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Freshwater ResourcesW. Vincent

ArcticNet Annual Research Compendium (2012-13)

Freshwater Resources of the Eastern Canadian Arctic

Project LeaderWarwick Vincent (Université Laval)

Network InvestigatorsDerek Mueller (Carleton University); Yves Bégin, Isabelle Laurion (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Luke Copland (University of Ottawa); Connie Lovejoy, Reinhard Pienitz (Université Laval); Kathy Young (York University)

Collaborators & Research AssociatesAntoine Nicault, Denis Sarrazin (Centre d’études nordiques); Joël Guiot (Centre national de recherche scientifique); Luc Perreault (Hydro-Québec); Pierre Francus, Thibault Labarre (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Christian Bégin, Martine M. Savard (Natural Resources Canada - Geological Survey of Canada (Québec)); Daniel Caya, René Roy (Ouranos); Scott Lamoureux (Queen’s University); Jean-Jacques Boreux (Université de Liège); Michel Allard, Dermot Antoniades, Pierre Galand, Anne-Dorothee Jungblut, Julie Veillette, Shohei Watanabe (Université Laval); Danielle Laprise (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi); Etienne Boucher (Université du Québec à Montréal); Dominique Arseneault (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Bernard Laval (University of British Columbia); Derek Muir (University of Guelph); Hubert Morin (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi); Antonio Quesada

Post-Doctoral FellowsDavid Fortin, Paul-Georges Rossi (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Frédéric Bouchard, André Comeau, Jérôme Comte, Marie Lionard (Université Laval)

PhD StudentsSandy Erni, Maud Naulier, Karita Negandhi, Toni Roiha (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Alex Matveev (Université du Québec à Montréal); Fabio Gennaretti (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Sophie Crevecoeur, Bethany Deshpande, Biljana Narancic, Anna Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, Varin Thibault, David Velazquez (Université Laval); Andrew Hamilton (University of British Columbia); Nicole Schaffer, Laura Thomson, Wesley Van Wychen, Adrienne White (University of Ottawa); Anna Abnizova (York University)

MSc StudentsAnna Crawford, Gregory Lewis-Paley (Carleton University); Anne Beaudoin (Centre d’études nordiques); Cristian Alvarez, Nanie Ayotte, Paschale Noël Bégin, Yves Bouthillier, Marie-Janick Robitaille, Gabriel Rodrigue (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Marie-Josée Girard (Université du Québec à Chicoutimi); Julia Autin (Université du Québec à Rimouski); Sébastien Bourget, Sophie Charvet, Tommy Harding, Valentin Proult (Université Laval); Tyler de Jong, Miriam Richer McCallum (University of Ottawa); Elizabeth Miller (York University)

UndergraduatesCatherine Girard, Pénélope Leclerc, Simon Williams (Institut national de la recherche scientifique - Eau, Terre et Environnement); Manuela Deifel (University of Guelph)

Technical StaffJosée Michaud (ArcticNet Inc.); Christine Barnard, Luc Cournoyer, Claudia Zimmermann (Centre détudes nordiques); Taylor Dee (Georgian College); Marie-Josée Martineau, Marianne Potvin (Université Laval); John Siferd, Valen Steer (York University)

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Abstract

Lakes and wetlands are major ecological features of the circumpolar Arctic, and they provide many essential services including habitats for aquatic wildlife, drinking water supplies for northern residents, and water for industrial activities. Inuit communities and northern scientists have increasingly observed that these resources are highly vulnerable to ongoing climate change. This project extends our observations on lakes and wetlands at key sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic, to identify and measure aquatic indicators of environmental change in the past and present. These studies will allow us to make assessments of future changes in northern freshwater ecosystems to help guide the formulation of environmental management policies. We are continuing our research on lakes, ice shelves and contaminants along the northern Ellesmere Island coastline based out of Ward Hunt Island Observatory, where we will work with Parks Canada to develop facilities, indicators and protocols for long term monitoring. This coastline lies at latitude 83oN, at the northern limit of Nunavut and thus North America, and it is characterized by many climate-sensitive aquatic ecosystems that are highly dependent on ice. We are extending our research to wetlands by assessing the snow storage and melt patterns in Polar Bear Pass on Bathurst Island (75°N). This Wildlife Sanctuary is composed of a mosaic of lakes and ponds, and seasonal snowmelt is considered the most important source of water to this wetland. The resultant models and understanding should be of broad application to arctic wetland wildlife habitats that have begun to respond strongly to climate change. Permafrost thaw lakes are a prominent component of northern wetland ecosystems, and we are working at several sites including Bylot Island (73°N) and Kuujjuarapik (55°N), to determine the environmental factors that control their ecosystem metabolism and net production of greenhouse gases in the present and future. We are analyzing sediment cores from northern waters in the Foxe Basin region (65-70°N) to assess the natural climate variability in arctic and subarctic Canada, and to identify regional variations in climate

sensitivity. Additionally, we are documenting past climate changes in the eastern Canadian subarctic by way of an extensive network of tree-ring analysis sites. Finally we are developing and applying new DNA-based techniques to assess the diversity and function of microscopic life in lakes and wetlands and to develop state-of-the-art molecular indicators of climate responses by northern aquatic ecosystems. We are contributing our findings and expertise on Canadian arctic water resources to the ArcticNet IRISs and panArctic climate impact assessments (e.g., the SWIPA report).

Key Messages

• Ice shelves, glacier tongues and multiyear landfast sea ice along the northern coast of Ellesmere Island are continuing their rapid break-up during this period of climatic and oceanic warming in the Arctic. Since the beginning of ArcticNet, Canada’s ice shelves have lost more than 50 % of their area. The largest ice shelf, the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf completely lost its middle section in 2012, and Disraeli Fjord is now open to the Arctic Ocean, probably for the first time in millennia.

• Ice islands, large tabular icebergs from ice shelves and floating glacier tongues, continue to be more common than they have been in decades. These ice types are a hazard to navigation and may threaten infrastructure both in the eastern and western Arctic. Their characteristics (thickness, shape and strength) are poorly known and this makes key processes (drift, melt and break-up) hard to predict.

• Microbial mats play a major role in many northern aquatic ecosystems, and often dominate the total biomass, productivity, and food availability in shallow water ecosystems such as Arctic streams and ponds. Our molecular analyses of High Arctic microbial mats using advanced high-throughput DNA analysis showed that they harbour a diverse

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community of organisms, espceally bacteria but also small animals (micro-invertebrates).

• High Arctic wetlands are critical habitats for wildlife and depend on snowpack distribution and dynamics. Our research shows that the large variation in chemical composition among wetland ponds, and the dependence on snowcover receipt and melt. Pond systems at Polar Bear Pass have two hydrologic settings: ones which are hydrologically connected to additional sources of water from their catchments beyond seasonal inputs of snowmelt and rainfall, or ponds which fail to form a link or only have a limited connection with their surrounding catchments. Intensive seasonal monitoring of water and carbon mass balance showed that elevated loads of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ponds were mostly of terrestrial origin and occurred in ponds receiving meltwater from snowbeds and/or discharge from hillslope creeks.

• In arctic environments snow remains one of the most important sources of water for a wetland. At Polar Bear Pass, deep and persistent snowpacks occur in sheltered areas (incised stream valleys) and in the lee of slopes adjacent to the wetland. Exposed areas yield shallow snowpacks (plateau, pond sites) and they melt out rapidly in response to favourable weather conditions. It is expected that the sustainability of this low-gradient wetland is dependent on snowmelt contributions from upland sites

• Paleorecords are used to define the potential responses of northern lakes and their watersheds to past climate changes, and to help predict the future impacts of climate change. An intensive analysis of tree-rings from submerged wood samples at a network of subarctic sites is enabling climatic reconstructions over the last millennium, which will help understand climate-related variability in freshwater supply.

Objectives

• Establish a network of Arctic terrestrial monitoring/research stations with its Science Community Centre hub at Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui for knowledge exchange with northern communities.

• Evaluate the microbial biodiversity and function of freshwater ecosystems in Northern Canada using molecular techniques based on DNA and RNA, HPLC pigment analysis and in situ methods.

• Estimate thaw lake contribution to atmospheric greenhouse gases in eastern Canadian Arctic.

• Describe the limnological and biodiversity of arctic thaw ponds, identify functional microbes, and determine if specific microbial assemblages are associated to specific types of aquatic ecosystems or limnological conditions.

• Determine the source of carbon and its availability to microbes using 13C, 14C, and incubation experiments on DOM reactivity to sunlight and microbial degradation.

• Analyze bio- and lithostratigraphic data and complete production of illustrations for diatom publications.

• Interpret and synthesize data within the research project team, followed by publication of results in peer-reviewed international journals.

• Contribute to ArcticNet syntheses and interpretations for the IRIS assessments and SWIPA.

• Synthesize information on Arctic ice shelves as extreme habitats for life and as sentinels of climate change in the Arctic.

• Examine the degradation of Ellesmere Island ice shelves with respect to changes in thickness and extent (mass balance) and determine the climatological (air temperature, precipitation and solar radiation) and oceanographic (stratification and mixing of heat and salt) influence on this

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process. Evaluate these changes in the context of long term variability in ice conditions, over the last 8000 years.

• Maintain automated weather station for CEN’s SILA Network in Nunavut (Bylot island; Ward Hunt Island, Nettilling Lake) and Nunavik, and improve data access.

• Improve understanding of the seasonal hydrology of Polar Bear Pass (PBP), an extensive, gradient wetland; specifically we aim to improve understanding of: the snowcover and melt processes of PBP; hydrology of hillslope creeks draining into the low-lying wetland, including vegetated vs. bare catchments.

• Document terrestrial carbon and hydrologic flows, and the soil moisture storage and the surface energy budget of extensive wetlands.

• Qualify and quantify runoff from PBP and Alison Inlet (AI), SW Bathurst Island, into arctic coastal waters. Update climate weather station instrumentation at PBP; and obtain key climate information for estimates of snowmelt and evaporation.

• Describe and quantify the natural biological, physical and chemical variability of northern freshwater ecosystems over post-glacial times (i.e., since the last deglaciation), in order to provide the necessary framework (background or baseline) against which to assess future ecosystem responses and water quality changes in the context of human-induced warming of the Arctic.

