WARS AND

PENNSYLVANIAFrench and Indian War

American Revolutionary WarWhiskey Rebellion

War of 1812Civil War

French and Indian WarCauses: Trade Control of Land (Land

Use) Waterways

French and Indian War

Trade: British – Wanted to continue trade with the Native Americans.

French – Wanted to keep PA traders out of the Ohio Valley. They also wanted to control trade with the Native Americans.

Native Americans – Wanted to continue trading with Europeans for manufactured goods such as; guns, knives, etc…

French and Indian War

French and Indian War Control of Land:

British – They wanted new land for farming in the Ohio River Valley. Also, looked to take away some of the French’s fur trading industry. They did not want the French to control this region.

French – Felt that Priest and Traders should be able to move freely through this area. They were not interested in settling this region. They were looking to keep the British east of the Alleghany Mts.

Native Americans – The Natives were interested in keeping the lands to grow their crops on and to use for hunting. They wanted to keep control over their way of life, land, and their future.

French and Indian War

French and Indian War Waterways –

British – Realize the importance of the 3 Rivers of current day Pittsburgh. Trade/Travel/Etc…

French – The French are looking for a waterway to connect their territory in Canada with their territory in New Orleans. Additionally, this would connect them to the Ocean which links them back to France.

Native Americans – They have been using the waterways for years and it is considered essential to their lifestyle

French and Indian War

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French and Indian War EFFECTS:

Territory changed hands Proclamation Line of 1763

French and Indian War Territory Changed Hands

British – Gain control of Canada-Florida-Disputed lands west of the Mississippi

French – Lost all land in North America but got to keep some territories around the world. Since the Spanish sided with the French they lost Florida but got to keep lands west of the Mississippi.

Native Americans – Some lands are guaranteed to them through the Proclamation Line of 1763.

French and Indian War Proclamation Line of 1763

This line would keep the British settlers of the 13 Colonies from settling west of this line.

The British did not want anyone to settle west of this line for a variety of reasons. 1. Expansion would spread the British resources thin.

2. The British did not want to continue fighting a costly war with French settlers or the Native Americans.

French and Indian War Proclamation Line of 1763

Settlers who already lived west of this line or settlers that had fought in the this war did not feel that this was a fair or logical rule. Many of them did not follow it and the British could not enforce this law.

French and Indian War

Pennsylvania’s Part in the War – First Battle – Great

Meadow/Ft. Necessity

Fort Duquesne/Fort Pitt

Road Building

French and Indian War

First Battle of the French and Indian War took place at the Great Meadow. The Great Meadow would then become the site of Ft. Necessity.

This Ft. was built out of necessity. After a skirmish with the French, Washington feared retaliation for having killed 13 French soldiers. He built the fort to protect his troops.

Ft. Necessity is the only site that is devoted to the French and Indian War that the National Parks Service operates.

French and Indian War

French and Indian War

The French had a fort at the Forks of the Ohio, they called it Fort Duquesne. Whomever controlled this fort seemed to have an advantage during the war.

The French eventually had to abandon this fort and they destroyed it before they left.

The English took control of the previous site of Fort Duquesne and started to build their own fort – Fort Pitt.

Both Fort Duquesne and Fort Pitt were named after great leaders for each respective side.

French and Indian War

French and Indian War

Road Building - Governor Dinwiddie

of Virginia sent George Washington to build a road to the Forks of the Ohio (3 Rivers).

This road and the Nemacolin Path, a Native American roadway, were the basis of the National Pike, Rt. 40.

French and Indian War

The American Revolution

Causes – Taxation Lack of Representation Wish for Freedom

The American Revolution

Taxation – The colonists were being unfairly taxed to pay

for the French and Indian War (Seven Year’s War) while British colonist were not being taxed in the same way.

The American Revolution Lack of Representation –

Citizens of the colonies were upset because the British citizens did not have to pay the same heavy taxes as the colonies did.

The colonies were also unhappy because they didn’t have a say in the British Parliament, the lawmaking body for England and the colonies.

John Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. It stated that Colonist had the same rights as British citizens and since they did not have a say in Parliament that those rights were being violated.

