friedrich nietzsche - human all too human a book for free spirits (1996)

8/20/2019 Friedrich Nietzsche - Human All Too Human a Book for Free Spirits (1996)

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RG X RY Y

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uman, ll oo uman


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S

KARL MERISP Ppy vy

DESMON M. CARE

P Ppy vy k

he main objective of ambridge exts in the History of Philosophy is to expand

the range, variety and quality of texts in the history of philosophy which are

available nglish. he series includes texts by familiar names (such as Descartesand Kant) and also by less well-known authors Wherever possible, texts ae

published in complete and unabridged form, and translations are specially commis

sioned for the series ach volume contains a critical introduction together with a

guide to further reading and any necessary glossaries and textual apparatus he

volumes are designed for student use at undergraduate and postgraduate level and

will be of interest not only to students of philosophy, but also to a wider audience

of readers in the history of science, the history of theology and the history of ideas.

F pb p bk


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FH NTZSH

Human, All Too uman

TRANSLATED BY

J.

WTH AN NTRODUCTON BY

Unvers ofns at Urbana-Champagn

Il

CAMBRIDGEV


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PUBL SHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNVERSITY CAMBRDGEhe Pitt Buildng, Tumpngton Street Cambridge Uted Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSTY PRESShe Ednburgh Building Cambridge C B2 2RU, U

40 West 2oth Street New York NY 1001-42, USA477

Williamstown Road, Port MelboueVC 3207,

AustraliaRuiz de Alarcn 13, 2804 Madrid SpainDock House, he Waterfront Cape Town South Afrca

http: I Iwww.cambrdgeorg

© Cambrdge Unversity Press 986, 996

Ths book is in copyrght Subject to stautory exceptionand to the provsons of reevant colective licensng agreements

no reproducton of any part may take place withoutthe written permsson of Cambridge Unversty Press.

Frst publshed wth ntroduction by Erch Heler 986This editon published wh ntroduction by Richard Schacht 996

Nnth prntng 2005

Printed n the United Kngdom at the University Press Cambridge

A ctloge recor for ths book s vlble om the Brtsh Lbrr

Lbrr ofCongress Ctlogng n Pblcton tNetzsche Friedrch Whelm 844900.

[Menschiches Alzumenschlches English]Human al too human I Friedrich Netzsche; transated

by R J Hollingdale; wth an introducton by Rchard Schachtp m- (Cambrdge texts n the history of phlosophy)

Includes bblographca references (p. xxv). Man. I Hollingdale R. n. Title III Series

BJJ JM52E5 996b

128dc2o 910969 CIP

SBN o 52 562007 hardbackISBN o 52 56704 paperback

CP


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Intductn

Chnlgy

Futhe Redng

H ll H

Voum I

Prfac

1 Of Frst ad Last gs

CONENS

2 O Hstory of Mora satos

3 gous Lf

4 From t Sous of Artsts ad Wrtrs

5 os of Hgr ad Lor Cutur

6 Ma Socty

7 Woma ad Cld

8 A Glac at t Stat

9 Ma Alo t Hmsf

Amog Frds

EpoguVolum II

Prfac

Part O Assortd Opos ad Maxms

Part o Wadrr ad Hs Sado

Index

pge

xx

xx

1

5

12

31

6o

8o

107

136

150

161

179

205207

209

215

301


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INTRODUCION

Humn All T Humn s the monument of a crss Wth these apt wordsNetzsche began hs own reecton, n hs autobographca Ecce Hm1888), on ths remarkabe coecton of amost 140 aphorsms pubshed n three nstaments, the frst of whch had appeared n 1878, ten years earer. he crss to whch he refers was frst and foremost a crss of mutpe dmensons n hs own fe Humn, All T Humn was the extended product of a perod of devastatng heath probems that necesstatedNetzsches resgnaton n 1879 from hs professorshp n cassca phoogy at Base Unversy These probems were to pague hm for the remanng decade of hs bref productve fe whch ended wth hs compete physca and menta coapse n January 1889, at the age of 44, from wh he never recovered n the eeven years of margna exstence that remaned to hm before hs death n 190) Humn, All T Humn aso marked Netzsches transton from the phoogst and ctura crtc he had been nto the knd of phosopher and wrter he came to be

