French Glossary

Kai-Wen Lan∗

January 19, 2016

Several remarks:

I have never learned French formally. How-ever, since there are great mathematical ar-ticles and books written in French by greatmathematicians, I’m forced to look up thevocabularies in dictionaries and guess what’sgoing on in the words. The following glossaryis the outcome of such an elaboration over theyears.

I have no intention to make the glossarymathematical. That seems to be totallypointless, because most mathematical termsare self-explanatory from the context.

I have no intention to avoid redundancy.There are instances where the meanings seemclear from either the spellings or word struc-tures. However, there are also instanceswhere the spellings are close to an Englishword but the meanings are not. There doesnot seem to exist a simple criterion for such asituation, and I cannot see why people haveto refrain from recording such instances.

Finally, there’s no warranty for the cor-rectness of the explanations (and even thespelling). One should always be aware thatthis list is only for my personal use.

∗Email: kwlan@math.umn.edu

A

a hasa to, at, inabelien, ne abelianabeloıd, e abeloidabord m access

(tout) d’— first (of all), in the first place—s mpl surrounding area; outskirts

aborder to land, to approach, to collidewith

abouti, e successful; accomplishedaboutir to end at/in; to be successful; (for

spectral sequences) to abut toaboutissement m culmination, outcome;

abutment (for spectral sequences)abrege m summary, synopsisabreger to shortenabrupt abrupt, steep; ruggedabsent, e absentabsenter (s’) to absent oneselfabsolu, e absoluteabsolument absolutelyabsolution f absolution; pardonabsorber to absorb; to engrossabsorption f absorptionabstenir (s’) to abstainabstinence f abstinence; fasting

1

abstraire to abstractabstrait, e abstract; abstruse; obscureabsurde absurdabus m abuse; misuseabuser to deceive; to go too far

s’— to be mistakenabusi-f, ve excessive; wrong; unfairacademie f academyacademique academicaccent m accent; tone; stressacceptation f acceptanceaccepter to acceptacception f meaning (of word)acces m access (a, to)accessoire m detail; perk; pl properties; ac-

cesoryaccident m accident; mishapaccidente, e eventful; uneven; victim (of

accident); injuredacclamer to acclaimaccommoder to suit; to do up (food)

s’— a to adapt oneself tos’— de to put up with

accompagner to accompanyaccompli accomplished; thoroughaccomplir to carry out; to fulfil

s’— to take place; to happen; to be fulfilledaccomplissement m completion; fulfilmentaccord m agreement; consent; tuning

d’— agreedaccorder to accord; to grant; to tune; to rec-

onciles’— to agree

accoupler to couple, to yoke, to pairaccouplement m mating, coupling;

(MATH ) pairingaccoutume, e usual

comme a l’—e as usual

accoutumer to get used toaccrediter to substantiateaccroıtre to increaseaccroissement m increase, growthaccueil m reception, welcomeaccueillant, e friendly, welcomingaccueillir to receive, to welcome; to take

care of, to cater foraccumuler to store up, to accumulate

s’— to pile up; to accrueachevement m completionachever to finishacquerir to acquireacquis acquired; m knowledge, experienceacte m act; action; deed; certificateacti-f, ve activeaction f action; act; deed; (JUR) action,

lawsuit; (FIN ) shareactiver to urge on; to activateactivite f activityactualite f reality; event

les —s the news; newsreelactuel, le present, real

a l’heure —le at the present timeactuellement currently; at the present timeacyclique acyclicacyclicite f acyclicityadapter to adapt; to fit; to apply

s’— to be suitable (a, for)additi-f, ve additiveaddition f addition; (restaurant) billadditionel, le additionaladelique adelicadepte adeptadherence f (MATH ) closureadherer to adhere

s’— to join (party)adieu m farewell; good-bye, farewell

2

adjacent, e adjoining, adjacentadjectif adjectiveadjoindre to add to; to adjoin

s’— to appoint, to take onadjoint, e deputy, assistant; (MATH ) ad-

jointadjonction f adjunction; adjoiningadmet see admettreadmettre to admit, to allowadmissible admissibleaffaiblir to weaken

s’— to get weakeraffaire f affair; matter; case; business; dealaffaire, e busyaffecter to feign, to set apartaffirmati-f, ve affirmativeaffirmer to assert; to maintainaffront m insult, affrontaffronter to confrontaffubler

etre affuble de to be got up ins’— de qqch. to get oneself up in sth.

affuter to sharpenafin

— de in order to— que in order that

age m age; old ageage, e elderlyagile nimble, quickagir to act; to do; to work

il s’agit de . . . the matter, thing, orquestion is (about, to) . . .

agiter to agitate; (MATH ) acts’— to move about, to fidget; to stir; to

get restlessaide f help; assistance; mf helper; assistantaider to assist, to helpaigu, e sharp; pointed; acute; shrill

aile f wing, sail, aisle, flank (of army or fleet)ailleurs elsewhere

d’— moreover, besidespar — moreover, furthermore

aimable amiable; lovable; kind; pleasingaimant loving; affectionateaimer to love; to like; to be fond of; to enjoy

s’— to love each otherainsi like this; this, so

et — de suite and so onpour — dire so to speak, as it were— que as well as; as

air m air; wind; look; appearance; likeness;tune

aise f pleasureaise, e easy; well-offaisement easilyait see avoirajourner to postpone; to put off; to defer;

to summons’— to adjourn

ajouter to adds’— to be added

ajuster to adjust; to fit; to arrange; ro rec-oncile; to aim at

s’— to be adjusted; adapted; to adapt one-self; to fit

algebrisable algebraizablealgebrisation f algebraizationalgebriser to algebraizealgebrique algebraicalgebriste m algebraistalgebre f algebraalinea m indent; paragraphallant m drive, bounceallant, e active, livelyallee f going, alley, passage, lane, pathAllemagne f Germany

3

allemend m Germanallemand, e GermanAllemand, e mf Germanaller to go, to get on, to become, to fit, to

suitallusion f allusion

faire — a to allude toalors then, at that time

d’— at that timejusqu’— until then— que while, when; even though

alourdir to weigh down; to increasealphabet m alphabetalterne, e (MATH ) alternatingaltitutde f altitude; heightamalgame m mixture; hotchpotch; hodge-

podge; amalgamamalgamer to lump together; to blend, to

amalgamateamant m loveramateur m amateur

— de lover ofd’— amateur; amateurish

ambiance f atmosphereambiant, e surroundings, ambientambigu, e ambiguousambiguıte f ambiguityambitieu-x, se ambitious; mf ambitious

personambition f ambitiousness; ambitionameliorer to improve, to make better

s’— to get betteramende f fine; penalty; costsamendement m amendment; improvementamender to improveamener to bring, to introduce, to bring

in/on/aboutami, e mf friend

amiable amicableamical, e friendly; kindamour m love; passionamourette f ferry love affair; passing fancyamoureu-x, se in love; enamoredample ample; spacious; large; copiousampleur f ampleness; largeness; fullnessamplifier to enlarge uponamplitude f amplitudeamuser to amuse; to entertain; to deceive

s’— to enjoy oneselfan m year

jour de l’— New Year’s Dayanalogue analogousanalyse f analysis; (MATH ) calculusanalyser to analyze; to parse; to criticizeanalytique analyticancien m elder; seniorancien, ne ancient, old, past, former, re-

tiredaneantir to destroy; to annihilate; to over-

whelmange m angelanglais English (langauge); m Englishangle m angle; cornerAngleterre f Englandanimal animal; sensual; brutalanimer to animate; to enliven; to cheer; to

excite; to jazz ups’— to become excited, warm, angry; to

encourage each otheranneau m ringannee f year, crop, vintageannele, e ringedannihilation f annihilationanniversaire m anniversary; birthday; an-

niversaryannonce f announcement; advertisement

4

annoncer to announce; to foretells’— bien to look promising

annoter to annotateannulateur m annihilatorannulation f canceling

theoreme d’— m vanishing theoremannuler to annul, to cancelinganodin, e minor; harmless; insignificantanonyme anonymousanormal, e abnormalanterieur, e former; past; frontanteriorite f priorityantilineaire antilinearantisymetrique antisymmetricaout m Augustapercu m glance, summary, viewapparaıtre to appearappareil m preparation; display; apparatus;

applianceapparemment apparentlyapparence f appearanceapparent, e apparentapparente, e (a, r)elated to; similar to; af-

filiated toapparition f appearance; publication;

ghostappartement m suite of rooms; flatappartenir to belong to; to be a member of;

to concernappartien- see appartenirappar-u, u see apparaıtreappel m call; appeal; musterappeler to call; to appeal; to name

s’— to be calledappendice m appendix; appendageapplication f application; attention; dili-

gence; appropriation; (MATH ) mappingapplique, e applied; studios; diligent

appliquer to apply, to lay on, to adapt, todevote

s’— to be applied; to be applicable to; toapply oneself

apporter to bringappreciable appreciableappreciation f appreciationapprecier to appreciate; to assess

s’— to like one otherapprehender to arrestapprehension f apprehensionapprenais see apprendreapprendre to learn; to hear of, to learn ofapprenne see apprendreapprenti, e mf apprentice; beginnerapprentissage m apprenticeship; learningappreter to prepareappris, e pp of apprendreapprobation f approvalapprochant, e near; like; approximate;

thereaboutapproche f approach; accessapprocher to approach; to bring near

s’— to come nearapproximati-f, ve approximate, roughappuyer to support, to prop, to insist

s’— to lean, to rely (sur, on)apres after; afterwards

d’— from, according toet —? what then?

apres-midi mf afternoonapte capable, qualifiedarabe Arab; ArabicArabe mf Arabarc m bow; arc;archarcanes mpl mysteriesarc-en-ciel m rainbowarchimedien, ne archimedean

5

archives fpl archives; records; recording of-fice

argent m silver; money; cashargente, e silvered; silver-whiteargenter to plateargument m argument; reasoning; plea;

summaryargumenter to argue; to infer (de, from)arithmetique f arithmeticarmer to arm (de, with); to set against

(contre); to cock; to equips’— to arm oneself (de, with); to summon

uparrangement m arrangement; preparation;

adjustment; accommodationarranger to arrange; to settle; to repair; to

suit; to trim ups’— to make shift (de, with); to come to

an arrangement (avec, with)arret m decree, stop, catcharret-e, e m decision, order, decreearreter to stop, to detain, to restrain, to ar-

rest, to fix, to resolve, to book, to en-gage, to conclude, . . .

arriver to arriveart m artarticle m article; subject; thing; paragraph;

item; goodsarticulation f articulation; jointarticule, e articulatedarticuler to utter; to pronounce; to set forthartificiel, le artificialartificieu-x, se artfulartinien, ne artinianascendance f ascending line; ascendencyascendant m ascendency; pl fore-fathersascendant, e ascendingaspect m aspect; view; appearance

assemblee f assembly; congregation; party;meeting

assembler to collect; to convoke; to join to-gether

s’— to meetassertion f assertionassez enough, fairly, ratherassistance f assistance; audience; helpassistant, e mf person present; helper; pl

those presentassister to attend; to be present; to helpassociati-f, ve associativeassociation f association; partnershipassocie, e mf associate; partnerassocier to associate

s’— to join (a, avec, with); to enter intopartnership; to share (a, in)

assujettir to subjugate; to subdue— a subject to

assumer to assumerassurance f assurance; reliance; boldness;

insuranceassure, e assured; insured; secured; confi-

dentassurement certainly; assuredlyassurer to assure; to insure; to secure; to

asserts’— to make sure (de, of) (que, that)

asterisque m asteriskastiquer to polishastral, e stellar; astralastreindre to subject; to compel

— qn. a qch. to force sth. on sb.— qn. a faire to force sb. to do

atringent, e astringentastral, e stellar; astralastrer m starastuce f smartness; trick; wisecrack

6

— unitaire f unitary trickastucieu-x, se smart, cleverasymptotique asymptoticatelier m workshop; office; studio; gangatmosphere f atmosphereattabler to sit down at a tableattachant attractive; engagingattache f tie; bond; fastening; leashattache attachedattacher to attach; to fasten; to bind; to

interest; to endears’— to cling; to fastens’— a to devote oneself to

attaque f attack; fit; strokeattaquer to attack; to begin; to sue

s’— a to attackatteindre to reach; to attain; to strike; to

injureattenant, e adjoiningattendant (en) meanwhileattendre to wait for; to expect; to look for-

ward tos’— a to expect; to rely upon

attendu, e expected; consideringattenti-f, ve attentiveattention f attention; care; kindnessatrirance f attractionattirant, e attractiveattirer to attract; to draw sb. to/towards

oneattiser to poke; to stir upattitre, e usual; by appointment; accred-

itedattitude f attitude; postureattract-if, ive magnetic; attractiveattraction f attractionattrait m appeal; attractionattribuer to assign or allocate (sth. to sb.)

s’— to appropriate; to claimattribut m attribute; complementattribution f awarding, award; allocation,

assignment; bestowingau see a + leaucun, e any, no, none; anyone, no oneau-dessous belowau-dessus aboveaugmentation f increase; riseaugmenter to increase, to raise

s’— to increaseaujourd’hui today, nowadaysauquel see a + lequelaura, aurai, aurez see avoiraurore f dawnaussi also, likewise, so, as, as much; there-

fore, consequently— bien que as well as

aussitot immediatelyautant as much, as many, so much, so manyauteur m authorauto f carauto- self-

—adjoint self-adjointautomorphisme m automorphismautorise to authorizeautorite f authority; powerautour around

tout — all around— de around

autre another; other, different—chose/part something/somewhered’— part on the other hand; moreover,

besidesd’—s (some) othersl’— the otherles —s the others; othersl’un l’— each other

7

l’un et l’— both of thementre —s among other things

autrefois formerlyautrement otherwiseaux see a + lesauxiliaire auxiliary; mf assistant; auxiliaryauxquels see a + lesquelsavance f advance; money advanced

d’— beforehandavancement m progress; riseavancer to advance; to promote; to hasten;

to hold forth; to proceed; to progress;(clock) to be fast

s’— to come forwardavant far; deep; forward; before; m forepart;

bowen — in front— de/que before—-gout m foretaste—-hier the day before yesterday—-premiere f preview—-propos m foreword

avantage m advantageavantageu-x, se advantageousavatar m metamorphosis; reincarnationavec with, byavenir m future, prospects, posterityaventure f adventure; affairaventureu-x, se adventurous; riskyavere, e recognized, confirmed, provenaverer

s’— to prove (to be)avertir to warn; to informavertissement m warning, notice, prefaceavez see avoiravis m opinion; advice; caution; newsavise, e advised; far-seeing; circumspectaviser to perceive; to advise; to see to it

s’— to take it into one’s head (de, to)avoir to have, to get, to beavouer to confess (to); to admit; to avow

s’— to admit (to being)avril m Aprilaxe m axis; axleaxiome m axiomaxiomatique axiomaticayant see avoir

B

bagage m luggageplier — to pack up, to make off

baleine f whaleballade f ballad; balladebarbarant, e barbaric?barbare barbaric; mf barbarianbaroque odd; quaint; (style) baroquebas low down; m bottom; stockingbas, se low, mean, basebase f base; basisbaser to base, to groundbeau m beautiful; beauty; best; fine weatherbeau, belle beautiful, handsome; fine fairbel see beau (before vowel or a mute h)beaucoup much, many, a great dealbeaute f beautybebe m babybemol m (MUS ) flatbesoin m need, want, necessitybete stupid; f animalbetise f stupidity; stupid thingbeurre m butter

compter pour du — to count for noth-ing

faire son — to make one’s pile

8

mettre du — dans les epinards tomake life a little more comfortable

beurre, e buttered; plasteredbiais slant; bias; angle; expedientbiaiser to dodge the issuebibliographie f bibliographybien well, quite, very, okay; good, property

. . .— entendu of course— que although, though— sur of course, certainly

bien-etre m wellbeing; comfortbienfaisance f charitybienfaisant, e beneficialbienfait m benefit; kindnessbientot soon; shortlybienveillance f kindness; good willbienveillant, e kind; benevolentbienvenu, e welcomebienvenue f welcomebiere f beer; coffin; bierbiextension f biextensionbilineaire bilinearbimultiplicati-f, ve bimultiplicativebiographie f biographybis encore; m encorebiunivoque bijectiveblame m blame; censureblamer to blame; to find fault withblanc m white; blank; white (man)blanche f white (woman)blan-c, che white; clean; paleblanchir to whiten; to bleach; to grow whiteboire to drink; to soak up (paper, etc)bon m good; good quality; bond; order;

chequebon, ne good; kind; advisable; rightbond m bound; leap; jump

bondir to bound; to spring; to skipbonhomme m good-natured man; old man;

fellowbonjour good morningbonsoir good evening; good nightbord m edge; bank; (MATH ) boundary (in

homology)border to border; to edge; to hem; to tuck

upborne f boundary; milestone; terminalborne, e limited, narrow, short-wittedborner to bound, to limit, to confinebon goodbouquet m bunch; nosegay; aromas; crown-

ing piece; prawnbourg m market town; boroughbourgeois, e mf citizen; middle class man

or woman; bourgeois; middle-class; com-mon

les petits — the lower middle class; mas-ter

branche f branch; bough; divisionbrancher to branch; to plug in; to connect;

to put through; to roost, to perchbrave brave; honest; good; smartbref briefly

en — in shortbr-ef, eve brief; shortbudget m budgetbut m mark, aim, goal, end, purpose

C

cache m mask; f hiding placecacher to hide, to conceal

se — to hide; to be hiddencadre m frame, plan, managerial staff, staff

9

cafe m coffee; cafecafeteria f cafeteriacalcul m calculation; arithmetic; calculus;

stone (bladder, etc)calculer to calculate; to reckon; to computecalendrier m calendarcalque m tracing

(papier) — tracing paper; exact copycalquer to trace; to copy

— qch. sur model sth. oncamarade mf friendcanonique canonicalcanular m hoaxcanularesque ??? see canularcar for, because, ascaractere m character; naturecaracteriser to characterizecaracteristique f characteristic; character-

isticcarre m square; square, straightcarrer to squarecarte f card; pass; map; chart; menu

— (locale) f (MATH ) (local) chart, coor-dinate

cartesien Cartesiancas m case, matter, eventcategorie f category; class; groupcategorique adamant; categoriccause f cause; motive; case; trial

a — de on account ofcauser to cause; to chatce, cet, cette this, thatceci this, this thingcela thatcelle see celuicelui, celle he, she, him, her, the one, thatcent one hundred; hundredcentral, e central

centraliser to centralizecentralisateur m (MATH ) centralizercentre m centercentrer to centercependant meanwhile; yet, howevercertain, e certain, sure; pl (before a noun)

somecertes most certainlycertificat m certificate; testimonialcertifier to certify; to testifycertitude f certitude; certainty; assurancecesser to cease; to come to an endc’est-a-dire that is to sayceux see celuichacun, e each; everyone, everybodychamp m field, ground, subject, scope;

(MATH ) stackchance f chance; luckchange m change; exchangechangant, e changeable; ficklechangement m change; alterationchanger to change; to alter; to exchange; to

shiftchanson f song; balladchapitre m chapter; heading; chapter-housechaque each, everycharge f load, burden, expense, office,

chargecharge, e full, laden, heavy (of stomach)

— d’affaireschargement m loading, cargocharger to load, to charge, to entrust (de,

with)se — to take upon oneself

chemin m path; way; roadcheque m chequecher dear; at a high pricech-er, ere dear; beloved; costly

10

chercher to seek, to look forchercheur m seeker, inquirercherir to cherish; to lovecheveu m (a single) hair

les —x the hairchien m dog

se regarder en —s de faıence to staregrimly at each other

chiffre m figure, number, total, cipheren —s connus in plain figures— d’affaires turnover

chiffrer to cipher; to reckonchoc m impact; shock; clashchocolat m chocolatechocolate, e chocolate (flavored)chœur m choir; choruschoir to fail sthchoisir to choose, to selectchoix m choice, selection, electionchoquant, e shockingchoquer to shock; to shake upchoral, e choralchoral, s m choralchorale f choirchose f thing, matter, affairchronique f chronicle; chronicchronologique chronologicalci here, thisci-contre oppositeci-dessous belowci-dessus aboveciel m heaven; sky; climatecinema m cinemacinq fivecinquante fiftycirconference circumferencecirconscrire to circumscribe; to contain; to

define

se — to be centered on or aroundcirconstance f occassion; circumstancecirconstancie, e detailedcircuit m route; tour; circuit; (ECON ) net-

workcirculaire circularcirculation f circulation; trafficcirculer to circulate; to move (along); to

run; to spreadcire f wax; polishcire, e polishedcirer to polishcitation f quotation; subpoenacite f city; townciter to quote; to mention; to summon; to

subpoenaclair m

— de lune moonlightclair, e clear; bright; lightclairvoyant, e perceptiveclamer to proclaimclarifier to clarifyclarinette f clarinetclarte f clearness; light; brightnessclasse f order; rank; form; school; classroomclassement m classification; filingclassification f classificationclassifier to classifyclassique m classic; classicalclavier m keyboardcle see clefclef f key, wrench, lever, keystoneclique f clickcliquer to clickclivage m divideclore to close; to concludeclos, e closedcloture f hedge; fence; closing, closure; end,

11

conclusion— algebrique f (MATH ) algebraic clo-

sure— separable f (MATH ) separable clo-

surecloturer to enclose; to close, to concludecobord m (MATH ) coboundarycocycle m (MATH ) cocyclecode m codecoder to codecoefficient m coefficientcœur m heart, soul, love, courage, corecoherence f coherence; consistencycoherent, e coherentcohesion f cohesioncohomologie f cohomologycohomologique cohomologicalcoin m corner; spot; wedgecoıncidence f coincidencecoıncider to coincide; to be similar (avec,

with)collabora-teur, trice mf collaborator; as-

sistant; contributorcollaboration f collaboration; contributioncollaborer to work togethercollage m sticking; pasting; gluingcollant sticking, tightcoller to stick, to glue, to adherecollonne f columncombien how much; how many how

— de temps how long?combinaison f combination; petticoat; slip;

contrivancecombine f scheme; arrangement; fiddlecombiner to combine; contrivecomble m (measure) heaped; summit;

acme; pl attic; loftde fond en — from top to bottom

pour — de to crown; to completecomble crowded; full; heaped upcombler to fill, to heap, to cover, to over-

whelm, to fulfilcomedie f comedy; play; theatercomete f cometcomite m board; committeecomme as, like, as ifcommencant, e mf beginnercommencement m beginningcommencer to begincomment how; why! what!

