freedom movement of india for class 10 th

21
Hkkjr dk jk”Vªokn daiuh dky ,d laf{kIr bfrgkl

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Shashikant Singh P G T Geography Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalya Shankarnagar nanded Maharashtra

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Page 1: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Hkkjr dk jk”Vªokn

daiuh dky ,d laf{kIr bfrgkl

Page 2: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Hkkjr esa vaxszt O;kikj djus ds fy, vk;s A lcls igys fczVsu esa fLFkr ,d daiuh ftldk uke bLV bafM;k daiuh Fkh mlus O;kikj dh igy dh A bLV bafM;k daiuh ds fy, egkjkuh ,fttkcsFk ls ,d vkKi= daiuh dk b- lu~ 1600 esa feyk A daiuh dks Hkkjr esa dikl] uhy] vQhe] ued vkSj pk; dk O;kikj djuk Fkk A tsEl yadsLVj igys vaxzst Fks ftUgsa 1601 esa daiuh dk fu;a=.k lkSaik x;k A elkys ds O;kikj esa bLV bafM;k daiuh dks Mp daiuh ls dM+h VDdj feyh A lkFk gh lkFk ;wjksi dh nwljh daifu;ka Hkh eqdkcys esa Fkha A Qzkal dh daiuh ds lkFk 1748 ls 1756 rd ;q) gqvk ftlesa fczVsu dh fot; gqbZ A daiuh dh vlyh ijh{kk gqbZ iyklh dh yM+kbZ 1757 bZ esa tgka ,d vksj fljktqnkSyk dh lsuk;sa Fkha vkSj nwljh vksj ykMZ Dykbo dh lsuk A fejtkQj us fljktqnkSyk dks /kks[kk fn;k vkSj ykMZ Dykbo dh thr gks xbZ A mlds ckn yxHkx ,d lkS lky chr x;s A 1857 bZ esa bLV bafM;k daiuh ds f[kykQ Lora=rk dh ,d yM+kbZ yMM+h xbZ ftlesa Hkkjrh;ksa dh gkj gks xbZ A gkj bLV bafM;k daiuh dh Hkh gks xbzZ A egjkuh us vius gkFk esa lRrk ys fy;k A Hkkjr ds Qslys fczVsu dh laln ls gksus yxs A mlds ckn dk le; dkQh rsth ls cny jgk Fkk A 1885 bZ esa , vks g;qe ds }kjk vkWy bafM;k dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ A ml le; ds ok;ljk; Fks YkkMZ MQfju mUgksau ‘kq: esa dkaxzsl dks Hkkjr ds fy, vkSj ljkdkj ds fy, mi;ksxh crk;k A ‘kh?kz gh mudk ;g Hkze nwj gks x;k A 1905 bZ esa tc ykMZ dtZu ok;ljk; cudj vk;s rks muds ,d dke us Hkkjrh; jk”Vªokn dks pje ij igqapk fn;k A 1905 esa caxky dk foHkktu ;g lkspdj fd;k x;k Fkk fd fganw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa esa QwV iM+ tk;sxh A rdZ ;g fn;k x;k fd iz’kklu dh lqfo/kk ds fy, ;g djuk t:jh gS A Hkkjrh;ksa ds tcjnLr fojks/k ds dkj.k 1911 esa ;g foHkktu jÌ djuk iM+k A  