But the crss was above a a crss n Netzsches nteecta deveop ment and athough t was very much hs own, t presaged the arger crss toward whch he came to see our entre cuture and cvzaton movng, and

subsequenty came to ca the death of God> In hs own case, ths crss was precptated not ony by hs deepenng apprecaton of the profound and extensve consequences of the coapse of tradtona ways of thnkng, but aso - and more mmedatey - by hs growng recognton of the n suffcency of the resources of bo the Enghtenment and the Romantcsm to whch he had been so strongy attracted to f the vod he threestaments of Humn, All T Humn are no ess mportant for the nsght they yed nto the knd of strgge n whch Netzsche was engaged than

they are for the many sparks that y n the course of hs efforts to fnd new ways to go on.he word around Netzsche dd not appear to be a word headed for

crss. The ordeas, horrors and dramatc changes of the cenury to come were argey unmagned, and ndeed unmagnabe, even to Netzsche, who was far more prescent an most- even to the pont of deemng e advent of ar trave to be nevtabe 267) In 1876, when he began workng on the matera that was pubshed two years ater n what s now the frst voume

of Humn All T Humn Europe was agan at reatve) peace It had been ten years snce the AustroPrussan War at had eft Prussa domnant nenra Europe and t had been ve years snce the bref rancoPrussan

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NRODUCON

W (n whch Netzche hd bey eed untee medc dey wth dtu cnequence f h heth) whch futhe enhnced nd etended P wy th tme t nce epene Gemn unfctn unde Pun edehp hd been cheed n 1871 nd the new Rech

ppeed t be thng wth Whem n the thne nd (me mptnty)Ott n Bmck t the hemEeythng eemed t be cmng ng ey ncey f Wete cz

tn n gene Eupe n ptcu nd Gemny me pecfcy It w the heydy f Eupen mpem wth Ind ecenty ncpted nt the Bth Empe nd much f the et f the nnWete wd cmng unde Eupen wy he ndut eutn w weepng befe t nd cptm w tumphnt New technge nd mde f

tnpttn nd cmmunctn wee tnfmng Wete cete(Netzche hmef mut he been ne f the ey ft phphe t wn ne f the newy nented typewte thugh t ped t be f tte ue t hm ) Depte the ucce f cnete eement f Eupen cete n etnng the c ptn nd ptc pwe fce pepng the wy f the eentu epcement by me ppu fm f c cutu ecnmc nd ptc gnztnf bette f weweegeng

he phyc cence wee dncng pectcuy; nd whe the nuence f K nd Sgmund eud hd yet t be fet the c nd htc dcpne wee mtung nd the bgc cence wee cmng n tng Che Dwn edy med ge HOgn Spece hd been pubhed n 859 nd h Decent Mn n 871 Gemny mkng up f t tme w emegng n ecnmc ptc nd tech ngc pwehue we the wd new ede n mny f the cence. It cntnued t centuyng dmnnce n phphy wth

eemutng fm f dem neKntnm ntum nd mte m cmpetng n the ftemth f Hege Regn enyng ffc tte ttu n mny cunte nd the unquetnng egnce f the t mty f the pputn eemed mmune fm eu chenge he t tetue nd muc wee uhng we n Gemny eewhee n Eupe nd n 876 the fenzy uundng Rchd Wgne - t whchNetzche w n tnge e t new heght wth the penng fByeuth nd the pefmnce f the ft cmpete fupe cyce f

Wgne mnument Rng the bulungYet Netzche w cnnced tht w f fm we He w epeed

by the ppu cutue nd be new c ecnmc nd ptc wd bugenng und hm nd cud n nge tke euy the nteectu nd egu tdtn cted wth t By 876 he fund hmef ncengy etnged fm the newy fhnbe tete t the tdtn tht t ctc nd hd been tutng ncudng h etwhe d nd ment Athu Schpenhue nd Wgne Eeywhee he

ked een t the thng nd thnke uppedy epeentng the pde f u cutue nd e zenth f humnty wht he w w nt ny f fm dne but thun


