Frederick Law Olmsted 1

Frederick Law Olmsted

Frederick Law Olmsted Sr.

Born April 26, 1822[1] Hartford, Connecticut

Died August 28, 1903 (aged 81)Belmont, Massachusetts

Occupation landscape architect, journalist

Spouse Mary Olmsted

Children A daughter and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.

Parents John and Charlotte Olmsted

Signature

Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822 – August 28, 1903) was an American journalist, social critic, publicadministrator, and landscape designer. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscapearchitecture, although many scholars have bestowed that title upon Andrew Jackson Downing. Olmsted was famousfor co-designing many well-known urban parks with his senior partner Calvert Vaux, including Central Park andProspect Park in New York City.[2]

Other projects that Olmsted has been involved in include the country's first and oldest coordinated system of publicparks and parkways in Buffalo, New York; the country's oldest state park, the Niagara Reservation in Niagara Falls,New York; one of the first planned communities in the United States, Riverside, Illinois; Mount Royal Park inMontreal, Quebec; the Emerald Necklace in Boston, Massachusetts; also the Emerald Necklace of parks inRochester, New York; Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine; the Belle Isle Park, in the Detroit River for Detroit,Michigan; the Presque Isle Park [3] in Marquette, Michigan; the Grand Necklace of Parks in Milwaukee, Wisconsin;the Cherokee Park and entire parks and parkway system in Louisville, Kentucky; Springfield, Massachusetts'735-acre Forest Park, featuring America's first public "wading pool" [4] ; the George Washington Vanderbilt IIBiltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina; the master plans for the University of California, Berkeley andStanford University near Palo Alto, California; and the Montebello Park in St. Catharines, Ontario. In Chicago hisprojects include: Marquette Park; Jackson Park; Washington Park; the Midway Plaisance for the 1893 World'sColumbian Exposition; the south portion of Chicago's "'emerald necklace'" boulevard ring; Cadwalader Park inTrenton, New Jersey; and the University of Chicago campus. In Washington, D.C. he worked on the landscapesurrounding the United States Capitol building. One of his lesser known works is Point Chautauqua. Olmsted washired by the Baptist Church to develop a residential community that blended in seamlessly with the natural worldaround it.

Frederick Law Olmsted 2

Biography

Early life and educationOlmsted was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 26, 1822. His father, John Olmsted, was a prosperous merchantwho took a lively interest in nature, people, and places; Frederick Law and his younger brother, John Hull, alsoshowed this interest. His mother, Charlotte Law (Hull) Olmsted, died when he was scarcely four years old. His fatherremarried in 1827 to Mary Ann Bull, who shared her husband's strong love of nature and had perhaps a morecultivated taste.When the young Olmsted was almost ready to enter Yale College, as a graduate of Phillips Academy in 1838, sumacpoisoning weakened his eyes so he gave up college plans. After working as a seaman, merchant, and journalist,Olmsted settled on a farm in January 1848 on the south shore of Staten Island which his father helped him acquire.This farm, originally named the Akerly Homestead, was renamed Tosomock Farm by Olmsted. It was later renamed"The Woods of Arden" by owner Erastus Wiman. (The house in which Olmsted lived still stands at 4515 HylanBlvd, near Woods of Arden Road.)

Marriage and familyOn June 13, 1859, Olmsted married Mary Cleveland (Perkins) Olmsted, the widow of his brother John (who haddied in 1857). He adopted her three sons (his nephews), among them John Charles Olmsted. Frederick and Mary hadtwo children together who survived infancy: a daughter and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.

CareerOlmsted had a significant career in journalism. In 1850, he traveled to England to visit public gardens, where he wasgreatly impressed by Joseph Paxton's Birkenhead Park. He subsequently wrote and published Walks and Talks of anAmerican Farmer in England in 1852. This supported his getting additional work.Interested in the slave economy, he was commissioned by the New York Daily Times (now The New York Times) toembark on an extensive research journey through the American South and Texas from 1852 to 1857. From the Texastrip, Olmsted wrote his narrative account published as A Journey Through Texas (1857). It was recognized as thework of an astute observer of the land and lifestyles of Texas. Olmsted believed that slavery was not only morallyodious, but expensive and economically inefficient.His dispatches to the Times were collected into multiple volumes which remain vivid first-person social documentsof the pre-war South. The last of these, Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom (1861), was publishedduring the first six months of the American Civil War. It helped inform and galvanize antislavery sentiment in theNortheast. These three volumes were later condensed and edited as a single volume.[5] [6]

In 1865, Olmsted cofounded the magazine The Nation.