• Gain insights into the evolution (or “life cycle”) of these increasingly abundant freshwater ecosystems through the recovery of sediment cores that will serve to establish the temporal framework for the reconstruction of the limnological conditions over past centuries;

• Determine the present-day limnological conditions (thermal stratification, oxygen levels in the hypolimnion, redox conditions at the sediment-water interface) in the water column.

• Examine the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the lake sediments and the lake waters to better understand their hydrological settings and behavior.

• Characterize the temporal chemical variations (including metals) in thermokarst lake sediments of the Hudson Bay region.

• Examine the distribution of metals in thermokarst systems (sediments and water column) and their catchments to estimate their availability to and bio-accumulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants.

• Develop an inventory of the different substrate and habitat types that exist in these small water bodies to characterize the composition and biodiversity of their algal (diatom) communities.

• Within the ARCHIVES project contribution to ArcticNet, study all available proxies (dendrochronology (isotopes, density, growth), varves, historical archives) that can be used to extend the instrumental series toward the past, to test their representativeness and to reconstruct key hydroclimatic variables useful for modeling river and lake hydrographs in the area of hydroelectric production (present and projected) in northern Québec for a period exceeding the last two centuries. Some of these proxies can also be used later on to expand the study area to the regions covered by other IRISes of ArcticNet.

Introduction

Lakes, rivers and wetlands are major ecosystem features of the circumpolar Arctic. These vital resources provide many essential services including drinking water supplies for northern residents, habitats for Arctic char and other aquatic wildlife, transport routes by boat in summer and surface vehicles in winter, and water for industries including hydroelectricity, recreational fishing, eco-tourism and mining. High latitude freshwater ecosystems are intrinsically important as rich sites of biodiversity (including the diverse microscopic life), and they

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also provide records of change in the past and present that will help guide environmental monitoring and management. They are also biogeochemical hotspots in the tundra, and major sources of greenhouse gases, which may represent a significant positive feedback mechanism on climate. These diverse aquatic resources are vulnerable to ongoing climate change, and changes in water supply and quality are increasingly observed with concern by Inuit communities. This project examines the range of aquatic resources of the eastern subarctic and arctic Canada, their biodiversity (with emphasis on microbial communities), ecosystem structure, functioning and potential ecological responses to climate change. Additionally this project includes studies of glaciers and ice shelves of High Arctic Nunavut, which are sentinels of climate change, and also play a major role in creating freshwater environments for unique ecosystems. Finally, via the contribution ARCHIVES, this project includes studies on the paleohydrology of high latitude environments, specifically by the use of tree ring analysis (dendrochronology) from wood samples retrieved from subarctic lakes.

The interannual variability of water supply has important consequences for natural ecosystems. Several years of low water levels may lead to a regressive succession in the vegetation and to a significant modification of the interactions between populations of organisms. High water levels also have consequences, in particular when they occur in the presence of ice; ice jams have in many watercourses major impacts on riverbanks. Population growth in the North, modernization of water supply using artesian wells, shallow wells, or river intakes, and channeling of flow in aqueducts and sewers; these factors call for a management of the water supply and demand. This is also true for the water used to produce electricity since the demand is currently only a few percentage points below the production capacity. These are major issues in the North where precipitation decrease with latitude and mostly fall in solid form. Our objective is to understand the spatial and temporal variability of water supply within the context of climate change in order to suggest adaptation strategies for natural and anthropized systems.

Wetlands are important ecological niches in High Arctic environments providing habitats for fauna and migratory birds (Vincent et al. 2012 in the first ArcticNet IRIS volume). However, these sites are sensitive to disturbance and can constrain northern development. To date, the hydrogeomorphology (Woo and Young 2003) and the hydrology of small patchy wetlands in polar desert environments are well documented (e.g., Woo et al. 2006). More recent studies have started to focus on wetland complexes at the meso-scale (ca. 20-25 km2) under diverse climatic conditions (Abnizova and Young 2010) and at the regional scale (e.g., 100 km2,Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island).

Polar Bear Pass is located in the central part of Bathurst Island and has been designated a wildlife sanctuary providing food and shelter for migratory birds, and grazing caribou and muskox. It is an important hunting ground for Inuit. Polar bears den in the pass and often travel through the area to get to feeding grounds on the western coast of Bathurst Island. While the biology is well known (see Nettleship and Smith 1975), its hydrology is less understood. Detailed hydrology studies initiated in 2007 have sought to improve understanding of the snowcover and melt patterns of this wetland, seasonal pond water storage, hillslope-wetland hydrologic linkages and terrestrial carbon movement. Novel approaches (e.g., remote sensing imagery, a physically-based snowmelt model, DOC techniques) have been employed, and results are starting to emerge which will help to assess its present hydrology and future sustainability under a warmer climate (see Young and Labine 2010, Young et al. 2010, Assini and Young, in press).

Evidence of rapid climate change at northern latitudes has focused research efforts on arctic and subarctic environments. Due to possible feedback mechanisms, such as snow and sea ice extent (albedo changes), these regions are particularly sensitive to global warming. Many studies have already shown that some arctic areas have undergone major modifications of their annual thermal budget during the second half of

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the last century. They specifically showed an increase of surface air temperatures during summer, and a drastic reduction of winter sea ice cover thickness and summer extent. On the other hand, regions surrounding the Foxe Basin, the Hudson Bay, and the Hudson Strait were so far only slightly affected by such global warming effects, showing only slight increases (< 0.5 °C) in mean annual air temperature over the last 50 years and even a cooling during the winter season. These contrasting climate scenarios revealed the necessity to extend our knowledge of past and present environmental conditions to this important transition region between the High Arctic and Low Arctic in order to be able to refine our ability to model past, present and future environmental changes in the Canadian North. The main purpose of our research is to reconstruct past climates using sediment records from a series of lakes in the Foxe Basin region. Using biological, chemical and physical data extracted from these records, we will determine the potential responses of northern lakes and their watersheds to past climate changes, in order to predict future impacts of climate change. We will couple this research to sampling and analyses of the modern-day limnological properties of freshwater ecosystems in this little studied transition region.

Over the last decade there have been substantial changes to the ice shelves of northern Ellesmere Island. In 2005, the Ayles Ice Shelf calved away (Copland et al. 2007), in 2008 the Markham Ice Shelf was lost (Mueller et al. 2008), in 2010 the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf calved (Vincent et al. 2011) and the Serson Ice Shelf is now nearly gone due to calving in 2011. A lack of regeneration suggests that ice shelf loss is irreversible (Copland et al. 2007), after being in largely in place for millennia (Antoniades et al. 2011, England et al. 2008). Since 2002, ice shelf break-up has led to the loss of layers of freshwater that have been held in place between coastal ice and the shore (Mueller et al. 2003). The Milne Fiord epishelf lake is the last of its kind, and it is opportune to study the properties of an intact lake to draw conclusions regarding former epishelf lakes in the region. Our research focuses on the past and current state of the ice shelves and the

epishelf lakes and examines the link between their recent decline and climate as well as oceanographic warming/change.

The trajectory and distribution of ice islands (large tabular icebergs) is relevant to the operational mandate of the Canadian Ice Service (CIS), and this information is used in turn by industry. Calving rates of glacier ice tongues and ice shelves are increasing dramatically (Mueller et al. 2008, Peterson 2005) at a time of increased Arctic marine traffic creating an increased demand for ice hazard information. Operational models of iceberg drift and deterioration must therefore be extended to the ice island case with appropriate parameters such as geometric characteristics and model outputs must be validated against observations. In order to improve models and to better understand the ice island deterioration process, we instrumented several ice islands to follow their drift and melt.

Activities

Our field program was successfully completed at many sites throughout the Canadian Eastern Arctic and Subarctic, and it was also a major year for laboratory analysis and for writing up (please see the list of publications for this year; >40 papers published, in press or submitted). We achieved all of our milestones as listed in the proposal. The following provides details for each site.

General:

• We inaugurated our CEN Community Science Centre at Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui in June 2012 (Fig. 1). This is on the shores of Hudson Bay and is the hub for our field stations and operations throughout Eastern Canada. The conception and design of this facility was inspired by the ‘community knowledge exchange’ philosophy of ArcticNet and CEN. The inauguration took place immediately after the ArcticNet Board of Directors meeting at the

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centre, in the presence of most board members as well as the Mayoress of Kuujjuarapik, the Chief of the Whapmagoostui First Nation, and other representatives from both communities. Our Science Education-Outreach program began at the centre in September 2012, with a full-time coordinator based at the centre and working with both the Inuit and Cree schools.

• We initiated development of a new electronic journal series – Nordicana-D (D for data or données) – to make CEN environmental data available to all ArcticNet and other stakeholders. This has been inspired by the open access data and metadata achievements of ArcticNet, and all Nordicana-D issues will be fully catalogued and accessible via Polar Data Catalogue, which was cofounded by ArcticNet and CCIN, with important input from many other partners including CEN.

Polar Bear Pass

• As in previous years, we conducted basin-wide snow surveys across Polar Bear Pass, late May to early June 2012, in addition to direct measurements of snowmelt (surface snow ablation lines, and photographs of melt pattern from helicopter surveys, mid-June). Due to poor

flying weather, no snow survey was conducted at Alison Inlet (southwest Bathurst Island)

• Snow depth at Polar Bear Pass was monitored using a new device, a snow magnaprobe, an instrument which records the exact location of each point (Fig. 2).

• Detailed streamflow estimates and a stream channel hydraulic map were made at the eastern sector outlet of Polar Bear Pass (June-end of August, 2012).

• A stream hydraulic map was made at the western sector outlet but only limited streamflow estimates were made at the western edge (water level only, June-end of August, 2012).

• Outlet stream water level and limited climate information (air temperature, precipitation) were obtained from Alison Inlet (southwest Bathurst Island)

• We quantified hillslope stream discharge and monitored representative pond water levels (linked, unlinked ponds)

• We updated the main Polar Bear Pass Automatic Weather Station on the Plateau with a new precipitation gauge, and downloaded video and climate data from the AWS

Figure 2. Picture of a snow magnaprobe, a new device to monitor snow depth and to record the exact location of each point at Polar Bear Pass.

