french bandit is me

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Recent French Writings in the Social and Economic History of Modern France

Author(s): Paul LeuilliotSource: The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1948), pp. 61-72Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Economic History SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2590005

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ESSAYS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND CRITICISMXI. RECENT FRENCH WRITINGS IN THESOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORYOF MODERN FRANCE1

BY PAUL LEUILLIOTWTHERE in France s social and economichistory aught, utside heSorbonne?' The searching uestionwhichM. Georges efebvre asposed in the RevueHiftoriqueJanuary-March 947, P. 57) mightperhapsbe suitably nswered y drawing ttention o recent evelopments2ndthe considerable olumeof work ppearingduring hewar and especially incetheLiberation-work of unequal value, admittedly, ut in some cases of veryhighquality.We have, t s true, o deplore he ossofmany eachers: bove all,that of Marc Bloch (d. I944), whose colleagues and pupils in France weretouchedby the tribute o him in these pages (ante,xiv, i6 , i62); also ofA. Demangeon d. I940), whoseGiographieumainetdconomiquee a France3 assinceappeared,andJulesSion (d. I940), two geographers ho demonstratedthepossibilitiesf ombining hedisciplines fgeography nd history.4We havealso to record the loss of S. Charlktyd. I945), Ch. Seignobos,5 ierredeVaissiere d. I942), GastonRoupnel (d. I946), Marcel Fosseyeux d. I942),and, lastly, fHenri Hauser (d. I946) and Marcel Marion (d. I940). C. E.Labrousse,who succeeded Marc Bloch in the Chair of Social and EconomicHistory t the Sorbonne,has described Marion as 'a jurist ratherthan aneconomist; hehistorian fpublic and notofprivate inance, e paid insufficientattention o the economic aspect and comparativemethod'.6 In thesewordsare summedup thepresent tate and the recent endencies f workon socialand economichistoryn France.Certainof thebooksand articlesn which conclusions re stateddo in factgiverisetoreflexionsn the question fmethod n socialand economichistory,

I For bibliographical urposesthis ist shouldbe used in conjunctionwithMr P. H. Wolff'slistof articles n medievaleconomichistory elow,p. 95, of which t forms continuation.2 Recently April 1948) a sixth ectionforEconomicand Social Science has been formed tthe Ecole Pratiquedes Hautes-Etudesde Paris, underthe direction fLucien Febvre.3 Glographieniverselleed. P. Vidal de la Blache and L. Gallois), vol. vi, La France;pt. 2, I(Paris: ArmandColin, 1946); PP. 460, 170 maps and plans in the text,133 plates and a colourmap. Principallyconcernedwith agricultural conomy and rural life and with the major

agricultural egions.Vol. ii should appear thisyear (1948).4 ProbidmeseGlographieumaineA. Colin, I948; PP. 408) is a collection fthe principal tudiesin humangeographypublished by Demangeon over a periodof thirty ears,especially n theAnnales e Giographie,n agrarian systems nd the agriculturalpopulation. Cf. D. FAUCHER,'Evolutiondes types e maisonsrurales', bid. (1945), PP. 241-55 and J. ROBERT, 'Le fenil ansles Alpesfrancaises u Nord', ibid. (I942), PP. ioo-I . The Annales e Giographies citedbelowas A.G.I See Andr6 Siegfried'sobituarynotice of Seignobos in' the Revue HistoriqueI942-3),PP. 193-204. The Revue istoriques citedbelow as R.H.6 R.H. (1940), PP. 484-7. On H. Hauser, cf. A. Renaudet, bid. (1946), PP. 498-506.6i


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62 THE ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEWcombining s they o synthesizingims with are for actual ccuracy, reakingdown rigiddepartmental arriers nd advocating he approachbycomparativestudy.The brilliant nd exciting eviewwhichMarc Bloch and Lucien Febvre,thenProfessorsn the University f Strasburg,ounded n I929, whichhas eversincecontinuouslyppeared n spiteof thevicissitudesf recenthistory,nd towhich, fter arious hangesof name to evade the periodical ensorship nderthe occupation, he original itle n theabbreviated ormAnnales as restoredin I946, bears the significantub-title: conomies,ocietes,ivilisations.'Amongotherwritings n methodologywhich have appeared in the Annalesre twosuggestive rticles y Lucien Febvre, La sensibilitet l'histoire' nd 'Proposd'initiation: ivre 'histoire'*2CharlesMoraz6,after ublishingLa legond'unechec: Essai sur a methodede F. Simiand',3has combined heory nd practicein successivepublications f an Introductionl'HistoireconomiqueCollectionArmandColin, I943), and more recentlyTrois Essais sur Histoire t Culture(Cahiers esAnnales,i), on the occasion ofthe i848 CentenaryHistoricalCon-gress, nd La France ourgeoiseeighteentho twentiethentury).4In a paper read at the seventh emaine nternationale e Synthesen I935,and in La Statistiqueapplications nd problems), . Esmoninhas used recordsofpre-Revolutionranceto llustrate he tatisticalpproach n modern istory.5Max Sorrehas exceeded normal nd traditionalimits f human geography odiscusshuman ecology. His book6 s in threeparts: the firsts devotedto theinfluence fclimate n man, the secondtoman's natural nvironmentnd howhe has exploited t for ood, nd the third o man's struggle gainsthis environ-ment. It is at once a study fhumanclimatology, treatise n food upply nda sketch f medicalgeography, orked utby realgeographer.heoriginalityofthe approach s evident, nd has been remarked n by LucienFebvre.7Before ivingdetailsof recentworkunderthe separateheads ofmodern ndcontemporaryeriods fhistory, entionhould lso be made ofvariousgeneralworks n such subjects s rural, ndustrial nd financialhistory.G. Lizerandhasmade a premature ut useful ynthesisn Le regimeural e 'anciennerance.8D'AlbertDauzat's Le village t epaysan eFrance9s a bookfor hegeneral eader,

I Annalesd'histoireconomiquet sociale, O vols. (1929-38); Annales 'histoireociale,3 vols.(I939-4I); Melanges 'histoireociale, vols. 1942-4), comprisingwo annual volumeswithseparatepagination; Annales 'histoireociale 1945)-forming vols. vii and viII of theMelangesabove, and two volumesof Hommages Marc Bloch; astly,Annales,ince i946 (Paris: ArmandColin). Cited below as Annales r Milanges.

