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Frdric Stevens Thesis seminar LCIS-GREENMat 1 Slide 2 Presentations main points Introduction Targets and problems Storage & Distribution method Materials for solid storage Conclusions 2 Slide 3 Cavendish Henry : Inflammable air (1766) Introduction Hydro = water 3 Etymology HH Luft erhebt sich und bricht herfdir gleichwie ein Wind (Archidoxa, Paracelsus (1493-1541)) Lavoisier Antoine: Hydrogen (1783) 2 H 2 + O 2 H 2 O Dihydrogen History Dihydrogen Gen genan = to generate Slide 4 4 Introduction Montgolfier brother (1783) Zeppelin 1900 Streetlight in Paris (P. Lebon 1786) Internal combustion engine (1806 Rivaz) Hydrogen maser 1952 :Pr Robert H. Dicke Hydrogen fuel cell (W. R.G roove 1839) Applications Slide 5 5 1923 - BASF C 2 H 5 -S-C 2 H 5 + 2 H 2 H 2 S + 2 C 2 H 6 1949 - Hydrodesulfuration Introduction 1897 - Paul Sabatier 1901 - Wilhelm Normann N 2 + 3H 2 2 NH 3 1910 - Fritz Haber Popular reactions Slide 6 6 57,6.10 6 ton/year 1 Introduction 1 AFH2 feb 2008 Slide 7 7 Phase diagram H 2 + O 2 H 2 O H= -285,97 kJ/mol at 25C Fuel TypeEnergy Content (kJ/g) 1 dihydrogen120 Natural gas50 Kerosene46 Methanol20 H2H2 CH 4 Flammability limit4-76%5-15% density0,09 kg/m0,67 kg/m Introduction Slide 8 Why H 2 is not use as fuel for our cars? 8 Production distribution and storage Targets and problems Slide 9 H 2 is too volatile unexploitable quantities in the nature Must be produced 9 Targets and problems Slide 10 10 Produced from other compounds CH 4 H2OH2O CnHmCnHm Targets and problems Slide 11 11 Production: Synthesis Partial oxidation Plasma reforming Coal gasification Steam reforming Water CH 4 + H 2 O CO + 3 H 2 CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 C n H m + n/2 O 2 nCO 2 + m/2 H 2 CO 2 + CH 4 2CO + 2H 2 3C + O 2 + H 2 O 3CO + H 2 2H 2 O + Energy O 2 + 2H 2 ElectrolysisE= external applied voltage ThermolysisE= heat Photobiological water splitting E= sun Catalyst = biomolecule Photocatalytic water splitting E= sun Catalyst = inorganic compound Thermochemical processE= heat + other molecules Slide 12 12 Targets & Possibilities Immobile and huge quantities Pipelines 100 kg - 1 ton and more Slide 13 13 Pipelines Old technology (1938) Underground steel pipes (50 years old) No famous damage registered For more than 1 ton P= 3.4 to 100 bars = 10 300mm Under development: To reduce the cost To reduce the weakening of steel provoked by H 2 To improve the soldered joints To improve the compression technology USA: 1150 km H2O2N2H2O2N2 EU: 1500km Slide 14 14 Targets & Possibilities Mobile and/or limited quantitiesImmobile and huge quantities Pipelines < 100kg 100 kg - 1 ton and more 100 kg -1 ton Tanks Slide 15 15 Requirements for cars Cars Slide 16 16 Summary of the requirements Cars 500km /full tank Storing device (to compete fossil fuel) 6kg dH 2 /100kg of storing device 45kg dH 2 /m of storing device Working temperature: -30C to 150C Suitable pressure Slide 17 17 Solid state hydrogen storage High pressure hydrogen storage Gas, supercritical fluid Cryogenic hydrogen storage Liquid Organic liquid Possibilities 700 bar Phase diagram Min 6 wt. % Slide 18 18 Gas storage: Composite pressurized tank Internal pressure: 700 bar but still too voluminous most developed technology Slide 19 19 70.8 kg/m 3 x Liquefaction require too much energy x Loss of efficiency due to evaporation x Voluminous insulation Liquid storage: Cryogenic hydrogen storageOrganic liquid 6,1 wt % x Rest products must be recycled in plants for rehydrogenation x Conversion Yield 37 Conclusion Pressurized Gas Liquid H 2 Solid state storage Adsorption on surface In the structure >700 bar Volume not suitable metallic glasses carbon-based compound Zeolite MOFs Small pores (high specific surface) Mg Best results with complex metal hydride Simple metal hydride Complex metal hydride Intermetallic & perspectives Slide 38 38 Thanks for your attention ! If Water is life and hydrogen generates water Does hydrogen generate life?