Page 3: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk 1885

1885 esa Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk us ns’k dks ubZ fn’kk nh A mls le; ds cM+s usrk nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth] lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ] fQjkstlkg esgrk] jktxksikyk pkjh] yksdekU; fryd] fofiupanz iky] izeq[k Fks A LkaLFkkid ekus tkrs gSa , vks g;qe tks ,d fjVk;MZ vkb , ,l vf/kdkjh Fks A igyh cSBd 1885 bZ esa eqaCkbZ ds xksdqynkl laLd`r egkfo|ky; ds izkax.k esa gqbZ A igyh cSBd esa 72 yksxksa us Hkkx fy;k A izkjafHkd fnuksa esa dkaxzsl dk fo’okl vaxzsth dkuwu esa Fkk A os f’k”VeaMy ysdj vaxzst vf/kdkjh ds ikl tkrs Fks A 1905 ds cax Hkax esa muds bl Hkze dks rksM+k A lPPks vFkksZa esa dkaxsl dks tu tu ls tksM+us dk dke xak/kh th us fd;k A 1916 ds ckn tc mUgksaus lR;kxzg dk iz;ksx ,d gfFk;kj ds :i esa fd;k A lgh ek;us esa 1919 ds tkfy;kaokyk gR;kdaM ds ckn xka/kh th lfgr lHkh dkaxzslh usrkvksa dk fo’okl vaxzsth ljdkj ij ls mB x;k A

Page 4: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

1905 esa caxky dk foHkktufoHkktu ds le; vle izkar vkSj caxky dh fLFkfr

Page 5: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

1905 esa caxky dk foHkktufoHkktu ds le; fofHkUUk /keksaZ dh fLFkfr

Page 6: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Xkak/kh ;qx 1920-1947& xka/kh th dk Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dks nsu A

Ekksgunkl djepan xka/kh Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ogh LFkku j[krs gSa tks ysfuu :l esa ] eqLRkQk deky ikl rqdhZ esa ] usiksfy;u Ýkal esa ] MkW lU;kr lsu phu esa A mUgsa jk”Vªfirk dh mikf/k ;fn feyh rks mlds ihNs mudk dsoy la?k”kZ gh ugha gS A mudk thou n’kZu Hkh gS tks Hkkjrh; thoun’kZu dk izrhd gS A Hkkjrh; thoun’kZu dgrk gS & thvks vkSj thus nks A xka/kh us Hkh ;gh fd;k A Hkkjrh; thoun’kZu dgrk gS & lR;a czq;kr fiz;a czq;kr eka czq;kr vfiz; lR;a A xka/kh th Hkh ;gh djrs Fks A mUgksaus dqN u;k dgk rks ugha ysfdu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lPps lans’kksa dks vius thou esa mrkjk blfy, jk”Vªfirk cuus dk gd mUgs gh Fkk A

Xkak/kh th ds }kjk Hkkjr esa tks vkanksyu pyk;s x;s A muds izeq[k gSa& paikj.k vknksyu ] [ksM+k vkanksyu] vlg;ksx vkanksyu] lfou; voKk vkanksyu rFkk var esa Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu A muds vkanksyuksa dh fo’ks”krk Fkh fo’kky tulgHkkfxrk A ftldk ,d gh dkj.k Fkk & ‘kkafriw.kZ vkanksyuA vkanksyu ‘kq: djus ds iwoZ gh os vaxst ljdkj dks vkanksyu dh lwpuk ns nsrs Fks A mldh iwjh dk;Zfof/k crk nsrs Fks A ;fn ljdkj mUgsa fxj¶Rkkj Hkh nsrs Fks A mudk lkQ rkSj ij ekuuk Fkk fd vaxst tks dj jgs gSa ;g mudk dkwuu dgrk gS A ge mldk fojks/k dj jgs gSa D;ksafd ;g gekjh vkRek ds fo:) gS A

Page 7: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th
Page 8: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Xakk/kh th ds vkanksyuksa dh dk;Zfo/kh