Frederick Law Olmsted 3

New York City's Central Park

View of Willowdell Arch with the team that created Central Park. Standing on thepathway over the span, from Right: Frederick Law Olmsted, Jacob Wrey Mould, Ignaz

Anton Pilat, Calvert Vaux, George Waring, and Andrew Haswell Green. Photographed in1862.

Andrew Jackson Downing, thecharismatic landscape architect fromNewburgh, New York, was one of thefirst who proposed the development ofNew York's Central Park in his role aspublisher of The Horticulturistmagazine. A friend and mentor toOlmsted, Downing introduced him tothe English-born architect CalvertVaux. Downing had brought Vauxfrom England as his architectcollaborator. After Downing died inJuly 1852, in a widely publicizedsteamboat explosion on the HudsonRiver, Olmsted and Vaux entered the Central Park design competition together, against Egbert Ludovicus Vieleamong others. Vaux had invited the less experienced Olmsted to participate in the design competition with him,having been impressed with Olmsted's theories and political contacts. Prior to this, in contrast with the moreexperienced Vaux, Olmsted had never actually designed and executed a landscape design.

They were announced as winners in 1858. On his return from the South, Olmsted began executing their plan almostimmediately. Olmsted and Vaux continued their informal partnership to design Prospect Park in Brooklyn from 1865to 1873.[7] That was followed by other projects. Vaux remained in the shadow of Olmsted's grand public personalityand social connections.The design of Central Park embodies Olmsted's social consciousness and commitment to egalitarian ideals.Influenced by Downing and his own observations regarding social class in England, China and the American South,Olmsted believed that the common green space must always be equally accessible to all citizens. This principle isnow fundamental to the idea of a "public park", but was not assumed as necessary then. Olmsted's tenure as parkcommissioner in New York was a long struggle to preserve that idea.

Civil WarOlmsted took leave as director of Central Park to work as Executive Secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, aprecursor to the Red Cross in Washington, D.C.. He tended to the wounded during the American Civil War. In 1862,during Union General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign, Olmsted headed the medical effort for the sickand wounded at White House in New Kent County, where there was a ship landing on the Pamunkey River.On the home front, Olmsted was one of the six founding members of the Union League Club of New York.

U.S. park designerIn 1863, he went west to become the manager of the Rancho Las Mariposas-Mariposa mining estate in the SierraNevada mountains in California. Honoring his early work in preserving Yosemite Valley, the promontory OlmstedPoint near Tenaya Lake in Yosemite National Park was named after him.In 1865 Vaux and Olmsted formed Olmsted, Vaux and Company. When Olmsted returned to New York, he andVaux designed Prospect Park; suburban Chicago's Riverside parks; the park system for Buffalo, New York;Milwaukee, Wisconsin's grand necklace of parks; and the Niagara Reservation at Niagara Falls.Olmsted not only created numerous city parks around the country, he also conceived of entire systems of parks and interconnecting parkways to connect certain cities to green spaces. Two of the best examples of the scale on which

Frederick Law Olmsted 4

Olmsted worked are the park system designed for Buffalo, New York, one of the largest projects; and the system hedesigned for Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

For a list of Olmsted designed parks in Buffalo, New York, please see Buffalo, New York parks system.

Frederick Law Olmsted, oil painting by John SingerSargent, 1895, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North

Carolina

Olmsted was a frequent collaborator with Henry HobsonRichardson, for whom he devised the landscaping schemes for halfa dozen projects, including Richardson's commission for theBuffalo State Asylum.[8] H. H. Richardson Complex

In 1883 Olmsted established what is considered to be the firstfull-time landscape architecture firm in Brookline, Massachusetts.He called the home and office compound Fairsted. It is now therestored Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site. From thereOlmsted designed Boston's Emerald Necklace, the campuses ofStanford University and the University of Chicago, as well as the1893 World's Fair in Chicago, among many other projects.

