friedrich nietzsche a philosophical biography

Friedrich Nietzsche

A Philosophical Biography

In this beautifully written account, Julian Young provides the most comprehensive bio-

graphy available today of the life and philosophy of the nineteenth-century German philos-

opher Friedrich Nietzsche. Young deals with the many puzzles created by the conjunction

of Nietzsche’s personal history and his work: why the son of a Lutheran pastor developed

into the self-styled “Antichrist”; why this archetypical Prussian came to loathe Bismarck’s

Prussia; and why this enemy of feminism preferred the company of feminist women. Set-

ting Nietzsche’s thought in the context of his times – the rise of Prussian militarism, anti-

Semitism, Darwinian science, the “Youth” and emancipationist movements, as well as the

“death of God” – Young emphasizes the decisive influence of Plato and of Richard Wagner

on Nietzsche’s attempt to reform Western culture. He also describes the devastating effect

on Nietzsche’s personality of his unhappy love for Lou Salome and attempts to understand

why, at the age of forty-four, he went mad.

This book includes a selection of more than thirty photographs of Nietzsche, his friends,

and his work sites. Seventeen of the philosopher’s musical compositions, which are key to

a deeper understanding of his intellectual project, are available online.

Educated at Cambridge University and the University of Pittsburgh, Julian Young is Kenan

Professor of Humanities at Wake Forest University, Professor of Philosophy at the Uni-

versity of Auckland, and Honorary Research Professor at the University of Tasmania. A

scholar of nineteenth- and twentieth-century German philosophy, he is the author of nine

books, most recently Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Religion, and has been invited to speak at uni-

versities and conferences throughout the world.

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-87117-4 - Friedrich Nietzsche: A Philosophical BiographyJulian YoungFrontmatterMore information

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Note

Chapters and sections with headings in italics discuss Nietzsche’s works. The

remainder discuss his life. There are thus three ways of reading this book. One

can read about Nietzsche’s life, about his works, or, best of all, about both his life

and his works.

Seventeen of Nietzsche’s musical compositions, together with a com-

mentary, are available on the book’s Web site, http://www.cambridge.org/

.






Friedrich Nietzsche

APhilosophical

Biography

��

Julian Young






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Contents

List of Illustrations page x

Acknowledgments xiii

List of Abbreviations xv

PART ONE � YOUTH

chapter � Da Capo

Rocken, � Naumburg, � God,

chapter � Pforta

A Divided Heritage, � The Curriculum, � The Germania Society, �

Religious Doubt, � Teenage Rebellion, � New Friends, � Leaving

School, � Literary Works –, � Religion, � Music, �

Tragedy, � Poetry, � Morality and Politics, � Homeland versus World

Citizenship, � Fate and Freedom,

chapter � Bonn

Free at Last, � Beer-Drinking on the Rhine, � The Cologne Brothel,

� David Strauss and the Critique of Christianity, � Leaving Bonn,

chapter � Leipzig

Getting Settled, � Happy Times, � The Study of Classics, � War and

Politics, � Military Service, � Return to Leipzig: First Meeting with

Wagner, � ‘Fairy-Tale-Like and Seven-League-Bootish’,

chapter � Schopenhauer

The World as Will and Representation, � Nietzsche’s Conversion, � The

Impact of Kant and Lange, � Criticising Schopenhauer, � Reconstructing

Schopenhauer,

PART TWO � THERELUCTANT PROFESSOR

chapter � Basel

Basel in , � University Life, � Colleagues and Friends, �

Burckhardt, � Overbeck, � Isle of the Blessed, � The End of an

Idyll,

chapter � Richard Wagner and the Birth of The Birth of Tragedy

The Wagnerian Worldview, � The Artwork of the Future, � The Impact of

Schopenhauer, � TheWisdom of Silenus, � Homer’s Art, � Greek

� v






vi � Contents

Tragedy, � The Role of Myth, � Solution to the Riddle of Wagner’s Relation

to the Greeks, � Socrates and the Death of Tragedy, � What Is Wrong with

The Way We Are Now?,

chapter � War and Aftermath

The Franco-Prussian War, � Nietzsche’s War, � The Aftermath, �

Violence, � Prussia, � On the Future of Our Educational Institutions,

chapter � Anal Philology

Rohde’s ‘Higher Advertising’, � Wilamowitz’s Counterblast, �

Alienation of Ritschl, � Wagner’s Intervention, � Von Bulow and the

‘Manfred Meditation’, � Retreat to the Mountains, � Anal-

Compulsive Philology, � Existential Philology, � Relations with the

Wagners, � Five Prefaces to Five Unwritten Books,

chapter � Untimely Meditations

Fun in Basel, � Gloom in Bayreuth, � First Untimely Meditation:

David Strauss, the Confessor and the Writer, � Rest Cure in Flims, �

The Rosalie Nielsen Affair, � Summons to the Germans, � Second

Untimely Meditation: The Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life, � Notes

from the Underground,

chapter � Aimez-vous Brahms?