Figure 1. Picture of the CEN Community Science Centre at Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui”

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Bylot Island

• In Sirmilik National Park, Bylot Island, water samples were collected in a series of permafrost thaw ponds to measure the oxygen isotopic signature (18O) in order to determine the main source of water in theses ponds (rain, snow, melting ice wedges) and the importance of evaporation. This is actually analyzed by PhD student Karita Negandhi in collaboration with Brent Wolfe from Wilfrid Laurier University.

Ward Hunt region, Nunavut

• We returned to the Ward Hunt Island region in June-July 2012, with complementary studies on the shallow freshwater lakes at Resolute Bay. The team undertook research in limnology, microbial ecology, climate change and geomorphology, and also completed the usual environmental monitoring tasks on Ward Hunt Island and the northern Ellesmere Island region, as far west as Milne Fjord.

• Geomorphology of High Arctic catchments. Michel Paquette, a graduate student from the University of Montreal, contiued his M.Sc. under the supervision of D. Fortier and the co-supervision by W.F. Vincent, on the detailed geomorphological characterization of periglacial landforms of the WHI lake watershed .

• We continued the project led by Dr. Marie Lionard (postdoctoral researcher supervised by Dr. Vincent), to examine the ecophysiological characteristics of microbial mats. In many of the aquatic environments found along the northern Ellesmere Island coastline, mat-forming cyanobacteria dominate the total ecosystem biomass stocks (e.g., Ward Hunt Lake, Bonilla et al. 2005), as elsewhere in the Arctic. These communities are complex consortia made up of a diverse assemblage of microbes (e.g., Bottos et al. 2008) that live in association with the cyanobacteria, which we have recently shown to be genetically distinct ecotypes distributed throughout the cold biosphere They are also the

food source for microinvertebrates, and even some some larger invertebrates (e.g., crustaceans and chironomids), which in turn can be the food for fish and birds.

• We continued our profiling, coastal ice shelf and climate station observations (including by CEN technician Denis Sarrazin) at this furthest-North environmental monitoring site for Canada (as synthesized in Vincent et al. 2011). Additional sampling for microbiological DNA and RNA analysis was conducted in the meromictic lakes of Northern Ellesmere Island to detect the signals of ongoing change. We successfully downloaded the automated camera installed on Ward Hunt Island in 2011 to record late season ice shelf dynamics (2 images per day).

• We undertook a large amount of molecular (DNA) analysis of the surprising biodiversity of microscopic life in these waters, and published the results including in the new, high profile Nature journal (www.nature.com) Science Reports.

Ellesmere Island ice shelves and epishelf lakes

• The existing mass balance network on the Milne and Petersen ice shelves was measured during fieldwork in May and July 2012, and a transect of three new automated snow-depth measurement stations was installed along the length of the Milne Ice Shelf.

• A ~14 m ice core was drilled into the Petersen Ice Shelf, which enabled the identification of a distinct boundary between fresh and saline ice near the ice shelf surface and verification of GPR measurements. This was the first deep ice core to be drilled into this ice shelf.

• Very high resolution Radarsat-2 Spotlight (~1 m resolution) satellite images of the Milne and Petersen ice shelves were acquired during spring 2012 to enable the derivation of surface velocity patterns of tributary glaciers and to improve identification of ice types.

• A total of four new timelapse cameras were installed overlooking the Milne and Petersen ice

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shelves to monitor ice shelf breakup patterns and enable quantification of spring snowmelt patterns and meltwater inputs.

• An automated snow depth sensor was added to the existing weather station at Purple Valley, which provides public access to near real-time weather information from this location (http://tinyurl.com/milnewx).

• A 27-instrument mooring that was installed in Milne Fiord in May 2011 was recovered, downloaded and reset in May 2012. It was subsequently removed in July and a scaled-back mooring (5 instruments) was emplaced.

• Water column profiles (CTD casts) were taken in a transect from the Milne Glacier grounding line to the open ocean. CTD casts were taken in a transect across the fiord as well.

• A bifilar mooring was used to lower a MAVS current meter into Milne Fiord. Several time series were recorded at various depths and these were compared with a 300 kHz ADCP which recorded currents in the top 50 m of the fiord for 72 hours. The MAVS was also lowered at specific times for velocity profiles to the bottom of the fiord.

• Ice thickness was measured using a GPR on the Milne Glacier, Milne Glacier Ice Tongue and Milne Ice Shelf.

• Ablation stakes were installed and GPS data were collected on the Milne Glacier and Milne Glacier Ice Tongue.

• Water samples were collected for stable istope analysis, and were measured for dissolved oxygen and pH.

Nunavik

• We scaled up our studies on permafrost thaw lakes in the Kuujjuarapik and Umiujaq regions as a result of the ArcticNet-linked ADAPT project (Arctic Development and Adaptation to Permafrost in Transition), with MSc student

Paschale Noël Bégin, focused on limnology, microzooplankton biodiversity and ecology; and PhD students Anna Pryztulska, focused on water quality, sediment characteristics, food web interactions and cyanobacterial ecology; Bethany Deshpande on lakewater oxygen dynamics; Alex Matveev on greenhouse gas production by these lakes; and Sophie Crevecoeur on the molecular microbial diversity of these waters. The latter part of the project is in collaboration with ADAPT-ArcticNet-EnviroNord postdoc Jérôme Comte.

• Biostratigraphic data were analyzed in short sediment cores retrieved from limnologically contrasted thermokarst lakes near Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui (Nunavik).

• We completed our limnological sampling of 11 thermokarst lakes and ponds located between Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik and Rivière Nastapoka (Nunavik), at four different “super-sites” distributed across an ecoclimatic gradient; from site SAS in the South to site NAS in the North;

• We took sediment cores from thermokarst lakes and ponds in all 4 “super-sites” and also installed an automated sediment trap in site BGR-A, all for the purpose of completing paleolimnological and sedimentological analyses to better understand the developmental phases in the “life cycle” of these aquatic ecosystems;

• The sampling of water samples from a range of thermokarst lakes and adjacent rivers (total = 20 sites) was completed for δ18O and δ2H analyses and the analysis of water isotope compositions and local hydrological parameters at the 4 “super-sites”;

• We completed phytoplankton hauls in each lake and sampled different natural substrates (submersed shrubs and herbs) along their shoreline;

• We sampled soils and terrestrial plants (shrubs) in the catchment of all thermokarst lakes and installed artificial substrates (1 at each “super-

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site”) in the water column for the collection of biofilms.

• The ARCHIVES team completed the sampling of fossil trees in high-boreal and subarctic lakes used to cross-date 10 thousand-year-old reference tree-ring series (the distribution of sites is given in Fig. 3). These chronologies fill an important gap in data that was revealed in the last IPCC report which documented the amphi-Atlantic millennium-scale climate for three continents excluding North America. Moreover, the team was able to map fires on more than 300 km of latitude by relating fire chronology with dendrochronological climate reconstructions. Finally, the instrumental monitoring network for tree growth was completed and it now covers almost 10 degrees of latitude.

Results

The molecular analysis of northern freshwater ecosystems is beginning to reveal a remarkable diversity of microscopic life in these Arctic habitats, both in terms of genetic diversity and in terms of ecosystem function. Our work on microbial mats at the base of lakes and ponds have shown that

they are multilayered three-dimensional structures with the filamentous cyanobacteria embedded in a gel-like matrix (Lionard et al. 2012, Vincent and Quesada 2012, Quesada and Vincent 2012). Although early descriptions mentioned the presence of larger organisms including metazoans, living in the mats, there have been few studies specifically focused on the microbial eukaryotes, which are often small cells with few morphological features suitable for identification by microscopy. We applied 18S rRNA gene clone library analysis to identify eukaryotes in cyanobacterial mat communities from the High Arctic Nunavut, with comparative analyses with samples from Antarctica (Jungblut et al. 2012). We identified diverse taxa within algal and other protist groups including Chlorophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Ciliophora, and Cercozoa. Fungi were also recovered, as were 21 metazoan ribotypes. The eukaryotic taxa appeared habitat-specific with little overlap between lake, pond, and ice shelf communities.

Microscopic analysis of the phytoplankton and other protist communities in High Arctic lakes has shown that they often contain taxa in the Chrysophyceae, but little is was known about their relative abundance. Such studies have been increasingly supported by pigment analysis using high-performance liquid

Figure 4: Picture of the climate station of Lake A (Ellesmere Island).

Figure 3. Map of the distribution of study sites for the ARCHIVES project.

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chromatography (HPLC) to identify the major algal groups. However, the use of 18S rRNA gene surveys in other systems indicates that many protists, especially small heterotrophs, are underreported or missed by microscopy and HPLC. In an ArcticNet study (Charvet et al. 2012) of the late summer protist community structure of three contrasting lakes in High Arctic polar desert catchments (Char Lake, the drinking water supply for Resolute at 740°N; Lake A at 83.0°N and Ward Hunt Lake at 83.050°N), a combination of methods was applied: microscopy, pigment analysis and small subunit 18S ribosomal RNA gene surveys. All three methods showed that chrysophytes were especially well represented, and accounted for 50–70 % of total protist community biomass and 25–50 % of total 18S rRNA gene sequences. HPLC analysis supported these observations by showing the ubiquitous presence of chrysophyte pigments. The clone libraries revealed agreater contribution of heterotrophs to the protist communities than suggested by microscopy. The flagellate Telonema and ciliates were common in all three lakes, and one fungal sequence was recovered from Char Lake.

Our ArcticNet studies on a high arctic meromictic lake (Lake A, on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, have allowed an analysis of the effects of ice loss, which may increase in frequency and duration with ongoing climate change in the region. Sampling was before (May) and after (August) the unusual ice-out event during the warm 2008 summer (Fig. 4), and we determined the bacterial and archaeal community composition by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene tag-pyrosequencing (Comeau et al. 2012). Both prokaryote communities were stratified by depth and the Bacteria differed between dates, indicating locally driven selection processes. We matched taxa to known taxon-specific biogeochemical functions and found a close correspondence between the depth of functional specialists and chemical gradients.

The ArcticNet studies by Mortimer et al. (2012) have provided the first direct measurements of thinning for any northern Ellesmere Island ice shelf. Based on a comparison between ground-penetrating radar

measurements that we made in 2008/2009 with previous airborne measurements made in 1981, the ice shelf thinned by an average of 8.1 +- 2.8 m over this period. This equates to a volume loss of 13 % (1.5 +/- 0.73 km2 water equivalent) over this period, with total areal losses for the Milne Ice Shelf of 29 % (82 +/- 8.4 km2) between 1950 and 2009. A comparison of current mass balance measurements with those from the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf suggests that basal melt is a key contributor to Milne Ice Shelf thinning (Fig. 5).