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R O D U C O

Nitzsc ad log yard ad cotiud to ya trougout isproduct if - for a igr umaity it a ort grat oug toarrat t affirmato of lif i t absc of ay trascdtysupplid maig H o ad com to t ard ralizatio tat t olypossib ay to tat igr umaity rquird a ucompromisg xamiato of rytig uma ad alltoouma tat at oc stads i ouray ad is our poit of dpartur, ad a sobr stoctaig of at tr isto or it i udrtaig at as atr to cal t acmt ofuma lif ida ad ida sizd upo at tis juctur to guid adaccompay im as tat of t 'fr spirit', odr ad isr ir of tEigtmt Nitzsc paid xplicit tribut to t tos of tis yadoptd liag i is ddicato of t frst dito ofHuman All T Humanto Votair, Eigtmt tir pa excellence o ad did xacty actury arir, ad os spirit o mbracd

Human All T Human as Nitzsc's scod boo; ad it as as farrmod from t id of boo profssors of classica laguags ad litraturs r supposd to rit as ayig coud b His first boo, The Bth Tagedy (872), ad b a scada i t ys of is scolarly collagusoig to its disrgard of prailig orms of scolarsip ad its batatadocacy of Wagr as t ricaato of t spirt of t tragic cultur of

t Grs - but it at last ad a rcogizaby cassical litrary topicHumanAll T Human as iitiay pubisd, as a oum of 638 aporsms - tatis, sort obsratios ad rctos ragig from o or to stcs toa og paragrap, of a rlatiy slfcotaid atur is sty as aradicaly o for Nitzsc, rmiisct of t ritgs of sucobsrrs of t uma sc as Motaig ad La ocfoucauld.Nitzsc ad og graty admird tir mar of ougt ad xprssio, ad foud imslf dra to muat tm i is sarc for a oic tat

t itslf bo to is o cagig tmpramt ad circumstacs ad tot dddy upilological tass toards ic as tuig pubicato of Human All T Human comptd Nitzscs strag

mt from s rstil scoarly profssio, from ic ofcialy rtrdsortly traftr t aso compltd is muc mor paiful stragmtfrom Wagr, os dotd admirr, campio ad itimat yougrfrid Nitzsc ad b Nitzsc imslf claimd to a bguritg t boo i ractio to t first Bayru productio of Wagrs

Rng cyc, t tir social spctacl of ic appalld im; ad altoug i fact oud appar to a bgu or o it som mots arir, t sprig of 876, it crtaiy as ritt durig a priod i ic isformry clos rlatiosip to Wagr ad bcom sry straidNitzsc tat Wagr oud oat t boo; ad its ddicatoto Voltair as udoubtdy a ry dibrat gstur of dac addpdc i Wagrs dirctio Eit yars aftr its rst publicato, Nitzsc rpubsd it, droppd t ddicatio - praps bcaus

o ogr atd Voltair to b ta as paradiatic of is oligcocptio of t fr spirt, but praps also bcaus Wagr by t addid, ad suc gsturs r o logr itr dd or ttig

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N R O D U C O N

In hi dicuion Ecce Hm of the crii' of which Humn All Humn wa the monument Nietzche oe on to ay of it ere liberated myelf from what in my nature did not belon to me' e had ivenHumnAll Humn the ubtitle A Book for Free Spirit' and he went on to

characterze the ee pirit' in imilar lanuae a a pirit that ha becmeee that ha aain taken poeion of itelf' Amon the thin he clearly had in mind were hi attachment to Schopenhauer and Waner who had been at the centre of hi intellectual life for the previou decade. They had been the ubect of hi lat two maor publication prior to Humn All Humn in which he had lavihed praie upon them even while privately beinnin to ditance himelf from them: Schpenhue Educt ( 187) andRchd Wgne n Byeuth (1876) the final two eay of hi fourpart

Untmely MedttnA tudent of claical lanuae and literature rather than of philoophy it had been Nietzche accidental dicovery of Schopenhauer' manum opu he Wld Wll nd Repeenttn in 1865 that had introduced - and educed- him to philoophy i piritual eduction by Waner three year later (in 1868) influenced him even more profoundly. The pell cat upon him by the two of them toether i very apparent both in h thinkin and enthuiam in he Bth gedy and in the fact that he ventured to write

and publih uch a book. Nietzche father had died when he wa a youn child and he in effect adopted Schopenhauer a hi intellectual odfather and Waner a hi emotional and piritual father fiure. t wa for ood reaon that it occurred to him to write in aphorim 81 of the firt volume of Humn All Humn: Cectng ntue f one doe not have a ood father one hould fuih oneelf with one Yet by the time he wrote thee word he wa well beyond thi point attemptin to liberate himelf from the father with whom he had fuihed himelf.