2 AnnalesJanuary-June941), andMilanges 1943), III, 5-19.3 Melanges 1942), I, 25; II, 22-43. Cf. B. V. DALAMAS, L'auvre scientifiquee F. Simiand

(IP943) -4 A. Colin (1946), pp. xvi+220 and diagrams.The same writer gain takes up the questionofsoci I and economichistory eaching n France in 'La crisede l'6ducationfrancaise',Annales(1945), pp. 120-7.5 La StatistiqueParis: PressesUniversitairese France, 1944), pp. 346.

6 Lesfondementsiologiquese la Glographieumaine. ssai d'une1cologiee l'IommeA. Colin,1943), pp. 440.' Melanges1943), IV, 87, 88. Accordingto F. Braudel, not for long timehave we beenofferedwork of this quality,not since Vidal de la Blache's Principese GeographieumainendLucien Febvre'sLa Terre t l'Evolution umaine' ibid. 1944, VI, 26-37). In the same orderofideas is a veryoriginalarticle by J. CALLOT, 'La regression u paludismeen France', Annales(I 947), pp. 328-36.8 PressesUniversitairese France (1942), pp. 191.9 Gallimard 1941), pp. 2I9, with i6 plates. (Le Paysan t a Terre, asc. .) Cf. A. CHOLLEY,'Problemes de structure graire et de l'economie rurale', A.G. (1946), pp. 8I-IoI, andA. MEYNIER, 'La Communeruralefrangaise',bid. (1945), pp. I61 -79.


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HISTORY OF FRANCE 63too often lementary.'EmileCoornaert's es CorporationsnFrance vant 789 sa definitive orkwhichhas alreadybeenpraised by suchdiscerning ritics sEmileJordanand Lucien Febvre.2 A Frenchmasterpiece' s theexpressionusedby Ch. Moraze towelcometheappearanceofLa Monnaie t es nstitutions(history,heorynd technique), y A. Pose.3 A specialist nthebanking istoryoftheeighteenthentury, obert Bigo presents mostuseful eneralviewofLesBanquesfranfaisesucour uXIXe siecle,4 hileRobertAnchelhasdevoted othe uifsdeFrancemedieval nd modern tudies n thefollowing opics mongothers: heeconomic ife f theJewsofMetz in theseventeenthnd eighteenthcenturies; heLettersPatentof Io July 784 for heJewsofAlsace; Napoleonand theJews.They are accompaniedbya very mplebibliography. . Vaille,Keeper of theMusee Postal at Paris,has undertaken history f the postalservices, hichhe has outlinedn two mallvolumes fthe eriesQue sais-je? 6Offered s 'a studyof humangeography',Henri Cavailles' bookon La routefranfaisehistory nd functions)elongs,n spiteof tssub-title,moretohistorythangeography.7A secondvolumeof PierreLavedan's Histoiree l'urbanismehas appeared,dealingwiththeRenaissance nd themodernperiod.8RobertSchnerbhas completed ublication fHenriSee's important istoireeconomiquee la France,ncludinghis bibliographical eferences.9 bbe VictorCarriere nd hiscollaborators ave also completed heir ntroductionux etudesd'histoireccldsiastiqueocale.10he first olume fHenriBlet'sHistoiree a colonisa-tionranfaiseas appeared.11And specialattentionmustbe drawn to the newinternationaleries fcolonialdocumentswhich re beingpublished nderthedirectionof Ch. AndreJulien,entitledColonies t Empires,nd embracing'Colonial Studies, Classics ofColonization',History fFrench xpansion ndColonization', Geography oftheColonies and theFrenchUnion' and 'ArtandLiterature'. Severalvolumes fthefirst hree eries avealready ppeared,and are noticedbelow.12

THE SIXTEENTH CENTURYAnyone nterestedn thisperiod would be well advisedto look through hereviewHumanismetRenaissancevols. v and vi appeared in I945 and I946).Lucien Febvrehas followed p his mportant ook on Leproblemee 'incroyanceI Of lastingvalue, on theotherhand, is M. FOUGERES (Marc Bloch), 'Les plans cadastrauxde l'Ancien Regime', Milanges 1943), III, 53-70. See also a shortnote by C. E. LABROUSSE,'Un siecle et demide hausse des prixagricoles', R.H. (1940), pp. 489, 490.2 (Gallimard, I94I), pp. 306. See the reviews n R.H. (April-June1941), and Annales(January-February 941). E. Coornaerthas added a criticalbibliographyn an appendix tothe4theditionofET. DE SAINT LEON, Histoire es orporationsemetiersI94I).(PressesUniversitaires,942), 2 vols., pp. vii+947. Cf.MelangesI943), III,29-40.4 (Sirey,1947), PP- 304. (B. Janin,1946), pp. 296.6 LesPostesranfaisesusqu'a la RPvolution-Lesostes ranfaisesepuis a RPvolutionPressesUni-versitaires, 946and 1947), each 127 pp.' (A. Colin, 1946),pp. 400 and 7 maps.8 (Laurens, 1941), PP. 504. Cf. GEORGES CHABOT, Les villes CollectionA. Colin, 1948),pp. 224. Cf.J. SOULAS, 'Les etapes de l'evolutiondu Havre de 1789 a nos ours', A.G. (I940),pp. 205-13; J. MEARY, 'Angers, etude de geographieurbaine', ibid. (1943), pp. 20-32;A. MEYNIER, 'Villes de Bretagne', bid. (1946), pp. 178-87.9 Vol. II, I789-I914 (1942), pp-xhix+459; vol- (I939)-10 I. SourcesmanuscritesLetouzey et Ane, 1940), pp. 472." I. Des origines1789 Arthaud, 946), pp. 336. See P. LEUILLIOT, 'A propos d'un manuel,le premier mpirecolonialfransais',Annales1947), pp. 468-76.

