frédéric barbaresco- wake-vortex & wind monitoring sensors
TRANSCRIPT
Air Systems Division
Wake-Vortex & Wind Monitoring SensorsFrédéric BARBARESCO
Air Systems Division2
Weather resilient ATM system should be based on new dedicated systems : ITWS : Integrated Terminal Weather Systems WVAS : Wake Vortex Advisory Systems
New sensors requirements: High resolution wind monitoring sensors High resolution wake vortex monitoring sensors
New sensor observation assimilation to improve : Nowcasting performance Forcasting confidence
Rationale
The key enablers for mitigation of wake-vortex hazards
Air Systems Division3
Wake Vortex Advisory System Architecture
WVAS"Wake Vortex Advisory System"
Meteo Forecast
Meteo Nowcast
Traffic SituationWith AC Type
ATC-Wake Detectors
Selected SeparationMode and Minima
WV Alarms
WV Prediction
Supervisor
Meteo Centre
Local MeteoSensors
ATCSystem
Wake VortexDetectors
ATCOperators
HMI
•Approach•Tower•Ground
WIND Monitoring Sensors
WV Monitoring Sensors
Air Systems Division4
Wind Monitoring Requirements: Information: 3D Wind Vector (Head-Wind, Cross-Wind, Up/Down Wind) (Ac. : 0.5 to
1 m/s) Atmospheric Turbulence
Time Constraints: Update Rate: 10 s to 1 mn Soft Real-Time (low latency)
Availability of Data in: 3 Dimensional Volume All Weather Conditions an Enlarged Airport Area (12 to 25 NM, 4000/5000 feets)
Fusion of Multi-Sensors measurements in a « Common 3D Wind Operational Picture »
Progressive Information Exploitation by: Wake-Vortex Predictor (Wake-Vortex Position/Strength Prediction) Nowcasting/Forecasting Weather Systems by assimilation
Airport Wind Monitoring
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Wake-Vortex Monitoring Requirements: Information: Position of each roll-up (Ac. : 10 to 50 m) Strength (Circulation in m2/s) (Ac. : 5 m2/s) Extrapolated Positions (WV detection tracking) (Ac. : 10 to 50 m) Decay Phase
Time Constraints: Update Rate : 1 s to 10 s Hard Real-Time (very low latency)
Availability of Data in: 2D (along runways) or 3D (Final Approach & Initial Climb) All Weather Conditions Critical Area (along runways, ILS interception, Initial Climb)
Multi-Sensors Tracking Progressive Information Exploitation by: Wake-Vortex Alert Server Wake-Vortex Predictor (Atypical Behavior, Model Failure)
Airport Wake-Vortex Monitoring
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Wakenet-3 / Greenwake Workshop
WAKE VORTEX & WIND MONITORING SENSORS IN ALL WEATHER CONDITIONS
Air Systems Division7
THALES has organized a Special Workshop on « Wake Vortex & Wind Monitoring Sensors », March 2010 at Thales Research & Technology In cooperation with European GREENWAKE Study, Eurocontrol & FAA 35 Experts Talks on 2 days 120 attendees from Europe, US, Russia, China, Japan,… http://wakenet3-europe.org/index.php?id=125
Wakenet-3/Greenwake Special Workshop
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Wakenet-3/Greenwake Workshop Agenda
Monday 29th March - Sensors for Wind Monitoring in All Weather Conditions Topic 1 : Wind Monitoring Radars Topic 2 : Radar Wind Profilers Topic 3 : Lidar Wind Profilers Topic 4 : Airborne Sensors & Aircraft Met Data
Tuesday 30th March - Sensors for Wake-Vortex Monitoring in All Weather Conditions Topic 5 : Radar Wake Vortex Sensors Topic 6 : Acoustic Wake Vortex Sensors Topic 7 : IR & UV Wake Vortex Sensors Topic 8 : Multiple Sensors
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Key Candidate Technologies Radar (RAdio Detection And