Depression, Marriage, and Dropping Out, � Wagner in the Balance, �

The Home Front, a New Publisher, Women, � Bergun, � Brahms

Banned in Bayreuth, � Third Untimely Meditation: Schopenhauer as

Educator, � Christmas at Home and the ‘Hymn to Friendship’,

chapter � Auf Wiedersehen Bayreuth

We Philologists, � A Review, a Farewell to Romundt, a Birthday Greeting to

Wagner, and a Health Crisis, � ‘Cure’ in Steinabad, � A New

Apartment and New Friends: Paul Ree and Heinrich Koselitz, � Veytaux,

Geneva, and a Marriage Proposal, � Wagner in Bayreuth, � The First

Bayreuth Festival, � Return to Bayreuth and a Flirtation,

chapter � Sorrento

Going South, � Malwida von Meysenbug, � The Villa Rubinacci,

� Rosenlaui: Nietzsche and Sherlock Holmes, � Back in Basel, �

The Shocking Incident of the Friendly Doctor and the Doctoring Friend,

chapter � Human, All-Too-Human

The Turn to Positivism, � The Free Spirit: Nietzsche and the Life-Reform

Movement, � The Monastery for Free Spirits, � Human, All-Too-

Human: The Attack on Metaphysics, � Why Deconstruct Metaphysics?, �

Nietzsche’s Higher Culture, � TheTheory of Cultural Evolution, �

Rational Living: Slavery, Punishment, Euthanasia, Eugenics, Conservation, �

Religion and Art in a Higher Culture, � Globalization, � The Problem of

Free Will, � OnMan’s Need for Metaphysics,






Contents � vii

PART THREE � THENOMAD

chapter � The Wanderer and His Shadow

Reception of Human, All-Too-Human, � Assorted Opinions and Maxims,

� Leaving Basel, � St. Moritz, � Health and Epicurus, � The

Wanderer and His Shadow, � Building Walden Two, � Women, � Is

Nietzsche a Democrat?, � Naumburg, Riva, Venice, Marienbad, Stresa,

� Genoa, Recoaro, and Sils Maria,

chapter � Dawn

A Book for Slow Readers, � Happiness, � TheTheoretical Framework,

� Critique of Christian Metaphysics, � Critique of Christian Morality,

� The Counter-Ideal to Christianity, � Self-Creation, � The Paradox

of Happiness, � The Heroic-Idyllic, � Benevolent Egoism, � Concrete

Advice, � The Status of the Theoretical Framework,

chapter � The Gay Science

First Summer in Sils Maria, � Enter Eternal Return, � Second Winter

in Genoa, � Carmen, St. Januarius, Ree, and Sarah Bernhardt, �

Messina, � Idylls from Messina, � The Gay Science, � TheMain

Argument, � Cultural Evolution, � TheWay We Are Now, �

Nietzsche’s Future, � Life as an Artwork, � Reality, Truth, and

Knowledge,

chapter � The Salome Affair

Lou Salome, � Nietzsche in Rome, � The Mystery of Sacro Monte

and the ‘Whip’ Photograph, � Underhand Dealings, � Nietzsche in

Tautenburg, � Elizabeth versus Lou, � She Said She Said He Said,

� Lou in Tautenburg, � To Pain, � Family Rupture, �

The End of the Affair, � Aftermath,

chapter � Zarathustra

Retreat to Rapallo, � Anti-anti-Semitism, � Nietzsche as Wagner’s

‘Heir’, � Second Summer in Sils Maria, � Continuation of the Salome

Affair, � The Shadow of Bernhard Forster, � First Winter in Nice,

� Two Disciples, � A New Bible, � Thus Spoke Zarathustra:

The Prologue, � Zarathustra Part I: The Speeches of Zarathustra, �

Zarathustra Part II, � Zarathustra Part III, � Zarathustra Part IV,

� The Ass Festival,

chapter � Nietzsche’s Circle of Women

Joseph Paneth, � Resa von Schirnhofer, � The ‘Other’ Nietzsche,

� Meta von Salis, � Third Summer in Sils Maria, � Helen

Zimmern, � Heinrich von Stein, � Reconciliation with Elizabeth in

Zurich, � Helene Druskowicz, � Second Winter in Nice, �

Fourth Summer in Sils Maria, � Nietzsche and His Feminist Friends,

� The Forsters, � The ‘Schmeitzner Misere’, � Third Winter in

Nice, � Nietzsche’s Cosmopolitanism, � Publishing Beyond Good and

Evil, � ‘Dynamite’, ‘Junker Philosophy’, ‘Pathological’,






viii � Contents

chapter � Beyond Good and Evil

The Heart of Darkness, � Theoretical Philosophy: The ‘Prejudices’ of

Metaphysicians, � TheMetaphysics of Power, � Epistemology, �

Cultural Criticism, � How to Overcome Diseased Modernity: Philosophers of the

Future, � Nietzsche’s ‘Republic’, � Hierarchy, � The Slavery Issue,

� Women Again, � Morality, Religion, and Art in the New World,

chapter � Clearing the Decks

Fifth Summer in Sils Maria, � Explosions Below, � Hymn to Life,

� A Month in the Country, � Fourth Winter in Nice, �

Preparations for Greatness, � The Prefaces of , � The Gay Science,

Book V: Being Scientific about Science, � The Wanderer Speaks, �

Nietzsche’s Undiscovered Land, � Communal Health, � Mental

Health, � ‘A Lovely Thought: Via Sils to Greece!’,

chapter � The Genealogy of Morals

Parsifal, Dostoyevsky, and a ‘Well-Intentioned’ Earthquake, � Youths and

Anti-Semites, � Intermezzo, � Depressed in Chur, � Fifth

Summer in Sils Maria, � Fifth and Final Winter in Nice, � Literary

Projects, � On the Genealogy of Morals, � First Essay: ‘Good and Evil’,

‘Good and Bad’, � The First Essay’s Contribution to a Vision of the Future,

� Second Essay: The Morality of Custom and the Sovereign Individual, �

Origins of the Bad Conscience, � The Second Essay’s Contribution to a Vision of

the Future, � Third Essay: What Do Ascetic Ideals Mean?, �

Wagner and the Ascetic Ideal, � Sex and the Philosopher, � Perspectivism

and Objectivity, � The Ascetic Ideal as Practised and Propagated by Priests,

� The Ascetic Ideal in Modernity, � What Is Wrong with the Ascetic Ideal?,

� Science and the Ascetic Ideal, � Masters of the Universe, �

The Question of Method,

chapter �

Winter in Nice, � First Visit to Turin, � Sic Incipit Gloria Mundi,

� Last Summer in Sils Maria, � Visitors, � Writings in Sils

Maria: The Wagner Case, � Decadence, � The Story of The Ring,

� Writings in Sils Maria: Twilight of the Idols, � What Is the Nature of

Reality?, � What Is Freedom?, � What Is Happiness?, � Why Is

Willing the Eternal Return ‘Dionysian’?, � How Can an ‘Immoralist’ Deal

with Harmful Actions?, � Isn’t Selfishness Harmful?, � What’s Wrong

with the Germans?, � What Would You Like to See Replace Modern Culture?,

� What Is the Place of Art in Your New Society?, � Last Stay in Turin,

� The Antichrist, � Judaism and the Origin of Slave Morality, � The

Historical Jesus, � Paul’s Perversion, � The Charges against Christianity,

� The Great Noon, � Religion in Nietzsche’s ‘Republic’, � Ecce Homo,

� How One Becomes What One Is, � What Nietzsche Became, �

Deploying the Artillery, � Nietzsche’s Mental Condition,

chapter � Catastrophe

Becoming God, � The Horse Story,






Contents � ix

chapter � The Rise and Fall of The Will to Power

The Casaubon Impulse, � The Explanation of All Events, � Revaluation of

All Values, � History of a Failed Literary Project, � Intellectual

Cleanliness, � The Cosmological Doctrine, � The Biological Doctrine,

� The Psychological Doctrine, � What Remains of the Will to Power?,

� The Problem of the ‘Healthy Monster’,

chapter � The End

In the Basel Clinic, � In the Jena Asylum, � In Naumburg,

� Becoming a Star, � Elizabeth Cashes In, � The Shrine in

Weimar, � Nietzsche’s Death,

chapter � Nietzsche’s Madness

Chronology

Notes

Bibliography of Secondary Literature

Index

Music of Friedrich Nietzsche with Commentary by Wolfgang Bottenberg

(on the Web site for this book)






