friday, 13 september 2013 - iom.int · friday, 13 september 2013 palais des nations geneva,...

MIGRANT

WELL-BEING

AND

DEVELOPMENT

- Official Launch - Friday, 13 September 2013

Palais des Nations

Geneva, Switzerland

• WMR 2013 “Migrant Well-being and Development”:

- Seventh report in WMR series

- Focus on the migrant

• IOM’s flagship publication

World Migration Report (WMR) Series

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I. Policy context

II. Distinctive features of the Report

III. Five key messages

IV. Key findings

– The four pathways of migration

– Migrant well-being: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll

Presentation outline

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• HLD 2013: IOM contributions and recommendations

• ICPD+20: Review of the Programme of Action to indicate way forward

• Post-2015 development framework: why and how to include migration?

1. Policy context: Opportunities to shape the

global dialogue and action on migration

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1. Policy context: Call for more holistic

approaches to measure development

• Growing interest in measuring happiness and well-being

• Perceptions of well-being as a new way to measure societal progress

• Less about poverty reduction in poor countries, and more about human development worldwide.

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Development community increasingly

focusing on measuring well-being

“ what we measure affects what we do…the time is ripe for our measurement system to shift emphasis from measuring economic production to measuring people’s well-being” (Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 2010)

United Nations General Assembly: we need to put “the notion of well-being and sustainability at the core of the reflections about the future shape of the global development framework beyond 2015” (UN DESA, 2012)

I. Policy context: Measuring human well-being

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1. First ever global report on migrant

well-being

II. Drawing upon a unique source of

data covering 25,000 migrants in

more than 150 countries

III. More thorough, balanced

discussion on migration and

development by focusing on all

four pathways of migration

II. Three distinctive features of the Report

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III. Five key messages

I. Placing migrants at the centre of the debate

II. Development is about human well-being

III. Migration is not just a South–North phenomenon

IV. Migration improves human development, but many migrants still struggle to achieve satisfactory levels of well-being

V. Way forward and post-2015: developing a global barometer of migrant well-being

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The four pathways

of migration

IV. Key findings

IV. Key findings: Comparing


• Why four pathways of migration?

• Global North and South: No common definition

• Differences within each pathway

• Four pathways closely interlinked

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Most international

migrants move from

the South to the North or

between countries in the South

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The number of South–North

migrants increased the most during

the last two decades...



...BUT they represent less than half of all international

migrants

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Most international migrants originate in

the South…

…BUT people in the North are more likely

to migrate

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• A small majority of international migrants are male, except in the case of North–North migration, where the majority are female.

• Migrants in the South are more likely

than those in the North to be at the low and high extremes of the age distribution. Migrants in the North are more clustered within the working age.

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More than half of the top 20 migration corridors are accounted for by people migrating

from South to South Top 20 migration corridors worldwide (migrant stock, in thousands), using

the World Bank classification, 2010

Source: IOM calculations, based on UN DESA, 2012b. 15 Source: IOM calculations, based on UN DESA, 2012b.



Most global remittances go from North to South (at least 43%), but there are significant South–

South and North–North flows.

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IV. Key findings: In focus

North–South

• Overlooked, increasing trend during the last decade

• Drivers of North–South migration:

- Economic opportunity

- Expansion of global companies

- Return migration

- Student migration

- Retirement

• Potential development impact

• Issue of data reliability 17

Migrant well-being: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll

IV. Key findings

GALLUP WORLD POLL:

A unique source of data on international migration

• 2009–2011 global database, covering >150 countries

• Two methods of comparison:

(a) Migrants (newcomers and long-timers) vs. native-born

(b) Migrants vs. “matched stayers” in origin countries • Some limitations

Migrants Native-born

25,000 >400,000

newcomers

<5 years

long-timers

>5 years

IV. Key findings: Evidence on migrant well-being

from Gallup World Poll

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“Well-being is about the combination of our love for what we do each day, the quality of our relationships, the security of our finances, the vibrancy of our physical health, and the pride we take in what we have contributed to our communities.”

(Rath and Harter, 2010)



Gallup’s definition of well-being:

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• Financial well-being: personal finances, ability

to live on current income, and satisfaction

with standard of living.

• Career well-being: about employment

situation, job views, and opportunities for

entrepreneurship.



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• Subjective well-being: how

people evaluate their lives

overall (evaluative), and affective

states and experiences in real

time (experiential).