Ranging) Technology 106 Years old (C. Hülsmeyer, 1904)
Lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) Technology (laser) 50 years old (T. Maiman,
1960)
Sonar (SOund Navigation And Ranging) (piezoelectric effect) 94 years old
(Paul Langevin & Constantin Chilowski, 1916)
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All these sensors uses Doppler-Fizeau Effects
Woldemar Voigt (1850 - 1919)
Armand Hippolyte Louis Fizeau (1819 – 1896)
Christian Andreas Doppler (1803- 1853)
freq Radial Velocity (Doppler Spectrum Mean)
Var(freq) Turbulence (Doppler Spectrum Width)
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Different Sensors Principles : Sensor Mode : Active / Passive (mainly in acoustic) Collaborative Multi-sensors
Sensor Configuration : Mono-Static / Multi-Static
Sensor Exploration : Profiler 1D Scanner 2D/3D Mechanical scanning Electronic scanning
Mono/Multi-Beams
Measurements on : Scattering Air Index variations
Sensors Technology
Air Systems Division12
Lidar Scanner (1.5 m)
Wind Monitoring Sensors
Acoustic-Wave
M-Scan X-band Polar Radar
(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)
Lidar Scanner (1.6 m)
Bi-Static Radio-Acoustic (2 KHz, 3 cm /10.6 GHz)
Airborne Lidar (1.5 m)
Lidar Profiler (1.5 m)
E-Scan X-band Radar
FMCW X-band Polar Radar
(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)
UHF Radar Wind Profiler
(23 cm, 1290 MHz)Sodar/RASS
(1000-3000 Hz, 23 cm,1290 Mhz)
Collaborative Multi-Lidar (1.5 m)
Multi-Beam Lidar (1.5 m)
High Power GaN X-band Radar
(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)
VHF Radar Wind Profiler (5 m, 60 MHz)
Electromagnetic-Wave
S-band PSR Radar (3 cm, 9 GHz)
Mono/Bi-Static C-band Polar
Radar (5 cm, 6 GHz)
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Wake-Vortex Monitoring Sensors
Electromagnetic-Wave Acoustic-Wave
X-band Pulse-
Compression Radar
(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)
Passive-Acoustic (IR laser beam)
Multi-static Active Acoustic
(1 KHz)
W-band Radar (3 mm, 94 GHz)
Passive Phased Microphone Arrays
(200-400 KHz)
E-Scan X-band Radar (3 cm, 9.6
GHz)
X-band Polar Radar
(3 cm, 9.6 GHz)
Lidar scanner (2 m)
Passive Forward Looking
Interferometer (3-16 m)
Active Acoustic (57 KHz)
Lidar scanner (1.5 m)
Ka-band Radar (8.5 mm, 35 GHz)
Lidar scanner (1.6 m)
UV Lidar (300 nm)
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Wind Monitoring Sensors Performances
Update-Rate Latency Coverage 1D/2D/3D
AccuracyRange Low CostWeather Resilience Very Clear / Clear /
Haze / Fog /Very Low Visibility /
Heavy Rain
WindlinesAnemometers
Sodar/RassBi-Static Radio-Acoustic
TRL
VHF Wind ProfilerUHF Wind ProfilerS-Band PSR radar
C-Band radarM-Scan X-Band radar
1.5 m Lidar Scanner
1.6 m Lidar Scanner2 m Lidar Scanner
E-Scan X-Band radar
1.5 m Lidar Profiler
Coll. Multi 1.5 m Lidar
LowMediumHigh
* : Existing radar on airports (processing Upgrade)
*
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Wake-Vortex Monitoring Sensors Performances
Update-Rate Latency Coverage 1D/2D/3D
AccuracyRange Low CostWeather Resilience Very Clear / Clear /
Haze / Fog /Very Low Visibility /
Heavy Rain
Passive Ac. Phased ArrayPassive Acoustic
Multi-Static Acoustic 1 KHzActive Acoustic 57 KHz
TRL
M-Scan X-band PolarM-Scan X-band PcompE-scan X-band Pcomp PolM-Scan Ka-Band radarM-Scan W-Band radar
1.6 m Lidar Scanner
UV Lidar
Passive Forw. Look. Inter.