An analysis of air photos and satellite imagery of the Petersen Ice Shelf indicate that it was largely stable between 1959 and 2005, and only underwent its first major breakup event in summer 2005. In this year it lost 8.07 km2 from a total area of almost 50 km2. Since then it has undergone breakups almost every summer, so that it now has an area of <20 km2, equating to a loss of >60 % of its 2005 area. Analysis

Figure 5: Satellite image of Milne ice shelf with ice shelf front from 1950 to 2009.

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of backscatter patterns in SAR satellite imagery indicate that the epishelf lake drained from the rear of the Petersen Ice Shelf over the period 2005-2006, most likely through a channel identified on the south side of the ice shelf in Radarsat imagery from August 2005. The epishelf lake has failed to reform since then, and the previous lake ice at the rear of the ice

shelf now breaks up almost every summer (including in 2012).

Speckle tracking of Radarsat-2 ultrafine images indicate that only two glaciers currently feed ice into the Petersen Ice Shelf, at surface motion rates of ~10-30 m yr-1. Measurements of ice thicknesses on

Figure 6: Water chemistry at Polar Bear Pass. The piper diagram presents cations, anions, magnesium, sodium and potassium, sulfate and chloride, calcium and magnesium, carbonate and bicarbonate and, and sulfate.

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these glaciers enable estimates of their current fluxes to the ice shelf, which total 7.11 – 12.2 cm w.e. yr-1 averaged over the ice shelf area. This is far less than current surface melt rates of 1.07 to 1.28 m yr-1.

Our mooring dataset is the first Northern Hemisphere epishelf lake continuous timeseries. The timeseries record shows an abrupt 2+ m reduction in the freshwater layer that unexpectedly occurred in mid-winter. Temperature-salinity plots

indicate the presence of a sill underneath the Milne Ice Shelf.

The loss of ice shelves continued in summer 2012, with further breakup of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf. There is now a gap of several kilometres between its eastern and western portions. The loss of the Petersen Ice Shelf continued, with ~5.5 km2 area reduction in summer 2012 (~20 % of remaining area)

Figure 7: Snow characteristics in pond (d) and in Wet Meadow (e) from Polar Bear Pass.

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The intensive seasonal monitoring of water and carbon mass balance at Polar Bear Pass showed that elevated loads of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ponds were mostly of terrestrial origin and occurred in ponds receiving meltwater from snowbeds and/or discharge from hillslope creeks and were controlled by changes in precipitation regimes. The water chemistry and environmental data showed that waters at PBP are dominated by calcium and bicarbonate ions that fall on a common dilution line, however, they have distinct proportional major ionic variability due to the location, lithology, and level of water-bedrock interaction (Fig. 6). These dynamics are controlled by differences in climatic conditions and hydrologic connectivity.

An analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in surface waters during snowmelt was conducted to provide the first estimates of GHG in ponds at PBP and to further support interpretation of hydrologic and carbon dynamics in ponds during the snowmelt and early post-snowmelt season. The observed snow characteristics of PBP are summarized in Fig. 7.

Satellite imagery and analysis is starting to show good promise for regional estimates of greenhouse gas flux estimation. On Bylot Island, the area covered by permafrost thaw ponds in the valley adjacent to C-79 glacier was obtained using satellite imagery, in order to estimate the GHG fluxes from aquatic ecosystems at the scale of the valley (Bégin and Laurion, unpublished data). GHG fluxes vary for the different types of thaw ponds found at this site (averages obtained from 2007-2011 for 55 ponds over low-centered polygons: -8.53 mmol CO2 m

2 d-1 and +0.88 mmol CH4 m

2 d-1, and for 75 ponds over ice wedges: +50.20 mmol CO2 m

2 d-1 and +2.55 mmol CH4 m-2 d-1). In 2010, low-centered polygon ponds covered a total area of 734 094 m2 and were a global CO2 sink (-6260 mol d-1), but a CH4 source (+647 mol d-1). Ice-wedge ponds covered 1 166 787 m2 and were both CO2 and CH4 sources (+58 569 mol CO2 d

-1 and +2971 mol CH4 d

-1). The total area covered by thaw ponds was thus 1 900 879 m2 and their global GHG

emissions were estimated as 1716 kg of carbon per day in CO2 equivalent. These emissions could offset the C sink obtained for the tundra in other regions. More measurements and upscaling efforts are needed to estimate this globally for the circumarctic.

Biostratigraphic data were analyzed in short sediment cores retrieved from limnologically contrasted thermokarst lakes near Kuujjuarapik-Whapmagoostui (Nunavik). Fossil diatom and visible near infrared (VNIR) derivative spectral analyses revealed the fundamental role of discontinuous peat layers (former surfaces of permafrost mounds) at early stages of lake evolution. These organic-rich substrates not only controlled diatom community composition, but also likely represented a major source of in situ dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during lake inception. This pioneer biostratigraphic study was published in Boreas (Bouchard et al. 2012), and complement lithostratigraphic data obtained in the same thermokarst lakes were published in Journal of Geophysical Research.

In the ARCHIVES contribution to this project, the “ring widths” database has been homogenized and is now functional and accessible. The databases on densitometry and dendroisotopy are almost complete and homogenization is underway. The metadata will be accessible in the public domain through the Polar Data Catalogue later in 2013. One of the main objectives of the ARCHIVES project is to obtain a network of long dendrochronological series enabling climatic reconstructions over the last millennium. This network has been created using woody debris found in the littoral zone of some lakes of the northern taiga. It is based on the sampling of eight sites selected for their characteristics favouring the accumulation and conservation of wood. Sample analysis has confirmed that it is possible to produce a highly replicated millennial dendrochronological series for all eight sites. During this past year, we completed the establishment of the network and the sampling of woody debris by collecting more than 800 new samples.

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Discussion

Our analyses of the microbial mats from diverse sites in the Arctic show that they harbour a rich diversity of other organisms, including more complex eukaryotes. There were a few eukaryotic ribotypes common to both Arctic and Antarctic mats, suggesting global dispersal of these taxa and similarity in the environmental filters acting on protist communities. Many of these eukaryotic taxa likely benefit from protected, nutrient-rich microhabitats within the cyanobacterial mat environment.

Our three approaches to analyzing lake plankton yielded complementary information about the protist community structure in the three lakes and underscored the importance of chrysophytes. This is particularly interesting since this group of organisms is capable of two modes of nutrition – phototrophy (plant-like energy capture) and heterotrophy (animal-like energy capture). These results indicate that they are well adapted to cope with the low nutrient supply and strong seasonality that characterize the High Arctic environment. The results from meromictic Lake A further highlighted the rich microbial diversity of this ecosystem despite the extreme location, with pronounced vertical structure in taxonomic and potential functional composition, and with community shifts during ice-out. Such changes will be important to follow with ongoing climate change in the region.

Calving of ice shelves in 2012 marks the 6th summer since 2004 with major ice shelf loss (Mueller et al. 2008, Vincent et al. 2011). Only three ice shelves present today (Milne, Petersen, Ward Hunt), compared to six in 2005. Their total area has more than halved in the past 7 years, reducing from ~1043 km2 in early summer 2005 to ~550 km2 at the end of summer 2012. The central portion of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf completely broke out in 2012, and Disraeli Fiord now opens directly to the Arctic Ocean. These drastic changes are likely to be happening for the first time in millennia (Antoniades et al. 2011).

An analysis of the occurrence of open water events along the coastline of northern Ellesmere Island

indicates that most recent ice shelf breakup events have occurred during periods of extended open water conditions in this region. These open water events were rare prior to 2005, but have become common in the summers since then, lasting up to a month or more at a time.

Our water column profiles in both Petersen and Serson bays showed thin, ephemeral stratification of freshwater or very little stratification and this is consistent with our expectations. A cursory examination reveals that the Radarsat-2 imagery acquired prior to these profiles are indicative of the stratification conditions below the ice (cf. Veillette et al. 2008) although further verification is required. The Northern Hemisphere’s last epishelf lake (in Milne Fiord) is changing rapidly. This lake has thinned by nearly 50 % in the last 3 decades (Mortimer et al. 2012, Hamilton et al. unpublished). The break-up of its perennial ice cover is unprecedented. This is the last major fiord along the northern coast of Ellesmere Island to break-up in the summer.

Our results from Polar Bear Pass show that while the snowmelt season continues to contribute the highest concentrations and stocks of carbon to ponds, the frequency and duration of rain events can have a strong control on pond hydrologic connectivity and increasing rainfall elevates DOC contributions from terrestrial sources to the ponds. While spring snowmelt may set initial levels of DOC and DIC in all ponds, additional connectivity to a hydrologic source affects subsequent variations in DOC and DIC. Rainfall events sometimes augment DOC inflows and helps to determine the variations in concentrations amongst a range of tundra ponds with relatively high DOC yields entering the ponds from adjacent wet meadow catchments. Finally, inter-annual variability in pond water and carbon budgets points to an increasing need for extended field season investigations that capture both the snowmelt period and late season rainfall events (Abnizova et al. 2012).

Our results show that the surface waters at PBP were strong sources of CO2 to the atmosphere,

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with CO2 emissions dramatically increasing at the beginning of snowmelt and then declining rapidly during peak snowmelt. The required inputs of carbon to support CO2 emissions could be explained by surface or subsurface inflow, mineralization of organic carbon in the sediment of ponds, and carbon formed during periods of primary production. CO2 and CH4 effluxes from the ponds varied from 0.0 to 3.2 g CO2 m

2 d-1, and 0.1-4.4 mg CH4 m2 d-1. All

surface waters were saturated with CO2 and CH4, but had negligible concentrations of N2O with the exception of three study ponds which reported having increased N2O concentrations. The elevated CO2 and CH4 concentrations in PBP ponds showed them as significant GHG sources emphasizing the importance of small water bodies in the carbon balance of High Arctic wetland landscapes (Abnizova et al. submitted).