12 Also to be noted is the most valuable expositionby PIERRE GOIJROU, Les Pays tropicaux,Principes'une eographieumainete'conomiquePressesUniversitaires,947), pp. 300 and i6 illus-trations.


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64 THE ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEWau XV[? siecle:La Religion e Rabelaislby drawing ttention o the subjectof'Ce qu'on peut trouver ans une serie 'inventaires obiliers: e la Renaissance"a a Contre-Refotme,hangements e climats,2 an excellent xampleof ively,factualhistory hich llustrates mede Stael's observationhat society snotexpressed y ts iterature lone.An expert n Mediterranean istory nd author f an outstanding hesis tobepublished yArmand olin)on theMediterraneannder hilip I, F. Braudelhas published he following rticles:'Monnaies et civilisation: e l'ordu Soudan a 'argent 'Amerique.Un dramemediterraneen.''Misere et banditisme u XVIe siele.'4'Espagnols et Morisques u XVIe siecle. Conflitst refus e civilisation.'5

There have been severalcontributionso thehistory f the social evolutionand thefinancial nd commercial istory fFrance:MURGEY, GinealogieelafamilleBoutheroie-Desmarais6the history f a middle-classfamily uringfour enturies ince1500).ABBE~ ERTHET,Un reactif ocial: le parrainage uXVIe sikcle I la Revolution.Nobles, bourgeois t paysansd'un bourgperchedu Jura.GASTON ZELLER, 'Deux capitalistes trasbourgeoisu XVIe siecle'8 and 'Auxoriginesde notresysteme ouanier: les premieres axes d'importation'(sixteenthentury).9

The following ave appeared n the eriesColoniestEmpireseferredoabove:Ch. A. Julien,Les voyagese dicouvertest lespremiers'tablissementsXVe-XVIesiegces),he first olume ofa Histoire e1'expansiontde a colonisationranfaises,'Iofparticular mportance or he colonialpolicyof Francis ; and Les FranfaisenAmeriqueendantapremiereoitie'uXVIesiecle,ol. i ofClassiquese a Colonisa-tion,1' ontaining ecorded ccountsof thevoyages fGonneville,Verrazano,J.Cartier nd Roberval with n introductiony Ch. A.Julien).

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURYWe may begin by noticing reference ook: EdmondPreclinand VictorL.Tapie, Le XVIIe- iecle CollectionClio),12 nd a magnumpus:R. Mousnier, aI Vol. LIII of the series L'Evolution de l'HumanitW' Albin Michel, I943), pp. XXXii+548.See the mportant eviewby MARCEL BATAILLON, Melanges1944), V, 5-27.2 Annales1941), pp. 4I-55. 3 Ibid. (1946), pp. 9-23.4 Ibid. (1947), pp. 129-43.Ibid. (I947), pp. 396-4i I. On Spanish historyee also FRAN9OIS CHEVALIER, 'En lisant es"Novellas", la vie a Seville au Siecle d'or', ibid. pp. 349-54, and ROBERT PICARD, 'La PlazaMajor en Espagne et enAmeriqueespagnole:Note pour une etude', ibid. pp. 433-9.6 (Paris, 1943), pp. i28.7 AnnalesI 946), pp. 43-5 1. Deals withChateau-Chalon. Evolution s shownbytheheadings:'Society and Sponsorship n the I6th century', in the I7th century', Divorce betweenpeopleand nobles n the I8th century', Rich peasants,ruinednobles'. Cf.the same writer'sEsquisses

de Sociologie fransaises:deux villagesdu Jura francais' (also about Chiteau-Chalon, and LesRousses), bid. pp. I 78-83.In Etudes 'Histoiremodernet contemporaineSociete d'Histoiremoderne, , I947), pp. 5-I4.Deals with Georges Obrecht and Israel Minckel intermediaries etweenFrenchroyalty ndGermanfinance'. It seems clear thatthe directions n which they mployed heir apitalweredictatedby religiousmotives.9 Most important orthe fiscalpolicyof the Valois. (Publicationsde la Faculte des LettresdeStrasbourg), elangesI 945), III; Etudes istoriques...Les Belles ettres,946), pp. i65-217.'? (PressesUniversitaires,948), pp. 533." (PressesUniversitaires,946), pp. 225 and 2 maps.12 (PressesUniversitaires,943), pp. lii+780.


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HISTORY OF FRANCE 65venalitdes fficesousHenri V etLouisXIIII (dealingwith ocialas well as institu-tionalhistory).J. Meuvret ontinues is research n prices, specially ornprices;hisrecentarticles nclude:'Les mouvements es prixde I66 'a I7I5 et leursrepercussions.'2'L'Histoire des prix des cerealesen France dans la secondemoitiedu XVIIesiecle.' (Sourcesand secondary uthorities.)'Circulationmonetaire t utilisation conomiquede la monnaie n France auxXVIe etXVIIe siecles.'4

There has been a new editionof Olivier de Serres'Le Theatre'agriculturetMesnage esChamps.5One of H. Hauser's last and best books was La penseet 'action iconomiqueeRichelieuI 944) 'We feel',hesays, thatColbertmust ave earnedhis conomicsfrom ichelieu'spapers. Richelieu, t once a theoreticalnd a practical cono-mist,neverthelessailed n face of two main obstacles:the necessityfwaginga continental ar, and a deplorablefiscal ystem.His uncompletedaskwas tobe takenup by Colbert, hough ften ess vigorously nd less ntelligently,orin the field f economic deas it was Richelieuwho was the manofgeniuswitha vision f the future.'In thisperiodcolonizationwas an incident f missionarynterprise;n thissubjectour information as been enlargedby two books of exactscholarship:Guillaumede Vaumas, L'eveilmissionairee a France 'HenriV d la fondationuSdminairees Missionsitrangeres,6nd H. Chappoulie,Aux origines'uneEglise,Rome t es Missions 'Indo-Chineu XVIIe sie'cle.7The following re noteworthy:osephFournier, 'inventaireesArchivese aChambreeCommerceeMarseille,8useful ollection fdocuments ith calendarof theminutes rom 650 to I757; PierreDardel's well-managed tudyofLeTrafic aritimeeRouenuxXVIIe etXVIIIe sieles;9Pinsseau'shistorical ccountoftheCanalHenriV (oucanalde Briare); 0 Jean Vidalenc, La petitemetallurgierurale nHauteNormandieous 'Ancien egime."Lastly,we mustnotice wovolumes fa series y Ph. Sagnac,embodyingheresults f recent esearch nd containing nterestingppendixes:La formationela Societifranfaiseoderne.. La Societe't a monarchiebsolueI66 I-I7I5); II. LaRevolutiones dies t e diclin e 'Ancien igimeI 7I5-I 788).12