— donc! to be sure!commentaire commentary, comment, re-

markcommenter to comment; to criticize; to

pass remarkscommettre to commit; to entrust; to ap-

point; to make (a mistake)commode f chest of drawers; convenient,

suitable, handycommodite f conveniencecommun m generality, commonplace, lower

class, menials pl domestic officescommun, e common, ordinary, trivial, vul-

garcommuniquer to communicate; to impart;

to infusecommunisme m communismcommuniste mf communistcommutateur m switch; (MATH ) commu-

tatorcommutati-f, ve commutativecommutation f commutation; switchingcommuter to commutecomorphisme m comorphismcompact m compact disc, CD; (MATH )

compact (set)

12

compact, e compact; densecompagnie f company; society; compan-

ionshipcompagnon m companion; partner; mate;

playmatecomparable comparablecomparaison f comparisoncomparaıtre to appear (in court)comparer to comparecompartiment m compartment; divisioncompas m compass; compassescompasser to measure; to regulate; to lay

outcompassion f compassioncompatible compatiblecompatir to sympathize (a, with)compatissant compassionatecompatriote f compatriotcompenser to compensatecompetence f competence; jurisdiction;

spherecompetent, e competentcompetition f competition; rivalry; contestcompiler to compilecomplement m complementcomplementaire supplementary; comple-

mentary; m complementcomplet m full number; suit (of clothes)compl-et, ete complete; full; uttercomplete m completioncompleter to complete; to make completecomplexe complex; complicated; m com-

plexcomplexion f constitution; dispositioncomplexite f complexitycomplication f complicationcompliment m compliment; pl congratula-

tions

complimenter to congratulatecomplique, e complicatedcompliquer to complicatecomportement m behaviorcomporter to permit, to admit, to comprisecomposant m componentcomposant, e constituent, componentcomposante f componentcompose m compoundcompose, e composed, compoundcomposer to compose; to compound; to set-

tle; to dial (a number)composite assorted, of various types; het-

erogeneous; composite; m compositecomposi-teur, trice m composer; compos-

itorcomposition f composition; agreement; ex-

amination; essaycomprehensible understandablecomprehensi-f, ve comprehensivecomprehension f comprehensioncomprendre to understand, to includecompression f compressioncomprime compressedcomprimer to compress; to condense; to re-

straincompris, e understood, included

y — includingnon — excluding

compromettant, e compromisingcompromettre to compromise; to imperilcompromis m compromisecompte m account, reckoning, amount,

right number— tenu de considering; taking into ac-

count thatcompter to count, to reckon, to intend, to

rely

13

conoyau m cokernelconcentration f concentrationconcentre m extract; concentrationconcentrer to concentrateconcept m conceptconception f conception; thoughtconceptuel, le conceptualconcernant relating toconcerner to concern; to belong toconcevoir to conceive; to understand; to

imagineconcis, e concise; briefconcluant, e conclusiveconclure to conclude; to close; to infer; to

prove; to moveconclusi-f, ve conclusiveconclusion f conclusion; inference; motion;

verdictconcre-t, ete concreteconcoit see concevoirconcourir to compete

— a to contribute towardconcours m competition; competitive ex-

amination; help; combinationconcr-et, ete concreteconcurrence f competitionconcurrencer to compete withcondamnation f condemnation; sentence;

convictioncondamne condemned, convictcondamner to condemn; to convict; to sen-

tence; to block upcondition f condition; position; termconditionnel, le conditionalconditionner to conditionconduc-teur, trice f driver; conductor;

leader; guide; conducting; leadingconduire to conduct, to lead, to guide, to

drive, to steer, to carry, to managese — to behave

conduit m pipe, tube, wayconduite f conduct; behavior; manage-

ment; care; driving; channelcone m coneconference f lecture, conferenceconferencier m lecturerconformation f conformationconforme in accordance; conformable, con-

sistentconformement in accordanceconformer to conform

se — to comply (a, with)confort m comfort, easeconfortable comfortable; easyconforter to comfort; to strengthenconfrere m colleague; fellow member;

brother; (newspaper) contemporaryconfronter to confront; to compareconfus confused; embarrassed; overwhelmedconfusion f confusion; disorder; trouble;

shamecongres m congresscongruence f congruencecongruent, e congruentconique conicalconjugaison f uniting; conjugationconjugue ? conjugateconjuguer to conjugate, to combineconnaissance f knowledge, acquaintance,

senses, learningconnaisseur m connoisseurconnaıtre to know, to be acquainted with,

to be aware ofconnexe connectedconnexion f connectionconnu, e pp of connaıtre known

14

bien — well knownconsacrer to consecrate, to devoteconsecration f consecration; dedicationconsecuti-f, ve consecutiveconseil m piece of advice, advice; consul-

tant; councilconseiller to advice; to recommend; to ad-

vice, to counselconseill-er, ere mf counsellor; councillorconsensus m consensusconsentement m consentconsentir to grant; to consentconsequence f consequence; inference; im-

portanceconsequent, e consequent; consistentconservation f preservation; guardianship;

(mortgages) registrationconservatoire m conservatoire; museum;

academy of musicconserve f preserve; pickled food; tinned

foodconserver to preserve; to conserve (food);

take care of; to retainconsiderable considerableconsideration f consideration; regard; es-

teemconsiderer to consider; to examine; to

value; to regardconsister to consist (a, dans, in, of)constance f perseveranceconstant, e constantconstante f constantconstater to ascertain, to prove, to state, to

reportconstellation f (ASTRON ) constellationconstituant m constituentconstituant, e constituentconstituer to constitute; to appoint; to as-

signconstitution f constitutionconstruction f constructionconstruire to constructconsulter to consultcontact m contact; touch; connectioncontemplation f contemplation; medita-

tioncontempler to contemplate; to meditatecontemprain, e contemporarycontenir to hold, to contain, to restraincontent contented; satisfied; pleasedcontentement m satisfactioncontenter to satisfy; to pleasecontenu m contents, subjectcontin-, contın. . . see contenircontinent m continentcontinental, e continentalcontinu, e continued; continuouscontinument continuouslycontinuel, le continualcontinuer to continuecontinuite f continuitycontour m outline; bendcontourner to bypass, to get aroundcontracter to contract; to incur; to tense;

to take outse — to contract

contradictoire contradictory; opencontraignant, e restrictingcontragrediente f contragredientcontraindre to force, to compel (a faire, to

do)contrainte f compulsion, restraintcontraire contrary, reversecontre against, versus, near

par — on the other handtout — close by

15

contredire to contradictcontredit (sans) unquestionablycontrepartie f equivalent; compensationcontre-pied m oppositecontribuer to contribute; to be conducivecontribution f contribution; tax; rate; partcontroler to inspect; to verify; to monitor

se — to control oneselfconvaincant convincingconvaincre to convince, to convictconvaincu, e convinced; convictedconvenable proper, fit, suitableconvenir to agree, to acknowledge, to suit,

to be expedientconvention f convention; agreement; condi-

tionconventionnel, le conventionalconvergent, e convergentconverger to convergeconversation f conversationconvertir to convert; to turn

se — to become converted (a, to)convexe convexconvien- see convenircooperati-f, ve cooperativecooperation f cooperationcooperer to cooperate (a, in)coordina-teur, trice coordinating; mf co-

ordinatorcoordination f coordinationcoordinnee coordinate clause; (MATH ) co-

ordinate—s coordinates; address and phone num-

ber, detailscoordonner to coordinatecopier to copycorollaire m corollarycorps m body; frame; corps; corpse; sub-

stance; (MATH ) field— dual m reflex field

correct, e correct; accurate; proper; polite;reasonable, decent; adequate; fair

correcteur m proofreadercorrection f correction; accuracy; correct-

ness; punishmentcorrelati-f, ve correlativecorrespondance f correspondence; connec-

tion (between trains)correspondant, e mf correspondent; pen

friend; guardian; correspondingcorrespondre to communicate; (a/avec,

t)o correspond to/withcorrige m corrected copy; key to a bookcorriger to correct; to mark (exercise, etc);

to chastisecote f mark; share; quotacote f rib; hill; coast; shore

— a — side by sidecote m side, way, part, direction

a — nearby; next doora — de beside, next to; beside, compared

tode — sideways; asidemettre/laisser qqch. de — to

put/leave sth. asidecoup m blow, stroke, hit, kick, knock, beat,

clap, . . .coupant cutting, sharpcoupe f cut, cup, sectioncouper to cut, to mix, to dilute, to cut offcouple m couple; paircouple m doublecouple, e doubledcoupler to couplecouramment fluently, generallycourant current; stream; course

16

courbe f curve; bend; curbcourbe courved; bent; crookedcourbure f curvature; bendcourir to run; to go about; to pursue; to

hunt; to flowcouronne f crown; wreath; (MATH ) annu-

luscourrier m courier; mail; post; messengercours m course; flow; vent; currency; mar-

ket price; course of lessons; lecturescourse f running; run; race; drive; ramble;

errand; pl shoppingcourt, e short

a — de short ofcourtois, e courteouscourtoisie f courtesycouter to costcoutume f customcouvert m place setting; cover charge (in

restaurant); cover; sheltercouvert covered; (weather) overcast; cladcouverture f cover, blanket, rug, securitycouvrir to cover (de, with); to conceal; to

screense — to put one’s hat on; to clothe oneself

craindre to be afraid of; to fear; to be easilydamaged by

crainte f fear (pour, for)cran m notch; nick; wavecreation f creation; productioncreature f creaturecredit m credit; trust; loan; influence; es-

teemcrediter to credit (de, with)credo m creed; beliefcreer to create; to invent; to establishcrible m sieve, riddlecristal m crystal; cut-glass

cristallin, e crystalline; crystal; crystalclear

cristalliser to crystallizecriter-e, ium m criterioncritique m critic; f criticism; censure; criti-

calcritiquer to criticizecrochet m hook; picklock; clasp; bend; cro-

chetcrocheter to pick (a lock)crochu, e hooked; crookedcroire to believe; to thinkcroiser to cross; to fold; to pass; to cross, to

cut across; to interbreed; to cruisese — to cross, to intersect; to pass; to

cross; to meetcroisement m crossingcroissance f growth, developmentcroissant m crescent, croissantcroissant, e increasing, growingcroıtre to grow, to increase, to lengthencroix f crosscru see croıtrecrucial, e crucialcruel, le cruelcrypter to encryptcube cubic; m cubecubique cubiccubiste cubiccup-produit m cup productcultive, e educated, culturedcultiver to cultivate; to grow

se — to cultivate; to improve one’s mindculture f cultivation, farming; culture,

knowledge; cultureculturel, le culturalcurer to clean outcurieu-x, se curious; inquisitive; strange,

17

curious; mf busybodycuriosite f curiositycurseur m cursorcuspidal, e cuspidalcycle m cycle; seriescyclique cyclic, cyclicalcylindre m cylinder; rollercylindrique cylindricalcynique cynical; mf cyniccynisme m cynicismcyrillique Cyrillic

D

d’accord all right! OK!danger m dangerdangereu-x, se dangerousdans in, into, within, according todanse f dancing; dancedanser to dance; to bob; to flickerdate f datedater to datedavantage more; any longerde of, fromde dice, die; dice, cube; thimbledebarrasser to clear up; to clear

se — de to get rid ofdebat m debatedebattre to debate; to discuss

se — to struggledebouche m end; outlet; prospect, openingdeboucher to open; to unblock

— sur to open out into; to lead to, toachieve

debut m beginning, first appearance, leaddebutant, e mf beginner, performer, ap-

pearing for the first time

debuter to begin, to make one’s first ap-pearance

decalage m gap; gulf, discrepancy;(MATH ) Vershiebung

decaler to bring forward; to move back; tomove forward

deceler to reveal; to detectdeceleration f decelerationdecembre m Decemberdecence f decency; proprietydecent, e decent; becoming; properdecennie f decadedecent, e decentdechiffrer to decipher; to unravel; (MUS )

to sight-readdecide decided; determineddecider to decide; to determine; to persuade

se — to make up one’s mind; to be de-cided, to be settled

decimal f decimal (fraction)decimal, e decimaldecimale f decimaldecisi-f, ve decisivedecision f decision; resolutiondeclamer to declaim; to recitedeclaration f declaration; affidavit; verdictdeclarer to declare; to proclaim; to certifydeclinaison f declination (of compass, star,

etc); declensiondecliner to decline; to deviatedecoder to decodedecompose, e decomposed; specface hag-

gard; (person) in shockdecomposer to decompose; to break down

into; to distortdecomposition f decomposition; discom-

posure; analyzingdeconnecter to disconnect

18

decorer to decoratedecoupe, e lobed; indenteddecouper to cut up; to carve; to divide up;

to cut outdecouragement m discouragement; de-

spondencydecourager to discourage; to deter

se — to lose heartdecourvert, e pp of decouvrir; bare; ex-

poseddecourverte f discoverydecouvrir to discover; to uncover; to reveal

se — to take off one’s clothes, to undress;to take off one’s hat; to clear; to dis-cover

decret m decreedecrier to decrydecrire to describedecroiser to unfold; to uncrossdecrossant, e decreasing; diminishingdecroıtre to decrease; to diminish; to get

shorterdecrypter to decipherdeduire to deduct

se — to resultdefaut m defect, fault, defect

a — de for want ofdefendre to defend; to forbiddefense f defence; prohibition; pl tusksdefini, e defined, definite, precisedefinir to definedefinissable definabledefiniti-f, ve definitive; positive

en —ve finallydefinition f definition; clue (of crossword)definitivement for good; permanentlydeformer to put out of shape; to distortdegage redeemed, free, easy, off hand, pri-

vatedegager to free; to clear; to find; to emit; to

unblockse — to free oneself/itself; to clear

degenere, e degenerate; mf degeneratedegenerer to degenerate; (en) to degener-

ate intodegenerescence f degeneration; degener-

acydegre m degree; step; stagedeguisement m disguisedeguiser to disguise; to concealdehors without; outside; m outside; exte-

rior; appearancedeja already, yet, then, before, as far back

as, to begin withdejeuner m lunch

petit — breakfastdejeuner to breakfast; to lunchdemain tomorrowdemande f question; request; prayer; pl en-

quiries; ordersdemander to ask; to claim; to want; to de-

mand; to requirese — to wonder

demarche f walk, gait; stepdemeure f residence

mettre en — de to order todemeurer to live; to remaindemi, e half; mf halfdemolir to demolishdemonstration f demonstration; showdemonter to take apart, to dismantle; to

take down; to disconcertse — to come apart

demontrer to demonstrate, to provedenominateur m denominatordense dense

19

densite f densitydepart m departure; leaving; start

au — to start withdepartement m departmentdepasser to pass, to go beyond, to exceed,

to outrun, to rise abovedependance f dependence; dependency; pl

outbuildingsdependre to depend, to result, to belong to,

. . .deplace, e out of place; displaceddeplacement m moving; travellingdeplacer to move; to shift; to shift the em-

phasis of; to transferdeplaisant, e unpleasantdeplaisir m displeasuredeployer to spread; to display; to deploydeploye, e (MATH ) splitdepourvu, e

— de without; lacking indepuis since, ever since, fromderaison f madnessderaisonnable unrealistic; senseless; unrea-

sonablederaisonner to talk nonsensederive f drift; lee-wayderive m by-product; (LING) derivativederive, e derived; (LING) derivativederiver to drift; to be derived; to derivederni-er, ere last; final, latest; mf last

ce — the latterpetit — baby of the familyen — last

derni‘erement latelydes from; since; on; even; in

— que as soon asdescendance f descent; lineagedescendre to descend; to come or go down;

to dismount; to alight; to stop or stay; toput up (at hotel, etc); to make a search

descente f descent; taking down; rupture;(skiing) run

description f descriptiondesenchanter to disenchant; to disillusiondesignation f designation; indication; nom-

inationdesigner to point out, to denote, to appointdesir m desire; wishdesirer to desire; to wishdesireu-x, se anxious (de faire, to do)desormais henceforthdessus on, above, upon, upper partdestin m destiny; fate; lotdestination f destinationdestinee f destiny; fatedestiner to destine; to intend; to fatedestituer to dismissdestruction f destructiondetache, e detached; unconnected; indiffer-

ent; disinteresteddetachement m detachment; indifferencedetacher to untie; to detach; to undo; to

separatese — to break away (de, from)

detail m detail; particular; trifle; retaildetailer to cut up; to retail; to relate in de-

taildeterminant m determiner; (MATH ) de-

terminantdeterminant, e decisive, determiningdeterminantiel, le determinantaldetermination f determinationdetermine, e determined; resolutedeterminer to determine; to decide; to

bring onse — to resolve

20

detourne out of the waydetruire to destroydeux two, both, second (the)deuxieme seconddeveloppable expandabledeveloppement m unfolding; development;

growth; extentdevelopper to unfold; to develop; to ex-

pand; to explainse — to spread out

devenir to develop, to becomedevien- see devenirdevier to deviatedevi- see devenirdeviner to guessdeviser to chat; to converse (de, about)devissage m reduction (to a simpler

case/object/method)devisser to unscrew; to fall

se — to unscrewdevoir to owe, to be bound to, to have to;

m duty, task, exercise pl homeworkdevr- see devoirdiable m devil; mischievous childdiagonal, e diagonaldiagonale f diagonaldictionnaire m dictionarydifference f differencedifferencier to distinguishdifferend m difference; disputedifferent different; unlikedifferente f differentdifferentiable differentiabledifferentiel, le mf differential; differentialdifferer to defer; to postpone; to differ (de,

from)difficile difficult, particular; (fam) choosydifficulte f difficulty, obstacle, objection

diffus, e diffuse; prolixdiffuser to diffuse; to broadcastdiffusion f diffusion; diffusenessdigestion f digestiondilemme mdiligence f diligence; speed; stage-coachdimanche m Sundaydimension f dimension; size; measurementdiminuer to diminish; to lessen; to abatediminution f decrease; abatementdire to say, to tell, to speak, to meandire m saying, statementdirect, e direct, straight; through express