List of Illustrations

Plates follow page xvi

. Karl Ludwig Nietzsche (Nietzsche’s father). Photo Klassik Stiftung Weimar,

GSA [Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv] /.

. Franziska Nietzsche (Nietzsche’s mother), aged about . Photo GSA

/.

. The vicarage in Rocken, where Nietzsche was born, with his father’s church

behind. Photo the author.

. Weingarten, Franziska Nietzsche’s house in Naumburg. Photo the author.

. Nietzsche, aged . Photo GSA /.

. Friedrich Ritschl, Nietzsche’s beloved professor in Leipzig. Photo GSA

/.

. Paul Deussen, aged about . Photo GSA /.

. Nietzsche, aged , at the time of his military service. Photo GSA /.

. Arthur Schopenhauer, the ‘heavenly picture of our master’ by Jules

Luntenschutz. Oil-painting Schopenhauer-Archiv, Universitatsbibliothek,

Frankfurt a.m.

. Franz Overbeck. Photo GSA /.

. The Wagners’ house at Tribschen, Lucerne. Photo the author.

. Richard and Cosima Wagner in May , the time of their transfer to

Bayreuth. Photo (by F. Luckhardt) Richard Wagner Museum, Bayreuth.

. Nietzsche with his friends Erwin Rohde (on left) and Carl von Gersdorff,

October . Photo GSA /.

. Wahnfried, the Wagners’ house in Bayreuth. Photo the author.

. The Festival Theatre in Bayreuth. Photo the author.

. Malwida von Meysenbug. Photo GSA /.

. Elizabeth Forster-Nietzsche (Nietzsche’s sister), aged about . Photo GSA

/.

. Paul Ree. Photo GSA /.

. Heinrich Koselitz (‘Peter Gast’). Photo GSA /.

. Mathilde Trampedach. Photo GSA /.

. The Durisch house in Sils Maria. Nietzsche’s room top right, at the back.

Photo the author.

. Nietzsche’s room in the Durisch house. Photo the author.

. The ‘mighty pyramidal block of stone’ by Lake Silverplana where the

thought of ‘eternal return’ first came to Nietzsche. Photo the author.

. Lou Salome in , the year of the ‘Salome affair’. Photo GSA /.

x �






List of Illustrations � xi

. ‘You are going to women? Then don’t forget the whip’. Lou Salome, Paul

Ree, and Nietzsche, Lucerne, May . Photo (by Jules Bonnet)

Wikimedia Commons.

. Memorial to Nietzsche on Chaste peninsula, with quotation from

Zarathustra’s ‘Intoxicated Song’. Erected in by Carl Fuchs and Walther

Lampe. Photo the author.

. Resa von Schirnhofer. Photo Private Collection.

. Meta von Salis-Marschlins. Charcoal drawing (by W. Allers) Ratisches

Museum, Chur.

. Lake Silverplana, looking towards Sils Maria. Photo the author.

. The Nietzsche Archive, formerly Villa Silberblick, Weimar. Photo the

author.

. Nietzsche in May , shortly before his death. Photo GSA /.

. Elizabeth Forster-Nietzsche and Chancellor Adolf Hitler. Photo GSA

/.






Acknowledgments

Iam deeply grateful to the following: Curt Paul Janz for an illuminating correspond-

ence concerning the infamous ‘whip’ photograph; Professor Gerhard Schaumann, who

spent an entire day showing me round Tautenburg, the place of Nietzsche’s tete-a-tete

with Lou Salome, and his wife, Karin, who introduced me to the Saale-Unstrut wines

with which Nietzsche grew up; Frau Petra Dorfmuller, the archivist of Schulpforte, who

gave me great insight into the school as it was in Nietzsche’s time; Dr. Gudrun Fottinger,

acting director of the Wagner Museum in Bayreuth, who, in the midst of the Fest-

ival, talked to me at length about early Wagner productions; Professor Mario Russo, who

enabled me finally to track down what remains of the Villa Rubinacci in Sorrento; Wolfgang