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURYIncisivenessnd graspmark hefirst olumeof Maxime Leroy'sHistoirees diessociales n France I. De MontesquieuRobespierre).13JeanEgret'sthesison LeParlementeDauphinet es ffairespubliquesans adeuxiemeoitie'uXV[11e i'clehas(Rouen: Magnard, I 945), pp. xxxii+630. 2 R.H. (I 945), PP. I85, I86.Melanges I944), V,27-45. 4 Etudes 'Histoiremodernecf. p. 64, n. 8), pp. I5-29.(Plon, 1941), PP. x+ I36. 6 (Lyons: Imprimerie xpress, 942), PP. 454.7(Bloud et Gay, 1943), PP.442.8(Marseilles: Chambre de Commerce, 940), vol. I, pp. civ and Io6o columns.9(Rouen: Imprimerie aine, 1946), pp. I40.'? (Paris: Clavreuil, 943), PP. 3I9 and 8 plates." Collection'histoireociale Domat-Montchretien,946), 249 pp. and 9 plates.12 (PressesUniversitaires,945, 1946), 2 vols.,pp. 240 and pp.356.

13 (Gallimard, I946), PP. 304. Cf. F. ALENGRY, Turgot Ch. Lavauzelle, 1942), PP. x+ I56,and PIERRENIGREUX, Turgot Selections and Preface), Collectiones grands conomistesDalloz,I947), PP. 429. On the influence f the economists see AMBROISE JOBERT,Magnats olonais tphysiocratesfrancais1767-1774) (Dijon: Imprimerie urantdere,94I), PP. 94.


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66 THE ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEWnaturallymade ncursionsntothefield f ocialand economichistory.' n whatpurports o be no morethana simplevillagehistory mile G. Leonard,Monvillage ousLouis XV d'apresesmemoires'unpaysan,2as succeeded n makingpoints nd drawing onclusions fwider ignificance.n Lesoriginese agrandeindustrieetallurgiquenFrance3 ertrandGillehas drawnattention o thecon-centration f industrywhich was takingplace at the end of the eighteenthcentury.n spite f he imitations hich ts itlewould uggest, ndreRemond'sJohn olker,manufacturiertgrandfonctionnairefranfaiseuXVIIIe sille (1719y1786)is a studyofwide significance hichfrequentlyraws parallelsfromBritishindustrial istory.4 he Bi-Centenairee 'Impressionur tofe nAlsace1745-1946)was theoccasionfor n issuebytheSociete ndustrielle e Mulhouse f volumeofcommemorativend documentarymaterialofhigh nterest ortheoriginsand the evolution-in particular, or he technical volution-ofcalicomanu-facturenAlsace.5Andre Colomeshasmade a good contributiono thehistoryoftheworkinglass nLesouvriersutextileans a campagneroyenne173o-1852).6There are twouseful ooksoncolonialhistory: . Conan,La dernie'reompagniefranfaisees ndes 1785-1875),7nd SimoneBertain,Etudesur a traite esnoirsau Golfe eGuinde. e comptoirfranfaiseJuda Ouidah) uXVIIe si'cle.8In a number fNotes 'histoireoloniale abrielDebienhasprepared hegroundfor definitive orkon SaintDomingowhich s awaited with nterest:Une plantation Saint-Domingue:a SucrerieGalbaudduFort i692-i802).'9'Le peuplement esAntilles u XVIIe siecle: les engagespartisde la Rochelle(i683-I75).' 10'Autour de l'expedition e Saint-Domingue:es espoirs 'une famille 'anciensplanteurs (I80I-I804).'11'Le plan et les debutsd'une caf6iere Saint-Domingue: a plantationa Mes-veillere aux Anses a Pointe a Pitre (I789-I792).'12'Le commerce antais t a perte e Saint-Domingue'apresunecorrespondancede la maison Lerebourg (i784-I8oo).'13'Comptes,profits,sclaves t troupeauxde deuxsucreries e St.-Domingue.'14'A Saint-Domingue,vec deux eunes economesde plantation 1774-I788).'15

I (Grenoble: ImprimerieAllier,1942), 2 vols.,pp. xxx+ 332 and pp. 420.2 (PressesUniversitaires,941), PP. Vii 390.3 Collection'HistoireocialeDomat, 1947), PP. 273. Cf. PAULM. BONDOIS, Etat de l'industrietextile n France' (Bibliothequede l'Ecole des Chartes, 943), PP. 137-2 i8 (based on the nquiryby theControleur-general esmarets n 1708).4 (M. Riviere,1946), pp. I90.5 Bulletin, os. III-IV (I946), pp. iio. Cf. P. LEUILLIOT in Annales i 947), PP. 486-9I. SeefurtherIERRE DARDEL, Lesmanufacturesetoileseintestdesergesmprimees Rouen ta'Bolbec uxXVIIe et X1IIIe sieles (Rouen: Desvages, I940), PP. 128.6 (Domat-Montchretien, 943), PP. 193. Cf. F. EvRARD, 'Les ouvriersdu textile dans laregion rouennaise I785-I802)' inAnnaleshistoriques e la RivolutionFranfaise (1947), PP. 333-53.7 (M. Riviere,1942), PP. 272.8 (Larose, 1942), PP. 122. (Mimoires e l'Institutranfais 'Afrique oire,no. 3.) See also

HERVE DU HALGOUET'S well-documentedrticle, Au tempsde Saint-Domingue t de la Mar-tinique' (Mem. de la Sociti d'Histoire td'ArcheologieeBretagneI943), vol. xxiII), based on thecorrespondence f eighteenth-centuryantes traders; nd P. THOMAs-LACROIX, 'La guerredecoursedans les portsdesAmirautes e Vannes et Lorient 1744-1763)', ibid. (I946), XXVI, 159-215.9 (Cairo: Imprimerie e l'Institut ransaisd'ArcheologieOrientale,1941), PP. 136.10 (By thesame publishers), p. 226." (Port au Prince, I943), pp. 20. Extractfrom heRevue de la Societed'Histoireet GlographiedeHaiti.12 Ibid. (I943), PP. 20. '3 Ibid. (I944), pp. 69.14 Ibid. (I944-5), PP. I20. IS Ibid. (1945), pp. 86..