Xkka/kh th dk fo’okl turk dh rkdr ij Fkk A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd vkrkrk;h dk var vR;kpkj ls ugha fd;k tk ldrk A dhpM+ dk dhpM+ ls ugha /kks;k tk ldrk A ?k`.kk dks izse ls thrk tk ldrk gS A ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd muds vkanksyuksa esa fuEufyf[kr rjhds viuk;s tk ldrs Fks &• ‘kkafriw.kZ izn’kZu ftlesa gkFk esa Hkkjrh; >aMk ysdu ‘kkafriw.kZ rjhds ls yksx ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa ds lkeus ,d= gksrs Fks rFkk ukjs yxkdj ljdkj ds lkeus viuk fojks/k izdV djrs Fks A • ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa rFkk fons’kh nqdkuksa ds lkeus yksx /kjus ij cSB tkrs Fks A ftldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd fdlh ds lkFk cyiz;ksx ugha djuk ogk cSBs jguk A iksLVjksa ds ek/;e ] Hkk”k.kksa ds ek/;e ls viuk fojks/k izdV djuk A • miokl xka/khth dk ,d vpqd gfFk;kj Fkk ysfdu blds ckjs esa mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ogh O;fDr bldk iz;ksx dj ldrk gS tks ekufld rkSj ij etcwr gks A mldh vkfRed ‘kfDr dkQh fodflr gks A vke dk;ZdRrkvksa dks miokl djus ls xka/khth jksd nsrs Fks A • vkej.k vu’ku dk iz;ksx xka/kh th us Lo;a nsk ckj fd;k A ,dckj 1932 esa tkrh; ,drk Lfkkfir djus ds fy, rFkk nwljh ckj caVokjs ds ckn naxksa dks can djkus ds fy, A

Page 9: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Xkak/kh th ds vkanksyuksa ds ifj.kke

Xkak/kh th us lPps vFkksaZ esa iwjs Hkkjr dks ,d vfglad lsuk ds :Ik esa cny fn;k Fkk A cPpk&cPpk xka/kh ds uke ij vaxzstksa ls yM+us ds fy, rS;kj jgrk Fkk A mUgsa ekywe Fkk fd lR; vkSj vfgalk esa cgqr cy gS A bl izdkj ns[kk tk;s rks fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke lkeus vkrs gSa& Hkkjrh; tuekul fuHkhZd gks x;k A igys tgka vaxsth ljdkj dk ,d pkSdhnkj Hkh Hk; dk izrhd Fkk A ogha 1942 vkrs vkrs yksx fuMj Hkko ls xksfy;ksa dh ckSNkj ds lkeus vk [kM+s gksrs Fks A iVuk ds lkr ‘kghn blds izrhd gSa A vaxzsth ljdkj dks iwjs fo’o esa ,d funZ;h vkSj vR;kpkjh ljdkj ds :Ik esa yksx ns[kus yxs ftldk igys ls nkok Fkk fd og ,d lH; ns’k dh lH; ljdkj gS A Lons’kh vkanksuksa ls vaxst ljdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij cgqr cqjk vlj iM+k A muds O;kij vkSj m|ksx can gksus dh fLFkfr esa vk x;s A vaxzsth ljdkj ds iqfyl vkSj lsuk dk eukscy fxjk A Hkkjrh; ukxfjd tks vaxsth lsuk vkSj iqfyl esa Fks vc os fny ls Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk Fks A 1946 esa tc ryokj tgkt ds ckxh lSfudksa ij xksyh pykus dk vkns’k gqvk rks Hkkjrh; yksxksa us euk dj fn;k A Hk; ls gh ‘kklu fd;k tk ldrk gS A Hk; ugha jgus ls fons’kh ljdkj dks ‘kklu dh ckxMksj laHkkyus esa dkQh dfBukb;ksa dks lkeuk djuk iM+k A vaxzsth ljdkj dh ukSdjh djus ls lekt esa bTtr ugha feyrh Fkh A