Our pond surveys at PBP showed that the concentrations of other major cations and anions differ and are associated with pond hydrological settings and seasonal differences in climate. The presence or absence of a hydrologic linkage (i.e. an external water source) to a pond was used to explain the variability in properties and gradients of the physico-chemical properties. Clear differences in the pond levels and the water chemistry signatures between isolated ponds and ponds connected to a range of hydrologic linkages (late-lying snowbeds, hillslope creeks, other ponds) appear. The high estimates of major ions, pH, and conductivity in hydrologically connected ponds were typically evident towards the end of arctic summer (beginning of August). These patterns resulted from continuous lateral inflows of surface and subsurface waters enriched in major ions from bedrock weathering processes and organic matter from densely vegetated catchments. These patterns illustrated the importance of hydrologic linkages to ponds and frost cracks on a temporal scale. An opposite pattern in chemical properties was observed for isolated ponds. Here, maximum concentrations typically occurred during drought episodes, corresponding with warm air temperatures. In response to higher evaporation rates, water tables dropped in these pond types, surface areas shrunk, and chemical enrichment resulted.

In addition to ArcticNet fieldwork at many sites, laboratory and writing up, we continued our commitment of time to update our chapter contribution (co-authored by Vincent, Laurion, Pienitz, Young, Bégin et al.) on Freshwater Resources to the ArcticNet IRIS for Nunavik-Nunatsiavut, and this was published in November 2012 (Vincent et al. 2012 ). Our recommendations given in this chapter were discussed in last year’s annual report, and are reiterated here:

• Nunavik and Nunatsiavut have a rich natural heritage of lakes, rivers and wetlands that require ongoing stewardship and protection. Northern communities and authorities should continue to develop their leadership and managerial roles in this process.

• Permafrost thaw lakes (thermokarst ponds) are a major category of northern freshwater ecosystems, and they appear to be increasing in abundance and total surface area in parts of the circumpolar North, including Nunavik, as the permafrost continues to warm and degrade. Given their very active production of greenhouse gases as well as their importance for aquatic plants and wildlife, they will require close ongoing monitoring and research.

• The creation and management of parks is an effective way to achieve the best possible protection in the face of climate change and ongoing development of the North, as well as a way to stimulate eco-tourism and the associated economic activity. Research and monitoring should be essential parts of the strategic management plan for these northern parks.

• The avoidance and mitigation of chemical pollution of northern aquatic ecosystems requires ongoing vigilance. The continuing rise in some long range contaminants such as mercury requires surveillance, in partnership and consultation with northern communities.

• A variety of drinking water problems have been identified throughout Nunavik, and a set of recommendations has been communicated

17



to reduce these problems. Raw water from rivers, lakes and creeks could be at risk and should always be boiled before drinking Raw water stored in plastic containers is frequently contaminated, containers should be cleaned on a regular basis and water should always be boiled before drinking.

• The North continues to offer considerable potential for hydroelectricity development at both small and large scales. Such projects will require close and timely consultation with all stakeholders, and especially local communities to assess the environmental and social impacts, including effects on wilderness values. These and currently operating hydroelectricity complexes will also require ongoing research to project future water supply. These needs include downscaled, local projections of future precipitation, evaluation of evaporation scenarios in the changing northern climate, and analyses of interannual and other natural fluctuations. Paleoclimate tools will continue to play a valuable role in these analyses.

Our ARCHIVES dendrochronological analysis of the samples for all sites almost complete (2331 woody debris have been analyzed from the 2822 sampled). We have been able to date individual tree series in 69 % of the analyzed samples. For now, the master chronology comprises 1600 trees and covers 1481 years with a replication higher than 50 from 903 AD. This series is the longest continuous series ever produced for the boreal zone of eastern North America. Moreover, by cross-dating together some undated samples, we have produced two highly replicated floating series of 327 and 279 years, respectively, which could eventually be used to extend the master chronology. The master chronology shows the strong forest growth that occurred between 1050 and 1250 AD in the period commonly called the Medieval Climatic Optimum. It also shows the abrupt reduction in growth that occurred early in the 19th century during a period which corresponds to the final part of the Little Ice Age.

Conclusion

Our results from the High Arctic continue to underscore the rich diversity of microbial life in northern aquatic ecosystems, even in extreme habitats, and the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change such as ice out.

Our findings from PBP indicate that both seasonality and climate conditions must be considered when interpreting the physico-chemical characteristics of arctic ponds. Inter-annual variation is also the norm for snowcover receipt and melt in the High Arctic owing to local micro-topographical and climatic conditions. Snow is an important source of water to arctic ecosystems, allowing ponds, lakes, and wet meadows to be refreshed and recharged. Our results suggest that snowcover across the low-lying wetland, which comprises 22 % of the Polar Bear pass watershed (422 km2), is generally low (ranging from 4-66 mm) and more typical of wetlands experiencing a polar oasis-type climate (Woo & Guan 2006) than a polar desert one (Abnizova and Young 2010).Hydrologic and carbon monitoring during the snowmelt season illustrated that DOC concentrations varied, with maximum levels occurring during late snowmelt. Catchment generated inflows of carbon into ponds accounted for these peaks. Peak CH4 values coincided with initial pond sediment thaw.

All small surface waters were supersaturated in CO2 and therefore represent strong sources of this GHG to the atmosphere. Since ponds at PBP receive their carbon from predominantly terrestrial sources, and these levels are the result of hydrologic linkages of ponds to their catchments, mineralization of DOC in these ponds most likely contributes to the strong source of CO2 to the atmosphere. The estimates of GHG emissions from our study ponds place them at the same level with most lakes and reservoirs in the arctic.

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While the physico-chemical characteristics of ponds across the wetland closely resemble the lithology of bedrock material found on Bathurst Island, the geochemical trends of the ponds’ waters varied depending on the hydrological group and seasonal climatic conditions.

Our greenhouse gas emissions studies at Bylot Island reinforces the value of remote sensing to help scaling up GHG emissions from northern lakes, and our measurements in Nunavik and Nunavut underscores the need to consider among-lake and within lake variability in emissions. Methane ebullition was shown to be highly variable at Bylot Island and Kuujjuarapik thaw pond sites. Further efforts to improve our estimations of diffusive flux, to collect ebullition flux, and to measure gas exchange in critical periods of the year (spring and autumn) are necessary to adequately evaluate the global importance of permafrost thaw ponds as gas conduits and as a positive feedback on climate change.

Because the “health” of northern freshwaters is of fundamental importance to native communities, our lake monitoring program contributes to a better understanding of the potential social and economic impacts of global climate change. It also provides an “early warning system” for northern freshwater ecosystems that helps guide conservation and management measures and direct future research initiatives.

There is no sign of a recovery of the Ellesmere Island ice shelves, and given the continued open water conditions in this region and record low sea ice concentrations (e.g., lowest ever Arctic Ocean sea ice extent was recorded in summer 2012), it is unlikely that they will survive long into the future. For example, an analysis of surface mass balance of the Petersen Ice Shelf indicates that it will be entirely gone due to surface melt within the next two decades, but recent disintegration suggests that total loss will actually well before this.

Acknowledgements

We thank NSERC, Canada Research Chair program, FQRNT, CEN, ArcticNet, Environment Canada, Northern Student Training Program (NSTP), Polar Continental Shelf Project, York University, Canadian Ice Service, Canadian Space Agency SOAR-E and Parks Canada.

References

Note: The scientific background of this project is supported by this selection of references.

Abnizova, A., Young, K.L. and Lafreniere, M. 2012, Pond hydrology and dissolved carbon dynamics at Polar Bear Pass wetland, Bathurst Island, Nunavut. Ecohydrology, accepted.

Abnizova, A., Young, K.L., 2010, Sustainability of High Arctic ponds in a polar desert environment. Arctic 63, 1:67-84

Antoniades, D., Douglas, M.S.V., Smol, J.P., 2003, The physical and chemical limnology of 24 ponds and one lake from Isachsen, Ellef Ringnes Island, Canadian High Arctic. International Review of Hydrobiology 88:519–538.

Antoniades, D., Francus, P., Pienitz, R., St. Onge, G., and Vincent, W.F. 2011. Holocene dynamics of the Arctic’s largest ice shelf. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 108: 18899-18904.

Bouchard, F., Pienitz, R., Ortiz, J., Francus, P., Laurion, I., 2012, Paleolimnological conditions inferred from fossil diatom assemblages and derivative spectral properties of sediments in thermokarst ponds of subarctic Quebec, Canada, Boreas, DOI 10.1111/bor.12000.

Charvet, S., Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C.L., 2012, Chrysophytes and Other Protists in High Arctic Lakes: Molecular Gene Surveys, Pigment Signatures and Microscopy., Polar Biology, v.35, 733-748.

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Comeau, A. Harding, T., Garland, P.E., Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C., 2012, Vertical Distribution of Microbial Communities in a Perennially Stratified Arctic Lake with Saline, Anoxic Bottom Waters., Scientific Reports, v.2, doi: 10.1038/srep00604.

Endrizzi, S., W.L. Quinton, W.L. and Marsh, P., 2011, Modelling the spatial pattern of ground thaw in a small basin in the arctic tundra, The Cryosphere Discussions, 5:367-400.

Endrizzi, W. and Marsh, P., 2010, Observations and modeling of turbulent fluxes during melt at the shrub-tundra transition zone 1: point scale variations, Hydrology Research, 41.6:471-491.

Hodgson, D.A. 2011. First synchronous retreat of ice shelves marks a new phase of polar deglaciation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 108: 18859-18860.

Antoniades, D., et al. 2011. PNAS, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1106378108

Copland, L., Mueller, D.R., and Weir, L. 2007. Rapid loss of the Ayles Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L21501.

England, J. H., et al. 2008. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19502.

Jungblut, J.D. Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C., 2012, Eukaryotes in Arctic and Antarctic Cyanobacterial Mats., FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 82, 416–428.

Lionard, M., Péquin, B., Lovejoy, C. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Benthic Cyanobacterial Mats in the High Arctic: Multi-layer Structure and Fluorescence Responses to Osmotic Stress., Frontiers in Aquatic Microbiology, v.3, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00140.

Mortimer, C., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Volume and area changes of the Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, since 1950, Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, v.117, no.F4, doi: 10.1029/2011JF002074.

