FREE COMPETITIONCLEANER SEAS

SAFE TRANSPORTATION

International Association of Independent Tanker OwnersSafe Transport, Cleaner Seas, Free Competition

SUMMARY

• NEW BUILDINGS

• COATING OF CARGO TANKS

• INTERTANKO VOCON PROCEDURE

• BOSPHOROS

NEWBUILDING STANDARDS

• INTERTANKO Newbuilding Awareness Guide • Contractual Terms for Newbuildings• Industry Working Group:

– Overall strength– Uniform req. for fatigue analysis– Uniform corrosion margins– Negative tolerance– Quality and regulations for coating– Access for inspections– Yard choice of Class– Confidentiality Yard-Class– Guarantee period

COATING OF CARGO TANKS

• IACS/INTERTANKO/OCIMF WG• LAN Suggested Rulemaking• Class or IMO regulation?• All NEW oil tankers 5,000 dwt and above• Cargo tank bottom (0.5 m) – only large tankers?• Under deck (2 m down) – padding with Nitrogen as an

alt.?• Coating Specification - approval & control• Surface preparation - approval & control• More Class involvement

COATING OF CARGO TANKS

• Type of coating (light colour in ballast tanks)

• Coating duration (5, 10, 15 years?)

• Batch paint samples and store for the duration of guaranty

• A.798(19) & TSCF Guidelines

COATING OF CARGO TANKS

Coating condition :

• GOOD condition, then the surveyor may decide to reduce close up inspections on areas covered with such coatings

• FAIR condition, then the surveyor would inspect all areas as by ESP guidelines

• POOR condition, then the surveyor would increase the close up inspections as appropriate

• POOR condition and substantial corrosion, then there would be annual inspections.

 

Air Pollution from Ships

• Sources:– Engine emissions (SOx, NOx)– VOC during loading– VOC during transportation

• Legislation:– MARPOL Annex VI (adopted 1997)– EU Directive 1999/32– US Clean Air Act

Unilateral Legislation The EU Directive 1999/32/EU

• The Requirements of the Directive– to Sulphur Cap all grades of Fuels within Table I of

ISO 8217 (1996) to contain max 0.2% (availability, compliance with SOLAS flash point, etc.?)

• Future considerations within the Directive– the Sulphur Cap will reduce to 0.1% by 1st January

2008

– to make a Sulphur Cap proposal for HFO 1%

(refineries equipped to produce amounts required ?)

Unilateral Legislation The US Clean Air Act

• The limits on NOx emissions:– Annex VI – 10 to 17 g/kWh (tankers 15 – 17 g/kWh)– EPA intent – 7 to 12 g/kWh (tankers 10 – 12 g/kWh)– EPA intent – smoke/particulates (not in Annex VI)(engines delivered from 01/2000 comply with Annex VI)

• Monitoring of NOx engine emissions– Annex VI – test bed before installation and re-tests

after overhauls– EPA intent – monitoring onboard the ship(has EPA the right to impose standards on foreign ships

under Clean Air Act ?)

MARPOL Annex VI additional RegulationsMARPOL Annex VI additional Regulations

Fuel Quality Fuel Quality (not in EU Directive or Clean Air Act)(not in EU Directive or Clean Air Act): : • the fuel shall be blends of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum the fuel shall be blends of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum

refining. This shall not preclude small amounts of additives refining. This shall not preclude small amounts of additives intended to improve performanceintended to improve performance

• the fuel shall be free from inorganic acidthe fuel shall be free from inorganic acid

• the fuel shall not include any added substance or chemical waste the fuel shall not include any added substance or chemical waste which either:which either:

– jeopardises ship safety or impacts enginesjeopardises ship safety or impacts engines

– harmful to personnelharmful to personnel

– contributes to air pollutioncontributes to air pollution

MARPOL Annex VI additional RegulationsMARPOL Annex VI additional Regulations

Monitoring of Bunker Deliveries (not in EU Directive or (not in EU Directive or Clean Air Act)Clean Air Act)::

• The Vessel:– Bunker Delivery notes to retained for 3 years and available

for inspection by PSC officers– Sample to be taken of fuel delivered and available for PSC

officers for analysis - retain for 1 year

• The Bunker Supplier:– to be registered– to retain bunker delivery note for 3 years for inspection by

PSC

An Overview of Marine source of Air Pollution within the EU Countries

Data Source – UNFCCC Database

CO2 Data from base year (1990) to 1998 – in thousands of Tonnes

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 EU TOTAL 3,324,149 3,335,146 3,263,122 3,199,893 3,225,893 3,266,981 3,333,986 3,277,459 3,323,240 Marine 108,054 107,882 108,445 111,728 108,772 109,711 117,560 127,276 132,964 % Marine 3.25 3.23 3.32 3.49 3.37 3.36 3.53 3.88 4.00 NMVOC Data from base year (1990) to 1998– in thousands of Tonnes

