 +7.5*
Soybean Yield Response to Management
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 30 & 20” rows
Standard System Add One Enhanced Factor Yield Δ
bu acre-1
Standard Management 50.1 +Fertility (extra N, P, S, Zn) 55.0 +4.9* +Variety (fullest maturity for region) 53.8 +3.7* +Fungicide (at R3 growth stage) 52.2 +2.1* +Insecticide (at R3 growth stage) 53.8 +3.7* +Fungicide and Insecticide 53.9 +3.8* +Seed treatment (at planting) 52.9 +2.8*
Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management
*Significantly different from standard at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 6 trials in Illinois in 2012 and of 30 and 20” rows
High Tech System Omit One Enhanced Factor Yield Δ
bu acre-1
High Tech all Six Factors 60.0 -Fertility (fertility from previous corn) 56.3 -3.7* -Variety (normal maturity for region) 57.1 -2.9* -Fungicide (no fungicide) 57.2 -2.8* -Insecticide (no insecticide) 57.7 -2.3* -Fungicide and Insecticide 56.7 -3.3* -Seed treatment (none or base) 57.6 -2.4*
Omit One Enhanced Factor from High Tech System
*Significantly different from standard at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 6 trials in Illinois in 2012 and of 30 and 20” rows
Standard High Tech Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ
bu acre-1
None or All 50.1 60.0 Fertility 55.0 +4.9* 56.3 -3.7* Variety 53.8 +3.7* 57.1 -2.9* Fungicide 52.2 +2.1* 57.2 -2.8* Insecticide 53.8 +3.7* 57.7 -2.3* Fung. + Insect. 53.9 +3.8* 56.7 -3.3* Seed treatment 52.9 +2.8* 57.6 -2.4*
2012 Soybean Omission Plots – Average of Six Trials
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 30 & 20” rows
Standard vs High Tech – Soybean 2013 Fertility P or K applied year before to corn
75 lbs P2O5 as MESZ (N, P, S, & Zn) Banded 4-6” directly under row at planting
Variety Normal and Full maturity for region Normal and Full maturity for region
Foliar - No foliar protection protection Fungicide or Insecticide or Both
Seed - Untreated or fungicide only treatment Fungicide, insecticide, nematicide
Row - 30 inch row spacing arrangement 20 inch row spacing
Champaign
Harrisburg
Soybean Omission Plots 2013 8 plots at 4 sites with: • Two plots at each site • Banded fertility at planting • Different company seed and
foliar protection products: Syngenta or Monsanto/BASF
• Normal and full maturity variety in each trial in 2013
• All in 30 inch vs 20 inch rows, at a
seeding rate of 160,000 plants/acre
Rushville
DeKalb
No Difference Between Normal and Full Maturity Varieties in 2013 Probably Due
to Relatively Late Planting
Row Spacing Interacted with
Other Management Factors in 2013
30” Rows 20” Rows
Champaign, IL 2012
Row Space Standard High
Tech Δ
inches bushels acre-1
30 67.2 70.6 +3.4*
20 66.8 73.5 +6.7* Increase from
20 inch rows -0.4 +2.9*
Row Space and Management Interaction
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of eight trials each with two varieties in 2013
Location Standard High Tech Δ ———— bushels acre–1 ————
DeKalb 1 63.3 69.7 +6.4* DeKalb 2 72.2 74.8 +2.6 Champaign 1 57.7 56.8 -0.9 Champaign 2 62.9 63.5 +0.8 Harrisburg 1 64.1 67.8 +3.7* Harrisburg 2 61.8 66.7 +4.9* Rushville 1 78.8 82.0 +3.2* Rushville 2 76.5 84.0 +7.5*
Average 67.2 70.6 +3.4*
Effect of Management on Soybean (30” Rows)
*Significant at P ≤ 0.1. Average of two varieties in each trial.