Mueller, D.R., Copland, L., Hamilton, A. and Stern, D.R., 2008. Examining Arctic ice shelves prior to

2008 breakup. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 89(49): 502-503.

Mueller, D.R., et al. 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30:2031.

Peterson, I.K., 2005. Large tabular icebergs and ice islands off Eastern Canada in 2001-2003 and their probable source, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Ottawa, pp. 143-152.

Pomeroy, J.W., Gray, D.M. Brown, T., Hedstrom, N.R., Quinton, W.L., Granger, R.J., and Carey, S.K., 2007. The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence, Hydrological Processes, 21:2650-2667.

Steven, B., G. Briggs, C. P. Mckay, W. H. Pollard, C. W. Greer, and L. G. Whyte. 2007. Characterization of the microbial diversity in a permafrost sample from the Canadian high Arctic using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 59: 513-523.

Veillette, J., D. R. Mueller, D. Antoniades, and W. F. Vincent. 2008. Arctic epishelf lakes as sentinel ecosystems: Past, present and future. J. Geophys. Res.

Vincent, W.F., Fortier, D., Lévesque, E., Boulanger-Lapointe, N., Tremblay, B., Sarrazin, D., Antoniades, D., and Mueller, D.R., 2011, Extreme ecosystems and geosystems in the Canadian High Arctic: Ward Hunt Island and vicinity. Écoscience, 18(3) 1-26.

Woo, MK. and Young, K.L., 2004, Modelling arctic snow distribution and melt at the 1 km grid scale, Nordic Hydrology, 35, 4: 295-307.

Woo, M.K., Young, K.L., 2003, Hydrogeomorphology of patchy wetlands in the High Arctic, polar desert environment. Wetlands, 23, 2:291-309.

Woo, M.K.,Young, K.L., 2004, Modelling arctic snow distribution and melt at the 1-km grid scale. Nordic Hydrology, 35, 4:295-307.

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Woo, M.K., Young, K.L., Brown, 2006, High Arctic patchy wetlands: Hydrologic variability and their sustainability. Physical Geography, 27, 2:1-11.

Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A., Miller, E., Investigation of snowcover and melt patterns at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada, in prepration.

Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A., Abnizova, A., De Miranda, 2010 Hydrology of hillslope-wetland streams, Polar Bear Pass, Nunavut, Canada. Hydrological Processes, 24, 3345-3358.

Publications

(All ArcticNet refereed publications are available on the ASTIS website (http://www.aina.ucalgary.ca/arcticnet/).

Abnizova, A. and Young, K.L., 2012, Snowmelt Hydrology and Carbon Dynamics in Wetland Ponds at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada., International Polar Year Meeting, Montreal, April 22-27, 2012, abstract.

Abnizova, A., Miller, E., Young, K.L. and Shakil, S., 2012, Seasonal Variability in Hydrological and Physico-chemical Characteristics of Small Water Bodies Across Polar Bear Pass, a High Arctic Wetland, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada., Arctic, Antarctica and Alpine Research.

Abnizova, A., Young, K. and Boike, J., 2012, Snowmelt Hydrology and Carbon Dynamics in Wetland Ponds at Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada., Ecoystems.

Abnizova, A., Young, K.L. and Lafreniere, M., 2012, Pond Hydrology and Dissolved Carbon Dynamics at Polar Bear Pass Wetland, Bathurst Island, Nunavut., Ecohydrology.

Abnizova, A., Young, K.L. and Shakil, S., 2012, Seasonal Variability in hydrological and physicochemical characteristics of small water bodies across Polar Bear Pass, a High Arctic wetland,

Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada., American Geophysical Union AGM, San Francisco, Dec. 3-7, 2012, abstract.

Alvarez, C., Bégin, C. and Savard, M. M., 2012, Reconstitution des conditions hydroclimatiques dans le secteur aval du bassin de la rivière Churchill à l’aide des isotopes stables du C et de l’O dans les cernes de croissance : Évaluation de la pertinence de l’utilisation du bois final en comparaison du cerne total., Atelier du projet ARCHIVES, Institut de recherche d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ), Varennes, QC, February 16, 2012.

Alvarez, C., Bégin, C. and Savard, M. M., 2012, Reconstitution des conditions hydroclimatiques dans le secteur aval du bassin de la rivière Churchill à l’aide des isotopes stables du C et de l’O dans les cernes de croissance : Évaluation de la pertinence de l’utilisation du bois final en comparaison du cerne total., Journée des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Environnement, INRS-Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, QC, March, 30, 2012.

Alvarez, C., Bégin, C., Savard, M. M., Marion, J., Smirnoff, A. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Reconstruction of the hydroclimatic conditions in the downstream sector of the Churchill River basin using stable isotopes of C and O in tree rings., International Polar Year (IPY) Conference - From Knowledge to Action, Montréal, QC, April 22-27, 2012.

Amyot, M., Girard, C., Laurion, I., Chétalat, J., 2012, Thaw ponds are methylmercury hotspots in Nunavut and Nunavik (Canada), IPY 2012, Montréal, congress.

Arseneault, D., Dy, B., Gennaretti, F., Autin, J. and Bégin, Y., 2013, Developing millennial tree ring chronologies in the fire-prone North American boreal forest, Journal of Quaternary Science.

Assini, J., and Young, K.L., 2012, Snowcover and Snowmelt of an Extensive High Arctic wetland: Spatial and Temporal Seasonal Patterns., Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 4, 738-755.

Aznar, J-.C., Gloaguen, E., Tapsoba, D., Hachem, S., Caya, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Interpolation of monthly

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mean temperatures using cokriging in spherical coordinates., International Journal of Climatology, DOI: 10.1002/joc.3468.

Bégin, C., Savard, M.M., Marion, J., Gingras, M., Alvarez, C., Naulier, M., Arseneault, D., Smirnoff, A. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Évaluation dendroisotopique des conditions hydroclimatiques du dernier millénaire dans le haut-boréal de la péninsule Québec-Labrador : un volet du projet ARCHIVES., Séminaire scientifique Ouranos, Montréal, QC, April 2012.

Bégin, Y., 2012, Le développement hydro-électrique du Nord du Québec : enjeux énergétiques et environnementaux., Institut supérieur des hautes études en développement durable (ISHÉDD), Rabat, Maroc, October, 2012.

Bégin, Y. and ARCHIVES group, 2012, ARCHIVES: The analysis of past climatic and hydrological variability at the Subarctic interface., International Polar Year (IPY) Conference - From Knowledge to Action, Montréal, QC, April 22-27, 2012.

Bégin, Y. and ARCHIVES group, 2012, Le projet ARCHIVES, Symposium Ouranos, Montréal, QC, November 2012.

Bégin, Y. and ARCHIVES group, 2012, Reconstitutions hydro-climatiques en marge de l’Arctique de l’Est., ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012 (Poster).

Bouchard, F., Pienitz, R., Ortiz, J., Francus, P., Laurion, I., 2012, Paleolimnological conditions inferred from fossil diatom assemblages and derivative spectral properties of sediments in thermokarst ponds of subarctic Quebec, Canada, Boreas, DOI 10.1111/bor.12000.

Boucher, É., Bégin, Y., Arseneault, D. and Ouarda, T.B.M.J., 2012, Long-term and Large-scale River-ice Processes in Cold-region Watersheds., Gravel-bed Rivers: Processes, Tools, Environments. First Edition., Chap. 39: 546-554 - DOI: 10.1002/9781119952497.ch39.

Charvet, S., Comeau, A., Vincent, F.W. and Lovejoy, C., 2012, Spatial and seasonal variations of protist communities in a High Arctic meromictic lake., International Polar Year Conference “From Knowledge to Action”, Montréal, Canada, Abstract.

Charvet, S., Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C.L., 2012, Chrysophytes and Other Protists in High Arctic Lakes: Molecular Gene Surveys, Pigment Signatures and Microscopy, Polar Biology, v.35, 733-748.

Charvet, S., Vincent, W.F., Comeau, A. and Lovejoy, C., 2012, Pyrosequencing Analysis of the Protist Communities in a High Arctic Meromictic Lake: DNA Preservation and Change., Frontiers in Microbiology, v.3, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00422.

Comeau, A. Harding, T., Garland, P.E., Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C., 2012, Vertical Distribution of Microbial Communities in a Perennially Stratified Arctic Lake with Saline, Anoxic Bottom Waters, Scientific Reports, v.2, doi: 10.1038/srep00604.

Comte, J., Matveev, A., Crevecoeur, S., Lovejoy, C. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Linking thermokarst microbial diversity to methane emissions in Subarctic Quebec, ADAPT workshop, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012., (Oral).

Comte, J., Matveev, A., Deshpande, B., Crevecoeur, S., Lovejoy, C. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Archaeal and bacterial diversity in Nunavik thaw ponds and implications for greenhouse gas emissions from permafrost ecosystems in transition, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Poster).

Crawford A.J., Mueller, D.R., Hamilton, A., Forrest, A., Schmidt, V., Yeo R., and Braithwaite, L., 2012, Ice islands of the Canadian Arctic: morphology and deterioration, First Annual Workshop of the Network of Expertise on Transportation in Arctic Waters, Churchill, MB, September 9, 2012, (Oral).

Crawford, A. and Mueller, D., 2012, Influence of microclimate on surface ablation of a Petermann Ice Island (2010) fragment in the Eastern Canadian Arctic,

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2012 Ottawa-Carleton Student Northern Research Symposium. University of Ottawa, March 2, 2012, (Oral).

Crawford, A., Mueller, D.R., Forrest, A.L., Hamilton, A.K., Schmidt, V. Laval, B.E., Brucker, S., and Braithwaite, L., 2012, Deterioration patterns of ice islands adrift in the Canadian Arctic, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Oral).

Crawford, A.J., Mueller, D., Hamilton, A., Forrest, A. and Braithwaite, L., 2012, Improvements to Iceberg Drift and Deterioration Models for Use with Ice Islands in the Eastern Canadian Arctic, International Polar Year: From knowledge to action, Montreal, April 22-27, 2012, (Poster).

Daigle, L.-F., Bégin, C., Savard, M.M., Labarre, T., Bégin, Y., Long, B., Cnudde, V. and Blucke, J.V.D., 2012, The Use of Numerical Scanners for Density Measurement in Dendrochronology, CT Scan Workshop, Development on non-medical environment, INRS-Eau Terre Environnement and U. Ghent, Québec, QC, March 6-9, 2012.