1.5 m Lidar Scanner
2 m Lidar
LowMediumHigh
Air Systems Division16
Radar/Lidar Sensors
Radar & Lidar are complementary sensors in all weather operations THALES has proved by derisking campaign (Paris CDG-2008) that X-band
Radar & Lidar are complementary for Wake Vortex Monitoring :
Lockheed Martin has proved by derisking Campaign (Westheimer Aiport) that X-band & Lidar are compementary for Wind Monitoring (& Wind-shear)
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LidarLidar dB beta (clear air conditions) dB beta (clear air conditions) –– Typical Radar Provides No CapabilityTypical Radar Provides No Capability--5050--6060--7070 --4040 --3030TypTyp ClearClear Heavy HazeHeavy HazeSuper ClearSuper Clear
Colors painted on an airborne radar display
Transition region where groundclutter interference becomes
problematic for the radar
Lidar = 2 µm Lidar
X-band Radar / Lidar Complementarity
© LMCT
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1.5 m Lidar range vs Pulse Energy
10
100
1000
10000
1,00E-07 1,00E-06 1,00E-05 1,00E-04 1,00E-03 1,00E-02
Ran
ge(
m)
energy(J)
1.5 µm pulsed Lidar range as a funtion of laser energy
E…
10 cm apertureextinction coef = 3,4 E -6 m-1
retour
Range resolution 30m (pulses 200ns) – integration time 0.1s
© LEOSPHERE
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Low-Cost Multifunction Radar/Lidar Scanners
Available Soon (First tests at CDG Airport, in SESAR WP12.2.2)
Main Characteristics : High-Power 1.5 m Scanner in Clear Air or Very Clear air Low-Cost E-scanning X-band Radar with Pulse Compression in Low Visibility (Fog,
Heavy Rain) Main Advantages : Multifunction in All weather Conditions (Wet & Dry) : Wind & Wake-Vortex Monitoring 3D Scanning, High Update-Rate, High Resolution/Accuracy Very Low Cost
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TRL Roadmap : Low-Cost X-band E-scan Radar
TRLevel
year
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Requirements & standards
Air Systems Division21
TRL Roadmap : High-Power 1.5 m Lidar Scanner
TRLevel
year
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Requirements & standards
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Lidar/Radar Wake-Vortex Sensors Simulator
o : vertical mode: lateral mode*
Peak RCS in low frequency band
Peak RCS in high frequency band
large characteristic
scale
small characteristic
scaleBragg
scattering
Bragg scattering
larger magnitude 10-7
smaller magnitude 10-8WaterWater VaporVapor
DensityDensity
106
107
108
109
1010
-150
-140
-130
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
t=5s
GilsonExperiments
K. Shariffprediction
Our result
Lidar Wake-Vortex Simulator: 1.5 m Lidar Simulator: UCL (Belgium) re-use by THALES in SESAR,
LEOSPHERE (France) 2 m Lidar Simulator: LMCT (USA)
Radar Wake-Vortex Simulator: High Resolution Simulator: NUDT (China) + upgrade with THALES/ONERA
(in Rain, Doppler Signature) Generic Simulator: UCL(Belgium) as THALES SESAR sub-contractor
NUDT
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TU-Braunschweig as sub-contractor of THALES in SESAR WP12.2.2 Wake-Vortex Tracking based on: Lidar/Radar Multi-sensors Wake-Vortex Detections Traffic Information MET information Wake-Vortex Prediction Model
Most favorable in terms of Accuracy Reduced Uncertainty Model/Sensor Interaction
time-update measurement-update
kkkkk xHzKxx ˆˆˆ
kkk
PHKIP
x0, P0
state WV traffic, MET, sensor angles
model state transition~ established prediction models
error/uncertainty-feedback
measured quantitiesposition, strength (WV),range, bearing (sensor)
covariance ~ uncertainty bounds in current models, decreased by measurement
state WV traffic, MET, sensor angles
covariance ~ uncertainty bounds in current models, decreased by measurement
update on new prediction
update on new measurement
Sensors/Model Collaboration: Wake-Vortex Tracker
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Radar Wind Monitoring Performances in Clear-Air : Radar can monitor Wind in Rain (light to heavy rain, hail) Existing Weather Radar can monitor Wind in Clear-Air with an availability
from 40 to 55% until range of 15 km and altitude of 500 m
Maximum detection distance (with a sensitivity of 0 dBZ at 100 km)Cn² (m-2/3):10-13 , S-band: -15dBZ(15 km), C-band: -26dB(4,4 km), X-band:34dBZ (1,9 km) New High-Power Emitter Weather Radar can monitor Wind in Very Clear-Air
with an availability of 100% until range of 15 km Toshiba GaN Weather Radar : “detects air conditions including wind speed
even in very clear weather – a very difficult task for most weather radars.”