(of train); live (of television)direc-teur, trice mf director; manager;

head teacher;,amageressdirection f management; manager’s office;

steering; directiondiriger to direct, to manage, to run, to guidedis- see dirediscerner to discern; to distinguishdiscipline f disciplinediscographie f discographydiscontinu, e broken; intermittent; discon-

tinuousdiscontinuer to discontinuediscours m speech; lecture; talkdiscr-et, ete discreet; quietdiscretion f discretiondiscriminant m discriminantdisperser to scatter; to dispersedisponible disposable; available; unen-

gageddispos active, nimble, lively

frais et — freshdispose disposed; inclined; willingdisposer to arrange; to lead to do

— de to have available, to have at one’s

21

disposal; to have the use of; (time) tohave free or available

vous pouvez — you may leave or gose —a to prepare forse —a faire to prepare to do

dispositif m device; mechanismdisposition f arrangement; frame of mind;

tendency; aptitudedispute f dispute; quarreldisputer to dispute

se — to quarrel; to viedisque m (MUS ) record; disc; discus; diskdistant distant; remotedistinct, e distinctdistinction f distinction; refinementdistingue, e distinguished, refineddistinguer to distinguish, to perceivedistribuer to distributedistributeur m deliverer; distributordistribution f distribution; delivery; han-

dlingdit m saying; told, agreed, aliasdiverger to divergedivers mpl sundriesdivers, e different, various, several, varieddivise, e divideddiviser to dividediviseur m divisordix tendix-huit eighteendix-neuf nineteendix-sept seventeendocteur m doctordoctorat m doctoratedoctrine f doctrinedocument m documentdocumentaire m documentary; documen-

tary

documenter to documentdoi- see devoirdoigt m fingerdoit m debitdoit- see devoirdominant, e dominant; ruling; prevailingdominer to rule; to domineer; to govern; to

overlookdomaine m domain; estate; property;

province; department; spheredommage m damage; loss

c’est — it is a pitydon m gift; present; talentdonc then, thereforedonnee f notion; pl datadonner to give; to strike; to look; to shine;

to yield (of trees, etc) to deal; to chargesen — to enjoy oneself

dont whose, of whom, from whom, bywhom, . . .

dorenavant henceforthdormir to sleep; to be formantdoter

— de to endow with; to equip withdouble double; m duplicate; replica; doubledoubler to double; to line (de, with); (film)

to dub; to understudy; to overtake (onroad)

douceur f sweetness; softness; charm; gen-tleness; m sweets; pleasant things

doute m doubtdouter to doubt

se — to suspect; to have some notion(de/que, of/that)

dou-x, ce sweet; soft; kind; gentle; smooth;mild

douzaine f dozendouze twelve

22

drap m sheet; woolendrapeau, x m flagdrapi-er, ere clothing; mf cloth manufac-

turer, draperdrastique drasticdresser to raise; to put up; to erect; to draw

up; to make out; to trainse — to stand up; to rise (up); to stand

droit m right, authority, lawdroit, e right; straightdroite f right, right-hand side; (MATH )

straight linea — on the right

droiti-er, ere right-handed; mf right-handed person

du see de ledu m duedu, due pp of devoir; due, owingdual m dualdualisant, e dualizingdualiser to dualizedualite f dualitydudit of or from the saiddue see duduel m dueldune f duneduo m duetduper to dupe, to take sb induplicite f duplicitydupliquer to duplicateduquel see lequeldur harddur, e hard; stiff; tough; harsh; mf tough

nutdurable lastingdurant duringduree f durationdurer to last, to hold out

durete f hardness; harshnessdu-s, t see devoir

E

eau f water; rain— de vie spirit; brandy

echange m exchange; barterechanger to exchangeechappement m escape; leakage; exhaustechapper to escape, to avoid, to slip

s’— to stead awayecheance f falling due; expiration; maturityecheant falling due, occurring

le cas — should it so happenechec m check, failure, blow; pl chess, chess-

menechelon m rung; step; degreeeclatant bright, brilliant, resounding, fla-

grant, loudeclatement m (MATH ) blowupeclater to burst, to explode, to shine;

(MATH ) to blowupecole f schooleconomie f economy; saving; pl savingseconomique economic(al)economiser to economizer; to saveeconomiste m economistecoute f listening; audienceecouter to listen toecran m screen; shieldecrier to exclaimecrire to writeecrit, e pp of ecrire; writtenecriteau m noticeecriture f writing

abus d’— (MATH ) abuse of notation

23

ecstasy m ecstasyecueil m reef; dangeredification f edification, buildingedifice m building; structureedifier to edify; to erect; to enlightenediter to publish; to editediteur m publisheredition f edition; publishingeducation f education; breeding; upbring-

ing; trainingeduquer to educate; to bring upeffectif m effective strengtheffecti-f, ve effective; actualeffectuer to carry out, to makeeffet m effect, impression, billefficace efficacious; effectiveeffleurer to skim, to touch slightly, to glance

overefforcer

s’— to force oneself; to strive; to endeavoreffort f effort; endeavor; strain; exertioneffrayant, e terrifyingeffrayer to frighten, to scare

s’— to be frightened, to take frighteffroi m fear, dreadegal, e equal, even, like, same, levelegalement equally; alike; both; likewise;

alsoegaler to equal; to matchegaliser to equalize; to level; to smoothegalite f evenness; equality; uniformity;

(tennis) deuceegard m consideration

a l’— de with regard to, towardsa certains —s in some respects

egare, e lost; stray; distraughtegarement m wideness; abberationegarer to mislay, to lose; to mislead; to lead

strays’— to get lost, to go astray, to lose one’s

wayejecter to eject; to chuck outelaborer to elaborate; to work outelaguer to pruneelan m run up; momentum; impetus; enthu-

siasm; impulse; elkelance slender, slim, gracefulelancer to dart

s’— to rushelancement m throbbing pain; yearningelargi, e enlarged; expandedelargir to widen, to extend, to releaseelastique elasticized; elastic; flexibleelastique m rubber band; elastic; bungee

cordelection f (POL) election; choiceelegance f eleganceelegant, e elegant; generouselement m element; unit (of furniture)elementaire elementary; rudimentaryelevation f raising; rise, mound; nobilityeleve, e high; nobleeleve mf pupil; (MIL) cadetelever to raise; to life; to put up, to erect; to

elevate; to improve; to bring up; to rear,to bread

eligible eligibleelimination f eliminationeliminer to eliminateelle she, her, iteloigner to move away; to turn away; to dis-

misss’— to move or go away; to stray from the

point; to distance oneselfeloquence f eloquence; significanceeloquent, e eloquent; significant

24

elucider to clear upeluder to evadeembrouille entangled, intricateembrouiller to tangle, to confuseempeche to prevent, to hinder, to keep fromempechement m impediment; hindrance;

obstacleempecher to prevent; to hinder; to keep

fromempereur m emperoremphase f emphasis; bombast; pomposityemphatique emphatic; bombasticempire m empire; rule; controlemploi m employment; use; occupation; sit-

uationemploye m employee; clerkemployer to employ; to useemployeur m employeremprunt m loan; borrowingemprunte, e awkward; self-consciousemprunter to borrow; to takeen some, of/from/about him/her/it; in,

into, . . .enchante enchanted; spellbound; delightedenchantement m enchantment; spell; de-

lightenchanter to enchant; to delight; to charmencore still, again; yet

pas — not yetencouragement m encouragementencourager to encourageencyclopedie f encyclopediaendroit m place; spot; part; right sideenergie f energy; forceenergique energeticenfant mf child; infantenfin at last, finally, in short, on the whole,

after all

engagement m commitment; engagement;contract; agreement

engager to engage; to pawn; to invite; toadvise

s’— to enlist; to undertakeengendre generatedengendrer to generateengin m engine; machine; tackle; missileenglober to lump together, to uniteennui m tediousness; boredom; annoyance;

troubleennuyer to tire; to annoy; to bore

s’— to feel boredennuyeu-x, se boring; annoyingenoncer to state, to articulateenonce m statementenorme enormous; hugeensignant, e teaching; mf teacherenseigne f sign; ensign

a telle — que so much so thatenseignement m teachingenseigner to teachensemble whole; ensemble; mass; general

appearance; harmony; (MATH ) set; to-gether; at the same time

ensembliste ???ensuite afterwards, after, then, nextensuivre (s’) to follow; to ensueentendement m understanding, sense,

judgemententendre to hear, to understand, to meanentier m entirety, whole; (MATH ) integersenti-er, ere whole, perfect, full; (MATH )

integralentite f entityentourage m entourage; surroundentoure, e surrounded; popularentourer to surround; to rally round

25

s’—de to surround oneself withentracte m interval; interludeentrain m driveentraınement m drive; practice; trainingentraıner to drive; to pull; to lead to; to

coach; to take along; to influences’— to practice; to train

entraıneu-r, se mf trainer, coachentraıneuse f hostessentrant, e incomingentre between, among, into, in

— autres among othersentree f entrance; admission; beginning; en-

try; entreeentrelacement intertwiningentreprenant, e enterprizing; forwardentrepreneur m contractor; firm managerentreprendre to start on, to undertake; to

buttonhole— de faire to undertake to do

entreprise f enterprize, undertaking, con-tract, attempt; firm, business, company

entrer to enter (dans, en, into); to begin;to bring in

entretemps meanwhileentretenir to keep up; to maintain; to cher-

ishs’— to converse; to keep fit

entretien m upkeep; maintenance; conver-sation; interview

entrevoir to make out; to see briefly; toglimpse

entrevue f interview; meetingenumerer to enumerateenveloppe f envelope; wrapper; coverenvelopper to envelop; to wrap up; to coverenvers toward(s), to; m wrong side

a l’— upside down; back to front; inside

outenvie f desire; envy

avoir — de to feel like, to wantavoir — de faire to want to do

envier to envyenviron about; pl environs; surroundings;

outskirts; vicinityenvironment m (ecological) environmentenvironner to surroundenvisager to consider; to look at, to faceenvoi m sending, dispatch, consignment,

goods, parcel, remittanceenvoyer to send, to forward, to dispatchepais, se thick; dull; deep; a lot, muchepaisseur f thickness; depths; substance;

layerepaissir to thicken; to broaden; to deepen;

to put on waitepaississement m thickeningepars, e scattered; disheveledepice f spiceepicer to spice; to spice upepier to spy on; to look forepilogue epilog; outcomeepimorphe epimorphicepimorphisme m epimorphismepinards mpl spinachepinglage m pinning? fastening?epingle f pinepingler to pin (up); to nab, to nickepointe pointed; puncturedepreuve f ordeal; test; examination; proofeprouver to feel; to have; to test; to dis-

tress; to hitepuiser to exhaustequation f equationequilibre m balance; stabilityequipage m crew

26

equipe f teamequipement m equipment; facilitiesequiper to equip; to fit out

s’— to equip oneselfequitable fairequite f fairnessequivalent, e equivalent; m equivalentequivaloir to be equivalent (a, to)equivoque f ambiguity; equivocal; dubiouserrer to stray, to errerreur f error; mistakeerrone, e erroneouserudit, e erudite, learned; mf learned per-

sonerudition f learning, eruditionescamotage m retraction; cover-up; spirit-

ing awayescamoter to make disappear; to retract; to

cover up; to evadeescorter to escort; to convoy; to accompanyesoterique esotericespace m space, room, infinity, vacancyespacement m spacing; spacing outespacer to space; to leave space betweenespagnol, e mf Spanish; Spaniard; m

Spanishespece f species, kind, sort, caseesperer to hope, to expect, to trustespiegle mischievousespoir m hope, expectationesprit m spirit, soul, ghost, mind, intellect,

wit, talent, feelingesquisse f sketch, outlineesquisser to sketch; to outline

s’— (solution) to emergeesquiver to avoid, to eludeessai m trial, attempt, essay, try

coup d’— first attempt

essayer to try, to try on, to attempts’— to try one’s skill

essence f petrol; essenceessentiel m main thingessentiel, le essentialesthetique aesthetic; aesthetically pleasing;

graceful; f aesthetics; aesthetic quality;grace

esthetisme m aestheticismestime f esteem; regardestimer to estimate; to consideretablir to establish; to set; to draw up

s’— to settle; to set oneself up; to becomeestablished

etage m floor; story; stage; leveletager to arrange in tiers

s’— to be terracedetale slack; (water, sea) the period between

tides, when the water neither rises norfalls

etaler to display, to spread outetant see etreetape stop over, stageetat m state; plight; profession; trade; list;

statement; nationetat-major m staff; headquarteretayer to prop up, to supportete m summer; pp of etreetendre to extend; to spread; to stretch; to

expand; to lay downs’— to stretch out; to stretch (plain, etc)

etendu, e extended; spread; extensiveetendue f extenteternel, le eternal; unendingetirer to stretchetoffe f fabric, cloth; stuff, materialetoffer to expand, to develop

s’— to fill out; to put on weight

27

etoile f star; decoration; asterisketonnant astonishing; wonderful; surprisingetonner to astonish; to astound; to surpriseetrange strangeetrangement strangelyetran-er, ere foreign; unknown, unfamiliar;

mf foreigner; stranger; outsideretrangete f strangenessetre to be, to exist, to belongetroit, e narrow, tight, close, strict

a l’— crampedetroitesse f narrowness; tightness; close-

nessetude f study, practiceetudiant m studentetudier to study, to observeeu-, eu- see avoireulerien, ne Euler (as an adjective)Europe f Europeeux them; theyevaluer to value; to estimateevanescent, e fleeting

cycle — m vanishing cycleeventualite f possibility; eventualityeventuel, le possibleeventuellement possiblyevidemment evidently; obviouslyevidence f evidenceevident, e evident; cleareviter to avoid, to dodgeevolution f evolutionexact, e exact; accurate; true; punctualexaction f extortionexactitude f exactness; accuracy; punctu-

alityexagerer to exaggerate; to go too farexalte, e exalted; elated; enthusiastic; fa-

natic

exalter to extol; to praiseexamen m examination; exam; scrutinyexaminateur m examinerexaminer to examine; to inquire intoexcedent m surplus; excessexceder to exceed; to exasperateexcellemment excellentlyexcellent, e excellentexceller to excelexcentrique eccentricexcepte exceptexcepter to exceptexception f exceptionexces m excessexcessi-f, ve excessive; exorbitantexcitant, e exciting; stimulatingexcitation f excitementexciter to excite; to rouseexclamer to exclaimexclu, e excluded; mf outsiderexclure to excludeexclusi-f, ve exclusiveexclusivite f exclusiveness; sole rightsexcuse f excuse; pl apologyexcuser to excuse

s’— to apologize; to decline (offer, etc)executant m performerexecuter to execute; to perform; to carry

outs’— to make an effort; to yield

execution f execution; performanceexemplaire m copy; exemplaryexemple m example; instance; copy

par — for instance; really!exercer to exercise; to train up; to practise;

to follow (a profession)exercice m exercise; practice; financial year;

drill

28

exigeant, e demandingexigence f exigence, demandexiger to exact, to demand, to insist uponexil m exileexiler to exile; to banishexistence f existence; lifeexister to existexotique exoticexpansi-f, ve expansive; exuberant; effu-

siveexpedier to post; to expedite; to despatch;

to draw upexpediti-f, ve expeditiousexpedition f expedition; forwarding; con-

signment; copyexperience f experience; experimentexperimenter to experiment; to try; to testexpert m expert; specialist; valuer; sur-

veyor; skilledexpertise f valuation; surveyexpirer to expire; to breath out; to dieexplicati-f, ve explanatoryexplication f explanationexplicite explicitexpliciter to clarify; to explainexpliquer to explain, to construe, to ac-

count forexploit m deed, featexploitation f working; cultivation; ex-

ploitationexploiter to work; to cultivate; to turn to

account; to take advantage ofexplorer to exploreexploser to explode; to blow upexplisi-f, ve explosiveexplosive m explosiveexplosion f explosion; outbreakexponentiel, le exponential

exportation f exportexporter to exportexposant m exhibitor; petitionerexpose m statement, accountexposer to expose, to exhibit, to explainexposition f exhibition; aspect; expositionexpr-es, esse formal, expressexpres on purpose, deliberatelyexpress m (train) express; (coffee) espressoexpressi-f, ve expressiveexpression f expressionexprimer to express

s’— to express oneselfextase f ecstasyextensi-f, ve extensive; wider; extendedextension f stretching; extension; expan-

sionexterieur m exterior; outsideexterieur, e external; outward; foreignexterminer to destroyexterne externalextra m extra; first rate; wonderfulextreme extreme; utmost; m extreme limitextremite f extremity; end; last moments

F

face f face (of sth.); front; aspect; sideen — opposite

facile easyfacilite f ease; ability; readiness; pl easy

termsfaciliter to facilitate; to make easierfacon f way, manner pl affectation

de — a so as tode — que so thatde toute — anyway, in any case

29

sans — unpretentious; really, honestly;without fuss

faconner to shape, to form, to turn (onlathe)

facteur m (MUS ) maker; (MATH ) factorfac-teur, trice mf postman, postwomanfaible weak; slight; low; m weakling; weak-

ness— d’esprit feeble-minded

faiblesse f weaknessfaiblir to weakenfaille f fault; flaw; riftfaillir to err, to fail, to almost. . .faim f hunger

avoir — to be hungryfaıence f earthenwarefaire to make, to do, to arrange, to form

se — to take place; to be in; to get, tobecome

se — a to get used tofaisable feasiblefaisceau m bundle, pile (MATH ) sheaffaisceautique (MATH ) sheaf(-theoretic)faisons see fairefait m fact, act, deed, doing, makingfait, e made, donefalloir to be necessary, mustfallu pp of falloirfame, e famedfameu-x, se famous; first-ratefamiliariser to familiarizefamilier m intimate; conversant (avec,

with)famili-er, ere familiar; informalfamille f family; kindfantaisie f fancy; imaginationfantasque odd; whimsicalfantastique fantastic

fantome m phantom; specter; ghostfasse(-) see fairefastidieu-x, se tediousfatal, e inevitable; fatalfatigant, e tiring; tiresomefatigue f fatigue, tirednessfatigue, e tiredfatiguer to tire; to strain; to labor

se — to get tired (de, of)fausser to distort, to buckler, to be out of

fortunefaut see falloirfaute f fault; error; mistake; lack

— de for want of; for lack ofsans — without fail; faultless

fauti-f, ve faulty; guiltyfaux m falsehood; imitation; forgeryfau-x, sse false; sham; base; bad; imitated;

out of tunefer- see faireferme firmly, hard; firm, steady, strong,

stiff; f farm, farm-house, farmingferme m (MATH ) closed (set)ferme, e closedfermer to shut, to closefermete f firmnessfevrier m Februaryfiance, e mf fiance; fianceefiancer (se) to become engagedfibre f fiber; feeling; constitutionfibre fibred; m (MATH ) bundle

— en droites m line bundle— principal homogene m principal ho-

mogeneous bundlefidele faithful, true, exact; m believerfidelement faithfullyfidelite f fidelity; loyaltyfigurant, e mf (cinema) walk on actor, ex-