Derksen, C., Smith, S.L., Sharp, M., Brown, L., Howell, S., Copland, L, Mueller, D., Gauthier, Y., Fletcher, C., Tivy, A., Bernier, M., Bourgeois, J., Brown, R., Burn, C., Duguay, C., Kushner, P., Langlois, A., Lewkowicz, A.G., Royer, A. and Walker, A., 2012, Variability and change in the Canadian cryosphere, Climatic Change, v.115, no.1, 59-88.

Derksen, C., Smith, S.L., Sharp, M., Howell, S., Brown, L., Mueller, D., Copland, L., Gauthier, Y., Fletcher, C., and Walker, A., 2012, Variability and Change in the Canadian Cryosphere, International Polar Year: From knowledge to action, Montreal, April 22-27, 2012, (Oral).

Erni, S., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Reconstruction of severe drought years of the past two centuries from successive large fires in a fire-prone landscape of northern Quebec, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012.

Forrest, A.L., Hamilton, A.K., Schmidt, V., Laval, B.E., Mueller, D., Crawford, A., Brucker, S., and Hamilton, T., 2012, Digital terrain mapping of Petermann Ice Island fragments in the Canadian High Arctic, 21st IAHR International Symposium on Ice “Ice Research for a Sustainable Environment”.

Forrest, A.L., Hamilton, A.K., Schmidt, V., Laval, B.E., Mueller, D.R., Crawford, A., Brucker, S., Gagnon, J., Tremblay, J.E., Yeo, R., and Braithwaite, L., 2012, Observations beneath Petermann Ice Island-B (PII-B) in the Canadian Arctic, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Oral).

Fortin, D., Francus, P. and ARCHIVES Group, 2012, Potentiel paléohydrologique des sédiments varvés de Grand Lake, Labrador., Atelier du groupe ARCHIVES, Institut de recherche d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ), Varennes, QC, March 16-17, 2012.

Fortin, D., Francus, P. and ARCHIVES group, 2012, Grand Lake Labrador: Past discharge and recent limnologic changes.,ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012.

Fortin, D., Nicault, A., Francus, P. and ARCHIVES group, 2012, Hydrological Recontruction from Tree-Rings and Varved Lake Sediments in the Québec-Labrador Region, GEOTOP student meeting, Forêt Montmorency, QC, February 3-5, 2012.

Fortin, D., Nicault, A., Francus, P., Bégin, Y. and ARCHIVES group, 2012, Paleohydrology based on tree rings and varved lake sediments, International Polar Year (IPY) Conference - From Knowledge to Action, Montréal, QC, April 22-27, 2012.

Francus, P., Fortin, D. and ARCHIVES Group, 2012, Potentiel des sédiments lacustres annuellement laminés pour reconstruire les conditions hydroclimatiques au Québec-Labrador – Projet ARCHIVES, Séminaires Ouranos, Montréal, QC, April 11, 2012.

Gantner, N., Veillette, J., Michaud, W.K. Bajno R., Muir, D. Vincent, W.F., Power, M,. Dixon, B., Reist,J.D., Hausmann, S. and Pienitz, R., 2012, Physical and Biological Factors Affecting Mercury and

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Perfluorinated Contaminants in Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) of Pingualuit Crater Lake (Nunavik, Canada), Arctic, v.65, 195-206.

Gennaretti, F., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, A network of millenial tree-ring chronologies from the margin of the eastern Canadian Arctic., International Polar Year (IPY) Conference - From Knowledge to Action, Montréal, QC, April 22-27, 2012.

Gennaretti, F., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, A network of millenial tree-ring chronologies from the margin of the eastern Canadian Arctic, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012.

Halliday, E.J., King, A., Bobby, P., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Petermann Ice Island ‘A’ survey results, offshore Labrador, Proceedings, Arctic Technology Conference, Houston, USA, doi: 10.4043/23714-MS.

Hamilton, A.K., Laval, B.E., and Mueller, D.R., 2012, Fjord dynamics and glacio-marine interactions along northern Ellesmere Island, Canada, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Poster)

Hamilton, A.K., Laval, B.E., and Mueller, D.R., 2012, Arctic fjord oceanography and glacio-marine interactions of northern Ellesmere Island, Tidewater Glaciers Workshop, Svalbard, Norway, August 26-31, 2012, (Oral).

Hamilton, A.K., Laval, B.E., Stevens, C., Mueller, D.R., Forrest, A.L., and Schmidt, V., 2012, Diving under thick ice: investigations of glacier-ocean interactions using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), Tidewater Glaciers Workshop, Svalbard, Norway, August 26-31, 2012, (Oral).

Hamilton, A.K., Mueller, D., and Laval, B.E., 2012, Fjord dynamics and glacio-marine interactions on Northern Ellesmere Island, Canada, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting. December 3-7, 2012 San Francisco, (Poster).

Helama, S., Bégin, Y., Vartiainen, M., Peltola, H., Kolström, T. and Meriläinen, J., 2013, Quantifications of dendrochronological information from contrasting

microdensitometric measuring circumstances of experimental wood samples, Applied Radiation and Isotopes.

Herdes, E., Copland, L., Danielson, B. and Sharp, M., 2012, Relationships between iceberg plumes and sea-ice conditions on northeast Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, Annals of Glaciology, v. 53, no. 60, 1-9.

Howell, S.E.I., Assini, J., Young, K.L., Abnizova, A. and Derksen, C., 2012, Snowmelt Variability over Polar Bear Pass, Nunavut, Canada from QuickSCAT: 2000 to 2009, Hydrological Processes, doi:10.1002/hyp.8365.

Jungblut, J.D. Vincent, W.F. and Lovejoy, C., 2012, Eukaryotes in Arctic and Antarctic Cyanobacterial Mats., FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 82, 416–428.

Laurion, I., 2012, Canadian thaw ponds under a warming climate, ASLO, Japan, congress

Lemay, M. and Bégin, Y., 2013, Using ice-scars as indicators of exposure to physical riparian disturbances, Corvette Lake, northern Québec, Canada, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.

Lionard, M., Laurion, I. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Microbial communities in High Arctic lakes: New insights from flow cytometry and HPLC pigment analyses, ISME Symposium, 19-24 Aug. 2012, Copenhagen, Denmark, (Oral).

Lionard, M., Péquin, B., Lovejoy, C. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Benthic Cyanobacterial Mats in the High Arctic: Multi-layer Structure and Fluorescence Responses to Osmotic Stress, Frontiers in Aquatic Microbiology, v.3, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00140.

Lionard, M., Péquin, B., Lovejoy, C. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, How will cyanobacterial mats in the polar regions respond to global warming?, International Polar Year: From knowledge to action, Montreal, April 22-27, 2012, (Poster).

Lovejoy, C., 2012, Cold wet protists, what we know., International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (ISME) 14, Copenhagen, Denmark 19-24 August 2012.

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Lovejoy, C., 2012, Biodiversity of Arctic Microbes., Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program Meeting. Québec, Canada 9-11 May 2012, Québec, Canada 9-11 May 2012.

McLennan, D., Bell, T., Berteaux, D., Chen, W., Copland, L., Fraser, R., Gallant, D., Gauthier, G., Hik, D., Krebs, C.J., Myers-Smith, I., Olthof, I., Reid, D., Sladen, W., Tarnocai, C., Vincent, W., Zhang, Y., 2012, Recent climate-related terrestrial biodiversity research in Canada’s Arctic National Parks: review, summary and management implications, Journal of Biodiversity.

Miller, E.A. and Young, K.L., 2012, Differences in Snowmelt Patterns of a High Arctic Stream Valley: The Challenges of Inter-Annual Site Monitoring in the North, International Polar Year Meeting, Montréal, April 22-27, 2012, abstract.

Mortimer, C., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Volume and area changes of the Milne Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, since 1950, Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, v.117, no.F4, doi: 10.1029/2011JF002074.

Mueller, D.R., Copland, L., White, A. and Wohlleben, T., 2012, Summer 2011 Ice Shelf Loss, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, International Polar Year: From knowledge to action, Montréal, April 22-27, 2012., (Poster).

Mueller, D.R., Hamilton, A.K., Forrest, A.L. Laval, B.E., Schmidt, V., Crawford, A.J., Hamilton, T., and Braithwaite, L., 2012, The drift, deterioration and demise of Berghaus: From Petermann ice island fragment to ice cube, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Plenary).

Naulier, M., Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Développement de séries isotopiques millénaires à partir de tiges subfossiles dans le Nord québécois, Journée des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Environnement, INRS-Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, QC, March 30, 2012.

Naulier, M., Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Isotopes of lakeshore black spruce as

proxy for northern paleoclimate?, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012.

Naulier, M., Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Développement de séries isotopiques millénaires à partir de tiges subfossiles dans le Nord québécois, Atelier du projet ARCHIVES, Institut de recherche d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ), Varennes, QC, Februray 16, 2012.

Negandhi, K., Lovejoy, C., Laurion, I., 2012, Bacterial communities in Arctic thaw ponds: diversity and links to greenhouse gas emissions, IPY 2012, Montréal, congress.

Negandhi, K., Lovejoy, C., Whiticar, M.J., Galand, P.E., Laurion, I., 2012, Microbial assemblages linked to the methane cycle in Arctic thaw ponds, ISME, Copenhagen, Denmark, congress.

Nicault, A., 2012, Analyse de la relation climat/croissance dans les écosystèmes forestiers du Haut-Boréal québécois et reconstitution hydrologique à partir des cernes de croissance, Conférences IMBE, Aix-en-Provence, France, January, 13, 2012.

Nicault, A., Bégin, Y., Bégin, C., Marion, J., Boucher, É., Guiot, J., Boreux, J-J., Arseneault, D., DesGranges, J.-L., Berninger, F., Tapsoba, D. and Wicha, S., 2013, Spatial analysis of black spruce’s (Picea mariana) radial growth response to climate in northern Québec, Canada, Journal of Ecology.