• Social well-being: about personal relationships and

social networks (e.g. friends and support structures)

• Community well-being: relationships with the

community (e.g. personal safety, confidence in

national institutions)

Measuring subjective experiences to

capture migrant well-being in real life



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• Physical well-being: quality of an

individual’s personal health,

access to health care and medical

insurance.

• Migrants in the North make the largest gains

(than if they had not migrated): overall life

evaluation increases, better off financially, and

more satisfied with personal health and

healthcare.

• Migrants in the South fare similarly or worse

(than if they had not migrated): lower life

evaluation, struggle more to get adequate

housing, and worse health and health care.



Compared to similar people in the

country of origin (“matched stayers”)…

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• Many migrants report poorer levels of well-

being

• BUT results differ between migrants in the

North (e.g. higher unemployment, lower

incomes) and the South (e.g. more health

problems, lower trust in national

institutions, poorer personal safety)

• Duration of stay matters



Compared to native-born

in destination countries…

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Migrants in the North rate their lives better than if they had not migrated…

…while those in the South rate lives similarly or less favourably.



Subjective well-being: Evaluative

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Subjective well-being: Experiential

Overall, migrants are less likely to experience positive emotions…

…and more likely to experience negative emotions, compared to the native-born.

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Financial well-being

• Income disparities with the

native-born more pronounced

for South–North than South–

South migrants

• Newcomers struggle the most

but over time their situation

improves

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Migrants in the North have less trouble affording some basic necessities (food and shelter) than if they had not migrated…

…the opposite is often the case for migrants in the

South (e.g. shelter)

Financial well-being

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Career well-being

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Globally, migrants have a higher rate of labour force participation, underemployment and unemployment, compared to the native-born.

• Migrants in the North face higher unemployment than the native-born

• Migrants and the native-born in the South face similar levels of unemployment

• Migrants less likely than native-born to be in “ideal job”

–

–

–

–

Unemployment rate, migrants and

native-born, 2009–2011



Career well-being

Source: Gallup World Poll, 2009–2011

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Physical well-being

• Migrants in the North gain in health

outcomes (satisfaction with personal

health, availability of quality healthcare,

prevalence of insurance) when compared

to those in their origin countries who did

not migrate

• Migrants in the South show a loss on

health-related dimensions

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Physical well-being

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Community well-being

• Migrants in the South are less likely

than the native-born to feel safe,

newcomers are the most likely to be

victimized

• Migrants in the North have similar or

more confidence in the institutions of

their destination country than the

native-born, particularly South–North

migrants 33



Community well-being

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Social well-being

• North–North and South–South

migrants are as well networked

socially as the native-born

• South–North migrants have

weaker social support structures

than the native-born; and weaker

than if they had not migrated.

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Summing up and reminder of key

messages

Conclusion

• Migration improves well-being across

a range of different dimensions

• Many migrants still struggle to achieve

satisfactory levels of well-being

• Changes in the well-being of migrants

differ between the four pathways of

migration…

To sum up…

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North–North → overwhelmingly positive

outcomes

South–North → gains in economic situation,

often at cost of emotional well-being and

personal status

North–South → diverse outcomes depending

on motivations and type of migrant

South–South → about survival, little gains,

struggling like some groups of native-born

To sum up…

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Reminder of the five key messages

I. Placing migrants at the centre of the debate

II. Development is about human well-being

III. Migration is not just a South–North phenomenon

IV. Migration improves human development, but many migrants still struggle to achieve satisfactory levels of well-being

V. Way forward and post-2015: developing a global barometer of migrant well-being

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Chapter I: Introduction to the theme “Migrant well-being and

development”

Chapter II: Current global migration situation across four

migration pathways

Chapter III: Review of existing research on the emerging field of

happiness and subjective well-being

Chapter IV: Findings on migrant well-being from the Gallup World

Poll, examining outcomes on six core dimensions of

well-being across the four migration pathways

Chapter V: Conclusion and recommendations for future

initiatives to monitor migrant well-being and the

impact of migration on development

Structure of the 2013 Report

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Interested in learning more? Visit the WMR

2013 webpage at www.iom.int/cms/wmr2013

• Full report, chapters and overview for free

download

• WMR 2013 Working Papers providing regional

perspectives

• Presentations of WMR 2013 seminars on the

theme migrant well-being and development

• Useful reference materials: FAQs, factsheet,

press release, etc.

Further information on WMR 2013

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