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HISTORY OF FRANCE 67'Gouverneurs,magistrats t colons. L'oppositionparlementairet coloniale aSt.-DomingueI763-I769).X1'Une indigoterie St.-Domingue la findu XVIIIe siecle.'2

Finally,havingcompletedhis nquiry nto Les archives e quelques famillesde planteurs ntillais'3 Debien presents nstructiveiewson 'Les archivesdeplantations es Antilles.4JeanBouchary5 as illustrated inancial evelopment t theend of the ancienregimen Les Compagniesinancie'resParis d la finduXVIIIe sizecle,6esmanieursd'argent Parisd la finduXVIIIP siecle7nd La CompagnieesEaux de Paris etl'entreprisee1' vette1788-1793)8One of the lastwritings f the ate Andre' . Sayouswas his account ofthe'Principales phases de l'histoire e la banque a Geneve pendant e XVIIIesiecle', whichhas some relevance o thehistoryfFrenchfinance.9France,however,was mainly country fpeasantson the eveoftheRevolu-tion. In a regional tudy n EasternFranceJ. Millothas carried n and com-pleted his previousbook, Le regimeeigneurialnFranche-Comte'u XVIIIe sie'cle

(I937), byL'abolition esdroitseigneuriauxans edipartementu Doubset a regioncomtoise.10. de Saint-Jacob, ho is working n a thesis n ruralBurgundy, asdrawn ttention onew material n La proprieteu XVIIIe siecle. Une sourcemeconnue:Le controle es actes etcentieme enier'."1It is, however, n the movement fprices hathistorians f the origins f theFrenchRevolutionhave laid particular tress, ursuing he example ofC. E.Labrousse,who has followed is doctoratn droit hesis, squisse u mouvementesprix tdes evenusnFrance u XVIIIe si cle I933) with no lessremarkable hesisfor he doctorat's-lettresn the Sorbonne, a Crise e '6conomieranfaise lafindel'Ancieneigimet u debut e a Revolutionvol. , Aperfuse'ndraux,ources, eithodes,objectifs.a crise ela viticulture).12or Michelet, herevolution f I789 was areaction o misery;forJaures,on the contrary,t was the result fbourgeois

Extract from heBulletin e la Societe 'histoireontemporainee Hafti I 945-6), pp. 50 andpp. 36.2 Extractfrom he Revue 'Histoire esColoniesI940-6), pp. 49.3 AnnalesSeptember 938), pp.424-9.4 Extractfrom he Bulletin e a Socidtt rchlologiquet HistoriqueeNantes tde a Loire nferieure(1946), pp. 28.5 Earlier ones include Le marcheeschanges eParis a' lafin duXVIIIe siecle 1778-1800) (Hart-mann, 1937), pp. i85, which s both an introductionnd a guide.6 Originally published in part in the AnnalesHistoriques e la Rivolutionranfaise1940).(M. Riviere,3 vols., 1940, I941, 1942,pp. I67, 2I2 and I74).7 Bibliothtque'histoireconomiqueM. Riviere), vol. ii (1940), pp. 2IO and vol. iII (943),pp. 286. Vol. I appeared in 1939.8 (M. Riviere, 1946), pp. i6o.AnnalesI939), pp. 133-41. Cf. MAXIME LANSDORF, Les travauxd'Andre E. Sayous surl'histoire conomique', Revue conomiquenternationaleMay 1935).10 Besan~on: ImprimerieMillot,1941), pp.315 and map.'I AnnalesI946), pp. i62-7. -Cf. the ame writer'sLa ventedu bon vinde Volnayau XVIIIesiecle' (extractfrom heAnnales e BourgogneI947), fasc. , PP. 4). Cf. CHABOT, La Bourgogne(Collection A. Colin, I941), pp. 224, and 'Toponymie et geographie: les toponymesderivesde la vigne en' Bourgogne', A.G. (I943), pp. 53-6, with map. See especiallyP. DE SAINT_JACOB, 'Etudes sur l'ancienne communaute ruralede Bourgogne',Annales eBourgogne194I),pp. I69-202; (I943), pp. I73-84; (1946), pp. 237-50.

12 Presses Universitaires i94A), pp. 664 and 55 diagrams. Beforeworkingout his thesisLabrousse publishedpreparatory tudieswhich nclude Le prix du froment1782-1796)' and'Comment controleres mercuriales? Le Test de Concordance', Annales1939), pp. 382-40I;(1940), pp. II7-3I. Cf. his 'Observations sur la lecturedes courbes economiques', Annaleshistoriquese a Revolutionranfaise1937), pp.330-4I.