30

tran’etre qu’un to have a taken role

figurati-f, ve figurative; representationalfigure f figure; form; face; countenancefigure, e figurativefigurer to figure; to represent

se — to imaginefil m thread, yarn, wire, edge, grain, cur-

rent— d’Ariane (MYTHOL) Ariadne’s

thread; (FIG) vital clue; (Ariadne: adaughter of Minos who helps Theseusescape from the labyrinth)

file f line; lanefille f girl, maid, daughter, servantfilm m film, movie; course, sequencefils m sonfiltrant, e filter; filteringfiltre m filterfiltrer to filter; to screen; to filter through;

to leak outfin f end; close; aim; purposefin, e fine; thin; refined; sly; sharp (fi-

nancier)final, e finalfinalement finally; lastly; at lastfinance see financerfinancer to lay out moneyfini m finishfini, e finished; consummate; finitefinir to finish; to put an end tofit see fairefixation f fixing; fixationfixe steady; firm; regular; fixedfixer to determine, to set, to finalizefleche f arrow, beam, spireflechir to bend, to give away, to bow, to ap-

pease

fleur f flower, blossom, primefois f time, occasion

une — onceune — pour toutes once and for all

foncteur m (MATH ) functorfonction f function; pl office; dutiesfonctionnaire f official; civil servantfonctionner to work; to be going; to func-

tionfonctorialite f functorialityfond m bottom; foundation; depth; ground;

substance; amounta — thoroughly

fondamental, e fundamentalfondation f foundationfonde, e founded; justifiedfondement m foundation; groundfonder to found; to build; to establish

se — to be based on; to relyfondre to melt, to cast, to disappear, to

pouncefonds m land; property; fund; funds; cash;

pl securitiesfontaine f fountain; spring; cisternfonte f melting; casting; cast-iron; holsterfondu melted, molten, dissolved pp of fon-

dreforain foreign; travelling (of theater, fair,

etc)force a plenty of; f strength; power; abilityforce, e forced; affectedforcement forcibly; necessarilyforcer to break open; to compelforge f forge; ironworksforger to forge; to hammer; to make up; to

formse — to imagine; to build up

formalite f formality; ceremony

31

format m sizeformation f training, formation, structureforme f formformel, le formal, expressformer to formformidable fearsome; tremendous; superformulaire m formformule f formula; prescription; formformuler to draw up, to express, to pre-

scribefort very, extremely; m strongest part,

thickest, height, fort, fortefort, e strong, stout, great, clever, thick,

loud, severe, hardfortifier to strengthen; to fortifyfortuit, e accidental; fortuitousfortune f fortune; chance; luckfortune fortunate; well-offfoo (fol), folle mad; crazy; wild; stray; mf

madman/madwomanfournir to supply, to provide, to stockfourrer to stuff, to cram, to line with furfraction f fractionfractionner to divide into fractionsfractionnaire fractionalfracture f fracture; breakingfragile fragile; brittle; frailfragment m fragment; piece; scrapfranchement frankly; clearly; completely,

downrightfrappant strikingfrappe f typingfrappe, e chilledfrapper to strike, to knock, to rap, to ice

se — to get flusteredfrequemment frequentlyfrequence f frequencyfrequent, e frequent

frequenter to frequent; to associate withfrere m brother; friarFrobenius m Frobeniusfrontiere f frontier, border; (MATH )

boundary (in geometry)fructueu-x, se fruitful, profitablefuser to ring out, to rocket, to stream out

G

gagnant, e winning; mf winnergagner to win; to earn; to gain; to save; to

win over; to reach, to get to; to spreadto; to overcome; to encroach

ganeu-r, se mf winnergai, e happy; cheerful; light-hearted; bright,

cheerful; merry; gaygain m earnings (pl); gain; savinggaloisien, ne Galoisgangue die gangue (the worthless rock or

vein matter in which valuable metals orminerals occur)

garantie f guarantee; warranty; safeguardgarantir to guarantee; to secure; to protectgarcon m boy; lad; bachelor; waitergarde f guard (service), care, watch

mettre en — warnprendre — be careful (a, of)

garde-fou m puppet; safeguardgarder to keep; to keep on; to look after; to

guardse — to keepse — de faire to be careful not to do

garnement m scamp, rascalgauche f left side; left, clumsygeneral, e general; mf generalgeneralite f general point

32

generateur m generatorgenerat-eur, rice generatinggeneration f generationgeneratrice f generatorgenerer to generategenereu-x, se generousgenerique genericgenerosite f generositygeneraliser to generalizegenre m kind; species; gender; manner;

formgentil, le nice; kind; goodgentilhomme m nobleman; gentlemangentillesse f kindnessgentiment nicelygeographie f geographygeometrie f geometrygerbe f bouquet; spray; sheafgerme m germ; shoot; seedglobe m globe; ball; orbglobal, e overallgloire f glory, fameglorieu-x, euse gloriousglorifier to glorifyglose f glossglossaire m glossarygondoler to warp; to curl

se — to warpgonflable inflatablegonflement m (MATH ) blow-up??gonfler to blow up, to inflate; to swell; to

blow out; to exaggeratese — to swell; to be filled (de, with)

gout m taste; likinggouter to taste; to enjoy; to have tea; m tea,

snackgouverner to governgrace f grace, mercy, thanks, charm

gracier to pardongracieu-x, se gracious; kind; courteous;

pleasant; gratefulgrade m grade; rank; degreegradue, e graduated, gradedgrand m greatness, grown-upgrand, e great, big, tall, grown up, muchgrassmannien, ne Grassmanniangrassmannienne f Grassmanniangratifiant, e gratifying, rewardinggratifier to favor; to reward (de, with)gratis freegrave serious; grave; deepgre m will; taste

a son — as one likesgrec, que GreekGrec, que mf Greekgros m main part; bulk; wholesalegros, se big; large; fat; coarse; pregnantgrosseur f size; lumpgrossi-er, ere coarse, rough, vulgargrossir to enlarge; to put on weightgroupe m group, clump, clusterguere hardly, not muchguerre f war; strifeguerri-er, ere f warrior; warlike; martialguide m guide; guide-book; f reinguider to guideguillemet m inverted comma, quotation

markguise f way; humor; fancy

H

habile skilful; cleverhabiller to dress sb.; to provide with cloth-

ing; to cover

33

s’— to dress, to get dressed; to dress up;to buy one’s clothes

habit m suithabuts mpl clotheshabitable habitablehabitant, e mf inhabitant; occupanthabitat m housing conditions; settlement;

habitathabitation f housing; house, homehabiter to live in; to dwell with; to livehabitude f habit; customhabitue, e mf regularhabituel, le usual, customary; typicalhabituellement usuallyhabituer to accustom, to inurehalte f stophanter to haunthapper to snap up; to strikeharmonie f harmony; harmonics; agree-

mentharmonieu-x, se harmonioushate f hastehater to hasten; to bring forward

se — to hurryhati-f, ve hurried, hastyhaut high up; far back; loudly; m height;

summithaut, e high; lofty; tall; erect; greathautbois m oboehauteur f height; eminence; haughtinesshenselien, ne Henselianhenselise m Henselizationherbe f grassheritage m inheritance; heritageheriter to inherit; to getheriti-er, ere mf heir; heiresshermitien, ne Hermitianheroıne f heroine; (drug) heroin

heroıque heroicheroısm m heroismheros m herohesitation f hesitationhesiter to hesitateheterogene heterogeneousheterogeneite heterogeneityheure f hour; time; moment; o’clockheureu-x, se happy, lucky, successful, fa-

vorable, blessedhistoire f history; story; tale; fib; trifle; im-

portant matterhistorien m historianhistorique historicalhiver m winterholomorphe holomorphichomme m man; mankindhomogene homogeneoushomogeneite f homogeneityhomographie f homographyhomologie f homologyhomologique homologichomomorphisme m homomorphismhomothetie f homothetyhomotopie f homotopyhomotopique homotopichonnete m honesty; honest; decent; re-

spectablehonnetete f honesty; decencyhonneur m honor; credit; respecthonorable honorable; respectable; proper;

creditablehonoraire honoraryhopital m hospitalhors

— de outside; out ofhuit eight; m eighthuitieme eighth; m eighth

34

humain, e human; humanehumains mpl mankindhumanite f humanity; human nature; pl

humanities; humankind; mankindhumble humble; lowlyhypothese f hypothesis

I

ici herepar — this way

ici-bas here belowicone f iconicosaedre m? icosahedronicosaedrique icosahedralideal m ideal; idealidee f idea; notion; plan; outline; opinionidem dittoidentification f identificationidentifier to identify (a, with)identique identicalidentiquement identicallyidentite f identityignorant, e ignorant; mf ignoramusignore, e unknown (de, to); ignored (de,

by)ignorer not to know; to ignore; not to feelil he, it, thereıle f islandillegal, e illegalillumine, e mf visionary; illuminated; en-

lightenedillusion f illusion; delusionillusionner to deludeillusoire illusoryillustration f illustrationillustre illustrious

illustrer to illustrate (de, with)s’— to distinguish oneself

image f picture; image; reflectionimage, e full of imagery; colorfulimaginaire imaginaryimaginati-f, ve imaginativeimagination f imaginationimaginer to imagine; to conceive; to con-

trives’— to imagine

imiter to imitate; to mimicimmateriel, le immaterial; unreal; intangi-

bleimmediat m

dans l’— for the time beingimmediat, e immediateimmediatement immediatelyimmemorial, e ancientimmense immenseimmersion f immersionimmoral, e immoralimpair, e odd; unevenimparfait imperfect; m imperfect tenseimperfection f imperfectionimplicite implicitimpliquer to implicate; to involve; to implyimportance f importanceimportant m main pointimportant, e importantimporter to import; to matter (only used in

3rd person, infinitive and participles)il importe de/que it is important

to/thatqu’importe!, peu importe! it doesn’t

mattern’importe quel any (at all)n’importe qui anyone (at all)n’importe quoi anything (at all)

35

n’importe ou anywhere (at all)n’importe quand at any time (at all)n’importe comment anyhow

importun, e troublesome, tiresome, unwel-come, ill-timed, ill-chosen, awkward mfunwelcome visitor, tiresome individual

importuner to bother, to disturbimposer to impose; to taximpossible m impossibility; impossibleimpression f impression; printingimpressionner to impress; (feelings) to

moveimprime m printed paper; pl printed mat-

terimprimer to impress; to print; to stampimpropre incorrectimpropriete f incorrectness; errorinacceptable unacceptableinaccessible inaccessible; unapproachable;

unattainable; impossibleinaugurer to inaugurateinauguration f opening, unveilingincompl-et, ete incompleteincomprehensible incomprehensiveincorporer to incorporateincorrekt incorrectindefini, e indefinite; vagueindefiniment indefinitelyindependamment independentlyindependant, e independentindetermination f indeterminateness, in-

definitenessindetermine, e indeterminate, indefinite;

vague; undecidedindex m index; forefingerindicateur m indicator; timetableindica-teur, trice indicating; indicatoryindice m indication, sign, clue; (MATH ) in-

dexindifferemment indifferently; indiscrimi-

natelyindifferent indifferent; immaterialindiquer to indicateindirect indirectindiscernabilite f indistinguishabilityindispensable indispensableindisponible unavailableindividu m individual, personindividuel, le individualinduire to induce; to lead; to inferinduit, e pp of induire; resulting; inducedindustrie f industry; skill; tradeinedit, e unpublished; novel, originalineffacable indelibleinegale, e unequalledinegalite f inequality; difference, disparity;

unevenness; changeabilityinertie f inertiainfini m infinity

a l’— (MATH ) to infinity; ad infinitum,endlessly

infini, e infinite; endless; boundlessinfiniment infinitely; extremelyinfinitesimal (MATH ) infinitesimalinfliger to inflict; to imposeinfluence f influenceinfluencer to exert an influenceinfluent, e influentialinfluer to exert an influenceinformation f information; inquiry; pl

news bulletininformer to inform; to acquaint

s’— to inquireingrat, e mf ungrateful person; ungrateful,

unprofitable, unpleasantinitial, e initial

36

initiale f initialinitia-teur, trice innovative; mf initiator;

innovatorinitiative f initiativeinitier to initiate; to instruct; to admitinjecter to injectinoffensi-f, ve harmlessinscription f inscription; registrationinscrire to write down; to register (for some-

thing); (SPORT ) to scoreinscrit, e pp of inscrire; registered; mf reg-

istered personinsense, e insane; extraordinaryinserer to insertinsertion f insertion; integrationinsignifiant, e insignificantinsister to insistinspecter to inspect; to examineinspec-teur, trice mf inspector; surveyorinspiration f inspirationinspirer to inspire; to breath in

s’— de to be inspired byinstable unstableinstallation f installationinstance f entreaty; immediacy; degree of

jurisdiction; suitinstant m moment, instantinstinct m instinctinstincti-f, ve instinctiveinstituer to institute; to establish; to ap-

pointinstitut m institute; institution; schoolinstitution f institution; schoolinstruction f instruction; judical investiga-

tioninstruire to instruct; to investigate; to teachinstruit, e instructed; learnedinstrument m instrument; tool

instrumenter to draw (deeds, writs, etc)insu unknown toinsuffisamment insufficientlyinsuffisant, e insufficientintegre upright, just, honestintellectuel, le intellectualintelligence f intelligence; knowledge; skill;

harmonyintelligent, e intelligent; cleverintense intenseintensi-f, ve intensiveintention f intention; purposeintegral, e in full; unabridged, complete

calcul — (MATH ) integral calculusintegrale f whole; (MATH ) integral

dans son — in fullinteressant, e interestinginteresse, e interested; selfishinteresser to interest; to concerninteret m interest; profit; share; concerninterieur m inside; home; interiorinterieur, e interior; innerinternational, e internationalinterne mf boarder; house-surgeon; internalinterner to interninterprete m interpreterinterpreter to interpretinterrogati-f, ve interrogative; inquiringinterrogation f interrogation; questioninterroger to question; to interrogate; to

examines’— to wonder about

interrompre to interrupts’— to stop

intersection f intersectionintervalle m intervalintervenir to intervene; to interfere; to oc-

cur

37

intervention f interventionintrinseque intrinsicintroduc-teur, trice mf introducerintroduction f introductionintroduire to introduce

s’— to get intointrouvable untraceable; that cannot be

found; that is hard to come by; that isimpossible to get hold of

intuiti-f, ve intuitive; mf intuitive personintuition f intuitioninutile useless; pointlessinvalide invalid; infirm; mf army veteran;

pensioner; disabledinvariable unchanging, invariableinvariant, e invariantinventer to inventinvent-eur, trice mf inventor; discoverer;

inventiveinvention f invention; inventivenessinverse inverse; m inverseinverser to reverseinversible invertibleinversion f inversion; reversalinvestigation f investigation; inquiryinvestir to investinvite, e mf guestinviter to invite, to urge, to requestinvoluti-f, ve involutiveinvolution f involutioninvoquer to call upon, to invokeinvraisemblable improbable, unlikely; in-

credibleirrationel, le irrationalirreductible irreducibleirreguli-er, ere irregularirresponsable irresponsibleisobar, e isobaric

isogen isogenousisogenie f isogenyisole, e isolated; lonely; detachedisolement m loneliness; seclusionisoler to isolate; to put in solitary confine-

ment; to soundproof; to insulateisomorphe isomorphicisomorphisme m isomorphismisotopie f isotopyisotrop, e isotropicisotropie f isotropyissu, e

etre — de to emerge or stem from; tocome from

issue f issue; outlet; endItalie f Italyitalien, ne mf Italianiterati-f, ve iterative, repeated; frequentitere m iterationitere, e iteratediterer to iterateitou too, also

J

jaillir to spout, to gush out, to spring forthjamais ever, neverjanvier m Januaryje Ijeter to throw, to fling

a — disposablejett- see jeterjeu m play, sport, gambling, set, actingjeudi m Thursdayjeune young; junior; youthfuljoie f delight, gladnessjoignant adjoining; near to

38

joindre to join, to adjoin, to clasp, to get intouch

joint, e joined, unitedjoli, e pretty, nice, lovely

faire — to look nice, to look goodjonction f junctionjouer to play, to gamble, to stake, to act, to

deceivejouir to enjoy, to possess, to usejour m day, daylight, gapjournal m paper; journal; diary; newsjournali-er, ere dailyjournalisme m journalismjoyeu-x, se cheerful, merry, joyfuljudiciaire judicial; legaljudicieu-x, se judiciousjuge m judge, magistratejugement m judgement, trial, sentence,

opinionjuger to try, to sentence, to believejuillet m Julyjuin m Junejusque to, as far as, until, up to, down to,

evenjuste m upright man; just, correct, fair,

tight; just, right, exactlyjustement just so; exactlyjustice f justice; fairness; lawjustifier to justify; to provejuvenile youthfuljuxtaposer to place side by side

K

kahlerien, ne Kahler

L

la there, thenla-bas (over) therelabeur m laborlaboratoire m laboratorylaborieusement laboriouslylaborieu-x, se laborious; industriouslac m lakelacer to lace uplacet m lace; bend; snarelache cowardly; loose; lax; mf cowardlacher to let go of; to drop; to give up; to

leave; to release; to fire; to come outwith; to loosen; to give away

lacune f gap, blankladite see leditlagrangien, ne Lagrangianlaisser to leave, to bequeath, to allow, to

give uplangage m language, speech, expressionlangue f tongue; language; (land) narrow

striplarge wide, broad; large; generous; on the

generous sidelargeur f width, breadthlarguer to droplarme f tear; droplarmoyant, e full of tearslaquelle who, whom, which, thatlaver to washlec-teur, trice mf readerlecture f readingledit, ladite, lesdits, lesdites the said,

the aforementionedlegal, e legallegendaire legendarylegende f legend; story; key; caption

39

leger, ere light, faint, ficklelequel who, whom, which, thatlesdits, lesdites see leditleur to them; theirlibre free, bold, disengagedlie, e bound

etre tres — avec to be great friends withlien m bond; bond, tie; connection, linklier to bind, to tie, to join, to thickenlieu m place, spot

—x mpl scene, spot; premisesau — de instead ofavoir — take placedonner — a give rise toen dernier — lastlyen premier — in the first places’il y a — if necessarytenir — de serve as

ligne f line, row, rank; routelimite f limit; boundary; landmarklineaire linearlire to readlis- see lirelis-eur, euse mf readerlisible legiblelisse smoothlisser to smooth; to stroke; to smooth outlissite f smoothnessliste f list; roll; schedule; cataloguelit see lire; m bedliterie f beddinglitiere f litterlitre m literlitteraire literary; mf person who is strong

in arts subjectslitteral, e literal; writtenlitterature f literature; writingliturgie f liturgy

livraison f deliverylivre m book; f pound; pound sterlinglivree f lively; servantslivrer to deliver; to betraylocal m place; premiseslocal, e locallocalement locallylocalise m localizationlocaliser to locate; to localizelocation f renting; leasing; lease; property;

bookinglogique f logic; logicalloi f law; authority; actloin far; distantlointain, e distant; vagueloisible permissibleloisir m leisure, timelong m long

de — en large back and forth(tout) le — de (all) along

long, ue longlonger to pass along, to walk along, to coastlongtemps long, a long whilelongueur f lengthlors then, at the time

des — ever sincelorsque whenloyal, e honesty; true; faithfullui he, him, to him, her, to her, it, to itlumiere f (fig) lightluminaire m lightlunaire lunarlundi m Mondaylune f moonluxe m luxuryluxueu-x, se luxuriouslyrique lyricallyrisme m lyricism