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 EU TOTAL 16,618 15,881 15,277 14,614 14,558 14,133 13,598 13,297 11,050 Marine 121 115 112 112 103 107 114 123 134 % Marine 0.73 0.72 0.73 0.77 0.71 0.76 0.84 0.93 1.21 NOx Data from base year (1990) to 1998– in thousands of Tonnes

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 EU TOTAL 13,335 12,962 12,626 12,005 11,621 11,313 11,103 10,635 8,952 Marine 1,260 1,194 1,196 1,250 1,210 1,263 1,354 1,457 1,383 % Marine 9.45 9.21 9.47 10.41 10.41 11.16 12.19 13.70 15.45 SO2 Data from base year (1990) to 1998– in thousands of Tonnes

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 EU TOTAL 16,313 14,487 13,351 12,173 11,019 10,070 8,815 8,113 6,987 Marine 949 878 851 924 878 910 985 1,068 1,057 % Marine 5.82 6.06 6.37 7.59 7.97 9.04 11.17 13.16 15.13

POLLUTION DUE TO NON COMPLIANCE

• Strait of Dover – 500 ships passing/year– Ferries 100– Dry cargo 120– Tankers 60– Containers 40– Bulk carriers 180

POLLUTION DUE TO NON COMPLIANCE

• Sulphur emissions in excess of SECA• SECA – max. 1.5% sulphur content• Current average 2.8% sulphur content• Function of installed BHP, additional

sulphur emission is:– 67,528 t/year (6.3% of the whole EU figures for

1998)– 1999 – 2001- 202,564tons

VOC Emissions at loadingVOC Emissions at loading

• Annex VI – requires use of vapour recovery system at Terminals

• State regulations in US impose limitation on emissions during loading – thus use of vapour recover lines at Terminals

• VOC control at off-shore loading left with National/States regulations (Norway by 2005, Delaware & California in sight)

VOC Emissions during VOC Emissions during transportationtransportation

• Significant amount

• No regulations in sight to limit this

• EU decided to leave this with oil and tanker industry

• INTERTANKO VOCON Operational Procedure – October 20001

An Operational Control to limit VOC Emissions

Appendix 5

October 9th releaseArab Light crude Oil

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Time (minutes)

pre

ssu

re m

mW

G

The VOCON ProjectLoss during Loading

Loss of Volatile Organic Compound Vapour during Loading

INCOMING CRUDE OIL CARGO

Hydrocarbon Vapours from Incoming cargo and Previous Crude Oil Cargo

Inert Gas Blanket

Liquid Turbulence

Release of Generated

Vapours due to Over

Pressure

The VOCON ProjectLoss during

TransportationLoss of Volatile Organic Compound

Vapour during Transportation

Crude Oil Cargo

Vapour from the Cargo plus Inert Gas

Vapour Pressure Generated by the Cargo

When the Vapour

Pressure is too

great for the hull, release occurs

Closing Pressure

Closing Pressure

P/V Valve Release Mast Riser Release

INTERTANKO VOCON OPERATIONAL PROCEDUREreducing/controlling the time of opening p/v valve

INTERTANKO work on COW

• Revision of IMO COW Manual – introduction of Cloud Point Temperature

• CRUCLEAN - increased effectiveness and efficiency of COW (in DH tankers):– better positioning of COW machines– reduce pressure at nozzle (only required to

penetrate sludge)– will reduce VOC emissions (vapour and its use as a

solvent crude oil) • Need sponsors for tests

CONCLUSIONS• Air Pollution from ships a fraction of the total• Shipping “contribution” increases due to tight

legislation on shore emissions• Need for International Standards• Enforce MARPOL Annex VI• Technology better than in 1997?• Consider improvements to Annex VI but only after its

enforcement• Shipping industry (new engines; vapour return lines;

VOCON) is far beyond Governments• Lack of enforcement of Annex VI – major

contribution to air pollution in North/Baltic Seas

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

• Oil cargoes (crude or fuel) & bunkers delivered to tankers have occasionally very high Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) concentration

• SOLAS Chapter VII - Carriage of Dangerous Goods, and SOLAS Chapter II-2 part D - Fire Safety Measures for Tankers

• MSDS – shippers shall submit it• Content – as per Guidelines developed by IMO

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

• the correct name of the liquid• emergency procedures• fire and explosion data• general chemical properties data including additives• health data• physical properties• handling and storage recommendations including

information regarding the compatibility of the product for storage in diverse types of storage containers (materials compatibility)

TURKISH STRAITS

• WE DO NOT HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL THE DISASTER HAPPENS BEFORE WE START TO ACT!