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68 THE ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEWprosperitynd tended to the profit f the rich. The two pointsof view, over-narrownthemselves,houldbe considered scomplementary. eorges efebvre,whose important aper on Le mouvementes prixet les origines e la RevolutionFranfaiseshouldberecalled, asreviewed abrousse's hesis n no ess han hreeimportant rticles;2 t should be added that Labroussemeans to carryon hiseconomic nterpretationftheRevolution.3 n conclusion t shouldbe recalledthat the late Leon Cahen had discussed Quelques aspects de l'economiefran~aise la veille de la Revolution.4

THE REVOLUTION AND THE EMPIREPierreCaron,who sa veteran xpert n therevolutionaryeriod,has publisheda new and amplified dition ofhis Manuel ratique our 'itude e la Revolutionfranfaise,5riginally ublishedbefore he FirstWorld War; he has emphasizedthatthe ncreased copeof hismanual,to cover social and economicdevelop-mentsbetween 789 and I799, s due to the workofLabrousse nd others. nthis onnexion, oo,there re some nterestingomments yG. Lefebvre, hosebook onLes Paysans uNord endantaRevolutionfranfaiseI 27) was seen tohavemarked n epoch, fnotfounded school, n theCongress rganizedn I939 bythe Commission or research and publicationof documentsrelatingto theeconomic ife f the Revolution.6Lefebvre s theauthor f a workofsynthesis,QuatreVingt euf and ofa volume n the CollectionArmandColin,Le Direc-toire;8he has thus completedAlbert Mathiez' La Rivolutionranfaise,ndwritten sequeltohisown ThermidoriensI 937). In the atter efebvre welt nthe abolition of the maximumnd the consequentmonetary risis,which hedescribed s 'the turning-pointftheperiod'. 'As always,whathas attractedtheattention fmosthistorians,n theThermidorianeriod, s thetragicpartystruggle;yetit was of minor mportance omparedwith the collapseof thecurrency' p. 79) On the ubject ftheDirectorate's inancial olicy ndof he' class' apprehension hichdominatedtshistoryndformedhepretext or hei8th Brumaire,he well showstheperfect ontinuity etweenthe men oftheDirectorate nd theThermidorians-'the same men, the same ends,thesamemeans

The Marxist-not to say, with certaincritics, rotskyist-interpretationfhistory ermeates aniel Guerin's nvolved nd elaborateLa lutte eclasses ousla Premiereipublique, ourgeoist 'bras nus' (1795-1797).9 whichhas alreadyAnnales istoriquese la RevolutionFranfaiseI937), Pp. 289-329.2 R.H. (April-June 944); AnnalesJanuary-March 946); Annales istoriquese la RevolutionFranfaise (April-June I947).The following eal withmorespecializedsubjects n Frencheighteenth-centuryocial andeconomichistory: ASTON ZELLER, 'Manants d'Alsace,derniersmanants e France' (Publicationsde la Faculte des Lettresde Strasbourg, asc. I04) (Melanges 945), I, EtudesAlsatiquesLesBellesLettres, 946), pp. I I I-2 I. EMILE APPOLIS, La constructionesroutesoyalesnLanguedocuXVIIIe siecle Albi, Bibliothequee la Revue u Tarn, 941, PP. 85 and a map). ERIC DARDEL,Etatdespeches aritimesur es otes ccidentalese a Franceu debutuXVIIIe siecleI941). Referencemay also be made to the presentwriter's riticalbulletin on the eighteenth entury nd theFrenchRevolution n theRevue eSynthese'SyntheseHistorique'), I 948, pp. I59-I 90.

4 Annales (I939), Pp. 238-51.(Editions Picard, I947), PP. 324.6 Annales istoriquese a RevolutionJanuary-February9401.7 (Maison du Livre Fran~ais, I939), Pp. 252. 8 (1946), pp. 200.9 (Gallimard, 946), 2 vols.,pp. 5I I and pp. 472. See H. CALVET, 'Une histoire nouvelle"de la Revolutionfran~aise',R.H. (I947), PP. 22I-37, and especially G. LEFEBVRE, Annaleshistoriques... I947), PP. I73-99


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HISTORY OF FRANCE 69receivedharp ndpertinentorrectionromompetent istorians-'bourgeois',according oGuerin.Octave Festycontributes longbook to thequestionofL'agricultureendantla Revolution:es Conditionseproductiont derecolteescereales1789-1795),1forwhichhe has drawnlargelyupon archivesources. On the veryeve of theRevolution ewmethods f griculture ere lready ompeting ith raditionalones; thefreedom rom raditional outineswhich t introduced oon had toencounterpprehensions ffamine.Festy upplies ll necessarynformationnthequestions f labour and ofagricultural echniques.Two otherbooksandtwo articlesmustbe noted:JEANBOUCHARY, aux monnayeursous a Revolution.2RENE GARMY,La 'mine uxmineurs' eRancief1789-1848).3J. DELATTE, La vente des biens nationaux en Belgique .4R. SCHNERB, 'Les vicissitudes de I'impot indirect (de la Constituante a Napo-leon) .5

A wide and thoughtfulelection yMaximilienVox is assembled n Sixcentslettres e travail 1806-181o) from the Correspondancee Napolion.6 Bertrand deJouvenel asgiven ttentionoNapoleont 'economieirigee. eBlocus ontinental.7The blockade and contraband ctivities),he textilendustryfMulhouseandthecommercial nd industrial risis t the falloftheEmpireare discussed nover two hundredpages devoted to economiclife in Fernand L'Huillier'sRecherchesur 'AlsaceNapoleonienne.8Thanksto A. Chabert'sEssai sur emouvementesprixetdesrevenusnFrancede1798d1820 economic volutionwillregain tsplaceinthetrade ycle.9Lastly,FredericB. Artz has written he history fL'EnseignementechniquenFrancependant'Vpoquee'volutionnairecovering,nspite fthetitle, heperiod o i8I5) 10i8I5-i848

This was theperiodwhich aw thedevelopment t industrialmachinery,nditshistorians ave givenparticular ttention oworking-classistory.GeorgeandHubertBourgin avepublished hethird nd final olume f heir ollectionofsources, es Patrons,esouvrierstl'Etat. Le regimee l'industrienFrance e1814 a 1830,11whichformsnimportantontributionothesocial and economichistoryf theearlynineteenthentury.12

I (Gallimard, 947), PP. 463. Cf.GEORGES SANGNIER, La crise ubidd Arras lafindu XVIIIesiecle1788-1796) Fontenaye Comte:Lussaud reres,939), pp. I95.2 (M. Riviere; I1946), pp. I56.(Domat-Montchretien,943), pp. viii 290.4Revue d'histoire oderneJanuary-May I940).IAnnales (I947), pp. I7-30.6 (Gallimard, 943), pp. xxiv+ 574.7(Editions de la Toison d'Or, I942), pp. 373. See thereviewbythepresentwriter n Milanges( I944), V, pp- I o8-I5 -8 (Istra, I947), pp. 7I0. See ODETTE VIENNET, Napoldont l'industrieranfaise. a crisedei8io-i8u (Plon, 1947 (1948)), pp. 342; and Uneenqueteconomiqueans a Francempiriale:evoyagedu Hambourgeois. A. Nemnich1809) (Plon), pp. 269.9 Vol. I, Les Prix Librairiede Medicis, 1945), pp. 265.10 R.H. 1946), pp. 257-87, 385-408." Champion 1941), pp. xi+ 376, vol. in (December I825 toJuly 1830), with ndex to vols.I-iII. Vols. i and ii appeared in 1912 and 1921.