CONGRESS IN NY, MARCH 1765

The American Revolution Wish for Freedom –

Many founding fathers studied the ideas of the Enlightenment. Locke – Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, Property)

Montesquieu – Separation of Power (Branches of Gov.)

Rousseau – Social Contract (Gov. works for the people)

The American Revolution

Effects – Created a new

country – The United States of America

Set up a new Government

England loses the resources and market in America.

The American Revolution

Created a New Country - The United States was formed and they were independent from England. They now had the freedom that so many desired.

The American Revolution

Set up a new Government – Articles of Confederation – Created a strong

state government and weak central government. This was in response to previously being ruled by a monarch that didn’t let the people play a part in government. State governments gave power to the people living in the region and not some far away foreign government (Central Government). This was found to be too confusing and eventually the Articles of Confederation were replaced with the United States Constitution.

The American Revolution England loses control of the resources and

market in America - This will be costly for England. They no longer have mercantilism from America to depend on. Now if they want to get resources from America they will have to purchase them fair and square. Also they are not the only country trading with America. As a result they will not be making as much money.

The American Revolution Pennsylvania’s Part in the

War - 1st and 2nd Continental

Congress Declaration of Independence Produced supplies for the war

effort Valley Forge Many Pennsylvanians

Participated and Influenced the War and Outcome of our Country

Constitutional Convention

The American Revolution

1st Continental Congress Boycott English Goods Try to get England to

stop passing unfair taxes.

2nd Continental Congress Declaration of

Independence George Washington is

appointed commander of the American Army

The American Revolution Declaration of Independence

Declared or stated that America was free from England’s rule.

Left out topics like slavery because the southern states would not sign it if it included laws banning slavery.

Approved by 12 Colonies on July 4, 1776. NY decided not to vote. NY had many citizens that did not want to declare independence from England.

The American Revolution Produced Supplies for the War Effort

– Riffles made in Lancaster Conestoga Wagons which were used to haul

supplies were also made in Lancaster. Cannons made in Philadelphia and other iron

furnaces around PA. Carlisle, PA was the storage site for

ammunition and military supplies.

The American Revolution http://explorepahistory.com/media.php?videoId=1-6-4

Valley Forge Very long difficult winter that cost the American Army

many men. Army was “naked and starving” Washington wrote. Men were trained by Baron von Stueben from Prussia Washington’s army was able to leave Valley Forge

and persue the Redcoats forcing them to flee to NY. Congress could then return to the capital in

Philadelphia

The American Revolution Constitutional Convention –

Meeting to strengthen the Articles of Confederation

Decided to create a whole new document Delegates met in Independence Hall in

Philadelphia to debate and write the Constitution.

Of 55 delegates, 8 were from PA. More than any other state.

The American Revolution Mad Anthony Wayne

Born in Chester, PA General who led many Pennsylvanian troops Secured the western border of the United States Defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers Waynesburg, PA is named for Mad Anthony Wayne

The American Revolution

Robert Morris Helped raise money to pay for

the war After the war –

Created the National Bank Was Secretary of the Treasury PA Senator Signed the Constitution Robert Morris University is

named after him

The American Revolution Ben Franklin

Negotiated with the French and earned their support. The French then sent money, food, guns, soldiers and ships to aid the colonies.

Involved with the writing of the Declaration of Independence, worked out

details of the peace treaty, and was involved in the Constitutional Convention. He was known as the “Great Pacifier” at the Convention.

The American Revolution Molly Pitcher (Mary Hayes)

Followed her husband to battle Carried pitchers of water to soldiers Took over her husbands position at the cannon

when he was wounded

The American Revolution Sarah Bache

Daughter of Ben Franklin

Organized 2,000 women in Philadelphia to sew clothing for soldiers

The American Revolution Betsy Ross

Made the first official flag for the United States at her home in Philadelphia. It had 13 stars and 13 stripes. It was adopted by Congress in 1777.