Death and legacy

In 1895, senility forced Olmsted to retire. In 1898 he moved toBelmont, Massachusetts and took up residence as a patient atMcLean Hospital, whose grounds he had designed several yearsbefore. He remained there until his death in 1903. He was buriedin the Old North Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.

After Olmsted's retirement and death, his sons John CharlesOlmsted and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. continued the work oftheir firm, doing business as the Olmsted Brothers. The firm lasteduntil 1980.

A quotation from Olmsted's friend and colleague architect Daniel Burnham could serve as an epitaph. Referring toOlmsted in March 1893, Burnham said, "An artist, he paints with lakes and wooded slopes; with lawns and banksand forest covered hills; with mountain sides and ocean views."[9]

Academic campuses designed by OlmstedBetween 1857 and 1895, Olmsted designed numerous school and college campuses.From 1895-1950, the Olmsted Brothers (his successors) added to some of their father's initial projects, as well asdesigning new ones. (See their article for projects.) Together, these works totaled 355. Some of the most famous ofFrederick Law Olmsted are listed here.

Frederick Law Olmsted 5

• American University Main Campus, Washington, D.C. • Middlesex School, Concord, Massachusetts• Auburn University Main Campus, Auburn, Alabama • Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts• Berwick Academy, South Berwick, Maine (1894) • Noble and Greenough School, Dedham, Massachusetts• Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (1885) • Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (1890ss)• Colgate University, Lower grounds, Hamilton, New York • Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (1891–1965)• Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado • Pomfret School, Pomfret, Connecticut• Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (1867–73) • St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)• Denison University, Granville, Ohio • Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts (1891–1909)• Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey • St. Joseph Hill Academy, Staten Island, New York• Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. (1866) • Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, master plan (1886–1914)• Good Will Home Associasion, Hinckley, Maine • Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut (1872–94)• Groton School, Groton, Massachusetts • University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, master plan

(1865)• Grove City College, Grove City, Pennsylvania • University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois• Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey

(1883–1901)• University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

• Manhattanville College, Purchase, New York • Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (1865–99)• Miami University, Oxford, Ohio (1912) • Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts• Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan • Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (1874–81)

Other notable Olmsted commissionsThis list is incomplete.

Alphabetically

ABC

• Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts• Back Bay Fens, Arborway and Riverway, Boston, Massachusetts• Beardsley Park, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1884• Beechcroft Gardens, Roches Point, Ontario, ca. 1870[10]

• Belle Isle Park, Detroit, Michigan, master plan and landscape in the 1880s• Biltmore Estate grounds, Asheville, North Carolina• Branch Brook Park, Newark, New Jersey, 1900 redesign• Brandywine Park, Wilmington, Delaware, 1886• Brookdale Park, Bloomfield and Montclair, New Jersey built 1928–1931• The parks system of Buffalo, New York• Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island• Buttonwood Park, New Bedford, Massachusetts• Cadwalader Park, Trenton, New Jersey• Carroll Park, Bay City, Michigan• Central Park, Manhattan, New York City, New York, 1853 (opened in 1856)[11]

• Cherokee Park, Louisville, Kentucky• Civic Center Park, Denver, Colorado• Congress Park, Saratoga Springs, New York• Cushing Island, Maine

Frederick Law Olmsted 6

DEF

• Deering Oaks, Portland, Maine• Downing Park, Newburgh, New York• Druid Hill Park, Baltimore, Maryland• Druid Hills, Georgia• Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York[11]

• Elizabeth Park, Hartford & West Hartford, Connecticut• Elmwood Cemetery, Detroit, Michigan• Fairmount Park, Riverside, California• Florham, former estate of Hamilton and Florence (Vanderbilt) Twombly. Now the campus of Fairleigh Dickinson

University, Florham Park, New Jersey• Forest Park, Springfield, Massachusetts, designed in 1893• Forest Park, Queens, New York[11]

• Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, New York[11]