• TO PREVNT SUCH A DISASTER, WE NEED YOUR SUPPORT

• PLEASE HELP US TO ASSIST

OIL CONSUMPTION & TRANSPORTATION*

• Fossil fuels - 95% of energy demand (1995 – 2020)• Crude oil consumption – up 56% (1997 – 2020)• Caspian exports - up 300% (2000 – 2010)• Transportation at Sea – one (limited) alternative• Other alternatives – yet to be materialised• Tanker industry does not need an accident• Turkey needs to protect its environment• Joint Preventive Action

* Source: Oil Transportaion and its Environmental Impacts on the Turkish Straits (August 1999, Environemental Fundation of Turkey)

REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTTURKISH STRAITS

Date Ship length

m

Transit Pilot/Tug

8/10/1998 tankers 150-200

tankers 200–300

all ships > 300

anytime

daylight+ETA

daylight+ETA

yes/no

yes/no

yes/yes

8/01/2000 all tankers +30% pilotage fee

9/05/2001 (?) tankers > 200

tankers > 250

daylight

one/day

maybe a 2nd ?

tug escort

tug escort

Frequency of Traffic by Vessel’s Size

Ship’s Length Ships % Transit> 300 m 34 0 2.83 /month

250 - 300 m 513 1 43/month (1.4/day)

200 – 250 m 1,312 3 109/month (3.6/day)

150 - 200 m 4,623 9 385/month (12.7/day)

100 - 150 m 16,154 32 1,346/month

(44.3/day)

< 100 m 28,306 55 2,359/month

(77.5/day)

Source: Oil Transportaion and its Environmental Impacts on the Turkish Straits (August 1999, Environemental Fundation of Turkey)

Number

250-300 m1% 150-200 m

9%

100-150 m32%

< 100 m55%

200-250 m3%

> 300 m0%

Source: Oil Transportaion and its Environmental Impacts on the Turkish Straits (August 1999, Environemental Fundation of Turkey)

TRAFFIC TROUGH BOSPHOROS BY SWHIP'S LENGTH

250-300 m1% 150-200 m

9%

100-150 m32%

< 100 m55%

200-250 m3%

> 300 m0%

Chevron Overseas Petroleum Inc.Eurasia Business Unit

May 2001

Bosphoros-Vessel Transits in 2000-

CRUDE OIL TANKERS

OTHER TANKERS

90%

7%

OTHER VESSELS

3%

(Products, Gas & Chemicals)

Total 48,000+ Transits

25 % of ALL Tankers; Bound To or Coming From Turkish Ports

Source-Various; Turkish Pilots, Surveyors, Load Port Agents, Brokers etc.

No accidents in Istanbul Strait

21

16 17 16 15

31

24

17 16

20

0

4 3

13

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

YEAR

* Source: Oil Transportaion and its Environmental Impacts on the Turkish Straits (August 1999, Environemental Fundation of Turkey)

ACCIDENT & POLLUTION

• Last 40 years – 11 major accidents in Bosphoros

• 1977 Independenta & Evriyali collision• Accidents in 1998

– Bosphoros - 13 (18 ships, only 2 tankers - no pollution)

– Dardanelle – 6 (7 ships, no tankers)

• 111,000 tons oil entry in the Black Sea from rivers (1997)

Source: Oil Transportaion and its Environmental Impacts on the Turkish Straits (August 1999, Environemental Fundation of Turkey)

INTERTANKO Involvement-what can we contribute with-

• International experince with legislation and procedures of safe navigation through other confined waters

• Use of ”The Strait of Istanbul, Sea of Marmara and the Strait of Canakkale Routenign Guide”

• Traffic Separation Scheme Routeing Chart• Turkish Straits Reporting System (TUBRAP)• Traffic only if good visibility• Bridge Management Team• Senior presence in engine control room• Master/Pilot Exchange Information Form, etc.

INTERTANKO Involvement-what feedback we could give-

• Report when inconsistent application of rules • Incidents/accidents with pilots onboard• Salvage Fees for ”non – events”• Tug escort does not guarantee immediate passsage• Significant delays• Problems to accept LOG from 1st class P&I

INTERTANKO Involvement-what action we could suggest-

• Coordination of efforts for a free BUT safe transit• Joint search for safety measures and quality ships• Awareness of the navigational risks• MOU with the authorities provided:

– tankers strictly follow the measures– local authorities, pilots, tugs strictly implement the measures– open feed-back information and corrective action

• Co-peration with Authorities, Oil Companies, TURMEPA and Chamber of Shipping

• Leading role by a local body (Chamber of Shipping)• Commitment to Executive level