The Whiskey Rebellion Cause –

Tax on Whiskey

The Whiskey Rebellion Tax on Whiskey – While much of Eastern PA

and the 13 Colonies had been fighting for freedom from England, the Western Pennsylvanian citizens were fighting for land against the Native Americans. These Pennsylvanians were the Scotch-Irish, the pioneers of western PA. These citizens were primarily grain farmers. They produced rye. A horse was only able to transport 2 bushels of rye in its natural form. However, a horse could transport 2 barrels of whiskey, which was made of 24 bushels of the grain. Thus, it was more profitable to turn the rye into whiskey!

The Whiskey Rebellion During this time period it was decided that a

tax was necessary to help defray the cost the new country was accumulating. The western Pennsylvanians were upset at this tax because they felt it was unfair. In their eyes, the government, who had not been very helpful to them up to this point, was just trying to punish them. Many farmers refused to pay the tax and even turned to violence to get their point across.

The Whiskey Rebellion

Effects – Reinforced the power of the United States

Government

The Whiskey Rebellion

President George Washington called for troops from PA, VA, MD, and NJ. He led 12,500 troops out to western PA to put down the Whiskey Rebellion. Not one shot was fired. Washington was able to bring about a peaceful resolution to the problem. Some of the rebels were caught and tried. Those found guilty were sentenced to death but Washington pardoned them. This showed not only the power of the government but also the understanding, thus producing a stronger government.

The Whiskey Rebellion

Pennsylvania’s Part in the Rebellion – Western PA was the site of the Rebellion David Bradford

The Whiskey Rebellion

Washington County and the surrounding counties were the site of the Whiskey Rebellion. The first act of violence related to the rebellion occurred near Cross Creek, PA Washington County. David Bradford leader of the rebellion was from Washington County.

The Whiskey Rebellion David Bradford –

* Deputy Attorney General of Wash. Co. * Leader of The Whiskey Rebellion * Fled PA when he heard troops

were coming to put down the rebellion . Went to Louisiana and started a new life. His wife and children joined him and he was eventually pardoned for his part

in the rebellion.

The War of 1812 Causes-

British Harassed American Ships Americans Couldn’t Trade in Caribbean British Supported Native Americans

The War of 1812 British Harassed American Ships-

British and French stopped and searched ships due to suspicion of supplying goods during a war between France and England.

England puts a policy in place that says that the British ships can seize American sailors and force them into the British Navy.

The War of 1812

Americans could not trade in the Caribbean- Valuable resources in the Caribbean needed to

be protected by the British. They felt by not allowing the colonist to trade in this region they would be able to keep the resources for themselves.

The War of 1812 British support the Native

Americans- The Americans would like to take control of

Canada which is controlled at this time by the British. So it was believed that the British were giving support to the Natives in order to keep the Americans from expanding and taking control of even more land.

The War of 1812

Effects – Erie begins to Grow Pittsburgh - Center for Trade Feeling of Unification Able to Fight Foreigners

The War of 1812 Erie begins to Grow –

Since the British were attacking from three fronts and Canada was one of those fronts, protecting our borders near the Great Lakes became important.

Gunboats were being constructed in Erie. Many men would be moving into this area to help with building the boats as well as the sailors who would man the boats. Many of these men stayed in Erie to build a life after the war. They helped Erie develop an economy based on production and shipping.

The War of 1812 Pittsburgh - Center for Trade –

Shipping on the Atlantic Ocean was too dangerous so goods were shipped from the south up the Mississippi River to the Ohio River and then into Pennsylvania.

The War of 1812 Feeling of Unification –

This was the last war that we ever fought against our homeland but the first war that we had fought since becoming our own country.

This gave us a sense of unity because we were all able to come together against a common foe.

The United States had feelings of Nationalism, or pride in our country as a result of this war.

The War of 1812 Able to Fight

Foreigners - This war solidified the

United States as a legitimate country.

It showed that we would and could stand up to an enemy who was affecting the United States way of life.

The War of 1812

Pennsylvania’s Contributions – Battle of Lake Erie Ship Building Famous Pennsylvanians

The War of 1812 Battle of Lake Erie – Sept. 10, 1813

Oliver Hazard Perry was leading the attack on the British ships. His ship the Lawrence was heavily damaged. He moved to the Niagara and drove it straight into the line of British ships. He defeated the British and it caused them to flee back to Canada.