• Franklin Park, Boston, Massachusetts

GHI

• Genesee Valley Park, Rochester, New York[12]

• George Ward Park, Birmingham, Alabama• Glen Magna Farms, Danvers, Massachusetts• Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn, New York[11]

• Highland Park, Rochester, New York[12]

• Hubbard Park, Meriden, Connecticut• The Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut, 1860s

JKL

• Jackson Park, originally South Park, Chicago, Illinois• Kykuit Gardens, Rockefeller family estate, Mount Pleasant, New York from 1897• Lakehurst Gardens, Roches Point, Ontario, ca. 1870[10]

• Lake Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin [13]

• Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, Portland, Oregon• Lynn Woods, Lynn, Massachusetts

MNO

• Manor Park, Larchmont, New York• Maplewood Park, Rochester, New York[12]

• Middlesex School, Concord, Massachusetts• MIT Endicott House, Dedham, Massachusetts• Montebello Park, St. Catharines, Ontario[14]

• Morningside Park, New York City, New York[11]

• Mount Royal Park, Montreal, Quebec, inaugurated in 1876• Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland, California, dedicated in 1865• Nay Aug Park, Scranton, Pennsylvania• New York State Hospital for the Insane, Buffalo, New York• Newton City Hall landscaping, Newton, Massachusetts, designed by Henry Vincent Hubbard of the Olmsted

Brothers firm, dedicated 1932• Niagara Reservation (now Niagara Falls State Park), Niagara Falls, New York, dedicated in 1885

Frederick Law Olmsted 7

• North Park, Fall River, Massachusetts (1901)[15]

• Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, New York[11]

• Oyster Harbors, Osterville, Massachusetts

PQR

• Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, California• Pinehurst, North Carolina, ground broken in 1895• Various parks in Portland, Oregon[16]

• Presque Isle Park, Marquette, Michigan[17]

• Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York, finished 1868[11]

• Public Pleasure Grounds, San Francisco, California• River Park (now Riverside Park), Milwaukee, Wisconsin[13]

• Village of Riverside, Illinois• Riverside Drive, Manhattan, New York[11]

• Riverside Park, Manhattan, New York[11]

• The Rockery, Easton, Massachusetts• Ruggles Park, Fall River, Massachusetts

STUV

• Seaside Park, Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1860s• Various parks in Seattle, Washington[16]

• Seneca Park, Louisville, Kentucky• Seneca Park, Rochester, New York[12]

• Shelburne Farms, Shelburne, Vermont• Skillman Epilepsy Hospital (subsequently North Princeton Developmental Center) Montgomery, New Jersey• Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C.• South Mountain Reservation, Essex County, New Jersey (done by successors, not by Olmsted senior)• South Park (now Kennedy Park), Fall River, Massachusetts• Sudbrook Park, Baltimore, Maryland, 1889• Olmsted Subdivision Historic District, Swampscott, Massachusetts• Tyler Park, Lowell, Massachusetts. Smallest park Olmsted and associates designed• United States Capitol grounds, Washington, D.C.• The Uplands, Victoria, British Columbia, 1907• Utah State Capitol grounds master plan, Salt Lake City, Utah• Thompson Park, Watertown, New York[18]

• Town of Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, 1895• Vanderbilt Mausoleum, New York City, New York[11]

Frederick Law Olmsted 8

WXYZ

• Walnut Hill Park, New Britain, Connecticut• West Park Zoological Gardens (now Washington Park), Milwaukee, Wisconsin [13]

• Whitman Town Park, Whitman, Massachusetts, circa 1875• Woodburn Circle, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia• Wood Island Park, Boston, Massachusetts (taken by eminent domain in the 1960s to expand Logan International

Airport)• World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, 1893• World's End, formerly the John Brewer Estate, Hingham, Massachusetts, 1889• Wright Brothers Hill, Dayton, Ohio, 1938–1940

Olmsted sites by State and Province

Canada

British Columbia

• Victoria: The Uplands, 1907

Ontario

• Roches Point: Beechcroft Gardens, ca. 1870[10]

• Roches Point: Lakehurst Gardens, ca. 1870[10]

