Do Now: What are cordilleras? What salt flats are found in Bolivia? What is a rain shadow?

Military Junta- is a form of government different from civilian dictatorship for a number of reasons: their motivations for seizing power, the institutions through which they organize their rule, and the ways in which they leave power.

Language Objective: Analyze the demographic information from the Andean region of South America. Finish Geography Now activity from yesterday.

Friday, November 10, 2017Human Geography of the Andes and

Midlatitude Countries

History of the Andes and Midlatitude Countries

Rise to Power• The Inca rose to power in the 1100s. They developed a highly

sophisticated civilization in what is now Peru. By the early 1500s, they ruled a region that stretched from northern Ecuador through Peru and into Chile.

• This area had a population of 12 million people, including over 100 different ethnic groups who spoke at least 20 different languages.

• The Inca state was called Tawantinsuyu. The name means “the land of the four quarters.” The imperial capital was located where the four quarters, or provinces, of the Inca Empire met, at Cuzco.

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History of the Andes and Midlatitude Countries

Storytelling• Inca technology and engineering were highly advanced. The Inca built

extensive irrigation systems, roads, tunnels, and bridges that linked regions of the empire to Cuzco.

• Today you can still see the remains of Inca cities and fortresses. Some of the most impressive ruins are at Machu Picchu, located about 50 miles northwest of Cuzco.

• The Inca had no written language, but they created a counting system called quipu, a series of knotted cords of various colors and lengths for recordkeeping.

History of the Andes and Midlatitude Countries

History of the Andes and Midlatitude Countries

Fierro!• Unfortunately for the Inca, however, their advanced culture could not turn

back the invasion that led to the empire’s downfall. In 1532 FranciscoPizarro landed in Peru with some Spanish soldiers.

• Pizarro had heard tales of the fabulously rich cities on the Pacific coast of South America. He also learned that the Inca Empire had been badly weakened by a civil war from which the new emperor, Atahualpa, had emerged victorious. Although the Inca outnumbered the Spanish, they were no match for Spanish artillery.

• The Spanish also used the Inca’s road system to help them conquer the Inca empire.

History of the Andes and Midlatitude Countries

Dictators• In 1946 Argentinians elected General Juan Perón as the nation’s president.

Perón and his wife, Eva, were popular with the people. The new government enacted economic reforms to benefit the working people.

• However, the Perón government limited free speech, censored the press, and added to the country’s debt. After Perón was overthrown in 1955, the military government ruled Argentina.

• The new government moved to put an end to unrest. The rulers imprisoned thousands of people without trial. Some were tortured or killed. Others simply “disappeared.”

• Argentina was also troubled by conflict over the Falkland Islands. Argentina and Great Britain both claimed the Falklands. After a brief war in 1982, Argentina was defeated, and the Falklands remain a British territory.

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Life in the Andes and Midlatitude Countries

Political Instability• Significant changes were also taking place in the country of Chile. In the

presidential election of 1970, Chileans elected a socialist candidate named Salvador Allende.

• Allende took action to redistribute wealth and land. The government took over Chile’s copper industry and banking system. Allende’s economic reforms were popular with workers but angered the upper classes.

• In 1973 Chilean military officers staged a coup, an illegal seizure of power, and killed Allende. A military dictatorship, headed by General Augusto Pinochet, ruled Chile for the next 16 years.

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Life in the Andes and Midlatitude Countries

• The largest city in the region is the capital of Argentina, Buenos Aires. Lima is the capital and biggest city in Peru. Lima and other large cities have slums, or shantytowns.

• Guarani (Native American) culture is an important part of life in Paraguay. Millions of people in the region practice a religion that is a mixture of Catholicism and traditional Native American religions. In Bolivia, many people still use Kallawaya medicine, which uses traditional herbs and rituals.

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