Location Standard High Tech Δ ———— bushels acre–1 ————
DeKalb 1 63.4 75.6 +12.2* DeKalb 2 70.7 78.2 +7.5* Champaign 1 60.0 63.2 +3.2 Champaign 2 61.5 66.3 +4.8* Harrisburg 1 63.2 68.8 +5.6* Harrisburg 2 63.8 67.1 +3.3* Rushville 1 79.2 85.1 +5.9* Rushville 2 72.5 83.7 +11.2*
Average 66.8 73.5 +6.7*
Effect of Management on Soybean (20” Rows)
*Significant at P ≤ 0.1. Average of two varieties in each trial
30”Rows 20” Rows
Add One Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ bushels acre-1
Standard 67.2 66.8 +Fertility 69.4 +2.2* 71.2 +4.4* +Fungicide 68.6 +1.4* 69.2 +2.4* +Insecticide 66.7 +0.5 68.8 +2.0* +Fung. + Insect. 69.2 +2.0* 70.1 +3.3* +Seed treatment 67.0 -0.2 69.4 +2.4*
Add One Enhanced Factor to Standard Management
*Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of eight trials in 2013
30”Rows 20” Rows
Omit One Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ
bushels acre-1
High Tech (all) 70.6 73.5 –Fertility 69.8 -0.8 70.8 -2.7* –Fungicide 70.8 +0.2 72.8 -0.7 –Insecticide 70.0 -0.6 72.4 -1.1 –Fung. + Insect. 69.9 -0.8 71.0 -2.5* –Seed treatment 70.7 +0.1 70.9 -2.6*
Omit One Enhanced Factor From High-Tech System
*Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of eight trials in 2013
Standard High Tech
Factor Yield Δ Yield Δ bu acre-1
None or All 58.6 66.0 Fertility 62.6 +4.0* 63.4 -2.6* Fungicide 60.6 +2.0* 64.1 -1.9* Insecticide 60.8 +2.2* 64.6 -1.4* Fung. + Insect. 61.8 +3.2* 63.5 -2.5* Seed treatment 60.6 +2.0* 64.2 -1.8*
Soybean Omission Plots – Average of all Trials 2012-13
* Significantly different at P ≤ 0.05. Average of 30 & 20” rows
Conclusions
• Soybean yield can be increased with crop management
• Each of the six secrets of soybean can independently increase yield and when combined into a system they are partially additive
Acknowledgements
• Brad Bandy • Tryston Beyrer • Tom Boas • Ryan Becker • Ross Bender • Fernando Cantao • Paula Cler • Keila Cunha • Paulo Galvao • Laura Gentry • Claire Geiger • Jason Haegele • Mark Harrison • Cole Hendrix • Adam Henninger
• Jim Kleiss • Brandon Litherland • Jack Marshall • Bianca Moura • Ellie Raup • Matías Ruffo • Juliann Seebauer • Marjorie Souza • Logan Smith • Martín Uribelarrea • Mike Vincent • Alison Vogel • Kyle Vogelzang • Wendy White
Personnel
Champaign
Harrisburg
Crop Physiology Lab Sites & Farm Cooperators
DeKalb - Eric Lawler H.B. Babson Farms
Rushville - Mike Dyche Jr.
Dyche Farms Inc
Champaign – UI Research Farm
Harrisburg - Scott Berry Berry Farms
Rushville
DeKalb
Acknowledgements
• AGCO • Agricen • Agrium • AgroFresh • BASF • Calmer Corn Heads • Crop Production Services • Dawn Equipment • Dow AgroSciences • DuPont/Pioneer • Fluid Fertilizer Foundation • GrowMark • Honeywell • Helena Chemical Company • Illinois Corn Marketing Board • Illinois Soybean Association
• IPNI • John Deere • Koch Agronomic Service • Monsanto • Mosaic • Nachurs • Netafilm • Orthman • Rosen’s Inc. • Syngenta • Stoller Enterprises • Valent BioSciences • WinField Solutions • Wolf Trax • Wyffels Hybrids
Financial Support
Very Special Thanks • No-Till Farmer • Illinois Soybean Association
For more information:
Crop Physiology Laboratory at the University of Illinois
http://cropphysiology.cropsci.illinois.edu