• St. Catharines: Montebello Park[14]

Quebec

• Montreal: Mount Royal Park, inaugurated in 1876

United States

Alabama

• Birmingham: George Ward Park

California

• Berkeley: Piedmont Avenue• Oakland: Mountain View Cemetery, dedicated in 1865• Riverside: Fairmount Park• San Francisco: Public Pleasure Grounds

Frederick Law Olmsted 9

Colorado

• Denver: Civic Center Park

Connecticut

• Bridgeport:• Beardsley Park, 1884• Seaside Park, 1860s

• Hartford:• Elizabeth Park (Hartford & West Hartford)• The Institute of Living, 1860s

• New Britain: Walnut Hill Park

Delaware

• Wilmington: Brandywine Park, 1886

Georgia

• Druid Hills• Atlanta

Illinois

• Chicago:• Jackson Park, originally South Park• World's Columbian Exposition, 1893

• Riverside: Village of Riverside

Kentucky

• Louisville• Cherokee Park• Seneca Park• Iroquois Park• Shawnee Park

Maine

• Cushing Island• Portland: Deering Oaks

Maryland

• Baltimore:• Druid Hill Park• Sudbrook Park, 1889

Frederick Law Olmsted 10

Massachusetts

• Boston:• Emerald Necklace:

• Back Bay Fens, Arborway and Riverway• Muddy River Improvement• Olmsted Park• Jamaica Park• Arnold Arboretum• Franklin Park

• Charlesbank• Charlestown Heights• Commonwealth Avenue - Brighton• North End Park and Copps Hill Terrace• Pleasure Bay• Wood Island Park (taken by eminent domain in the 1960s to expand Logan International Airport)

• Brookline:• Beacon Street Widening• Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site

• Concord: Middlesex School• Danvers: Glen Magna Farms• Dedham: MIT Endicott House• Easton: The Rockery• Fall River:

• North Park, 1901[15]

• Ruggles Park• South Park (now Kennedy Park)

• Hingham: World's End, formerly the John Brewer Estate, 1889• Lowell: Tyler Park (smallest park Olmsted and associates designed)• Lynn: Lynn Woods• Malden: Fellsmere Park Parkways, 1893• New Bedford: Buttonwood Park• Newton: City Hall park, 1932• Osterville: Oyster Harbors• Springfield: Forest Park• Swampscott: Olmsted Subdivision Historic District• Whitman: Whitman Town Park, circa 1875• Worcester: Elm Park, 1854

Frederick Law Olmsted 11

Michigan

• Bay City: Carroll Park• Detroit:

• Belle Isle Park, master plan and landscape in the 1880s• Elmwood Cemetery

• Marquette: Presque Isle Park[17]

New Jersey

• Bloomfield & Montclair: Brookdale Park, built 1928–1931• Essex County: South Mountain Reservation (done by successors, not by Olmsted senior)• Florham Park: Florham, former estate of Hamilton and Florence (Vanderbilt) Twombly. Now the campus of

Fairleigh Dickinson University• Union County: Warinanco Park, built 1923• Newark: Branch Brook Park, 1900 redesign• Lawrenceville: Lawrenceville School, central campus, 1883• Trenton: Cadwalader Park

New York

• Buffalo:• Buffalo parks system• New York State Hospital for the Insane

• Larchmont: Manor Park• Mount Pleasant: Kykuit Gardens, Rockefeller family estate, from 1897• New York City:

• Brooklyn:• Eastern Parkway [11]

• Fort Greene Park[11]

• Grand Army Plaza[11]

• Ocean Parkway[11]

• Prospect Park, finished 1868[11]

• Manhattan:• Central Park, 1853 (opened in 1856)[11]

• Fort Tryon Park[11]

• Morningside Park[11]

• Riverside Drive[11]

• Riverside Park[11]

• Queens:• Forest Park[11]

• Staten Island:• Vanderbilt Mausoleum, Moravian Cemetery[11]

Frederick Law Olmsted 12

N.Y. (cont'd)

• Newburgh: Downing Park• Niagara Falls: Niagara Reservation (now Niagara Falls State Park), dedicated in 1885• Rochester:

• Genesee Valley Park[12]

• Highland Park[12]

• Maplewood Park[12]

• Seneca Park[12]

• Saratoga Springs: Congress Park• Watertown: Thompson Park[18]

North Carolina

• Asheville: Biltmore Estate grounds• Pinehurst: ground broken in 1895• Dilworth: ground broken in 1890

Ohio

• Dayton: Wright Brothers Hill, 1938–1940

Oregon

• Portland:• Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition• Various parks[16]

Pennsylvania

• Scranton: Nay Aug Park• Town of Vandergrift: 1895

Rhode Island

• Providence: Butler Hospital

Utah

• Salt Lake City: Utah State Capitol grounds master plan

Vermont

• Shelburne: Shelburne Farms

Frederick Law Olmsted 13

Washington

• Seattle: Various parks[16]

Washington, D.C.

• American University• Gallaudet University Olmsted Green• Smithsonian National Zoological Park• United States Capitol grounds

West Virginia

• Morgantown: Woodburn Circle, West Virginia University

Wisconsin

• Milwaukee:• Lake Park[13]

• River Park (now Riverside Park)[13]

• West Park Zoological Gardens (now Washington Park)[13]

Olmsted in popular cultureIn Erik Larson's The Devil in the White City, Olmsted is featured as one of the most important figures participating inthe design of the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. In the book, his personality and actions are givensignificant coverage. In addition, his importance in designing the fair is highlighted (e.g., his part in picking thegeographic site and his bureaucratic involvement in planning the fair).

Notes[1] A celebration of the life and work of Frederick Law Olmsted (http:/ / www. fredericklawolmsted. com) - Biography Page.[2] "F. L Olmstead is Dead; End Comes to Great Landscape Architect at Waverly, Mass. Designer of Central and Prospect Parks and Other

Famous Garden Spots of American Cities." (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ mem/ archive-free/pdf?res=9905EFD71339E333A2575AC2A96E9C946297D6CF) New York Times. August 29, 1903.

[3] http:/ / www. michigandnr. com/ publications/ pdfs/ wildlife/ viewingguide/ up/ 19Presque/ index. htm[4] www.springfield375.org[5] Cf. Wilson, p.220. "At the beginning of the Civil War, it was suggested by Olmsted's English publisher that a one-volume abridgment of all

three of these books would be of interest to the British public, and Olmsted, then busy with Central Park, arranged to have this condensationmade by an anti-slavery writer from North Carolina. Olmsted himself contributed to it a new introduction on The Present Crisis."

[6] Olmsted, Frederick Law, "The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States. Based UponThree Former Volumes of Journeys and Investigations" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=E-_cI0218rkC& printsec=frontcover&dq=the+ cotton+ kingdom), Mason Brothers, 1862

[7] Lancaster, Clay (1972). Handbook of Prospect Park (http:/ / www. greenswardparks. org/ books/ handbook. html). Long Island UniversityPress. pp. 51–66. ISBN 0-913252-06-9. .

[8] Carla Yanni, The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States, University of Minnesota Press, 2007., 127-139[9] Larson, The Devil in the White City[10] Beechcroft and Lakehurst Gardens National Historic Site (http:/ / www. pc. gc. ca/ apps/ lhn-nhs/ det_E. asp?oqSID=0512&

oqeName=Beechcroft+ and+ Lakehurst+ Gardens& oqfName=Jardins+ de+ Beechcroft+ et+ Lakehurst)[11] Commissions which are within New York City are all from: White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot; AIA Guide to New York City, 4th Edition;

New York Chapter, American Institute of Architects; Crown Publishers/Random House. 2000. ISBN 0-8129-31069-8; ISBN 0-8129-3107-6.[12] Wickes, Majorie; Tim O'Connell (April 1988). "The Legacy of Frederick Law Olmstead" (http:/ / www. rochester. lib. ny. us/ ~rochhist/

v50_1988/ v50i2. pdf). Rochester History (Rochester Public Library) L (2). ISSN 0035-7413. . Retrieved 2007-12-29.[13] Lake Park Friends (http:/ / www. lakeparkfriends. org/ history. shtml)[14] Montebello Park (http:/ / www. stcatharines. ca/ recreation/ pt/ montebello_park. asp). City of St. Catharines. Accessed May 16, 2010.[15] Official website (http:/ / www. fallriverma. org/ pressarticles. asp?ID=139), Fall River, Massachusetts[16] "The Olmsteds in the Pacific Northwest" (http:/ / www. halcyon. com/ tmend/ Olmsted. htm#Portland). .