40

M

ma mymachinal, e mechanicalmachine f machine; machinery; engine; lo-

comotivemachiner to plotmagie f magicmagique magic; magicalmai m Maymaint many, severalmaintenant nowmais butmaison f house; home; firmmaisonnette f cottage; small housemaıtre m master; owner; teachermaıtresse f teacher; mistressmaıtrise f mastery; self-controlmajeste f majestymajestueu-x, se majesticmajeur, e greater; majormajor m majormajoration f increase; (MATH ) upper

boundmajorer to increasemajorite f majority; coming of agemajuscule f capital (letter)mal ill, badly, amiss; m evil, mischief, mis-

fortunemalgre in spite of, despitemalheur m unhappiness; misfortune; bad

luckmalheureusement unfortunatelymalheureu-x, se unhappy, wretchedmangeable ediblemanger to eat, to squander; m foodmanie f mania; crazemanier to handle; to manage; to govern

maniere f manner; style; type; pl manners;airs

manifestation f manifestation; politicaldemonstration

manifeste m manifesto; manifest; manifest;evident

manifester to manifest; to demonstratemanipuler to manipulate; to handlemanœuvre laborer ; f move; drillmanœvrer to handle; to work; to manoeu-

vremanque m lack, deficiency, failuremanque, e missed; defective; failedmanquement m omission; failure; oversightmanquer to fail; to want; to err; to miss; to

be very near to (doing something)maniable easy to handelmanier to handel, to manage, to governmaniere manner, style, typemaniere, e affectedmanifeste obvious; m manifestomanifester to show, to express; to demon-

stratemanipulation f handling; manipulationmanipuler to handle; to falsify, to rig; to

manipulatemanœuvrer to manoeuvre, to operate, to

work; to manipulatemanquant, e missingmanque m lack, shortage; gapmanquer to be lacking, to be missing; to be

absent from; to fail; to miss; to bungle,to botch

manuscript m manuscriptmanuscript, e handwrittenmarchand, e market; trade; mf merchant;

storekeepermarchandage m bargaining

41

marchander to haggle over; to begrudge; tobargain, to haggle

marchandise f merchandize, goodsmarche f step; walking; walk; (MUS )

march; running, workingmarche m market; bargain, dealmarcher to walk; to step; to march; to work,

to run; to go well; to do well; to agree;to go for

faire — qch. to get sth. to work— (bien) to go well— mal not to go well

mardi m Tuesdaymaree f tide; wave, surgemarginal, e marginal; dropout; mf

dropoutmariage m marriage; weddingmarie, e married; mf groom, bridegroommarier to marry; to blend

se — to get married; to blendmarque f markmarquer to mark, to want, to err, to miss,

to be very near to (doing something), tobe conspicuous

mars m Marchmartial martialmasque m mask; pretencemasquer to mask; to disguise; to hidemasse f mass; heap; bulk; lot; poolmassif m thicket; clump of shrubs; chain of

mountainsmassi-f, ve massive; heavy; solidmateriaux mpl materialsmateriel m stock; plantmateriel, le materialmatiere f matter, material, subject, causemathematicien m mathematicianmathematique mathematical

mathematiques fpl mathematicsmatin m morningmatrice f matrix; wombmatriciel, le matricalmauvais, e evil; bad; ill; wrongmaximal, e maximal, maximummaximaliser to maximizemaximiser to maximizemaximum m maximumme me, to me, at memecanique f mechanics; machinery; me-

chanicalmecanisme m mechanism; machinerymediter to meditate; to planmeilleur, e better (que, than); best; mf

le —, la —e the best (one)mel m e-mailmelange m mixture; blendmelanger to mix

se — to mix; to blend; to get mixed upmembre f penis; member; limbmeme same, even, very, self

a —(sur) directly ona — de in a position tode — too; likewisede — que just as— si even if

memoire m memorandum; bill; pl memoirs;f memory; fame

pour — for the recordmenacant, e threateningmenace f menace, threatmenacer to threatenmenage m housekeeping; cleaning; house-

hold; married couplemenagement m regard; caution; tactmenager to spare; to treat with tactmener to lead, to head, to convey

42

mensuel m monthly (magazine)mensuel, le monthlymental, e mentalmentalite f frame of mind; mentalitymentionner to mentionmenu m menumer f seamerci m thanks; thank you; f mercymercredi m Wednesdaymere f mother; principalmerite m merit; worth; talentmeriter to deserve; to be worth, to meritmerveille f marvel, wondermerveilleusement marvellously, wonder-

fullymerveilleu-x, se marvellous, wonderful;

magic, magicalmes mymess m messmessage m messagemessag-er, ere mf messengermesse f massmesure f measure; measurement; propor-

tion; step; propriety; (MUS ) bar; timemesure, e regular; guardedmesurer to measure; to consider; to propor-

tionmesuser to misusemet see mettremetaphore f metaphormetaphorique metaphoricalmetaphysique metaphysical; f meta-

physicsmethode f method; way; systemmethodique methodicalmeticuleu-x, se meticulous; particularmetre m meter; rulemetrer to survey; to measure out

metrique metricmettre to put, to set, to wearmi m (MUS ) Mi; Emi- half; mid; semi-miel m honeymieux better, best, more; m best thingmilitaire military; m soldiermille, mil thousand; m thousand; milemilliard m billionmillion m millionmimeographiee ? mimeographmineur m miner; (MUS ) minor; minormineur, e minor; under ageminimal, e minimal, minimumminime very small; minimal; triflingminimiser to minimize; to play downminimum m minimumminoration f undervaluation; underestima-

tion; reduction; (MATH ) lower boundminorer to reduceminoritaire minority; mf member of a mi-

norityminuit m midnightminuscule f small letter; minuteminute f minute; instantmiracle m miracle; wondermiraculeu-x, se miraculous; wonderfulmirage m mirage; delusionmiroir m mirror; looking glassmis- see mettremise see mettremise f placing, dress, stakemise- see mettremisere f misery; poverty; triflemission f missionmissionnaire n missionarymixage m sound mixingmixer (AUDIO) to mix

43

mixte coeducational; mixed; open to bothsexes; dual

mixtion f mixture; compounding; blindingmixture f concoction; mixture; mishmashmobile mobile; loose; movablemobile m motive; moving body; mobilemoboliser to mobilize; to call upmoche ugly; ghastly; awful; dreadful; nastymode m mode, methodmodele m model; pattern; sizemodeler to model; to shape; to mouldmoderation f moderationmoderer to moderate; to quietmoderne mf modern style; modernmodeste modest; unassumingmodestie f modestymodification f modificationmodifier to modifymodulable adjustable; multi-purpose; flex-

iblemodulaire modularmodulation f modulation; flexibility; ad-

justmentmodule m module; unit; (MATH, PHYS )

modulusmoduler to modulate; to adjust; to adaptmoi me, to me, myself, egomoindre lesser; mfpl the slightest, the leastmoins less, fewer, least, under; minus

a — que unlessau — at least

mois m monthmoitie f halfmoitie-moitie half-and-halfmoleculaire molecularmolecule f moleculemoment m moment; time; occasion

du — que since, as

momentane, e temporarymomentanement temporarilymon mymonde m world, mankind, people, societymondial, e worldwide; globalmonique monicmonodromie f monodromymonomorphisme m monomorphismmonotone monotonousmonsieur m gentleman, Mr, master, sirmonter to ascend, to rise, to ride, to set up,

to mount (jewel)se — to amount

montrer to show, to teachmoral m state of mind; morale; spiritsmoral, e moral; mentalmorale f morals; reprimand; moral (of

story)morceau m piece, bit, morsel, extractmorphisme m morphismmort f deathmort, e mf dead person; dead; stagnant;

spentmortalite f mortality; death-ratemortel, le mortal; deadly; tedious; lethalmot m word, saying, meaning, hintmoteur m motor; engine; driving forcemo-teur, trice motive; movingmotif m motive; reasonmotion f motion; proposalmotiver to state reason for; to motivatemotivique motivicmouvant, e moving; shiftingmouvement m movement; motion; distur-

bance; trafficmouvemente, e agitated; lively; eventful;

fluctuatingmouvoir to move; to stir; to start

44

moyen m means, medium, powerau — de by means ofil n’y a pas — de it is not possible to

moyen, ne average; poormoyennant on condition, for a considera-

tionmoyenne f average; meanmultigraphiee ? multigraph?multilineaire multilinearmultiplicite f multiplicitymultiplier to multiplymultiplodoque multiple-doctrined? (hav-

ing more than one established conven-tion, etc)

multitude f multitudemuni pp of munirmunir to provide, to supply, to armmusicien, ne mf musician; musicalmusique f music; bandmystere m mysterymysterieu-x, se mysteriousmystifier to mystify; to hoaxmystique mystic; mystical

N

naı-f, ve naıve; unaffectednaissance f birth

donner — a give birth to; give rise tonaıtre to be born; to arise (de, from)

faire — to give rise tonaıvete f artlessness; simplicitynappage m coatingnappe f tablecloth, cloth; sheet, blanket;

layernapper to coatnati-f, ve native

nation f nationnaturaliser to naturalizenature f nature; kind; constitution; plain

(of cooking)naturel m nature; character; nativenaturel, le natural; unaffected; illegitimatenavette f shuttlenavigation f navigation; shippingnaviguer to sail; to navigate; to browsenavire m ship

— de guerre warship— marchand merchant ship

ne no, notneamoins nevertheless, for all that, howevernebuleuse f nebulanebuleu-x, se nebulous; cloudynecessaire m the needful; necessaries; out-

fit; necessary; needfulnecessite f necessity; need; pl necessariesnecessiter to necessitate; to compelnecessiteu-x, se needynegati-f, ve negative; m negative (photo)negativite f negativityneglige m negligeeneglige, e neglected; careless; slovenlynegligeable negligiblenegligemment carelesslynegligence f neglect; needlessness; over-

sightnegligent, e negligent; carelessnegliger to neglect; to omit; to overlook; to

disregardnegocier to negotiate; to deal; to tradeneige f snowneiger to snownerf m nerve; sinew; energynerveu-x, se nervous; vigorous; highly-

strung

45

net m fair copy; plainly, entirely, at once,flatly

net, te near, clean, clear, net (prices), sharpnettete f cleanness, clearness, distinctnessnettoyage m cleaningnettoyer to clean; to clear out; to clean upneuf nineneu-f, ve newneutre neutralnez m nose, face, scentni neither, nornilpotent ? nilpotentniveau m level, standardNoel m Christmasnoir m black (color)noir, e mf black (person), Black; black,

dark, gloomy, wickednom m name, fame, nounnombre m number, quantitynombreu-x, se numerousnon no; not

— moins no lessnontrer to show, to teachnormal, e normal; standardnormalement normally, usuallynormalement convergent, e uniformly?

convergentnormalisation normalization; standardiza-

tionnormalisateur m (MATH ) normalizernormaliser to normalize; to standardize

se — to return to normalnormalite f normalitynorme f standard, norm; criterion;

(MATH ) normnos ournotamment particularlynote m note; mark; bill; memorandum;

memonoter to note, to marknotice f notice; instructions; accountnotifier to notifynotion f notion; ideanotre ournotre oursnous wenouv-eau, elle new, novel, recent, fresh,

additional, anothera — again; afresh, anewde — again

nouvel see nouveaunouvelle f news, tidings, short, storynovembre m Novembernoyau m kernel, nucleusnuit f night; darknessnul, le no; not any; nil, zero; of no force;

void; worthless; nobody; no onenullement by no meansnullite f nullity; incapacity; nonentitynumerateur m numeratornumerique numericalnumero m number; size; ticket; (pro-

gramme) item; (magazine, etc) issuenumeroter to number

O

obedience f persuasionobeir to obey; to follow; to observe; to com-

ply with; to respond (a, to)obeissance f obedience (a, to)objecter to object; to allege againstobjectif m objective; lens; aim; targetobjecti-f, ive objectiveobjection f objection

46

objet m object; subject; matter; thingobligation f obligation; bondobligatoire compulsoryobliger to compel; to forceoblique obliqueobliterer to cancelobserva-teur, trice mf observer; obser-

vantobservation f observation; observance; re-

mark; reprimandobservatoire m observatoryobserver to observe; to comply withobsession f obsessionobstacle m obstacle; hindranceobstiner to be obstinate, to persistobstruction f obstruction; blockageobstruer to obstruct; to blockobtenir to obtainobtenu pp of obteniroccasion f occasion; opportunity; bargain

d’— second-handoccasionnel, le occasionaloccasionner to occasion; to causeoccupant, e occupier; occupyingoccupation f occupation; work; profession;

capture (of place)occupe, e occupied (place); engaged; busyoccuper to occupy, to employ, to inhabitoccurrence f occurrenceoctobre m Octoberœvre f work; society; worksoffensant, e offensiveoffense f offense; trespass; contemptoffenser to offend; to injure; to shockoffensi-f, ve offensiveoffice m office; duty; worship; service; f

pantryofficiel, le oficial

offrande f offeringoffre f offer, tender, bidoffrir to propose, to present, to bidoiseau m birdolive olive, olive-green; f oliveombre f shade; shadow; hintomettre to omit, to leave outomis see omettreomission f omissionon one, someone, peopleont see avoironze elevenopera-teur, trice mf operatoroperation f operation; transactionoperer to operate; to operate on; to workopiner to give one’s opinionopinion f opinionopportun, e opportune; timely; seasonableopportunite f opportuneness; seasonable-

ness; opportunityoperer to operate, to operate on, to workoppose m opposite; reverseoppose, e opposite; contrary; opposedopposer to oppose

s’— to be opposed; to object (a, to)opposition f opposition; contractoppresser to oppressoppression f oppressionopprimer to oppress; to crushoptimal, e optimaloptimiser to optimizeoptimisme m optimismoption f optionoptionel, le optionaloptique f optics; perspective; optical com-

ponents; optical; opticdans cette — from this perspective

or now, well; m gold

47

oral, e oral; verbal; oral examinationorbite f orbit; eye-socketorchestre m orchestra; band; orchestra pitorchestrer to orchestrateordinaire m the ordinary custom; ordinary;

common; vulgard’— usually

ordonne, e tidyordonner to organize, to put in order; to

order, to tell; to prescribe; to ordain; toarrange in order

ordre m order; tidiness, orderlinessorganisation f organizationorientation f direction; leanings; aspect;

orienteeringorienter to position; to direct

s’— to find one’s bearingss’— vers to turn towards

original, e original; eccentric; m original;mf eccentric

originalite originality; eccentricityorigine f originoriginel, le originalornement m ornamentorner to decorateorthogonal m orthogonal (subspace)orthogonal, e orthogonaloter to take away, to relieve, to pull offOTAN NATOou or, either, elseou where, when, in which, on which, at

whichd’— from which; henced’—? where from?par — through which— qu’il soit wherever he may be

oubli m forgetfulness, forgetting, oblivionoublier to forget, to overlook, to neglect

outil m tool, implementoutiller to equipoutrage m insultoutrage, e pp of outrager; outragedoutrageant, e offensiveoutrager to offendoutre beyond, besides

en — moreover, besides— que apart from the fact that

ouvert m (MATH ) open (set)ouvert, e opened, open, bare, frankouverture f opening; overture; inaugura-

tion; pl proposalsouvrable workableouvrage m work, workmanship, piece of

workouvri-er, ere mf worker; laborerouvrir to open; to begin; to sharpen (ap-

petite)ovale oval; oviform; m ovalovation f ovation

P

pacifique peacefulpage m (boy) page; f (book) pagepair, e even, equalpaire f pair; couple; bracepaisible peaceful; quiet; stillpaıtre to graze, to feed on, to pasturepaix f peace; quite; restpalais m palace; palatepanachage m mixpanache, e multicolored; mixedpanacher to mixpapier m paper; formpapillon m butterfly

48

paquet m packet; pack; parcelpar throughparabolique parabolicparagraphe m paragraphparaıtre to appearparallele parallel; unofficial; m parallel; f

parallel (line)parametre m parameterparametrer to parameterizeparametrique parametricparametriser to parameterizeparce que becauseparcourir to travel over, to go through, to

glace atparfait, e perfectparfois sometimes, now and thenparler to speak; m way of speakingparmi among, amongst, amid, amidstpar-s, t see partirpart f portion; share; part

a — aside, separately; exceptional; apartfrom

d’autre — besides, moreoverde — en — right throughde — et d’autre on both sidesd’une — . . . , d’autre — on the one

hand . . . , on the other handparti m party, side, decision, profitpartial, e partial; biasedparticipation f participation; shareparticipe m participleparticiper to share (a, in)particularite f peculiarityparticule f particleparticulier m private individual

en — in private; in particular, particu-larly; separately

particuli-er, ere private; particular, spe-

cial; peculiar, characteristic; unusual,exceptional

particulierement particularly; specificallypartie f part; party; match; outing; busi-

ness; parcel; client; adversarypartiel, le partialpartiellement partiallypartir to go, to leave; to start; to go off; to

pop; to come out, to goa — de from

partition f partition; score (music)partout everywhere

— ou whereverparu(-) see paraıtreparu(-) see paraıtreparution f publicationparvenir to reach; to achieve

— a faire qqch. to manage to do sth.fair — qqch. a qqn. to send sth. to sb.

pas m step; thread— a — step by step

pas not, not anypassage m crossing; visit; way, passagepassag-er, ere mf passenger; transitorypasse f passpasser to pass; to exceed; to omit; to allow;

to pass away; to fade; to cease; to spend(time)

se — to happen, to take place; to go byse — de to go or do without

passi-f, ve passivepassion f passionpathetique movingpatience f patiencepatient, e patient; mf patientpatienter to waitpause f break; pausepauvre poor; mf poor person

49

pauvrete povertypavage m pavingpaver to pavepayer to paypeine f pain; punishment; difficulty; sorrowpeiner to grieve; to labor; to toilp‘elerinage m pilgrimagependant during; m counterpart, earringpendre to hang, to hang uppendule m pendulum; f clockpenetrant, e penetrating; piercing; keenpenetrer to penetrate; to enterpenible painful, laboriouspense see penserpenser to thinkpente f slopepercant, e shrill; piercingpercer to pierce; to drill; to penetrate; to

break through; to come throughpercevoir to perceive; to collectpercolateur m coffee machineperdant, e losing; mf loserperdre to lose, to waste, to ruin, to corruptperdu pp of perdreperdu, e lost; stray; non-returnable;

wasted; dying; spoilt, ruinedpere m fatherperfection f perfectionperfectionner to perfect; to refine

se — to improveperfide (LITER) perfidious, treacherous;

mf (LITER) traitor; faithless loverperformance f performancepermanence f permanence; persistence

en — permanently; constantlypermanent, e permanent; standing; con-

stant; mf permanent employee; perma-nent member

permet- see permettrepermettre to allow, to enablepermis m permit; licence; passpermis, e pp of permettre; permittedpermutation f permutation; exchange of

postspermuter to switch around; to permute; to

exchange postspersistance f persistancepersistant, e persistentpersister to persistpersonnage m figure; image; character, in-

dividualpersonnaliser to personalizepersonnalite f personality; (JUR) statuspersonne f person; anybody, anyone; no-

body, no onepersonnel, le personal; self-centeredpersonnel m staff, personnelpersonnifier to personifyperspective f perspective; view; prospectpersuader to persuade; to convince

se — to persuade or convince oneselfpersuasi-f, ve persuasivepersuasion f persuasionperte f loss; waste; ruinpertinence f pertinence, relevancepertinent, e pertinentperturba-teur, trice disruptive; mf trou-

blemakerperturbation f disruptionperturber to disrupt; to disturbpervers, e perverted; unwanted; mf pervertperversite f perversitypervertir to pervert

se — to become pervertedpesant, e heavy; ponderouspesanteur f (PHYS ) gravity; heaviness

50

pesee f weighing; weight; pressure, forcepeser to weigh; to be heavy; to press (sur

qqch, on something)se — to weight oneself

petit, e small, little; short; faint, slight; mi-nor; petty; mf small man/woman; littleone, child

— a — little by little, graduallypeu little; not much; m little; few; bitpeupler to populate; to inhabit; to fill

se — to become populated; to be filledpeur f fearpeut see pouvoirpeut-etre perhaps, maybephase f phase; stage; turnphenomene m phenomenon; freakphilosophe m philosopher; philosophicalphilosophie philosophyphotocopie f photocopyphotographe m photographerphotographie f photograph; photographyphrase f sentencepied m foot, footing, leg, stalkpis worse; m udderpinceau m brushplace f place; spot; square; space; seat; sit-

uation; fortressplacement m placing; sale; investmentplacant see placerplacer to place; to sell; to invest

se — to take up a positionplaine plain; f plain; flat open countryplaisamment pleasantly; humorouslyplaisant, e pleasing; funny; drollplaisanter to joke; to jest; to trifle (avec,

with)plaisir m pleasure; recreationplan m plan; model; map; scheme

plan, e level; even; flatplanter to plant; to set; to fixplaque f plate, slab, badgeplat, e flat; level; dull; straight (hair); m

dish; courseplatitude f flatnessplein full, whole, broad, (animal) pregnantpleinement fullyplier to fold, to bend, to give wayplongement m immersionplonger to plunge; to throw into; to dive; to

jump inse — to submerge; to immerse

plupart most, the greatest part, most peo-ple

plus morele — the most— de more; more thande — more; moreoverde — en — more and moreen — on top of thaten — de in addition tone — no longer, not any morene — de no more

plusieurs severalplutot rather, sooner (que, than)poete m poetpoetique f poetics; poeticalpoids m weight, burdenpoint no; not; none; neverpoint m point; stop; stitch; dot; mark; full

stop; degreepointe f point; tip; touch; dawnpointer to point; to prick; to aim; to soarpointille m pointed linepolarisation f polarizationpolarise, e polarizedpole m pole