Bottenberg, who, as well as producing the recordings of Nietzsche’s music available on the

Web site for this book, illuminated many aspects of his life and thought; Joanna Bottenberg

for being similarly illuminating and for wonderful hospitality in Montreal; Peter Loptson,

who, as usual, kept me up to the mark philosophically, as well as correcting me on sev-

eral points of nineteenth-century history; Friedrich Voit, as always my backstop on diffi-

cult issues of translation; Christine Swanton, who on countless occasions directed me away

from the false and towards the true; my proof-reader, Mary Montgomery, who saved me

from numerous grammatical solecisms; and my editor, Beatrice Rehl, who has been con-

sistently enthusiastic and wise. Above all, I am grateful to Anja van Polanen Petel: only a

superwoman could have borne, year after year, a husband vanished without trace into the

depths of the nineteenth century.

The completion of this book has been made possible by sabbatical leave from the Univer-

sity of Auckland in and a Writing Fellowship in , as well as a Discovery Project

Grant from the Australian Research Council for –. Parts of Chapter appeared in

my essay, ‘Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Death and Salvation’ in the European Journal of Philos-

ophy Vol. No. , , pp. –, and parts of Chapter in my ‘Richard Wagner and

the Birth of The Birth of Tragedy’ in the International Journal of Philosophical Studies Vol.

No. , , pp. –. I am grateful to the editors of those journals for permission to

reuse this material.

� xiii






List of Abbreviations

works by nietzsche

The works Nietzsche himself published are cited using the following abbreviations: Roman

numerals refer to major parts of the works, Arabic numerals refer to sections, not pages.

References to KGW and KSA cite a volume number followed by the notebook number and,

in brackets, the note number (e.g., KSA []). References to KGB cite a volume

number followed by a letter number (e.g., KGB ii. ). The translations of KGB, KGW,

and KSA are entirely my own. I have sometimes modified the translations of Nietzsche’s

published works that I cite.

A TheAntichrist inTheAnti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols andOtherWritings ed.

A. Ridley, trans. J. Norman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ). Hereafter

‘Ridley and Norman’.

AOM Assorted Opinions andMaxims inHuman, All-Too-Human ed. E. Heller, trans. R.

Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ). Hereafter ‘Heller and

Hollingdale’.

BGE BeyondGood andEvil ed. R.-P. Horstmann and J. Norman, trans. J. Norman

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ).

BT TheBirth of Tragedy inTheBirth of Tragedy andOtherWritings ed. R. Geuss and R.

Speirs, trans. R. Spears (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ).

D Daybreak ed. M. Clark and B. Leiter, trans. R. Hollingdale (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, ). Referred to by me asDawn.

EH EcceHomo in Ridley and Norman.

EI On the Future of Our Educational Institutions trans. M. W. Grenke (South Bend, IN:

St. Augustine’s Press, ).

GM On the Genealogy ofMorals ed. K. Ansell-Pearson, trans. C. Diethe (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, ).

GS TheGay Science ed. B. Williams, trans. J. Naukhoff (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, ).

HH Human, All-Too-Human in Heller and Hollingdale.

HKG Friedrich Nietzsche:Werke und Briefe: Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe, Vol. II

ed. Hans Joachim Mette (Munich: Beck, ).

KGB Nietzsche Briefwechsel: Kritische Gesamtausgabe ( vols.) ed. G. Colli and

M. Montinari (Berlin: de Gruyter, –).

KGW NietzscheWerke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe ( vols + CDs) eds. G. Colli and

M. Montinari (Berlin: de Gruyter, –).

KSA Kritische Studienausgabe ( vols.) eds. G. Colli and M. Montinari (Berlin: de

Gruyter, ).

� xv






xvi � List of Abbreviations

NCW Nietzsche ContraWagner inThePortable Nietzsche ed. W. Kaufmann (New York:

Penguin, ).

PTA TheCompleteWorks of Friedrich Nietzsche, Vol. ,Early Greek Philosophy ed. O. Levy,

trans. M. A. Mugge (New York: Gordon Press).

S Nietzsche:Werke inDrei Banden ( vols.) ed. K. Schlechta (Munich: Hanser, ).

TI Twilight of the Idols in Ridley and Norman.