Page 10: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Pakikj.k vkanksyu

Page 11: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th
Page 12: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Pakikj.k lR;kxzg ds dkj.k

paikj.k fcgkj jkT; ds if’pe mRRkj esa fLFkr ,d ftyk gS tks fgeky; ls yxk gqvk gS A usiky bl ftys dh mRRkjh lhek cukrk gS A ;gka dh tyok;q vkSj feêh nksuksa gh d`f”k ds vuqdwy gS A ;gka vaxszt vf/kdkjh viuh dkfB;ka cukdj jgrs Fks rFkk fdlkuksa ls tcju [ksrh djkrs Fks A ;g le; Fkk tc fo’o cktkj esa uhy dh ekax c<+ xbZ Fkh A • fdlkuksa ls uhy ] vQhe ] xUuk rFkk dikl dh [ksrh djkbZ tkrh Fkh A • fdlkuksa ds 3@20 os Hkkx ij tcju [ksrh djk;h tkrh Fkh ftls rhudfB;ka izFkk dgk tkrk Fkk A • fdlkuksa dks viuh tehu cspus dk vf/kdkj ugha Fkk A • uhy dh ekax de gksus ij tc fdlku [ksrh ls eqfDr ikuk pkgrs Fks rks muls mlds ,ot esa eksVh jkf’k yh tkrh Fkh A • ;fn dksbZ fdlku rhudfB;k izFkk dks ekuus ls bUdkj dj nsrk Fkk rks mlij ekyxqtkjh dk cks> cgqr vf/kd ykn fn;k tkrk Fkk A fdlku ijs’kku Fks A • fcgkj caxky dk gh ,d Hkkx Fkk ysfdu la?k”kZ dk dsanz caxky Fkk A fcgkj ds fdlku bl leL;k ls mcjuk pkgrs Fks ysfdu muds ikkl dksbZ jkLrk Ukgha Fkk A • jkedqekj ‘kqDy us xka/kh th ls feydj la?k”kZ ds afy, fuosnu fd;k A

Page 13: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

paikj.k lR;kxzg dh ?kVuk,a

1917 esa xak/kh th paikj.k vk;s A paikj.k dks mUgksaus vius fy, lR;kxzg dh Hkwfe crk;k gS A ;gha ls mUgksaus vius thou ds igys Hkkjrh; vkanksyu dh ‘kq:vkr dh A paikj.k vkus ds igys gh mUgksaus ;gka ds dfe’uj dks vius vkus dh lwpuk nh A dfe’uj us mUgsa eksfrgkjh u vkus dh lykg nh vkSj /kedh Hkh nh fd vkrs gh mUgsa tsy esa Mky fn;k tk;sxk A xka/kh th vk;s A mUgksaus dksVZ esa tt ds lkeus fdlkuksa dh gkyr ds ckjs esa crk;k A muds ‘kks”k.k vkSj neu dh dgkuh dgh A lkFk gh mUgksaus lkQ dj fn;k fd os fdlh Hkh gkyr esa paikj.k NksMdj ugha tk;saxs A ;gh jgdj fdlkuksa dh n’kk dk v/;;u djsaxs A muds lkFk Fks MkW jktsUnz izlkn] jktdqekj ‘kqDy] vuqxzg ukjk;.k flag] egknso nslkbZ rFkk vkpk;Z d`iykuh A eksfrgkjh ftyk tt us xka/kh th dk i{k lquk vkSj mUgsa ftys esa fdlkuksa ds chp tkus dh btktr ns nh A lkFk gh ljdkj dks funsZ’k fn;k fd tkap ny dk xBu fd;k tk;s A ‘kh?kz gh tkap ny dk xBu dj fn;k x;k ftlds ,d lnL; egkRek xka/kh Hkh Fks A la?k”kZ ds fy, xka/kh th us tks rjhdk viuk;k og lR;kxzg dk Fkk A lR;kxzg& lR;kxzg dk vFkZ gS lekt ds O;kid fgr ds fy, ‘kakfriw.kZ rjhds ls la?k”kZA ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd lekt dk O;kid fgr ftlesa gS ogh lR; gS A lekt ds fgr esa ;fn ‘kkafriw.kZ rjhds ls /kj.kk ] izn’kZu] miokl] cfg”dkj] tqyw’k bR;kfn ds ek/;e ls viuh ckr j[kh tk;s rks ;g lR;kxzg gS A blds fy, vko’;d ;g gS fd lR;kxzgh vius y{; ds izfr n`<+ladYi j[ks D;ksafd lR;kxzg dks ncku ds fy, cyiz;ksx gksuk Hkh lkekU; lh ckr gS A

