french man who came to america to judge american jails wrote democracy in america “no country in...
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CHAPTER 15THE FERMENT OF REFORM AND CULTURE
AP US HISTORY
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EARLY AMERICA 1800’S
French man who came to America to judge American jails
Alexis de Tocqueville
Wrote Democracy in America
“No country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America”
In America, women were put on a pedestalIn France, if you raped a woman you were just slapped on the wrist, in America you were put to death
“America is great, because America is good; when she ceases to be good, she will cease to be great”AMERICA TODAY?
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DEISM AND UNITARIANISMAmerica had seen in the early 1800s a weakening in its focus on religion
Brought about by deism and Unitarian beliefs
DEISMUNITARIANISM
•Belief that God did create Heaven and Earth, but…• Denied Christ divinity• Did not believe in
original sin, that you were born pure
• Believed in God as one person (opposed God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit)
•Believed in free will--not predestined
•Stressed goodness of man, love of God rather than man’s sinfulness and God’s strictness
•Ralph Waldo Emerson famous Unitarian
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SECOND GREAT AWAKENINGBecame perhaps the most important era in history of American religion
Hundreds of thousands became “born again” Christians
Shattered and reorganized churches and new sects
CAMP MEETINGS
Revivals held outside--main method of preaching
Baptists and Methodists gained the most from the Second Great Awakening--became the two largest
Protestant denominations
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LEADERS OF SECOND GREAT AWAKENING
PETER CARTWRIGHT CHARLES FINNEY
Famous “circuit rider” or traveling preacher
Greatest of the revival preachers
Brought two new ideas:1. Anxious bench--
people would set in front of you and tell you they sinned
2. First to say women should pray outside in public
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NEW RELIGIOUS SECTSMost came out of area in New York known as
“Burned Over District”
MilleritesLed by William Miller who told the people that Christ would return back to earth on Oct 22, 1844
Mormons--see next slide!!!
Mormons
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THE MORMONSFounder of Mormon’s in the 1830’sSaid he supposedly received 2 golden plates from angels and from that they made the Book of MormonMormon’s also called The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day SaintsBelieved in polygamy--have more than one wife at a timeJoseph and his brother were killed, probably b/c of polygamy
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
Took over Mormon’s after death of SmithTook Mormons out west to Utah and Salt Lake City where they established their colonyBrigham Young had 27 wives and 56 childrenPractice of polygamy caused Utah to be one of the last states to joint Union
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ERA OF REFORMSMost reforms were driven by evangelical religion
Women were the most important in reform crusades
Major reform issues included•Abolition of slavery•Temperance•Women’s Rights•Education•Mental institutions•Prisons•Debtor’s Prisons•War (sought to end all wars)
How can I remember them
all???
“A Totally Wicked
Elephant Made People Devour
Worms”
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EDUCATION
People started believing in paying taxes for public schooling
Education lagged behind in the South
Teachers were mostly men but Catherine Beecher encouraged women to become teachers
“A nation that was both ignorant and free, declared never was and never will be.”
--Thomas Jefferson
Horace Mann1st reformer of education
Believed in more schools, expanded curriculum, higher pay for teachers, longer school terms
Noah Webster
“Schoolmaster of the Republic”
Helped create reading textbooks that expressed patriotism
Created McGuffey Readers that expressed morality, patriotism, and idealism
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HIGHER EDUCATIONState supported
universities began to develop
First state supported college was the University of North Carolina
Women were not to be educated past grade school--many thought would hurt the female mind, health
Started first female college for women
Emma Willard
Troy Female Seminary
Mary Lyon
Mt. Holyoke
LyceumsHow adults became educated
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MENTAL REFORMSDOROTHEA DIX
Reformer most associated with helping mentally handicapped
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PRISON AND DEBTOR REFORM
We quit putting people in jail for not having money
We quit whipping and branding people
Jails were becoming places for reform instead of just punishment
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Temperance Reform
AMERICAN TEMPERANCE SOCIETY--first organized attempt to control alcohol consumption
COLD WATER ARMY--kids would ask relatives to drink cold water instead of alcohol
Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There
Written by TS Walker
Neal Dow
“Father of Prohibition”
Promoted ‘teetotalism’--totally against alcohol
Passed Maine Laws--prohibited the manufacturing and sale of alcohol--Maine became first dry state
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WOMEN’S RIGHTSIn the early 1800s, women could not vote, and could be beaten by their husbands
FAMOUS WOMEN:Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell--1st female doctorMyra Bradwell--1st female lawyerMargaret Fuller--became editor of a news journal called The DialGrimke Sisters--Sarah and Angelina--from South and against slavery and for women’s rightsLucy Stone--retained her maiden name when marriedAmelia Bloomer--1st women to wear “turkish” pants (Bloomers)
SENECA FALLS CONVENTION
1848
First women’s rights convention
Held in New York at Seneca Falls
Issued Declaration of Sentiments saying “All men and women created equal”
Launched women’s rights movement
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WOMEN’S RIGHTS REFORMERS
LUCRETTIA MOTT ELIZABETH CADY STANTON
SUSAN B. ANTHONY
Main leader in the WR Movement
Refused to use the word “obey” in marriage vows
Main leader in the WR Movement
Followers known as Susan B’s
Quaker who fought for women’s rights and against slavery
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ATTEMPTS AT UTOPIARobert Owen
New Harmony
Brook Farm
Oneida
Shakers
Believed in free lovePractice eugenicsPracticed birth control through abstinence
Didn’t believe in marriage or sex
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JOHN J. AUDUBON
Great painter of birds
Audubon Society--formed for the preservation of birds
Famous book: Birds of America
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1800’S MEDICINEMedicine still very primitive; still bleeding people
Life expectancy low in early America
Medicines not so safe… “If we took all the medicines we had, and threw them in the sea, humans will be better off and fish will be worse off”--Oliver Wendell Holmes
Suffering from teeth aches
For surgeries, give a drink of whiskey and start sawing as fast as possible
About 1840, some doctors and dentists start using “laughing gas” and either
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FAMOUS PAINTERS
Gilbert Stuart Charles Wilson Peale
John Trumbell
HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL OF ARTGroup of American artists that started painting American landscapes
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KNICKERBOCKER WRITERSWashington Irving
Legend of Sleepy HollowRip Van Winkle
James Fenimore CooperLast of the MohicansDeer Slayer
Wm. Cullen BryantWriter of poems“Meditation on Death”
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TRANSCENDENTALISMVery difficult to define--belief that truth and knowledge comes from within, every person possesses an inner light
This inner light comes through the senses
Believed in self-reliance, individualism, and self-discipline
THREE FAMOUS TRANSCENDENTALISTS
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Walt Whitman
Famous works included Self-Reliance and The American
Scholar
“We will walk with our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will walk on our own feet; we will speak
our own minds”
Famous work: Civil Disobedience and Walden”Life in the
Woods
Civil Disobedience--taught nonviolence--opposition to Mexican
War
Influenced several people include Ghandi
and MLK
Famous work:
Leaves of Grass
Whitman known as
“Poet Laureate of Democracy”
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OTHER FAMOUS NAMESStephen Foster
White Northerner famous for black Southern songs like My Ol’ Kentucky Home
James Russell LowellWrote Biglow Papers; written in opposition to Mexican War
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OTHER FAMOUS NAMESLouisa May Alcott
Writes Little Women
Emily DickinsonWriter of lots of poems; becomes famous after death
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Literary dissentersEdgar Allan Poe Nathaniel
HawthorneHerman Melville
RavenFall of the House of
UsherScarlet Letter Moby Dick