“We have met the enemy and they are ours” – Oliver Hazard Perry

Americans

British

Guns on Ships

34 70

Number Dead

27 200

Number Wounded

96 200

The War of 1812

Ship Building – Sailing vessels were produced in Pittsburgh

and Erie. They were made from the nearby trees.

The War of 1812 Albert Gallatin –

Migrated from Geneva, Switzerland to Fayette Co. Wealthy- Came from Aristocrat Family His estate, “Friendship Hill” is open for tours He filled the following positions: Legislator, Congressman,

Secretary of the Treasury (1801-1813), Minister to Great Britain, and Leading NY Banker

As Secretary of the Treasury he reinstated the Internal Tax to pay for the War of 1812. He also reduced the National Debt, purchased Louisiana, and funded Lewis and Clark expedition.

Persuaded Thomas Jefferson to make the National Road go through Pennsylvania rather than solely through Virginia

The War of 1812 Stephen Girard

Lived in Philadelphia Loaned the United States Treasury money

when they ran out. Purchased $300,000 in bonds to fund the War

of 1812 Left a lot of money in his will to charitable

organizations.

Captain Charles Stewart – PA Navel Hero Commanded the “Constitution” which is also

known as “Old Ironsides”

The War of 1812

The Civil War

Causes – State Rights Expansion Secession

The Civil War

State Rights – Nullification – states

wanted the right to rule that federal laws are unconstitutional. The federal government decides it is not allowed.

States feel they aren’t being respected.

Secession becomes what they believe to be their only option.

The Civil War Expansion –

Missouri Compromise – Louisiana Purchase territories all prohibited slavery but Missouri.

The Civil War

Mexican War Territories – What will happen in this new territory?

The Civil War

Compromise of 1850 – Balanced Slaves/Free California becomes free and Washington D.C. bans slavery but the Fugitive Slave Laws are put into place.

The Civil War

Kansas Nebraska Act – Repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed settlers to decided if they would allow slavery or not.

The Civil War

Secession – Republicans elect Lincoln Abolitionist Movement North and South have

economic differences James Buchanan

(President from PA) did nothing as the first states seceded in December. Lincoln did not take office until March.

The Civil War

Effects – Death Toll Reconstruction 13th ,14th , and 15th Amendments Southern States Rejoin The Union Former Slaves Search for a New Life

Death Toll – Over 600,000 lives lost PA lost 33,000 men Deaths would affect the Reconstruction Period.

There would be families without fathers, husbands, and brothers, etc… This means it may be more difficult for these families to get by and survive.

The Civil War

Reconstruction – The time period of rebuilding the United

States, accepting the southern states back into the Union and trying to reunify the Union.

The Civil War

The Civil War

13th Amendment – 1865 Ended Slavery

14th Amendment – 1868 Defined Citizenship Ensured the rights of the newly freed slaves

15th Amendment – 1870 Secured voting rights for all citizens

Southern States Rejoin the Union – The United States is unified once

again. The south is brought back into the Union without severe consequences. Confederate soldiers were not tried for treason, instead they were pardoned.

The Civil War

Former Slaves Search for a New Life – The African American slaves have spent their

whole lives working for someone. Now they must decide what to do with their lives and how to survive.

Freedman’s Bureau – Helped former slaves by providing schools, food, shelter, and medicine.

The Civil War

The Civil War

PA’s Contributions – Troops Supplies Chambersburg Gettysburg Famous Pennsylvanians

The Civil War Troops –

Called for 14,000 troops to enlist and PA got 30,000 This led to the Pennsylvania Reserves 500 PA Troops were the “First Defenders” in

Washington, DC. 1/6TH of the Army came from PA Quakers, Mennonites, and Dunkards pay $300 to

avoid the draft.

The Civil War

Supplies – Munitions, Clothing, Canned Goods, Tents,

Blankets, Coal 6 New Ironworks in PA Coal Mines made great gains Textile production increased New Rails were laid 15 inch Rifled Cannon was produced at the Ft.

Pitt Foundry. It was the world’s largest cannon. Riverboats from Pittsburgh attacked towns on

the Mississippi

The Civil War

Chambersburg – October 10, 1862 – General J.E.B. Stewart of the

South marches into Chambersburg and loots the town and burns down the railroad depot. However, he doesn’t carry out his orders to destroy a railroad bridge.