Page 14: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

lR;kxzg dh lQyrk

paikj.k lR;kxzg lQy jgk D;ksafd /khjs&/khjs fdlkuksa ds eu ls vaxztksa dk Hk; lekIr gks jgk Fkk A fdlkuksa dh tehusa mUgsa okil dj nh xbZa A rhudfB;k izFkk lekIr gks xbZ A vaxzstksa us olwysa x;s yxku esa ls yxHkx 25 izfr’kr rd okil dj fn;s A lcls cM+h lQyrk bl vkankyu dh Fkh fdlkuksa ds eu ls vaxzstks dk Hk; de gqvk A mUgsa yM+kbZ vkS la?k”kZ dk jkLrk fey x;k A

Page 15: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

vlg;ksx vkanksyu & 1920&22vkanksyu dh i`”Bhkwfe&• caxky dk foHkktu & 1905 & ;g vius vki esa ,d ,slk dne Fkk ftlus vaxst ljdkj ij ls Hkkjrh;ks adk Hkjkslk de fd;k A caxky dk foHkktu lekIr dj fn;k x;k 1911 esa ysfdu bldk izHkko vkSj vkanksyu ds rjhds dk;e jgs A • tkfy;kaokyk ckx dk gR;kdkaM& tkfy;kokyk ckx esa 13 vizsy 1919 dks vaxksath iqfyl us ,d fugRFkh HkhM+ ij ftl izdkj xksfy;ka cjlkbZ mlls lkjk Hkkjr vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ gks x;k A • izFke fo’o;q) ds ckn fczVsu dh fLFkfr& izFke fo’o;q)&1814&1918 ds ckn fczVsu dh ljdkj dk vgadkj c<+ x;k A mlus oknk fd;k Fkk fd og ;q) [kRe gksus ds ckn Hkkjrh;ksa dks semi domenian ns nsxh A ftldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dsanz esa vaxsth ljdkj vkSj jkT;ksa esa Hkkjrh;ksa dk ‘kklu A • jkWYV ,DV& vaxszt ljdkj us vius vgadkj esa vkdj ,d ,slk dkuwu cuk fn;k ftlds rgr fdlh dks Hkh dsoy lansg ds vk/kkj ij nks lky ds fy, tsy dh ltk gks ldrh Fkh A blh dkuwu ds rgr vusd yksx tsy ds vanj Mky fn;s x;s A if’peh Hkkjr bldk f’kdkj cuk A

Page 16: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

Ukxiqj vf/kos’ku &1920• bl vf/kos’ku esa xka/khth dks vkanksyu vkjaHk djus dk ftEek fn;k x;k A muij dakxzsl us fo’okl trk;k A • xka/kh th us ‘kkafriw.kZ vkanksu dk izLrko j[kk ftls loZlEEkfr ls eku fy;k x;k A dsoy fookn Fkk dkWfaly dh lnL;rk dks ysdj A dqN yksxksa dk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd ;fn dkWfaly esa jgdj vaxzstksa ds dkuwu dk fojks/k fd;k tk;s rks vf/kd vlj iM+sxk ysfdu xka/kh th blckr ls lger ugha Fks A var esa mudh ckr gh eku yh xbZ A • ;g r; fd;k x;k fd dksVZ ] dkWfly vkSj dkWyst dk ofg”dkj fd;k tk;sxk A • fons’kh diM+ksa dk ofg”dkj fd;k tk;sxk A fons’kh nqdkuksa ds vkxs fidsfVax dh tk;sxh A • Losn’kh oLrqvksa ds mi;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k tk;sxk A • fdlku yxku ugha nsaxs A