UM UntimelyMeditations ed. D. Breazeale, trans. R. Hollingdale (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, ). Hereafter ‘Breazeale and Hollingdale’.

WB Wagner in Bayreuth in Breazeale and Hollingdale.

WC TheCase ofWagner: AMusician’s Problem in Ridley and Norman.

WP TheWill to Power ed. W. Kaufmann, trans. W. Kaufmann and R. Hollingdale

(New York: Vintage ).

WS TheWanderer andHis Shadow in Heller and Hollingdale.

Z Thus Spoke Zarathustra trans. and ed. G. Parkes (New York: Oxford University Press

).

other works

BM On the Basis ofMorality, Arthur Schopenhauer, trans. E. F. J. Payne (New York:

Bobbs-Merill, ).

C Friedrich Nietzsche: Chronik in Bildern und Texten, eds. R. Benders and S. Oettermann

for the Stiftung Weimarer Klassik (Munich–Vienna: Hanser, ).

J Friedrich Nietzsche: Biographie ( vols.), C. P. Janz (Munich–Vienna: Hanser, ).

FR TheFourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, Arthur Schopenhauer, trans. E. F.

J. Payne (La Salle: Open Court, ).

LN TheLonely Nietzsche, Elizabeth Forster-Nietzsche, trans. P. Cohn (London:

Heinemann, ).

PP Parerga and Paralipomena ( vols.), Arthur Schopenhauer, trans. E. Payne (Oxford:

Clarendon Press, ).

WMD Wagner onMusic andDrama, Richard Wagner, eds. A. Goldman and E.

Sprinchorn, trans. W. Aston Ellis (London: Gollancz, ).

WN On theWill inNature, Arthur Schopenhauer, trans. E. Payne (New York: Berg,

).

WPW RichardWagner’s ProseWorks, Vol. , Richard Wagner, trans. W. Ashton Ellis

(London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., ).

WR TheWorld asWill andRepresentation ( vols.), Arthur Schopenhauer, trans. E. Payne

(New York: Dover, ).

YN TheYoungNietzsche, Elizabeth Forster-Nietzsche, trans. A. Ludovici (London:

Heinemann, ).






. Karl Ludwig Nietzsche (Nietzsche’sfather).

. Franziska Nietzsche (Nietzsche’s mother)aged about .

. The vicarage in Rocken, where Nietzsche was born, with his father’s church behind.






. Weingarten, Franziska Nietzsche’s house in Naumburg.

. Nietzsche, aged . . Friedrich Ritschl, Nietzsche’s belovedprofessor in Leipzig.






. Paul Deussen, aged about . . Nietzsche, aged , at the time of hismilitary service.






. Arthur Schopenhauer, the ‘heavenly pic-ture of our master’ by Jules Luntenschutz.

. Franz Overbeck.

. The Wagner’s house at Tribschen, Lucerne.






. Richard and Cosima Wagner in May , the time of their transfer to Bayreuth.






. Nietzsche with his friends Erwin Rohde (on left) and Carl von Gersdorff, October.






. Wahnfried, the Wagners’ house in Bayreuth.

Here where my WAHNFRIED Name thisdelusions found house.peace






. The Festival Theatre in Bayreuth.

. Malwida von Meysenbug. . Elizabeth Forster-Nietzsche (Nietz-sche’s sister), aged about .






. Paul Ree.

. Heinrich Koselitz (‘Peter Gast’).






. Mathilde Trampedach.

. The Durisch house in Sils Maria. Nietzsche’s room top right, at the back.






. Nietzsche’s room in the Durisch house.






. The ‘mighty pyramidal block of stone’ by Lake Silverplana where the thought of‘eternal return’ first came to Nietzsche.

. Lou Salome in , the year of the‘Salome affair’.






. ‘You are going to women? Then don’t forget the whip’.






. Memorial to Nietzsche on Chaste peninsula, with quotation from Zarathustra’s‘Intoxicated Song’. Erected in by Carl Fuchs and Walther Lampe.

. Resa von Schirnhofer. . Meta von Salis-Marschlins.






. Lake Silverplana, looking towards Sils Maria.

. The Nietzsche Archive, formerly Villa Silberblick, Weimar.






. Nietzsche in May , shortly before his death.

. Elizabeth Forster-Nietzsche and Chancellor Adolf Hitler.






friedrich nietzsche a philosophical biography

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