July 29, 1864 – Confederates march into Chambersburg and demand a ransom. The citizens of the town would not pay it. As a result the Confederates burned the town, making over 3,000 people homeless.

After the war there was over 3 million dollars paid to Southern PA from the PA State Claim Bureau.

The Civil War Gettysburg – July 1st - 3rd 1863

Confederate troops advanced into Northernterritory in search of supplies, or food goods that might be taken from the farmlandof PA.

* President Lincoln responded to this advance by sending Union troops into the region.

* Gettysburg is also the junction of several major roadways. The battle of Gettysburg was not planned for this site. It was by chance that the troops collided in this sleepy little town.

The Civil War Gettysburg – July 1st - 3rd 1863

Union Victory Confederates retreated and never recovered from

this battle. It was a turning point in the war. The war continued for two more years. The South lost 28,000 men at this battle while the

North lost 23, 000 men. This is the Bloodiest Battle on American Soil 34,500 men from PA fought at Gettysburg

The Civil War Gettysburg – The Union spent two days burying the dead. Almost every building in Gettysburg was transformed

into hospitals . They continued to house the injured for weeks following the battle.

Every farm field or garden in the town was destroyed.

The Civil War

Gettysburg – Later it was decided to dedicate a cemetery to

those that died at Gettysburg. Lincoln gave a short and later very famous speech “The Gettysburg Address”.

The Civil War Famous Pennsylvanians –

Simon Cameron – Secretary of War Thomas A. Scott – PA Railroad Company,

Troop Transport, Assistant Secretary of War Andrew Carnegie – Organized the Telegraph

Lines Jay Cooke – From Philadelphia, “Financier of

the Union”, Sold bonds to help pay for the war (Targeted all Classes of Society)

The Civil War

Andrew Curtin – Governor of Pennsylvania Spoke out against the right to secede Quieted the mobs in PA after the announcement

came that no guns would be sent south. When he called for troops from PA and got more

volunteers than needed, he channeled them into the Pennsylvania Reserves.

Called together the other Governors of the Union and got them to back the Emancipation Proclamation.

Suggested a cemetery for those killed at Gettysburg.

The Civil War

George McClellan – Born in Philadelphia Fought in the Mexican American War Lead the Union Army of the Potomac Supreme Commander of the United States Army Called a Weak Leader Lost his position as Supreme Commander when

he failed to chase the Confederates after The Battle of Antietam.

Lincoln is quoted as saying ”My dear McClellan, if you don’t want to use the army, I should like to borrow it for awhile.”

Wars and PA

The French and Indian War

The American Revolution

The French and Indian War led to the American Revolution because of the high cost of war. The British needed to pay for such a costly war so they imposed high taxes on the colonist. This led to the colonist feeling that they were being treated

unfairly. That feeling helped lead to the struggle for independence.

Wars and PA

The American Revolution

The Whiskey Rebellion

The American Revolution led to the Whiskey Rebellion because as a new country we were still testing the boundaries of our

government. Citizens of the United States still had a desire to have independence and freedom to rule themselves. The

Whiskey Rebellion was one example of people exerting that will. This also shows the power of our early government and the wise

leadership of those in charge, i.e. George Washington.

Wars and PA

The American Revolution

The War of 1812

The American Revolution led to the War of 1812 because England still was feeling the need to impose their will upon the American citizens. This can explain why this war is sometimes

referred to as the Second Revolutionary War. By forcing American Sailors into service upon British ships the British were

exerting their power over the U.S.A. The United States at this time was also in need of developing good trade practices to help

boost their economy following the American Revolution.

Wars and PA

The War of 1812

The Civil War

The War of 1812 left New England States and Federalist Party quite unhappy. They felt that the war had been fought for

nothing and their industries had been harmed the most. They were fighting for stronger state rights and even spoke of

secession during this time. (They thought they could leave the U.S. and rejoin the side of the British.) All of these unsettled

beliefs about State Rights vs. Federal Rights and secession would remerge in the 1850’s leading up to the Civil War.