Page 17: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

vkanksyu dk Lo:i&• vkanksu ‘kq: esa mruk yksdfiz; ugha Fkk fdUrq /khjs&/khjs bldh yksdfiz;rk c<+rh xbZ A • bl vkanksyu ds lkFk fdlku vkSj etnwj Hkh tqM+rs pys x;s A • vgenkckn ds etnwjksa us diM+s dh fey esa gM+rky fd;k A • vle ds ckxksa esa dke djus okys dkexkjksa us gM+rky dj fn;k A • jktsanz izlkn] ljnkj oYyHk HkkbZ iVsy ] foðyHkkbZ iVsy ] eksyhyky usg:] tokgjyky usg: bR;kfn bl vkanksyu ds izzeq[k usrk Fks A a• gtkjksa ukStokuksa us dkWyst NksM+ fn;s A • eksrhyky usg: rFkk fparjatu nkl vkfn usrkvkssa us dkWflay ls R;kxi= ns fn;k A • [kknh vkSj pj[kk la?k”kZ dk izrhd cu x;s A• iatkc dk vdkyh ny tks eq[;r% /kkfeZd lq/kkjksa ds fy, cuk Fkk A vkanksyu ds lkFk gks x;k A • vka/kz izns’k esa lhrkjke jktw us vkfnokfl;ksa ds vkanksyu dks vlg;ksx vkanksyu ls tksM+ fn;k A • 1921 esa f[kykQr vkanksyu Hkh vlg;ks vkanksyu ls tqM+ x;k A • 1921 esa fizal osYl Hkkjr vk;s ftudk tcjnLr fojks/k fd;k x;k A • eqacbZ esa gM+rky j[kh xbZ A• eqacbZ esa ,d lekaUrj iqfyl QkslZ dk xBu Hkh dj fy;k x;k A ljdkj dk #[k vkSj dM+k gks x;k A

Page 18: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

vkanksyu dh ?kVuk,a&• enueksgu ekyoh; vkSj eqgEen ftUUkk fizal vkWQ osYl ls feys vkSj mUgsa vkanksyu dh ‘kRrksaZ ls voxr djk;k A • fiazl xksyest lEesyu ds fy;k eku Hkh x;k ysfdu xka/khth us ‘kRRkZ j[kh fd f[kykQr vkanksyu ds nkSjku tsy esa Mkys x;s dk;ZdRrkZvksa dks NksM+ fn;k tk;s ftl ij ckr fcxM+ xbZ A • eksgEEkn vyh ftUUkk us dkaxzsl NksM++ nh A • dakxzsl ds Lo:Ik esa ifjoRRkZu fd;k x;k A • tsy Hkjks vkanksyu us iwjs ns’k esa vaxzsth gqdqer dks etkd cuk fn;k A • jkT;ksa esa fo|kihBksa dh Lfkkiuk dh xbZ ftlls vaxzsth f’k{kk dh t:jr [kRe gks A • eqfLye usr`Ro esa Hkkjr dks nk:y&gjc vFkkZr ;q)ksa dk eSnku ?kksf”kr dj fn;k RkFkk vihy dh fd tks ns’k dks NksM+ dj tkuk pkgs tk ldrs gSa A yxHkx 20 gtkj eqfLye Hkkjr NksM+dj vQxkfuLrku pys x;s ftUgsa ogka Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k A• 1922 vkrs&vkrs vkanksyu mxz gksus yxk ftldk ifj.kke pkSjhpkSjk ?kVuk ds :Ik esa lkeus vk;kA pkSjhpkSjk dh ?kVuk • 2 Qjojh 1922 dks pkSjhpkSjk tks mRrjizns’k dk ,d ‘kgj gS ogka ds cktkj esa vkanksyudkjh mfpr ewY; ds vkanksyu dj jgs Fks A • iqfyl us muds usrk dks idM+ dj ykWd vi esa Mky fn;k A • 4 Qjojh dks 2000 ls 3000 rd yksx tks cktkj esa ,d ‘kjkc dh nqdku dks can djkus dks ysdj fidsfVax dj jgs Fks A ‘kkafriw.kZ vkanksyu py jgk Fkk A ogka iqfyl igqaph vkSj ,d vkanksyudkjh idM+ fy;k x;k A