51

polycopie f duplicatingpolycopie, e duplicatepolycopier to duplicatepolyedre m polyhedronpolyedral, e polyhedralpolynome m polynomialponctuation f punctuationponctuel, le punctualponctuer to punctuateponderal, e weightponderation f level-headedness; weightingpondere, e weightedpondre to laypont m bridge; link, connection; deckpopulaire popular; colloquial; working-

classpopularite f popularitypopulation f populationportant m uprightportant, e load-bearing; carrying

bien — in good healthetre mieux — to be in better health

porte f door, gate, doorway, threshold, passporter to bear; to carry; to wear; to induce;

to tellposer to place, to posepositi-f, ve positive; matter-of-factposition f position; status; posturepositivite f positivityposseder to possess, to enjoypossesseur m ownerpossession f ownership; right; possessionpossibilite f possibilitypossible m utmost; possibleposte m post; station; position; f post officeposter to post; to stationposterieur, e subsequent; later; hindposterite f posterity; issue

potentiel m potentialpotentiel, le potentialpour for, in order topourquoi why, wherefore, what for; m rea-

sonpourr- see pouvoirpourrir to rotpoursuite f chase; pursuit; continuationpoursuivre to pursue; to chase; to carry on

with, to continue; to prosecute; to suepourtant nevertheless, even sopousse f growth; shootpousse, e meticulous; souped-uppousser to push; to drive hard; to carry

on, to continue; to give; to push on; tooverdo it

pouvoir to be able, to be allowed; m power,authority

pragmatique pragmaticpraticable practicable, feasiblepratique f practice; experience; practical;

usefulpratiquer to practise; to use; to make; to

associate withprealable preliminary, prior; m precondi-

tionau + — first of all

precedent m precedentprecedent, e previouspreceder to precedeprecis m summary, precisprecis, e precise; exact; specificpreciser to state precisely, to specifypredire to predictpreliminaire preliminaryprelude m preludepremature, e prematurepremier m chief; leader; first

52

premi-er, ere first, former; early; next;leading

prendre to take, to seize, to assume, to setto, . . .

prenom m first name; given namepreoccuper to preoccupy; to engross the

mind; to disturbpreparatif m preparation (used almost ex-

clusively in the plural)preparation f preparationpreparer to prepare; to get readypres near, close by

de — closely— de near; close to; nearly, almosta peu — more or less, just abouta peu de chose(s) — more or less, ap-

proximatelya ceci — que, a cela — que except

that, apart from the fact thata . . . — to within . . . ; up to difference of

. . .present, e presentpresenter to present, to offer, to introducepreserver to preservepresque almost; nearlypressant pressing; urgentpreste quick; nimbleprestige m prestigepresumer to presume, to assumepresupposer to presupposepret, e ready, prepared, willingpret m loanpretendre to claim; to intend; to maintainpretentieu-x, se pretentious; conceitedpreter to lend; to ascribe; to give risepretexte m pretext; pretencepreuve f proofprevaloir to prevail

prevenir to advise, to informprevoir to expect; to predict; to foresee, to

anticipate; to planprevoyance f foresight, forethoughtprevu pp of prevoirprimiti-f, ve primitiveprincipal m chief; main pointprincipal, e principal; mainprincipe m principleprintani-er, ere springprintemps m spring; springtimepriorite f priority; right of waypris taken, occupied, busyprise f taking, hold, quarrel, catchpriser to value, to take snuffprive, e pp of priver; deprived (de, of); pri-

vate; unofficialpriver to depriveprivilege m privilegeprix m price, value, reward, prizeprobabilite f probabilityprobable probable; likelyprobleme m problemprocede m proceeding, behavior, methodproceder to proceed, to behave, to prose-

cuteprocedure f proceedings; practiceproces m lawsuit; trial; litigationprocessus m process; evolutionprochain m neighborprochain, e next, nearestprochainement shortlyproche close; near mpl relationsprodige m prodigy; featprodigieu-x, se prodigious; wonderfulprodigue extravagant; wastefulprodiguer to lavish; to make lots of; to give

lots of; to give

53

produc-teur, trice mf producer; produc-tive

production f production; product; outputproduire to produce; to yield; to showproduit m produce; product; proceedsprofessor to profess; to teachprofession f profession; businessprofil m profile; sectionprofini, e profiniteprofit m profit; gain; utilityprofiter to profit (de, by); to take advan-

tage (de, of)profond, e deep; profound; soundprofondeur f depthprogramme m programme; bill; platformprogres m progress; improvementprohiber to prohibitprojecteur m projector; headlightprojecti-f, ve projectiveprojectile m missile; missileprojectivite f projectivityprojection f projectionprojet m project; scheme; rough draftprojeter to project; to planproliferer to proliferateproliferation f proliferationprolixe verbose, prolixprolongation f extension; prolongationprolongement m extension; continuationprolonger to prolong; to protract; to

lengthense — to go on; to continue

promenade f walk; drive; ride; excursionpromener to take about; to walk

se — to take a walkpromesse f promisepromettre to promise; to look promisingprompt, e prompt; sudden; hasty

prononce, e pronounced; decidedprononcer to pronounce; to utterpropension f propensityproportion f proportion; (MATH ) ratio

toutes —s gardees relatively speakingproportionnel, le proportional; commen-

suratepropos m purpose, talk

a — at (just) the right time; by the way;opportune

a — de aboutproposer to propose; to move

se — to intend; to meanproposition f proposal; proposition; clausepropre own, proper, clean; (MATH )

proper; m own characteristicproprete f neatness; cleanliness; (MATH )

propernessproprietaire mf proprietor; landlordpropriete f property; ownership; proprietypropulsion f propellingprorevetement m pro-coveringprose f proseprospere prosperousprosperer to prosper; to thriveprotege, e mf protege; dependentproteger to protect; to shieldprotester to protestprouver to prove; to showprovenance f origin; sourceprovenir to proceed; to originate

— de to come from; to be due to, to becaused by

proverb m proverbprovien- see provenirprovision f provision; supply; retainerprovisoire provisionalprovocant, e provoking; alluring

54

provoca-teur, trice mf aggressor; provok-ing

provoquer to provoke; to challenge; tocause

prudemment prudentlyprudence f prudenceprudent prudentpu pp of pouvoir, paıtrepu-, pu- see pouvoirpublic m publicpubli-c, que public; commonpublication f publication; publishingpublicitaire advertising; promotional; mf

person in advertisingpublicite f publicity; advertisingpublier to publishpueril, e childishpuis then, afterwards, next, besidespuiser to draw (water), to derivepuisque sincepuissamment powerfully; mightilypuissance f power, force, influence

—s divisees fpl divided powerspuissant, e powerful, mightypur, e pure; genuine; clean; merepurete f purity; chastitypurge f purge; clearingpurger to purge; to cleanse; (JUR) to serve

(a sentence)purifier to purifypyramide f pyramid

Q

quadraticite f quadraticityquadratique quadraticqualification f title; description

qualifier to qualify; to callqualite f quality; property; rank; qualifica-

tionquand when (at what moment); when (at

the same time)quant a as to, as forquantite f quantityquarante fortyquasi quasi; all but; almostquatorze fourteenquatorzieme fourteenthquatre fourqiatre-vingt-dix ninetyquatre-vingt eightyquatrieme fourthque that, if, when, . . .quel, le which, what

— que whatever; whoeverquelconque whatever, anyquelque some, about; some, any, a fewquelquefois sometimes; occasionallyquelqu’un somebody, someone, anyonequelques-uns, unes some, a few, any (pl.

of quelqu’un)question f question; matterquestionnaire m set of questions; question-

nairequi who, whom, . . .quinze fifteenquitte quits (envers, with)

a faire even if it means doingquitter to leave; to give up; to take off

ne quittez pas! (telephone) hold the line,please!

se — to partquoi what, which, that; (exclamation) what!

how!quoique although, though

55

quota m quotaquotient m quotient

R

racine f root, originradical m radicalradical, e radicalradicielle (MATH ) radicalraffine, e refinedrafinnement m refinementrafinner to refineraison f reason; cause; satisfaction; right;

ratioraisonnable reasonable; sensibleraisonnement m reasoning; argumentraisonner to reasonrajeunir to rejuvenaterajouter to addramener to take back; to bring back; to put

backse — a to come down to

ramifie, e (MATH ) ramifiedramifier to branch out, to ramifyramification f branch; ramificationrang m row, line, rank, range, rate;

(MATH ) rankranger to line up; to tidy; to arrange; to

park— parmi to rank amongse — to line up; to pull in; to step aside;

to settle downse — a to go along withse — a cote de to side with

raper to graterapetisser to shrink; to make things smallerrapeu-x, se rough; rasping

rapide f fast train; fastrappel m recall; call to arms; repealrappeler to call again; to remind

se — to rememberrapport m link, connection; report; return,

yield; (MATH ) ratio—s mpl relationspar — a in comparison to, compared with

rapporter to bring back, to report, to yield,to tell tales

se — a to refer or relate torare rare; scarce; uncommonrarete f scarcity; rare objectrassemblement m gathering; crowdrassembler to reassemble; to gather

se — to meetrationnel, le rationalravi entranced, delightedrayon m beam, ray; radiation; spoke; ra-

dius; shelfrayonner to shine; to be influential; to radi-

ate; to tour aroundreaction f reactionreagir to reactrealiser to realizerealiste realistic; streetwiserealite f realityrebutant, e unpleasantrebuter to disgust; to repel; to put (sb.) offrecemment recentlyrecent, e recentreception f reception; receiptrecette f recipe, takings; receipts, returnsrecevoir to receive; to admitrechange m replacement

de — sparerecherche f search, refinement, researchrechercher to search, to seek

56

reciprocite f reciprocityreciproque reciprocalreciter to recite; to relaterecoller to stick together again, to reseal

(envelope)recolte f harvest, croprecommandable commendablerecommandation f recommendationrecommander to recommend; to advise;

(letter) to registerrecommencer to begin again; to do it againreconcilier to reconcilereconnaissance f recognition; gratitudereconnaissant gratefulreconnaıtre to recognize; to acknowledgereconnu, e pp of reconnaıtre; well-knownreconsiderer to reconsiderreconstruire to reconstruct, to rebuildrecord m recordrecouper to recut, to intersect, to remix, . . .recouvrer to regain; to collectrecouvrir to recover; to coverrecreation f recreation; play-timerecu m receiptrecu, e pp of recevoirrecuperable reusable; which can be made

good again; who can be rehabilitatedrecuperer to get back, to recover; to fetch;

to salvage; to reclaim; to save; to makeup; to take over, to hijack; to appropri-ate; to rehabilitate

recurer to scourrecurrence f recurrence; (MATH ) recur-

sion; inductionpar — (MATH ) by induction

recurrent, e recurrentrecuser to challenge; to reject

se — to decline to give an opinion

redac-teur, trice mf editor; journalistredaction f wording, editing, editorial staff,

editorial office, essayredactionnel, le editorialredescendre to take/bring/wind back

down; to lower; to go/come/climb/driveback

rediger to draw up, to editredire to say again; to find fault (a, with)reducti-f, ve reductivereduction f reductionreduire to reduce; to set; to put away

se — to cut down; to come or boil downto

se — en to be reduced toreduit, e pp of reduire; reducedreduit m small room; recessreel m

le — realityreel, le realreference f referencereferendum m referendumreferer to referreflet m reflectionrefleter to reflectreflexion m reflectionrefonte f overhaul; rewritingreforme f reform; reformationreformer to reform; to dischargerefrener to restrainrefus m refusal; denialrefuser to refuse; to declinerefuter to refute; to disproveregal m treat; pleasureregaler to entertain

se — to enjoy oneselfregard m look; glanceregarder to look at; to concern

57

regle f ruler; ruleregle, e regular, well-ordered; lined, rulesregler to settle, to sort out; to adjust; to payregne m reign; rule; kingdomregner to rule, to reignregret m regret; sorrowregretter to regret, to be sorryregularite f regularityreguli-er, ere regularrejet m rejectionrejeter to throw back; to rejectrelater to relaterelati-f, ve relativerelation f relation; connection; pl inter-

course; dealingsrelayer to take over from, to relieve; to relay

se — to take turns; to take over from eachother

releve f reliefreleve m (bank) statement, abstractreleve, e raised, high, noble, spicyrelevement m rebuilding; raising; increase;

(MATH ) lift? splitting?relever to raise up again, to relieve, to no-

tice, to dismissrelief m relief; raisedreligion f religionremanier to restructure; to reshuffleremarquable remarkableremarque f remark; observationremarquer to remark; to observeremercier to thankremplacant, e mf substituteremplacer to replace, to succeedremplir to fill; to fill in or out; to complete,

to fulfilremployer, reemployer to re-userencontre f meeting, encounter

rencontrer to meet, to come across, to hitupon

rendre to give back, to render, to yield, . . .renforcer to reinforcerenfort m reinforcementrenoncer

— a to give up; to renounce; to abandonrenouveler to renew; to repeat; to replace

se — to be renewed; to recur, to happenagain

renouvellement m renewalrenovation f renovation; reformrenseignement m

—(s) informationrenseigner to inform, to give information to

se — to enquire, to make enquiries, to findout

rentree f return; incomerentrer to go/come back home, to return

home; to go/come in; to go/come backin; to bring in; to draw in; to tuck in

renvoi m return; sending back; dismissal;adjournment; reference

renvoyer to send back, to dismiss, to post-pone

reparaıtre to reappearreparation f repair; atonementreparer to repair; to atone forrepartir to start again; to set off again; to

go back; to pick up againrepartir to distribute; to share out; to

spreadrepartition f distributionrepasser to come/go back; to iron; to re-

take, resist; to show againrepertoire m repertoire; directoryrepertorier to indexrepeter to repeat; to go over; to learn; to

58

rehearserepetiti-f, ve repetitiverepetition f repetition; (MUS & THEAT )

rehearsalrepliquer to reply; to rejoinrepondre to answer; to reply; to be security

forreponse f answer, replyreporter to carry overreposer to put back, to rest; to sit, to stand

se — to restse — sur to rely on

reppeler to recall, to remindreprendre to take back, to repel, to shoot

out againrepresentant m representativerepresentation f representation; perfor-

mancerepresenter to represent; to point out; to

perform; to show wellreprimer to repress; to curbreprise f resumption; repetition; darningrepriser to mend; to darnreproche m reproachreprocher to reproachreproduction f reproductionreproduire to reproduce

se — to happen againrepublique f republicrepugance f revulsion; reluctancerepugnant, e revolting; disgusting; loath-

somerepugner to be repugnant to, to disgust

— a to be averse to— a faire to be reluctant to do, to be

loath to dorepulsion f repulsionreputation f reputation; character

requerir to require; to demandrequete f request; petitionrequis, e pp of requerir; necessary; requi-

sitereseau m net, network, system; (MATH )

latticereserve f reservation (doubt); reserve; storereserver to reservereservoir m reservoir; tank; pondresidence f residence; aboderesider to resideresidu m residueresiduel, le residualresignation f resignationresigner to resignresistant, e resistant; toughresister to resistresolu resoluteresolution f resolutionresolv- see resoudreresoudre to solve, to resolve; to get sb. to

make up his/her mind to do sth.se — to make up one’s mind

respect m respect; regardrespecti-f, ve respectiverespectivement respectivelyrespectueusement respectfullyrespectueu-x, se respectfulrespirer to breathe; to inhaleresplendir to be resplendentresplendissant resplendentresponsabilite f responsibilityresponsable responsible; answerableressembler to resembleressentiment m resentmentressentir to feel; to resentressource f resourcerestaurant m restaurant

59

restauration rapide f fast foodrester to remain, to be left, to stayrestreindre to restrict

se — to narrow; to cut backrestreint, e pp of restreindrerestricti-f, ve restrictiverestriction f condition; restrictionrestructurer to restructureresultat m resultresulter to resultresume m summary; resumeresumer to sum up, to summarizeretablir to restore; to reestablishretablissement m restoration; recoveryretard m delay

en — lateretarder to delay; to postpone; to be too

slowretenir to detain; to withhold; to bookretien- see retenirretrancher

— qqch. (de) to cut sth. out (from); totake sth. away from, to deduct sth.(from)

se — to entrench oneselfretrecir to make narrower; to take in; to

shrinkretrospecti-f, ve retrospectiveretrouver to find; to recover, to regain; to

recognize; to meet, to seese — to meet (up) again; to find oneself

again; to find one’s way; to be found,to crop up

reunion f meeting; union, merging; re-union; collection

revanche f revengeen — on the other hand; in return

reve m dream

reve, e idealreveil m waking (up); awakening; alarm

clock; reawakeningreveiller to wake up; to revive

se — to wake (up); to reawakenrevelation f revelation; discoveryreveler to reveal; to discover

se — to be revealed; to prove to berevenir to come back, to recur, to grow

again, to amount, to please, to costrevers m reverse; back; wrong side; lapel;

turn-up; cuff; backhand; set-backrevet see revetirrevetement m coveringrevetir to cover; to put on; to assumerevien- see revenirreviser to revise; to servicerevoir to see again; to revise; m

au — good-byerevue f review; magazine; variety showrien m nothing, anything, trifle

— que onlycela ne fait — that does not matter— du tout nothing at all

rigide rigid, stern, strictrigidification f rigidificationrigidifier f rigidifyrigoureu-x, se rigorous; harsh; strict;

meticulousrigueur f rigor

de — indispensablerisque m riskrisque, e hazardous; improperrisquer to risk; to venturerite m riterituel, le ritual; mf ritualrival, e rival; mf rivalrivaliser to rival; to vie; to compete

60

roi m kingrole m role; part; characterrond, e round; (play, venture) chubby,

plump; (drunk) tightrond m circle; ringronde f rounds (pl); beat; roundrondement efficiently, brisklyrouge m red color; red paint; redrougir to redden; to blushroute f road; route; course; journeyroutine f routine; roteroyal royal; regalroyaume m kingdomroyaute f royaltyrumeur f rumor; noise; reportrusse Russian; m (language) Russian; nf

Russianrythme m rhythm

S

sa his, her, itssach- see savoirsans without; but for; . . . lesssait see savoirsatisfaction f satisfactionsatisfaire to satisfysatisfaisant, e satisfactorysature m saturationsaturer to saturatesauf save, except, butsau-f, ve safe, securesaur- see savoirsavant m scientistsavant, e scholarly; skilful, clever; perform-

ingsavoir to know, to understand, to be able to

scalaire scalar; m scalarscenario m scenario; film script; screenplayscene f scene; stage; rowschema m diagram, sketch, plan; (MATH )

schemeschematique schematicscience f science; learningscientifique scientificscindage m splittingscinde, e (MATH ) split?scinder to split (en, into), to divide (en,

into)se — to split (en, into), to divide (en,

into)scrupuleu-x, se scrupulous; precisescruter to scrutinizese oneselfsecond m assistantsecond, e secondseconde f (time or music) secondsecondaire secondaryseconder to assistsecourir to help; to rescuesecour- see secourirsecours m help; aid; relief; reinforcementssecret m secret; secrecy

au — (JUR) in solitary confinementsecr-et, ete secret; reticentsecretaire mf secretary; m writing desk,

secretairesecretement secretlysecreter to secrete; to exudesecretion f secretionsecteur m area; district; sector; (ELEC )

mainssection f section; branch; cutting; (MIL)

platoonsecurite f security; safety

61

sedati-f, ve sedativesedative m sedativesediment m sedimentseduire to attract; to appeal to; to seducesegment m segmentsegmenter to segmentseisme m earthquakeseize sixteensejour m stay; living roomsejourner to staysel m salt; savor; piquancy