12 Cf. EDOUARD DOLLEANS in R.H. (October-December 1945), pp. 305-22. See alsoG. BOURGIN, 'La criseouvriere ans la secondemoitiede I830', R.H. (I947), pp. 203-I5.


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70 THE ECONOMICHISTORY REVIEWFernand Rude's Mouvementuvrier Lyonde 1827d 18321 s over-long, utcontains mportantonclusions. he Lyonsworkers' ising f November 83Ihad nopolitical ims; it was not at the time matter fhunger iots, ut simplyan attempt o force heemployerso a new system fengaging abour by col-

lectivecontract. For thefinaltragedy ad faith n thepartoftheemployerswas responsible.2A studyof La classe uvrierenAlsace endanta monarchieejuillet3 yMme Kahan-Rabecq appeared n I939.EdouardDolleans' two volumeson theHistoire uMouvementuvrier4ncludetheChartist xperimentf which he has previouslylready written history.They relatetheworkers'movement efore 848 to the deologies, nd tell thestory fthe First nternational nd theheroicage ofFrench yndicalism nderPelloutier nd Griffuehles. he problem here, as the Preface mphasizes, sespecially ne of nfluences-the nfluence f ideas on events nd of events nideas. The origins f theworkers'movements re in factto be soughtboth ntheoriesnd in the influence f historical acts;and this E. Dolleanshas wellbrought ut,with a lively arefor the psychologicalruth f ivinghistory'.SECOND EMPIRE 5

In La vieouvriereous eSecondmpire, workwhichwillproveof asting aluefor thisperiod, GeorgesDuveau has combinedthestudyofsocial psychologyand economichistory.6Duveau has describedhis methodelsewhere7 s 'anintensive se of the comparativemethod'; it has enabled himto trace, tep bystep,themovement fsocial evolution.His investigationsover notonlythedistributionfthe workersn France,their onditions fwork, hescales andmovementsfwages,and the standard f iving mplied n theworker's udgetand realwage,butalso the manners nd moralsoftheworkers. n particular,hehasrefrained rom ressingn antithesis etween he killed nd theunskilledworker. On theone hand, thepeasantcharacter nd theruralorigins, n theother he outlook nd workshop raditionsftheskilledworker-such are theessential haracteristicsf the massesunder theSecondEmpire: characteristicswhichratherbalance thanoppose each other nd makecomprehensibleoththe variety nd the unityof theworking lasses' (from he Prefaceby Ed.Dolleans). The workerhad no intention fbecoming social outcast. Classconsciousnessnd even classstruggle eganto appear at the end ofthe Second

1 (Domat-Montchretien,944), pp. 76I (Collectiond'Histoire sociale, vol. vi).2 In the same series hould be mentioned EAN VIAL, La Coutumehapeliere,istoireumouvementouvrierans a chapellerie1941).3 (Les Pressesmodernes, 939), pp. 426. See also CLAUDE LEVY, 'La fabrique e soie yonnaise(I830-I848)' in 1848et es RivolutionsuXiXe siecle summer1947), pp. 20-48.4 A. Colin, Vol. I (i840-71), 1936 (3rd ed. 1947); vol. II (i871-1936), 1939 (2nd ed. 1946),pp. 400 and pp. 403 (Prefaceby Lucien Febvre).5 For the Second Republic, see the presentwriter's riticalreview n La Revuede Synthise

('Synthese Historique') (1948), dealing with recentwork publishedbeforethe celebrationofthe centenary f i848, whichhas already been the occasion of numerousarticlesand books.Here may be noted ROBERT SCHNERB, 'Les hommesde i848 et l'imp6t', 1848et esRevolutionsduXIXe sicle (spring, 947), pp. 4-55 (particularly or he mp't f45 centimes); EAN VIDALENC,'L'Eure au debut de la Seconde Republique', ibid. (winter 946-i947); ALBERT CHARLES, LaRivolutione1848 et a Seconde epublique Bordeaux t dans e dipartemente a GirondeBordeaux:Publicationsde l'Universit6, ditionsDelmas, 1945, pp. 385), in which the writer rings ut therelationofpolitics o economicdevelopment.6 (Gallimard, 1946),pp. xix+605. Cf. ED. DOLLEANS in R.H. (1947), pp. 62-79.7 'Comment 6tudier a vie ouvriere: es methodesd'investigation',Revue 'histoireconomiqueet sociale I 940-7), pp. I1-22.


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HISTORT OF FRANCE 7'Empire, nd contributedo themyths ftheI 7ICommune. It willbe seenthatDuveau's masterlytudy,not less painstaking han infeormedy intelligence,exhibits felicitous ombination fhistory,sychology nd sociology.Otherwise nly a few rticles ffar ess mportance eed be noticed:MARCELBLANCHARD,D'une version de l'affaire des "chemins de fer" belges(I868-i869) '.1E. SILBERNER, 'Sur le mot "capitalisme. 2MARCEL EMERIT 'Les methodescoloniales de la France sous le Second Empire ,'and 'Les Sources des idees sociales et coloniales de Napoleon III '.4