Page 19: Freedom movement of india for class 10 th

• vkanksyudkjh dks idM+dj iqfyl ykWdvi ys vkbZ A ihNs&ihNs ,d fo’kky tulewg Hkh vk x;kA • iqfyl HkhM+ dks [kRe djus ds fy, ykBhpktZ djus yxh A • tokc esa HkhM+ us Hkh iFkjko fd;k A • iqfyl us xksyh pykus dk vkns’k fn;k ftlls ,d vkneh dh ekSr gks xbZA HkhM+ fgald gks xbZ A • Fkkus esa tku cpkus ds fy, dqN iqfyldehZ Nqi x;s ftUgsa pkjks vksj ls ?ksj dj vkx yxk fn;k x;k A blesa yxHkx 22 iqfylokyksa dh ekSr gks xbZ A • bl ?kVuk ls {kqC/k gksdj xka/kh th us vkanksyu okil ys fy;k A muds bl dne dh vkykspuk Hkh gqbZ A • 1924 bZ esa eksrhyky usg: vkSj fprjatu nkl us dkaxzsl ds varxZr gh

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Lkfou; voKk vkanksyu&1930dkj.k& • gfFk;kjcan vkanksyuksa dh o`f)& 1925 esa dksdksjh esa Vsªu ywV yh xbZ A mlesa panz’ks[kj vktkn ] jkeizlkn fcfLey] jktsUnz flag] jktsUnz ykfgjh vkfn ns’kHkDr ‘kkfey Fks A • lk;eu dfe’ku dh vlQyrk& lkbeu dfe’u dk xBu 1927 esa fd;k x;k Fkk A ;g dfe’ku tc Hkkjr vk;k rks bldk tcjnLr fojks/k fd;k x;k A blh dk fojks/k djrs gq;s ykyk yktir jk; dh ekSr gks xbZ A • ,lsacyh gkWy esa ce Qsdk tkuk& 1929 esa ljnkj Hkxr flag ] lq[knso] jktxq# ds }kjk ce Qsadk x;k ftldk iwjs Hkkjr esa Loxr gqvk A ;g ?kVuk iwjs fo’o ds fy, vkanksyudkjh Fkh A vaxszt ljdkj Hkh ckS[kyk xbZ A • usg: fjiksVZ dks ekuus ij tksj&dydRrk vf/kos’ku esa vkWy bafM;k dkaxzsl us ljdkj ls ekax dh fd usg: fjiksVZ dh ‘kRrksaZa dk ekuk tk;s ysfdu ljdkj blds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkh A mlh le; ;g r; fd;k x;k Fkk fd vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkanksyu ‘kq: djus dk le; vk x;k gS A • egkeanh& egkeanh ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; m|ksx txr esa csjkstxkjh c<+rh tk jgh Fkh A egaxkbZ c<+us yxh Fkh A deZpkfj;ksa dh Nvuh gks jgh Fkh A bu dkj.kksa ls yksx ljdkj ls ukjkt Fks A

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?kVuk,a&• xka/kh th us tuojh esa ykMZ bjfou dks i= fy[kdj ued ij c<+s dj lfgr 11 ekaxs izLrqr dha A• mUgksaus ljdkj dks nks eghus dk le; fn;k A blds vanj ;fn ekaxs ugha ekuh xbZ rks mUgksaus ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; vkanksyu ‘kq: djus dh psrkouh nh A • 12 ekpZ dk le; vkanksyu ds fy, j[kk x;k A ljdkj blds fy, rS;kj ugha gqbZ A • 12 ekpZ 1930 dks xka/khth us lkcjerh vkJe ls nkaMh ds fy, viuh ;k=k ‘kq: dj nh A nkaMh ekpZ•