Olsen, M.S., Callaghan, T.V., Reist, J.D., Reiersen, L.O., Dahl-Jensen, D., Granskog, M.A., Goodison, B., Hovelsrud, G.K., Johanasson, M., Kallenbord, R., Key, J., Klepikov, A., Meler, W., Overland, J.E., Prowse, T.D., Sharp, M., Vincent, W.F. and Walsh, J., 2012, The Changing Arctic Cryosphere and its Likely Consequences: An Overview, Ambio, v. 40, 111-118.

Paquette, M., Fortier, D., Mueller, D., Sarrazin, D., and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Temporal monitoring and complete disappearance of perennial ice-cover on Canada’s northernmost lake: Ward Hunt Lake, Nunavut, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Poster).

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Paquette, M., Fortier, D., Mueller, D.R. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Temporal Monitoring and the Complete Decay of Perennial Ice-cover on Canada Northernmost Lake, Ward Hunt Island, Nunavut, International Polar Year: From knowledge to action, Montreal, April 22-27, 2012, (Poster).

Pienitz, R., Lemay, M., Michaud, J., Blasco, K. & Veillette, J. (eds.), 2012, Impacts of Environmental Change in the Canadian Coastal Arctic: A Compendium of Research Conducted During ArcticNet Phase I (2004-2008), Volume 2, ArcticNet Inc., Quebec City, Canada., 256 pp.

Pope, S., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Loss of multiyear landfast sea ice from Yelverton Bay, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, v.44, no.2, 210-221.

Prowse, T. Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B., Duguay, C., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Vincent, W.F., Vuglinsky, V., and Weyhenmeyer, G., 2012, Arctic Freshwater Ice and its Climatic Role., Ambio, v.40, 46–52.

Prowse, T., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B., Duguay, C., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Pienitz, R., Vincent, W.F., Vuglinsky, V. and Weyhenmeyer, G.A., 2012, Past and Future Changes in Arctic Lake and River Ice, Ambio, v. 40, 53-62.

Prowse, T., Alfredsen, K., Beltaos, S., Bonsal, B.R., Bowden, W.B., Duguay, C.R., Korhola, A., McNamara, J., Vincent, W.F., Vuglinsky, V., Walter Anthony, K.M., and Weyhenmeyer, G.A., 2012, Effects of Changes in Arctic Lake and River Ice., Ambio, v..40, 63–74.

Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, A., 2012, Northern high latitude lakes, cyanobacterial blooms and the world water crisis, 2012 ASLO Aquatic Sciences Meeting. Lake Biwa, Shiga, Japan, July 9, 2012, (Oral).

Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, A., and Vincent W.F., 2012, The Role of Planktonic Cyanobacteria in the Food Webs of Subarctic Freshwater Ecosystems, The International Polar Year (IPY) 2012 Conference,

Montreal, QC, April 23, 2012, (Poster).

Przytulska-Bartosiewicz, A., and Vincent W.F., 2012, The effects of warming and nutrient enrichment on bloom-forming cyanobacteria in subarctic lakes, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 12, 2012, (Oral).

Quesada, A. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Cyanobacteria in the Cryosphere: Snow, Ice and Extreme Cold, In: Whitton, B.A. Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time, 387-399.

Richer-McCallum, M., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, A prevalence of open water at the northern coast of Ellesmere Island, 2012 Ottawa-Carleton Student Northern Research Symposium. University of Ottawa, March 2, 2012, (Poster).

Richer-McCallum, M., Copland, L., and Mueller, D., 2012, Assessment of Increasing Open Water Leads along Northern Ellesmere Island with Satellite Imagery and Digital Ice Charts, 33rd Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing. Ottawa, ON, June 11-14, 2012, (Poster).

Richer-McCallum, M., Mueller, D., and Copland, L., 2012, Factors contributing to the occurrence of open water leads along the northern coast of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012.,(Poster).

Rossi, P.-G., Laurion, I., Lovejoy, C., 2012, Distribution and identity of Bacteria in subarctic permafrost thaw ponds, Aquatic Microbial Ecology,

Savard, M.M., Bégin, C., Marion, J., Arseneault, D. and Bégin, Y., 2013, Evaluating the integrity of C and O isotopic series in sub-fossil wood deposited in boreal lakes – Required work for reconstructing long climatic series, Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,

Sylvestre, T., Copland, L., Demuth, M.N. and Sharp, M., 2012, Spatial patterns of snow accumulation across Belcher Glacier, Devon Ice Cap, Journal of

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Glaciology.

Van Wychen, W., Copland, L., Gray, L., Burgess, D., Danielson, B. and Sharp, M., 2012, Spatial and temporal variation of ice motion and ice flux from Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada, Journal of Glaciology, v.58, no.210, 657-664.

Veillette, J., Muir, D.C.G., Antoniades, D., Small, J.M., Spencer, C., Loewen, T.N., Babaluk, J.A., Reist, J.D. and Vincent, W.F., 2012, Perfluorinated Chemicals in Meromictic Lakes on the Northern Coast of Ellesmere Island, High Arctic Canada., Arctic, v.65, 245-256.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Rapid Changes in the Arctic Ocean Ecosystem, Pre-ASLO Symposium in Oceanography, Biwako Hall, Otsu, Japan, 5 mars 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Data Management: Benefits and Possibilities, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 7 janvier 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Arctic Ecosystems, Lac Léman and the Limnology of Global Change, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, 24 janvier 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Cyanobacteria in the Cold: Our Blue-Green Polar Regions, National Institute of Polar Reseach, Tokyo, 2 avril 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Data Management: Benefits and Possibilities, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 7 janvier 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Cyanobacterial Dominance in Lakes and Seas: Earth’s Three Billion Years as a “Blue-Green Planet, Pre-ASLO Symposium in Limnology, University of Kyoto, 2 mars 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, From Lake Biwa to the Polar Regions: Cyanobacterial Dominance in Lakes and Seas, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, 11 avril 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Managing People and Research

Projects., Association for Polar Early Career Scientists Workshop, IPY-Montréal, 22 avril 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Arctic Development and Adaptation to Permafrost in Transition (ADAPT), ADAPT workshop, IPY Montreal, 24 avril 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, The CEN Network: A Polar Observing Network of Terrestrial Stations Across the Eastern Canadian Subarctic and Arctic Regions, From Knowledge to Action, IPY-Montreal, 26 avril 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Un portrait du Grand Nord québécois, Colloque : Mobilisés pour le Nord durable, Université Laval, Québec, 18 juin, 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Our Changing Mother Earth: Messages from the Arctic, ASLO Public Symposium, Otsu, Japan, 8 juillet, 2012

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Accelerated Ecosystem Change in the Canadian Arctic, International Ecosummit: Restoring Sustainability, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 1 octobre 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, ADAPTing to Changes in Permafrost in Canada’s Northern Communities, Presentation to Senior Federal Department Representatives, Rideau Club, Ottawa, 15 October 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2012, Northern Lakes and Wetlands: Diverse Freshwater Ecosystems in Canada’s Fast-Changing Arctic, NSERC Event for Senators, Parliament of Canada, Ottawa, 14 October 2012.

Vincent, W.F., 2013, Aquatic Biodiversity and Environmental Change in the Arctic, IASC Workshop on the Forces Shaping Arctic Biodiversity, Reykjavik, 21 January 2013.

Vincent, W.F. and C. Vincent, 2012, Antarctic Analogues: Microbial Ecosystems and Comparative Biodiversity in the Canadian High Arctic, SCAR Open Science Congress, Portland Oregon USA, 19 juillet 2012

Vincent, W.F. and Quesada, A., 2012, Cyanobacteria

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in High Latitude Lakes, Rivers and Seas., In: Whitton, B. A. Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time, 371-385.

Vincent, W.F., Callaghan, T.V., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johansson, M., Kovacs, K.M., Michel, C., Prowse, T., Reist, J.D. and Sharp, M., 2012, Ecological Implications of Changes in the Arctic Cryosphere., Ambio, v.40, 87-99.

Vincent, W.F., Martin, D., Pienitz, R., Laurion, I.,Muir, D. Young, K. and Bégin, Y., 2012, Freshwater Resources in a Changing Environment, Nunavik-Nunatsiavut Integrated Regional Impact Study, 137-155.

Vincent, W.F., Pienitz, R., Laurion, I. and Walter Anthony, K., 2013, Climate Impacts on Arctic Lakes., In: Goldman, C.R., Kumagai, M., Robarts, R.D. (eds). Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland Waters: Impacts and Mitigation for Ecosystems and Societies,

White, A., 2012, Dynamics and Historical Changes of the Petersen Ice Shelf and Epishelf Lakes, Nunavut, Canada, Since 1959., MSc thesis, Department of Geography, University of Ottawa. Co-supervised by Dr. Luke Copland and Dr. Derek Mueller, 93 pp.

White, A., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Structure and Thickness of the Petersen Ice Shelf, Nunavut, International Polar Year: From knowledge to action, Montreal, April 22-27, 2012, (Poster).

White, A., Copland, L. and Mueller, D., 2012, Physical Characteristics of Petersen Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island: Past and Present, 2012 Ottawa-Carleton Student Northern Research Symposium. University of Ottawa, March 2, 2012, (Oral).

White, A., Copland, L., and Mueller, D., 2012, Changes to the Petersen Ice Shelf and Epishelf Lake, Nothern Ellesmere Island, since 2005, ArcticNet 8th Annual Science Meeting, Vancouver, BC, December 10-14, 2012, (Oral).

White, A., Copland, L., and Mueller, D., 2012, SAR

Backscatter Analysis for Determining Recent Changes to the Petersen Bay Epishelf Lake (1992-2012), 33rd Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing. Ottawa, ON, June 11-14, 2012, (Poster).

Woo, M.K., and Young, K.L., 2012, Canadian Arctic Wetlands, Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs, 902-914.

Young, K.L., 2012, What Killed the Caribou: A Caribou Snow Investigation (CSI)., ArcticNet AGM, Vancouver, B.C. Dec. 11-14, 2012, abstract.

Young, K.L., Assini, J., Abnizova, A. and Miller, E., 2012, Snow Cover and Melt Characteristics of Upland/lowland Terrain: Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada, Hydrology Research.

Zdanowicz, C., Smetny-Sowa, A., Fisher, D., Schaffer, N., Copland, L., Eley, J. and Dupont, F., 2012, Summer melt rates on Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island: Past and recent trends and implications for regional climate, Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, v.117, no.F2, doi: 10.1029/2011JF002248.

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