—s mpl smelling salt

select, e selectselecti-f, ve selectiveselection f selectionselectionner to select, to pickselon in accordance with; according to

— que depending on whethersemailles fpl sowing, sowing-timesemaine f week; weekly wagesemblable m fellow-man; alike; similarsemblant m appearance, showsembler to seem, to appearseminaire m seminary, seminarseminorme f (MATH ) seminormsemi-simplife m semi-simplificationsens m sense, opinion, directionsen-s, t, etc see sentirsentir to feel; to smell; to taste of; to see; to

foreseeseparable separableseparablement separablyseparation f separationsepare separatedseparer to separate; to dividesept sevenseptembre m September

sera see etreserai- see etreserein, e sereneserenade f serenadeserenite f serenityserie f series; setserieu-x, se serious, earnest, graveserre f greenhouse, glasshousesers, sert see servirserviable obligingservice m service; attendance; duty; set; di-

vine serviceservir to serve, to wait uponses his, her, its, one’sseul, e only, sole, alone, mere, singlesevere severe; stern; harshsevir to punish severely; to ragesi so, however; if, whether

— et seulement — if and only ifsiecle m century; time; agesigle m acronymsignal m signalsignale, e signalsignalement m descriptionsignaler to signal, to point outsignature f signaturesigne m sign; mark; tokensigner to signsignifier to mean; to notifysilence m silence; stillnesssilencieu-x, se silent; stillsingularite f singularitysinguli-er, ere singular; peculiar; oddsinistre sinister; m disaster; blaze; damagesilence m silence; stillnesssimple simple; single; plainsimplicite f simplicitysimplification f simplification

62

simplifier to simplifysimulation f simulationsimuler to simulate; to feignsimultane, e simultaneoussimultanement simultaneouslysincere sincere; candid; truesincerite f sincerity; honestysinguli-er, ere peculiar; remarkable;

(GRAM ) singular; m (GRAM ) singularsinon if not, otherwise, or else, exceptsite m site; landscape; scenerysitot as soon

— que as soon assituation f situation; positionsitue, e situatedsix sixsocial socialsociete f society; party; partnership; com-

panysoi oneself; itself; self; himself; herselfsoient see etresoif f thirst

avoir — to be thirstysoigne, e tidy, neat; carefully donesoigner to look after, to take care of; to take

care over; treatse — look after oneself

soigneusement carefullysoigne-x, se careful (de, about); tidysoin m care pl attentionsoir m evening; nightsoiree f evening (duration of); evening partysoit either, whether, or, supposesoixante sixtysoixante-dix seventysommation summons; demand; warningsomme f total, sum; (money) sum, amount;

(works) overview; m nap

en — in short;— toute when all’s said and done

sommeil m sleepsommeiller to dozesommer to summon, to call uponsommes see etresommet m summit, top, acmeson (f. sa, pl. ses) his/her/itssont see etresorites ? (LOGIC ) sorites: an argument

consisting of propositions so arrangedthat the predicate of any one forms thesubject of the next and the conclusionunites the subject of the first propositionwith the predicate of the last

sort m spell; fate; lotsorte f sort, kind

de telle — que so that, in such a waythat

sortir to go out, to emerge, to take outsoulevement m rising; upheaval; insurrec-

tionsoulever to raise; to lift; to stir up

se — to rise; to revoltsouligner to underline; to emphasizesoumettre to subdue, to submit, to lay be-

foresoum-i, ı see soumettresoumis, e pp of soumettre; submissivesoupcon m suspicionsoupconner to suspectsoupconneu-x, se suspicioussouple supple, flexible, compliantsous under, beneath, belowsous-ensemble m subsetsous-entendre to implysous-entendu m insinuationsous-groupe m subgroup

63

sous-faisceau m sub-sheafsous-fibre m sub-bundlesous-jacent, e underlying, subjacentsous-schema m subschemesouvenir to remembersouvent often

le plus — more often than notspecial, e special; particularspecialisation f specializationspecialite f speciality; line of business; pro-

prietary articlespecifique specificspecifier to specifyspectacle m spectacle; show; playspecta-teur, trice mf spectator; pl audi-

encespectre m specter; spectrumspecula-teur, trice mf speculatorspeculation f speculationspeculer to speculatesphere f spherespirale f spiral; spiralspirituel, le spiritual; wittysplendeur f splendor; magnificencesplendide splendid; magnificentspontane, e spontaneousspontanement spontaneouslysport m sport; casualsquare m small public gardenstabilisa-teur, trice stabilizing; mf stabi-

lizerstabiliser to stabilize; to steady; to make

firmstabilite f stabilitystable stable; steady; durablestandard standardstatistique f statistics; statisticalstimulant, e stimulating; m stimulant

stimuler to stimulate; to urge onstrate f stratumstratification f stratificationstragege m strategiststrategie f strategystrategique f strategicstratifie, e stratified; laminatedstress m stressstresser to put on edge; to put under stress;

to get worked upstrict, e strictstructural, e structuralstructure f structure; frame; buildstructurer to structure

se — to be structuredstyle m stylestylo m pensubir to be subjected to; to undergosubit, e suddensubjecti-f, ve subjectivesubsequemment subsequentlysubsequent, e subsequentsubsidiaire subsidiarysubsistance f subsistencesubsister to remain; to live, to subsistsubstance f substancesubstantiel, le substantialsubstituer to substitute (a, for)substitut m substitute; deputysubtil, e subtle; sharp; acute; keensubtilite subtlety, acutenesssubvenir to provide (a, for), to help, to re-

livesubvention f grant, subsidysubventionner to subsidizesubversi-f, ve subversivesucceder to succeed; to follow aftersucces m success

64

successi-f, ve successivesuccession f succession; inheritancesuccinct, e succinct; concisesucre m sugarsucrer to sweeten; to sugarsud m South; south; southernsuffire to sufficesuffisamment sufficientlysuffisant, e sufficient; self-importantsuffise see suffiresuffit see suffiresuffixe m suffixsuffrage m votesuggerer to suggest; to hintsuis see etresui-s, t, etc see suivresuite f rest, consequence, attendants, series,

sequence, continuation—s fpl consequencesde — in succession; immediatelypar la — afterwardspar — de owing to, because of

suivant according tosuivant, e following, next; mf attendantsuivi, e followed; consistent; sought aftersuivre to follow, to result, to study

faire — to forwardsujet m subject, person, cause, topicsujet, te subject, liable, inclinedsuper super, greatsuperbe superb; majestic; proudsuperfecie f area; surfacesuperficiel, le superficialsuperficiellement superficiallysuperflu, e superfluoussuperieur, e upper; superior; seniorsuperiorite f superioritysuperstition f superstition; obsessive at-

tachmentsuperviser to supervisesuppleer to make good

— a to make up forsupplement m supplement; extra chargesupplementaire additionalsupport m support; standsupporter to support; to bearsupposer to suppose; (JUR) to substitutesuppression f abolition; lifting; deletion;

suppressionsupprimer to suppress, to abolishsuprem supreme; crowning; lastsur on, upon, over, abovesurface f surface; outside; areasurjectif surjectivesurmonter to overcomesurplus m surplus

au — moreoversurprenant, e surprisingsurprendre to surprisesurpris, e pp of surprendresurprise f surprisesurtout above all, particularlysurvie f survivalsurvivance f survivalsurvivre to survive (a); to outlivesus onsusceptible touchysusceptibilite f touchinesssuspect, e suspicious; suspect; f suspectsuspecter to suspectsuspendre to suspend; to hang upsyllable f syllablesymbole m symbolsymbolister to symbolizesymetric see symetriquesymetrie f symmetry

65

symetrique symmetricsympathtie f liking; sympathysympathique nice, pleasantsymplectique symplecticsynonyme synonymous; m synonymsyntaxe f syntaxsynthese f synthesissynthetique syntheticsystematique systematicsysteme m system

T

table f table; board; indextableau m picture; painting; blackboard;

listtache f task; jobtacite implied; tacittaciturne taciturn; quiettalent m talent; abilitytandis que while, whilst, whereastangent, e (MATH ) tangent, tangentialtangente f (MATH ) tangenttant so much, as much, so many, as many

— de so much; so many— que as long asen — que as— mieux! all the better!— pis! too bad!

tantot presently; shortly; now . . . nowtard latetarder to delay; to be longtardi-f, ve late; tardy; backwardtardivement late; belatedlytautologique tautologicaltechnique technical; f techniquetechnique-clef f key technique

tel, le so, so much— quel, que as it is

temps m time, while, period, season,weather, tense, beat

tendre to stretch; to strain; to hold out; totend

tendre tender; affectionate; newtendresse f tendernesstendu, e tight; stretched; tensetenir to hold, to keep, to last, to deem, to

depend ontension f tensiontensoriel, le tensor(ial)tensoriser to tensortentant, e temptingtentation f temptationtentative f attempt; endeavortenter to attempt; to tempttenue f holding; behavior; attitude; dressterme m term; limit; pl conditionsterminer to finish; to concludeterminologie f terminologyterminologique terminologicalterre f earth; ground; land; estate; the

worldterrible terrible; dreadful; frightfulterrifier to terrifyterritoire m territorytest m quiztestament m testament; willtete f head, top, wits, presence of mindtexte m text; subjecttextuel, le textualtheme m topic; theme; exercise (at a school)theoreme m theoremtheorie f theory; drill; processiontheorique theoreticalthese f argument; thesis; theory

66

theta m? thetathon m tunatien- see tenirtien, ne yourstirage m circulation; printing; draw; draft;

drawing offtire, e (face) drawn; worn outtirer to draw, to pull, to drag, to verge on,

to shoottitre m title; qualification; bond

—s claimsa — d’exemple as an examplea juste — rightlya — prive in private capacitya double — on two accounts— de propriete title deed

titulaire permanent; tenure; mf holder; oc-cupant

titulariser to give tenure totolerance f tolerationtolerer to toleratetomber to fall; to abatetome m tome; volumeton m tone; keytopologie f topologytopologique topologicaltordre to twisttordu, e twisted, bent; warped, twisted; mf

(MATH ) twiststore m torustorique torictoroıdal, e toroidaltorseur m torsortorsion f twisting; torsiontort wrongtot soon, earlytotal m totaltotal, e total; whole

touchant,e touchingtoucher to touch; to hit; to get, to be paid;

to cash; to win; to affect, to concernse — to be adjacent (to each other), to ad-

join (each other)toucher m

le — the (sense of) touchau — to the touch

touffe f tuft; clumptouffu, e bushy; dense; thick; leafytouiller to stir; to tosstoujours always, ever, neverthelesstour m turn, revolution, circumference,

trick, trip, lathe; towertourbillon m whirlwind; swirl; whirlpool;

hurly-burlytourbilloner to whirl; to swirl; to whirl

(around)tourisme m tourismtournant m bend; turning pointtournant, e revolving; swivel; swingtourner to turn; to direct; to get round

se — to turn (right) roundtous see touttout all (any, every, . . . )

en — in all; in every respectpas du — not at allrien du — nothing at all— a fait quite, entirely; exactly— a l’heure in a little while, shortly; a lit-

tle while agoa — a l’heure! see you later!— de suite immediately, at once— le monde everybody

toutefois yet, howevertrace f trace; track; footsteptrace m outline; planning; linetracer to trace; to draw out; to lay down

67

traduc-teur, trice mf translatortraduction f translation, translatingtraduire to translatetrait m line, stroke; feature; trait, feature;

act; (MATH ) spectrum of discrete valu-ation ring

traite f milking; bill, drafttraite m treatise; treatytraiter to treat, to handel, to negotiatetranscendant, e transcendent; wonderful;

(MATH ) transcendentaltransferer to transfertransformer to transform; to change intotransiti-f, ve transitivetransparent m transparencytransparent, e transparenttransport m transporttransporter to transporttransposer to transposetranspose m transposetranspose, e transposedtransversal, e transversaltransversalite f transversalitytransverse transversetravail m work, labor, toiltravailler to work, to work on, to ferment

(of wine, etc. . . )travaux see travailtreize thirteentrente thirtytres very; very much; mosttresor m treasuretriangle m triangletriangulaire triangulartrigonometrie f trigonometrytrigonometrique trigonometrictriste sad; gloomy; drearytristesse f sadness; gloom; melancholy

trivial, e coarse, crude; ordinary, everyday,mundane; simplistic; (MATH ) trivial

trivialisation f trivializationtrivialise, e trivializedtrivialiser to trivializetrivialite f coarseness, crudeness; triteness,

triviality; platitudetrois threetrombone f trombone; paper cliptromper to deceive; to cheat

se — to make a mistaketrompette f trumpettrompeu-r, se misleading; deceptivetronque, e truncatedtronquer to truncatetrop too; too muchtrouvaille f discoverytrouver to find; to think; to considertruchement

par le — de qch. through sth.tuer to kill, to slaughtertype m type; symboltypique typical

U

ulterieur, e subsequent, ulteriorultime ultimate, finalultrametrique ultrametricun, e one, unit, first; an, one, anyunibranche unibranchunicite f uniquenessunifier to unifyuniforme m uniformuniformement uniformlyuniformisation f standardization; uni-

formization

68

unimodulaire unimodularunion f union; marriage; harmonyunipotent, e unipotentunique only; sole; unique; matchlessunir to unite; to smoothunisson m unisonunitaire unitaryunite unity, unitunivers m universeuniversel, le universaluniversitaire mf member of the university;

belonging to the universityuniversite f universityunivoque unambiguous; one-on-one; injec-

tive?urgence f urgency; emergencyurgent, e urgentusage m use, custom, habit, wearusage usedusager m user; (language) speakeruse, e worn out; stale; hackneyeduser to wear, to spend

— de to use; to exercise; to exploit; to takeusuel, le usualut m (MUS ) do; Cutile useful, serviceable; m utilityutiliser to utilize, to make use forutilitaire utilitarian; practical; functional;

commercialutilite f utility; usefulnessutopie f Utopiautopique utopian

V

vain vain; fruitless; vaingloriousvalable valid

valeur f value, worthvalide validvalidite f validityvaloir to be worth, to yieldvalse f waltzvaluati-f, ve valuativevaluation f (MATH ) valuationvalue (MATH ) valued? (in a field, ring, etc)variable variable; changeablevariation f variationvariante f variantvarier to vary; to differvariete f varietyvaudr- see valoirvaut see valoirvecteur m vectorvectoriel m vector spacevectoriel, le vectorialvenir to come, to arrive, to happen, to growvent m wind; scent; emptinessveridique veracious; truthfulverigier to verify; to checkveritable true, genuine, downrightverite f truthverr- see voirvers toward, aboutvers m verse, lineversion f version; translationversus versusvertical, e verticalvertu f virtue; properties, powervertueusement virtuouslyvertueu-x, se virtuousveteran m veteranveut see vouloirvide empty; m empty space, vacuumvider to empty, to drain, to settlevie f life; living; existence

69

viens, vient see venirvi-f, ve alive; sharp; quick tempered; bright

(color); strong; runningvigoureu-x, se vigorous; sturdy; energeticvigueur f vigor, strengthville f town; cityvin m winevingt twentyviolation f violation; infringementviolemment violentlyviolence f violenceviolent, e violentvioler to violate; to infringe; ro rapeviolon m violinvirtuel, le virtualvirus m virusvisa m signature; visavisage m face; visage; lookvis-a-vis in relation tovisee f aim; design; endviser to aim at, to aspire to, to endorse

— a qch. to aim at sth.— a faire to aim to do

visible visiblevision f vision; sight; phantomvisionnaire visionaryvisite f visit; search; medical; examinationvisiter to visit; to inspect; to searchvisuel, le visualvital, e vitalvitalite f vitalityvivace long-lived; deep-tootedvivacite f vivacity; hastiness (of temper)vivant, e living; alive; livelyvivre to live, to boardvivre mpl food; provisionsvocabulaire m vocabularyvocal vocal

vogue f vogue; fashionvoici here is, here arevoie f way, road, track, . . .voila there is; there arevoile f sail; sailing; m voile; veil; mist;

(PHOT ) fogging; (MED) shadowvoile, e veiled; dull; buckled; (PHOT )

fogged; muffledvoiler to veil; to hide; to cover; to buckle

se — to wear to veil; to cloud over; to mistover; to buckle

voir to see, to inspect, to visit, to meetvoire indeed, nay, evenvoisin, e neighboring; next-door; similar;

mf neighborvoisinage m neighborhood; vicinityvoiture f car; carriagevoix f voice; tone; votevol m flight; flock; theft; robberyvolee f flight; flock; volleyvoler to fly; to stealvol-eur, -euse thieving; mf thiefvolontaire m volunteer; voluntary; head-

strongvolente f will; wish; will-powervolontiers willinglyvolume m volume; bulk; mass; sizevolumineu-x, se voluminousvomi m vomitvomir to vomit; to belch out; to sickvote m voting; votevoter to vote for; to passvotre yourvotre yoursvouer to dedicatevouloir to be willing, to want, to require;

willvoulu, e pp of vouloir; wanted, required,

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intentionalvoyage m travel; journey; tripvoyager to travel; to journeyvoyageu-r, se mf traveller; travellervrai truly; m truthvrai, e true, genuine, regular, errantvraiment truly; indeedvraisemblable likelyvraisemblance f likelihoodvu seeing, considering; m sight, examina-

tionvu, e seen, examinedvue f sight; view; prospect; design; purpose

Y

y to it, at it, by it, . . . ; there, within, . . .