THE CONTEMPORARY PERIODMaterial is chieflyto be found among geography theses; the followingare theprincipal nes:AIME' ERPILLOU, Cartographieupaysage ural imousin.5Louis PAPY, La cote tlantique e la Loire a la GirondeI. Les aspects aturels;II. L'hommet a mer).6ERIC DARDEL, La pdche arenguierenFrance.7RENE' CLOZIER, La Garedu Nord in Paris).8JEAN DESPoIs, La TunisierientaleSahel tBasse teppe).9PIERRE GOUROU, La Terre t 'HommenExtreme rient.10HENRI LABOURET, Paysans 'Afrique oire."'JACQUES WEULERSSE, Le PaysdesAlaouites.'2MAURICE LE LANNOU, Pdtrestpaysans e a Sardaigne.13A. ME'TRAUX, L'Ile dePdques.14H. ISNARD, VignetcolonisationnAlgerieI88o-I947).15MARCEL ROUJF,Une ndustrie'volue,a haute outurearisienne.'6L. GELLY, L'artisanatural,esproblemesctuels.17PAUL COUTIN, La notion'exploitationgricolefamiliale:'exemplee a Limagne.18ANTOINE PERRIER, Survivancese ratiquesommunautairesans'agricultureimousine.9

1 R.H. (1940), PP. 218-34. Cf. on railway history . GUENEAU, 'Le chemin de ferde Parisa Lyonet les problemes erroviairesous la MonarchiedeJuiilet', bid. (July-September 944),PP. 219-33.2 Used from 850 byLouis Blanc (Annales,940,PP. 133, 134).3 Extractfrom heRevue fricaineI 943), PP. I84-2 8.In Revue'Algeri 945), no. 9.5 (Chartres: mprimerie urand, 1940), PP. viii+ 105, with an atlas of2I plates.6 (Bordeaux Publications de la Faculte des Lettres,Editions Delmas, i940), pp. 302 andPP. 528.Etuded'histoireconomiquetsociale I94I).8 (J. B. Bailliere, 1940), PP. 294. Cf.PH. DUCHEMIN, 'Le cheminde ferde ParisAToulouse,etudegeographique',A.G. (1945), PP. 274-93.9 (Les Belles Lettres,1940), pp. 6i6 (Faculte des Lettresd'Alger). Shows thatthe Sahel isa regionof human and not ofnaturalgeography.10 A. Colin, 1940), PP. 224. By the same writer,La population rurale de la Cochinchine',A.G. (1942), PP. 7-25." (Gallimard, 1941), PP. 308 and i6 plates. See also J. BLACHE, 'La question pastorale enAfrique ccidentale',A.G. (1942), PP. 25-44.12 (Tours: Arrault,1940),PP.-48 and 154 plates.(Same publisher,94I), pp. viii+364, 36 platesand one map.14 (Gallimard: CollectionL'Espece humaine,1941), pp. 214. For furtheronsultation,ee theBibliobgrple)hicoapral)hiluenteriiationiale,939 (Colin, I 4I), and 1940-1944 (I947), headed 'geo-graphie hurmainc in thfie cmral section, inder the heading France' in the regional ection.' l/WU/Cv947i - pp. 288 -3(t 6 Ibid. (i946), pp. 16-33-7 (PIill, 1(d [4[) PP. 220. .8 Iiiaes (i 946), pp. 342-- 7-Ibid. Iq./) pp. IO2-. Se (G. Ili-Iss, ItIls[I):rn1-NioILctoini jurlt dsiateauxn s (S11 ( u c1 St , 1.(. (IJ6) PP* 13)-13


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72 THE ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEWGEORGES HOOG, Histoire u catholicismeocial en France de l'encycliqueerumnovarum l'encycliqueuadragesimo nno).1ROGER THABAULT, Monvillage,eshommes,esroutes,on coledeals with Mazieresen Gatine,capitalof a canton n the department f Deux-Sevres).2

In closingwe should like to draw attention o the articles n which Abel9Chatelain as combineddemographic tudieswith ocial history:'Archives tdemographic:nitiativendividuelle t migration.'3'Les leconsd'un denombrement:846 en Anjou.'4'Un typede migration emporairectuelle: a migration iagere."5'Cette nouvellevenue: la geographic ociale.'6'Recherches et enquetesdemographiques: es migrations ran~aisesvers lenouveau monde aux XIXe et XXe siecles.'7'Les fondements'une geographic ociale de la bourgeoisie ran~aise.'8'Demographiedu grand tronc erre ud-EstParis-Lyon-Mediterranee.'9'Influencede l'apportetrangerur es densites e populationdu Midi mediter-raneen."10

Lastly,we mustmention he revival f the studiesn electoral ociology ndgeographyt theInstitution 'EtudespolitiquesntheUniversityfParis,"'onthe nitiative fFrangoisGoguel,towhomwe owe an engaging tudy fpublicopinion n France in whichsocial and economicevolution, specially ortheperiod 914-39, are not neglected.2Paris

1 Collection'Histoire ociale, ditedby G. Bourginand Ed. Dolleans (Domat-Montchretien,I942), PP. xiii+376.2 Prefaceby Andre Siegfried Delagrave, I945), Pp. 252. Cf. LUCIEN FEBVRE, 'Ce grandpersonnage historique? L'ecole primaire', Annales (1945), PP. I4I-7.3 Ibid. (I945), PP- I38-4I4 Ibid. (I946), pp. 6i-6. Cf. the same writer's Les Bretons en Anjou', A.G. (I947),PP I 39-43.5 Annales (I947), PP- 4I I-I6. 6 Ibid. (I946), pp. 266-71I' Ibid. (1947), PP. I53-70. Cf. Louis CHEVALIER, 'L'emigration fransaise au XIXe siecle'in the Etudesd'histoire odernebove-mentioned,, I27-72; and LEON LEMMONIER, La rue'e ers

l'orenCalifornieGallimard, 944), includingunpublished ocuments or hechapters n Frenchemigration.8 Annales1947), PP. 455-63.9 Les Etudes rhodaniennes1947), PP. 35-82. "' Ibid. (I946), PP- 5-3I.11 Cf. Etudesde Sociologie lectoraleCahiersde la Fondation ationaledes Sciences olitiques, )

(A. Colin, I947), PP. 90.12 Lapolitique espartisous a IIIe Republique,I (I87 I-1932); and II(I933-9) (Editionsdu Seuil,PP- 428 and pp. 350.)

french bandit is me

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