Radar Clear-air Wind Monitoring
Meteo-France C-band Radar
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Upgrade of Existing Equipment Upgrade of ATC PSR Radar Weather-Channel Rain Cell Tracking Doppler Wind Monitoring Doppler Turbulence Map
Reflectivity
Turbulence map
Doppler Mean
Time serie of Reflectivity Images (Update rate : 5mn)
Cloud Tracking (Morphological
Skeletons Matching)
Wind Filed Estimation (Doppler + Cloud Tracking)
INCHON SITE A (31 july 2001, 10:30)Weather detection
levels 1 (dark green) and 2 (light green)
ATC PSR Radar (weather channel)
Weather Radar
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Down-link of Wind Information by ADS-B/Mode S Wind Information by Mode S Data-link (Monopulse Secundary
Surveillance Radar) : Thales RSM 970 S Secundary Radar Mode S "Enhanced Surveillance" (EHS) : Surveillance Radar can extract 1 to 5
BDS per scan : Register 50 hex (Track and Turn Report) : ground speed, true track angle, true
airspeed, and the roll angle. Register 60 hex (Heading and Speed Report) : magnetic heading, indicated
airspeed, and Mach number. Output from SSR Radar : ASTERIX format BDS 4/5,6 RSM 970 S Records scheduled by Thales in 2010
Wind information by ADS-B Data-link (Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast) 1090 MHz Extented Squiter Link : Thales AS 680 ADS-B Ground Station and
Multichannel AS 685-ADS-B/TIS-B and Existing Messages : Aircraft emitter category, Aircraft position and pressure
altitude Aircraft speed, and heading New requirements (update-rate : 10 s to 20 s) : Wind speed and direction,
Static temperature and barometric pressure, Aircraft weight and configuration, Atmospheric turbulence (eddy dissipation rate and total kinetic energy)
Constraints : bandwidth limitations in high density of aircrafts case, data latencies
Thales AS 680 ADS-B Ground Station / MAGS
Thales AS 685 -ADS-B/TIS-B Multichannel
Ground Station
Final Approach
Landing
Thales RSM 970 S
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Down-link of Wind Information by ADS-B/Mode S Paris Traffic (CDG/LE Bourget/ORLY Airports) :
Potential ADS-B Data Coverage
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SESAR WP12.2.2 Project schedule overview
2010-2012 2013-2014 2015-2016
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Data acquisition:Sensors
Benchmark(CDG)
Partial prototype:« Off-Line » demonstration
Time Based Separation(CDG)
Full scale prototype:« Shadow Mode »
Weather Dependant Separation(CDG)
WV sensors :• X-band radar (mech scan)•1.5 m Lidar
Weather Sensors :• Ultrasonic Anemometers • Lidar Wind Profiler• UHF Radar Wind Profiler• SODAR• X-band weather radar
WVAS System :• Separation Mode Planner• Wake Vortex Predictors • WV Alerts• Operator HMI
WV sensors :• X-band radar (elec scan)• 1.5 m Lidar
Weather Sensors :• Selected Wind profiling sensors
Full scale updated prototype:« Shadow Mode »
Pair Wise Separation(Frankfurt)
WVAS System :• Separation Mode Planner• Wake Vortex Predictors • WV Alerts• Operator HMI
WV sensors :• X-band radar (elec scan)• 1.5 m LidarWeather Sensors :• Selected Wind profiling sensors
WVAS System :• Separation Mode Planner• Wake Vortex Predictors • WV Alerts• Operator HMI
WV sensors :• X-band radar (elec scan)• 1.5 m Lidar
Weather Sensors :• Selected Wind profiling sensors
XP0Trials
Full scale simulation model
XP2Trials
XP3Trials
Model calibration & validation
XP1Trials
Note: The Wake Vortex Advisory System: WVAS
February 2011
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THALES will supervise benchmarking of : Wake Vortex Monitoring Sensors
Wind Monitoring Sensors
Existing Meteo-France Equipment at Paris CDG Airport
Suite of Sensors benchmarking
M-Scan X-band Radars
Weather X-band Radar
1.5 m Lidar Wind Profiler
UHF Radar Wind Profiler
Ultrasonic Anemometers
Sodar Anemometers
UHF Radar Wind Profiler
1.5 m Lidar Scanner
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Simulators Wake-Vortex Monitoring Radar Simulator (VHF to W bands) RCS signature in clear-air/rain Doppler signature High Range Resolution
Sensors : Technology for Low-Cost Polarimetric X-band Electronic scanning
Radar Antenna Technology for High-Power 1.5 m Lidar Scanner
Processing Advanced Wake-Vortex Detection/Fusion based on multi-sensors
Radar/Lidar data Tracking with Model/Sensors Collaboration Advanced Weather Channel of ATC PSR Radar
New standard for Met Data by Data-link: Mode S ADS-B
European Research Needs
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A new generation of low cost sensors has recently emerged, boosted by technological breakthroughs & Renewel Wind Energy Market : Electronic scanning Low Cost X-band Radar High Power 1.5 micron Lidar scanner
Existing Equipments can be upgraded : Weather channel of S-band ATC PSR Radar Met Data from ADS-B/Mode S Extented Squiter
These sensors and data-links will be key enablers for critical Wake Vortex Advisory System that will be developed in : SESAR WP12.2.2 “Runway Wake Vortex Detection, Prediction and
decision support tools”. In future systems, operational in all weather conditions, Wind data will be ingested in “Wake Vortex Predictor” and will require: accurate/high space resolution fast time update rate
Wake-Vortex monitoring will improve confidence of Safety Nets with : Wake vortex position Wake vortex strength (circulation in m2/s) Wake vortex phase (transport & decay)
SYNTHESIS
From System-centric approach to Sensor-centric Approach
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Questions
« A blind in one eye is the king in blinds kingdom »
Don’t let the ATC Operator & system use their 6th sense for Wake-Vortex Mitigation.
Allow them to have access to the Clear-sightedness of
Wind & Wake-Vortex sensors.