Z

zero m nought, zero; nilzeta m zeta

Statistics

Total entries: 4058Total subentries: 460

Tables of Verbs

avoir

Mode indicatif

Present j’ai, tu as, il/elle a, nous avons, vousavez, ils/elles ontPasse compose j’ai eu, tu as eu, il/elle a eu,nous avons eu, vous avez eu, ils/elles ont euImparfait j’avais, tu avais, il/elle avait, nousavions, vous aviez, ils/elles avaientPlus-que-parfait j’avais eu, yu avais eu,il/elle avait eu, nous avions eu, vous aviezeu, ils/elles avaient euPasse simple j’eus, tu eus, il/elle eut, nouseumes, vous eutes, ils/elles eurentPasse anterieur j’eus eu, tu eus eu, il/elleeut eu, nous eumes eu, vous eutes eu, ile/elleseurent euFutur simple j’aurai, yu auras, il/elle aura,nous aurons, vous aurez, ils/elles aurontFutur anterieur j’aurai eu, tu auras eu,il/elle aura eu, nous aurons eu, vous aurezeu, ils/elles auront eu

Mode conditionnelPresent j’aurais, tu aurais, il/elle aurait,nous aurions, vous auriez, ils/elles auraientPasse j’aurais eu, tu aurais eu, il/elle auraiteu, nous aurions eu, vous auriez eu, ils/ellesauraient eu

Mode imperatifaie, ayons, ayez

Mode SubjonctifPresent que j’aie, que tu aies, qu’il/elle ait,que nous ayons, que vous ayez, qu’ils/ellesaientPasse que j’aie eu, que tu aies eu, qu’il/elleait eu, que nous ayons eu, que vous ayez eu,qu’ils/elles/ aient euImparfait que j’eusse, que tu eusses,qu’il/elle eut, que nous eussions, que vous eu-ssiez, qu’ils/elles eussent

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Plus-que-parfait que j’eusse eu, que tu eu-sses eu, qu’il/elle eut eu, que nous eussionseu, que vous eussiez eu, qu’ils/elles eussenteu

Mode infinitif

Present avoir

Passe avoir eu

Mode participe

Present ayant

Passe eu, eue, ayant ey

etre

Mode indicatif

Present je suis, tu es, il/elle est, noussommes, vous etes, ils/elles sont

Passe compose j’ai ete, tu as ete, il/elle asete, nous avons ete, vous avez ete, ils/ellesont ete

Imparfait j’etais, tu etais, il/elle etait, nousetions, vous etiez, ils/elles etaient

Plus-que-parfait j’avais ete, tu avais ete,il/elle avait ete, vous avions ete, vous aviezete, ils/elles avaient ete

Passe simple je fus, tu fus, il/elle fut, nousfumes, vous futes, ils/elles furent

Passe anterieur j’eus ete, tu eus ete, il/elleeut ete, nous eumes ete, vous eutes ete,ils/elles eurent ete

Futur simple je serai, tu seras, il/elle sera,nous serons, vous serez, ils/elles seront

Futur anterieur j’aurai ete, tu auras ete,il/elle aura ete, nous aurons ete, vous aurezete, ils/elles auront ete

Mode conditionnel

Present je serais, tu serais, il/elle serait,nous serions, vous seriez, ils/elles seraientPasse j’aurais ete, tu aurais ete, il/elle auraitete, nous aurions ete, vous auriez ete, ils/ellesauraient ete

Mode imperatifsois, soyons, soyez

Mode subjonctifPresent que je sois, que tu sois, qu’il/ellesoit, que nous soyons, que vous soyez,qu’ils/elles solentPasse que j’aie ete, que tu aies ete, qu’il/elleait ete, que nous ayons ete, que vous ayez ete,qu’ils/elles aient eteImparfait que je fusse, que tu fusses,qu’il/elle fut, que nous fussions, que vousfussiez, qu’ils/elles fussentPlus-que-parfait que j’eusse ete, que tu eu-sses ete, qu’il/elle eut ete, que nous eussionsete, que vous eussiez ete, qu’ils/elles eussentete

Mode infinitifPresent etrePasse avoir ete

Mode participePresent etantPasse ete (invariable), ayant ete

aimer

Mode indicatifPresent j’aime, tu aimes, il/elle aime, nousaimons, vous aimez, ils/elles aimentPasse compose j’ai aime, tu as aime, il/ellea aime, nous avons aime, vous avez aime,ils/elles ont aime

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Imparfait j’aimais, tu aimais, il/elle aimait,nous aimions, vous aimiez, ils/elles aimaientPlus-que-parfait j’avais aime, tu avaisaime, il/elle avait aime, nous avions aime,vous aviez aime, ils/elles avaient aimePasse simple j’aimai, tu aimas, il/elleaima, nous aimames, vous aimates, ils/ellesaimerentPasse anterieur j’eus eime, tu eus aime,il/elle eut aime, nous eumes aime, vous eutesaime, ils/elles eurent aimeFutur simple j’aimerai, tu aimeras, il/elleaimera, nous aimerons, vous aimerez, ils/ellesaimerontFutur anterieur j’aurai aime, tu auras aime,il/elle aura aime, nous aurons aime, vous au-rez aime, ils/elles auront aime

Mode conditionnelPresent j’aimerais, tu aimerais, il/elleaimerait, nous aimerions, vous aimeriez,ils/elles aimeraientPasse j’aurais aime, tu aurais aime, il/elleaurait aime, nous aurions aime, vous auriezaime, ils/elles auraient aime

Mode imperatifPresent aime, aimons, aimezPasse aie aime, ayons aime, ayez aime

Mode subjonctifPresent que j’aime, que tu aimes, qu’il/elleaime, que nous aimions, que vous aimiez,qu’ils/elles aimentPasse que j’aie aime, que tu aies aime,qu’il/elle ait aime, que nous ayons aime, quevous ayez aimt, qu’ils/elles aient aimeImparfait que j’aimasse, que tu aimasses,qu’il/elle aimat, que nous aimassions, quevous aimassiez, qu’ils/elles aimassent

Plus-que-parfait que j’eusse aime, que tueusses aime, qu’il/elle eut aime, que nous eus-sions aime, que vous eussiez aime, qu’ils/elleseussent aime

Mode infinitifPresent aimerPasse avoir aime

Mode participePresent aimantPasse aime, aimee, ayant aime

finir

Mode indicatifPresent je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit, nousfinissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissentPasse compose j’ai fini, tu as fini, il/elle afini, nous avons fini, vous avez fini, ils/ellesont finiImparfait je finissais, tu finissais, il/ellefinissait, nous finissions, vous finissiez,ils/elles finissaientPlus-que-parfait j’avais fini, tu avais fini,il/elle avait fini, nous avions fini, vous aviezfini, ils/elles avaient finiPasse simple je finis, tu finis, il/elle finit,nous finimes, vous finites, ils/elles finirentPasse anterieur j’eus fini, tu eus fini, il/elleeut fini, nous eumes fini, vous eutes fini,ils/elles eurent finiFutur simple je finirai, tu finiras, il/ellefinira, nous finirons, vous finirez, ils/ellesfinirontFutur anterieur j’aurai fini, tu auras fini,il/elle aura fini, nous aurons fini, vous aurezfini, ils/elles auront fini

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Mode conditionnelPresent je finirais, tu finirais, il/elle finirait,nous finirions, vous finiriez, ils/elles finiraientPasse j’aurais fini, tu aurais fini, il/elle au-rait fini, nous aurions fini, vous auriez fini,ils/elles auraient fini

Mode imparatifPresent finis, finissons, finissezPasse aie fini, ayons fini, ayez fini

Mode subjonctifPresent que je finisse, que tu finisses,qu’il/elle finisse, que nous finissions, que vousfinissiez, qu’ils/elles finissentPasse que j’aie fini, que tu aies fini, qu’il/elleait fini, que nous ayons fini, que vous ayez fini,qu’ils/elles aient finiImparfait que je finisse, que tu finisses,qu’il/elle finit, que nous finissions, que vousfinissiez, qu’ils/elles finissentPlus-que-parfait que j’eusse fini, que tu eu-sses fini, qu’il/elle eut fini, que nous eussionsfini, que vous eussiez fini, qu’ils/elles eussentfini

Mode infinitifPresent finirPasse avoir fini

Mode participePresent finissantPasse fini, finie, ayant fini

dormir

Also: mentir, sentir, servir, sortir, partir,though sortir and partir use etre instead ofavoir.

Mode indicatif

Present je dors, tu dors, il/elle dort, nousdormons, vous dormez, ils/elles dormentPasse j’ai dormi, tu as dormi, il/elle a dormi,nous avons dormi, vous avez dormi, ils/ellesont dormiImparfait je dormais, tu dormais, il/elledormait, nous dormions, vous dormiez,ils/elles dormaientPlus-que-parfait j’avais dormi, tu avaisdormi, il/elle avait dormi, nous avions dormi,vous aviez dormi, ils/elles avaient dormiPasse simple je dormis, tu dormis, il/elledormit, nous dormimes, vous dormites,ils/elles dormirentPasse anterieur j’eus dormi, tu eus dormi,il/elle eut dormi, nous eumes dormi, vouseutes dormi, ils/elles eurent dormiFutur simple je dormirai, tu dormi-ras, il/elle dormira, il/elle dormirons, vousdormirez, ils/elles dormirentFutur anterieur j’aurai dormi, tu aurasdormi, il/elle aura dormi, nous aurons dormi,vous aurez dormi, ils/elles auront dormi

Mode conditionnelPresent je dormirais, tu dormirais, il/elledormirait, nous dormirions, vous dormiriez,ils/elles dormiraientPasse j’aurais dormi, tu aurais dormi, il/elleaurait dormi, nous aurions dormi, vous auriezdormi, ils/elles auraient dormi

Mode imperatifPresent dors, dormons, dormezPasse aie dormi, ayons dormi, ayez dormi

Mode subjonctifPresent que je dorme, que tu dormes,qu’il/elle dorme, que nous dormions, quevous dormiez, qu’ils/elles dorment

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Passe que j’aie dormi, que tu aies dormi,qu’il/elle ait dormi, que nous ayons dormi,que vous ayez dormi, qu’ils/elles aient dormiImparfait que je dormisse, que tu dormisses,qu’il/elle dormit, que nous dormissions, quevous dormissiez, qu’ils/elles dormissentPlus-que-parfait que j’eusse dormi, quetu eusses dormi, qu’il/elle eut dormi, quenous eussions dormi, que vous eussiez dormi,qu’ils/elles eussent dormi

Mode infinitifPresent dormirPasse avoir dormi

Mode participePresent dormantPasse dormi, ayant dormi

venir

Also: tenir, and their combinations: con-venir, devenir, parvenir, se souvenir, etc.;appartenir, contenir, manitenir, obtenir, etc;but prevenir, subvenir, tenir and combina-tions of tenir use avoir instead of etre.

Mode indicatifPresent je viens, tu viens, il/elle vient, vousvenons, vous venez, ils/elles viennentPasse compose je suis venu, tu es venu,il/elle est venu, nous sommes venus, vous etesvenus, ils/elles sont venusImparfait je venais, tu venais, il/elle venait,nous venions, vous veniez, ils/elles venaientPlus-que-parfait j’etais venu, tu etais venu,il/elle etait venu, nous etions venus, vouseties venus, ils etaient venusPasse simple je vins, tu vins, il/elle vint,nous vinmes, vous vintes, ils/elles vinrent

Passe anterieur je fus venu, tu fus venu,il/elle fut venu, nous fumes venus, vous futesvenus, ils furent venusFutur simple je viendrai, tu viendras,il/elle viendra, nous viendrons, vous vien-drez, ils/elles viendrontFutur anterieur je serai venu, tu seras venu,il/elle seras venu, nous serons venus, vousserez venus, ils/elles seront venus

Mode conditionnelPresent je viendrais, tu viendrais, il/elleviendrait, nous viendrions, vous viendriez,ils/elles viendraientPasse je serais venu, tu serais venu, il/elleserait venu, nous serions venus, vous seriezvenus, ils/elles seraient venus

Mode imperatifPresent viens, venons, venezPasse sois venu, soyons venus, soyez venus

Mode subjonctifPresent que je vienne, que tu viennes,qu’il/elle vienne, que nous venions, que vousveniez, qu’ils/elles viennentPasse que je sois venu, que tu sois venu,qu’il/elle soit venu, que nous soyons venus,que vous soyez venus, qu’ils/elles soient venusImparfait que je vinsse, que tu vinsses,qu’il/elle vint, que nous vinssions, que vousvinssiez, qu’ils/elles vinssentPlus-que-parfait que je fusse venu, quetu fusses venu, qu’il/elle fut venu, quenous fussions venus, que vous fussiez venus,qu’ils/elles fussent venus

Mode infinitifPresent venirPasse etre venu

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Mode participePresent venantPasse etant venu

recevoir

Also: apercevoir, concevoir, decevoir,percevoir, devoir, but the past participle ofdevoir is du.

Mode indicatifPresent je recois, tu recois, il/elle recoit,nous recevons, vous recevez, ils/ellesrecoiventPasse compose j’ai recu, tu as recu, il/elle arecu, nous avons recu, vous avez recu, ils/ellesont recuImparfait je recevais, tu recevais, il/elle re-cevait, nous recevions, vous receviez, ils/ellesrecevaientPlus-que-parfait j’avais recu, tu avais recu,il/elle avait recu, nous avions recu, vous aviezrecu, ils/elles avaient recuPasse simple je recs, tu recus, il/elle recut,nous recumes, recutes, ils/elles recurentPasse anterieur j’eus recu, tu eus recu,il/elle eut recu, nous eumes recu, vous eutesrecu, ils/elles eurent recuFutur simple je recevrai, tu recevras,il/elle recevra, nous recevrons, vous recevrez,ils/elles recevrentFutur anterieur j’aurai recu, tu auras recu,il/elle aura recu, nous aurons recu, vous aurezrecu, ils/elles auront recu

Mode conditionnelPresent je recevrais, tu recevrais, il/ellerecevrait, nous recevrions, vous recevriez,ils/elles recevraient

Passe j’aurais recu, tu aurais recu, il/elle au-rait recu, nous aurions recu, vous auriez recu,ils/elles auraient recu

Mode imperatifPresent recois, recevons, recevezPasse aie recu, ayons recu, ayez recu

Mode subjonctifPresent que je recoive, que tu recoives,qu’il/elle recoive, que nous recevions, quevous receviez, qu’ils/elles recoiventPasse que j’aie recu, que tu aies recu,qu’il/elle ait recu, que nous ayons recu, quevous ayez recu, qu’ils/elles aient recuImparfait que je recusse, que tu recusses,qu’il/elle recut, que nous recussions, que vousrecussiez, qu’ils/elles recussentPlus-que-parfait que j’eusse recu, que tueusses recu, qu’il/elle eut recu, que nous eus-sions recu, que vous eussiez recu, qu’ils/elleseussent recu

Mode infinitifPresent recevoirPasse avoir recu

Mode participePresent recevantPasse recu, recue, ayant recu

rendre

Also: attendre, defendre, dependre, descen-dre, entendre, perdre, repondre, suspendre,tendre, vendre.

Mode indicatifPresent je rends, tu rends, il/elle rend, nousrendons, vous rendez, ils/elles rendent

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Passe compose j’ai rendu, tu as rendu,il/elle a rendu, nous avons rendu, vous avezrendu, ils/elles ont rendu

Imparfait je rendais, tu rendais, il/ellerendait, nous rendions, vous rendiez, ils/ellesrendaient

Plus-que-parfait j’avais rendu, tu avaisrendu, il/elle avait rendu, nous avions rendu,vous aviez rendu, ils/elles avaient rendu

Passe simple je rendis, tu rendis, il/elle ren-dit, nous rendimes, vous rendites, ils/ellesrendirent

Passe anterieur j’eus rendu, tu eus rendu,nous eumes rendu, vous eutes rendu, ils/elleseurent rendu

Futur simple je rendrai, tu rendras, il/ellerendra, nous rendrons, vous rendrez, ils/ellesrendront

Futur anterieur j’aurai rendu, tu aurasrendu, il/elle aura rendu, nous aurons rendu,vous aurez rendu, ils/elles auront rendu

Mode conditionnelPresent je rendrais, tu rendrais, il/ellerendrait, nous rendrions, vous rendiez,ils/elles rendraient

Passe j’aurais rendu, tu aurais rendu, il/elleaurait rendu, nous aurions rendu, vous auriezrendu, ils/elles auraient rendu

Mode imperatifPresent rends, rendons, rendez

Passe aie rendu, ayons redu, ayez rendu

Mode subjonctifPresent que je rende, que tu rendes,qu’il/elle rende, que nous rendions, que vousrendiez, qu’ils/elles rendent

Passe que j’aie rendu, que tu aies rendu,

qu’il/elle ait rendu, que nous ayons rendu,que vous ayez rendu, qu’ils/elles aient renduImparfait que je rendisse, que tu rendisses,qu’il/elle rendit, que nous rendissions, quevous rendissiez, qu’ils/elles rendissentPlus-que-parfait que j’eusse rendu, quetu eusses rendu, qu’il/elle eut rendu, quenous eussions rendu, que vous eussiez rendu,qu’ils/elles eussent rendu

Mode infinitifPresent rendrePasse avoir rendu

Mode participePresent rendantPasse rendu, rendue, ayant rendu

etre aime

Mode indicatifPresent je suis aime, tu es aime, il/elle estaime, nous sommes aimes, vous etes aimes,ils/elles sont aimesPasse compose j’ai ete aime, tu as ete aime,il/elle a ete aime, nous avons ete aimes, vousavez ete aimes, ils/elles ont ete aimesImparfait j’etais aime, tu etais aime, il etaisaime, nous etions aimes, vous etiez aimes,ils/elles etaient aimesPlus-que-parfait j’avais ete aime, tu avaisete aime, il/elle avait ete aime, nous avionsete aimes, vous aviez ete aimes, ils/ellesavaient ete aimesPasse simple je fus aime, tu fus aime, ilfut aime, nous fumes aimes, vous futes aimes,ils/elles furent aimesPasse anterieur j’eus ete aime, tu eus eteaime, il/elle eut ete aime, nous eumes ete

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aimes, vous eutes ete aimes, ils/elles eurentete aimesFutur simple je serai aime, tu seras aime,il/elle sera aime, nous serons aimes, vousserez aimes, ils/elles seront aimesFutur anterieur j’aurai ete aime, tu aurasete aime, il aura ete aime, nous aurons eteaimes, vous aurez ete aimes, ils/elles aurontete aimes

Mode conditionnelPresent je serais aime, tu serais aime, il/elleserait aime, nous serions aimes, vous seriezaimes, ils/elles seraient aimesPasse j’aurais ete aime, tu aurais ete aime,il/elle aurait ete aime, nous aurions ete aimes,vous auriez ete aimes, ils/elles auraient eteaimes

Mode imperatifPresent sois aime, soyons aimes, soyez aimesPasse aie ete aime, ayons ete aimes, ayez eteaimes

Mode subjonctifPresent que je sois aime, que tu sois aime,qu’il/elle soit aime, que nous soyons aimes,que vous soyez aimes, qu’ils/elles soient aimesPasse que j’aie ete aime, que tu aies ete aime,qu’il/elle ait ete aime, que nous ayons eteaimes, que vous ayez ete aimes, qu’ils/ellesaient ete aimesImparfait que je fusse aime, que tu fussesaime, qu’il/elle fut aime, que nous fussionsaimes, que vous fussiez aimes, qu’ils/ellesfussent aimesPlus-que-parfait que j’eusse ete aime, quetu eusses ete aime, qu’il/elle eut ete aime, quenous eussions ete aimes, que vous eussiez eteaimes, qu’ils/elles eussent ete aimes

Mode infinitifPresent etre aimePasse avoir ete aime

Mode participePresent etant aimePasse ayant ete aime

se laver

Mode indicatifPresent je me lave, tu te laves, il se lave,nous nous lavons, vous vous lavez, ils se laventPasse compose je me suis lave, tu t’es lave,il/elle s’est lave, nous nous sommes laves,vous vous etes laves, ils/elles se sont lavesImparfait je me lavais, tu te lavais, il/ellese lavait, nous nous lavions, vous vous laviez,ils/elles se lavaientPlus-que-parfait je m’etais lave, tu t’etaislave, il/elle s’etait lave, nous nous etionslaves, vous vous etiez laves, ils/elles s’etaientlavesPasse simple je me lavai, tu te lavas, il/ellese lava, nous nous lavames, vous vous lavates,ils/elles se laverentPasse anterieur je me fus lave, tu te fuslave, il/elle se fut lave, nous nous fumes laves,vous vous futes laves, ils/elles furent lavesFutur simple je me laverai, tu te laveras,il se lavera, nous nous laverons, vous vouslaverez, ils se laverontFutur anetieur je me serai lave, tu te seraslave, il/elle se sera lave, nous nous seronslaves, vous vous serez laves, ils/elles se serontlaves

Mode conditionnel

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Present je me laverais, tu te laverais, il selaverait, nous nous laverions, vous vous laver-iez, ils/elles se laveraientPasse je me serais lave, tu te serais lave,il/elle se serait lave, nous nous serions laves,vous vous seriez laves, ils/elles se seraientlaves

Mode imperatifPresent lave-toi, lavons-nous, lavez-vous

Mode subjonctifPresent que je me lave, que tu te laves,qu’il/elle se lave, que nous nous lavions, quevous vous laviez, qu’ils/elles se laventPasse que je me sois lave, que tu te sois lave,qu’il/elle se soit lave, que nous nous soyonslaves, que vous vous soyez laves, qu’ils/ellesse soient lavesImparfait que je me lavasse, que tute lavesses, qu’il/elle se lavat, que nousnous lavassions, que vous vous lavassiez,qu’ils/elles se lavassentPlus-que-parfait que je me fusse lave, quetu te fusses lave, qu’il/elle se fut lave, quenous nous fussions laves, que vous vousfussiez laves, qu’ils/elles fussent laves

Mode infinitifPresent se laverPasse s’etre lave

Mode participePresent se lavantPasse lave, lavee, s’etant lave

neiger

Mode indicatifPresent Il neige.

Passe compose Il a neige.Imparfait Il neigeait.Plus-que-parfait Il avait neige.Passe simple Il neigea.Passe anterieur Il eut neige.Futur simple Il neigera.Futur anterieur Il aura neige.

Mode conditionnelPresent Il neigerait.Passe Il aurait neige.

Mode subjonctifPresent qu’il neigeParfait qu’il ait neigeImparfait qu’il neigeatPlus-que-parfait qu’il eut neige

Mode infinitifPresent neigerPasse avoir neige

Mode participePresent neigeant.Passe neige, ayant neige

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