Frederick Law Olmsted 14

[17] Presque Isle Park (http:/ / www. michigandnr. com/ publications/ pdfs/ wildlife/ viewingguide/ up/ 19Presque/ index. htm). Michigan.Accessed May 16, 2010.

[18] Historic Thompson Park (http:/ / www. watertown-ny. gov/ index. asp?NID=140). Watertown, New York.

References• Beveridge, Charles E; Paul Rocheleau (October 1998). Frederick Law Olmsted: Designing the American

Landscape. New York, New York: Universe Publishing. ISBN 0-7893-0228-4.• Guide to Biltmore Estates. Asheville, North Carolina: The Biltmore Company. 2003.• Hall, Lee (1995). Olmsted's America: An "Unpractical" Man and His Vision of Civilization. Boston, MA:

Bullfinch Press. ISBN 0821219987.• Olmsted, Frederick Law (1856). A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States; With Remarks on Their Economy.

ISBN 083710601X.• Roper, Laura Wood. FLO, a biography of Frederick Law Olmsted (1973) online edition (http:/ / quod. lib. umich.

edu/ cgi/ t/ text/ text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb05866. 0001. 001)• Rybczynski, Witold (June 1999). A Clearing in the Distance: Frederick Law Olmsted and North America in the

Nineteenth Century. New York, New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-82463-9.• Sears, Stephen W., To the Gates of Richmond: the Peninsula Campaign (1992) Ticknor and Fields, New York,

NY ISBN 0-89919-790-6• Wilson, Edmund, Patriotic gore; studies in the literature of the American Civil War (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=TPpkiosd5MgC& printsec=frontcover& dq=patriotic+ gore), New York, Oxford University Press,1962. Cf. Chapter VI on Northerners in the South: Frederick L. Olmsted.

• (2010): "Frederick Law Omsted: Essential Texts", edited by Robert Twombly, WW Norton & Company, NewYork.

External links• Frederick Law Olmsted (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Arts/ Architecture/ History/ Architects/ O/

Olmsted,_Frederick_Law/ ) at the Open Directory Project• The National Association for Olmsted Parks (http:/ / www. olmsted. org/ )• The Olmsted Plan (http:/ / www. kcet. org/ socal/ departures/ lariver/ convergence/ frederick-law-olmstead. html)

KCET Departures Olmsted Plan• Olmsted and America's Urban Parks (http:/ / watch. thirteen. org/ video/ 1887541606/ ), 2010 documentary;

supplemental materials at OlmstedFilm.org (http:/ / www. olmstedfilm. org)

Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and ContributorsFrederick Law Olmsted  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=441748722  Contributors: 5ju989nfhs50, 72Dino, 8th Ohio Volunteers, A.Roz, AUStudent, AbbyKelleyite,ActivExpression, Addisonbr, Affenbart, Ahoerstemeier, Akb4, Alberus, Alex756, All Is One, Americasroof, Amovrvs, Amydurrell, AnnaKucsma, Anthon.Eff, Archofmadness, Athaenara, Atlant,Auntof6, BL2593, Barnej, Baronbignibs, Bbsrock, Bcorr, Beginning, Beland, Berean Hunter, Bettymnz4, Bierstube Katzen Keller, Bigturtle, Biruitorul, Bluesleeper, Bob Burkhardt, Bobblewik,Bobo192, Boing! said Zebedee, Boston, Broadcastinglive2, Brooktroutman, BuffaloChuck, Bunnyhop11, BusterD, ButtonwoodTree, CDA, CORNELIUSSEON, CSZero, Calliopejen1,CambridgeBayWeather, Camelbinky, Canticle, Caponer, Captain panda, Carptrash, Caseybay, Celithemis, Cfortunato, Charles Matthews, Choster, Chrishmt0423, ChristianH, Clrrjr, Colocho,Cornellrockey, Cosmictinker, Cowpoke49, Cubeofmoon, D6, DS1953, Daderot, Dananderson, Daniel Case, Darkcore, Daveknight88, Decumanus, Dgianotti, Dinopup, Dismas, Dmn,DocWatson42, Docu, Douglas W. Jones, Dralwik, Dspark76, Ears823, Eclectek, Econrad, Edward Waverley, Eeekster, Ekem, Elkman, Emargie, Erendwyn, Erianna, EurekaLott, Excirial,Fagan50, GabrielF, Gdr, Gettingtoit, Glacier109, Glenn A Catlin, GoingBatty, Goldenc, Gosgood, Ground Zero, Grstain, Gryffing, Gsd97jks, HOT L Baltimore, Hede2000, Heidimo, Hobartimus,Hurker4, ILovePlankton, Ibadibam, Infrogmation, J. Van Meter, J0nas3, JJShuba, JNW, JWM83, Jac16888, JamesMLane, Jeltz the Poet, Jengod, Jfg284, Jfknrh, Jg2652, JillandJack,Jim.henderson, Jiminy pop, Jimrain, Jk1lee, John A. Bascom, John Reaves, Johnpacklambert, Jolio94, Jonathan.s.kt, Jons63, Jordan8800, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpers36, Jsc83, Jtdirl,JulieADriver, Justincram, Kabalyonkey, Kathode, Ken Gallager, Kestenbaum, Ketiltrout, Kibiusa, Kingpin13, Knulclunk, Ktr101, Kumioko, Lambdoid, Laura Elizabeth, Lc 04, Lcbates2011,Lockley, Look2See1, Lulutur, Lunkwill, Mackensen, Maralia, MarkinBoston, Mattisse, Maurits, Mdewit, Melburnian, Mensch, Mervyn, Michael Devore, Michael Hardy, Mike Dillon,Mikenucklesii, Mikewaggoner, MissionInn.Jim, Mlouns, Murderbike, Murdochseas, Nae1ida, NawlinWiki, Nlu, Nobaddude, Nonexistant User, Nunh-huh, Offby1, Parkerdr, Parkwells,Peteforsyth, Picasso4418, Preisler, Psychofish, Pvmoutside, QuantumOne, RCEberwein, RHSydnor, Radzewicz, Rdabrowski, RedWolf, Reedy, Restecp, Rich Farmbrough, Rikahlberg, Rj,Rjensen, Rmhermen, Rogerd, Rostdo, RoyBoy, SE7, SIbuff, Seaaron, Sherool, Shooz01, Simbven, Slon02, Slurpee13, Smarkflea, SmilesALot, Sonitus, Sp1245, Ssbohio, Stan Shebs,Stevenmitchell, Stevietheman, Stroppolo, Sunnysidegardens, TFNorman, Ted Wilkes, Tenmei, That Guy, From That Show!, Thingg, Thomas Paine1776, Tide rolls, Titoxd, Tkessler, ToddC4176,Tomdobb, Tommycw1, TonyTheTiger, TonyW, Tothebarricades.tk, Ugur Basak, User2004, VRS, Vaoverland, Vegaswikian, Vertigo700, Volmix, W.stanovsky, Welsh, Wetman, WikiWesty,Wikiklrsc, Wildcat dunny, Woohookitty, X-Weinzar, Xtreambar, Xxvintxx, Yoho2001, Zambaccian, Zeamays, Zephyr2k, Zoicon5, Zondor, 348 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:FLOlmstead.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FLOlmstead.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown. Original uploader was TonyTheTiger aten.wikipediaFile:Appletons' Olmsted Frederick Law signature.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Appletons'_Olmsted_Frederick_Law_signature.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Frederick Law OlmstedFile:Team that Created NY Central Park.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Team_that_Created_NY_Central_Park.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VictorPrevostImage:Frederick Law Olmsted.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Frederick_Law_Olmsted.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: John Singer Sargent

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