It i well worth bearin in mind who the Nietzche wa who publihed thi book of aphorim in 1878 Neither he nor anyone ele had the lihtet idea of what he would o on to do and become. e wa a 33yearold philoloy profeor whoe health and academic career were both failin badly. i youthful viour and promie were now but adly faded memorie to hi profeional colleaue. i only book publihed ix year earlier wa the candalou Bth gedy; and hi only ubequent publication of any inificance were the two eay ut mentioned and two

previou untimely meditation' Dvd Stu the Cne nd the Wte(187) and On the Ue nd Ddvntge Hty e (187) i enthuiam for and aociation with Waner had earned him a certain notoriety but it had done him no ood academically and he otherwie had little reputation at all except perhap a a amble that had appeared not to be workin out. e wa not thouht of a a philoopher havin had no philoophical trainin and havin publihed nothin reemblin a con ventional philoophical eatie e had written a hort ambitiou but

ketchy eay ' Truth and Lie in a Nonmoral Sene' everal year earlier but it remained unfinhed and he never did publih it i thouht had ndeed beun to tu toward philoophy and he had even one o far

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R O D U C O

as to appy or te Car n Posopy at Base wen t became vacant but e was unsuccessu n ts attempt to swtc proessons, or reasons tat are easy enoug to understand

Even Human All T Human ad been pubsed by a proessona posoper, t very probaby woud not ave been regarded as a contrbu ton to te posopca terature by academc posopers eter nNetzsces own tme or subsequenty. Nor s t cear tat t soud be or tere s muc n t tat does not seem to ave muc to do wt posop ca matters. Even te deas on posopca topcs t addresses are sedom presented n recognzaby posopca ways. ore o t can be seen as avng posopca reevance n retrospect, partcuary one ooks back upon t wt Netzsces ater wrtngs n mnd, and ones dea o

posopca reevance as been nuenced by te mpact o s tnking wt respect to te posopca enterprse. Even so, owever, a tree nstaments o te work are very muc te product o a mnd n transton, movng n many derent drectons and n many derent ways, eedess o dscpnary boundares and norms, wt ony Netzsces nterests and nteectua conscence as s map and compass

Te aporstc orm Netzsce adopted and adapted to s purposes) nHuman, All T Human ad ong been a avoured terary orm o observers

o te uman scene wo preerred to comment ncsvey on many tngs, rater tan wrtng essays about a seected ew. But ts orm may aso ave been vrtuay necesstated by Netzsces ncreasngy severe and dsabng eat probems, wc requenty rendered m ncapabe o wrtng or even tnkng or extended perods o tme He ad to make maxmum use o te sort perods o respte tat came to m between requent and extended bouts o msery. He strugged to surmount s wretced condton, and dd so to muc greater eect tan most peope n s stuaton coud;

but t was a ard and tortured strugge, gvng pognant sgncance to s subsequent empass upon ardness, semastery, sedscpne, and to s resa to become preoccuped and deterred by suerng Te ar e dscovered n mse or aporstc wrtng at ts tme tus accorded we wt necessty t woud be unwarranted, owever, to assume tatNetzsces recourse to t s ndcatve o te absence o any underyng unty and coerence o tougt and ntenton ere and subsequenty. So e mse observes n aporism 28 o te second nstament, very muc to

ts pont Agant the hrtghte - Do you tnk s work must be rag mentary because I gve t to you and ave to gve t to you) n ragments

Netzsce ad ong been pagued by poor eyesgt and eye pan tat woud act m wen e eter read or wrote extensvey, by mgrane eadaces and by ndgeston and oter gastrc probems tat made m pay a g price or departures rom te bandest o dets. Hs probems were compounded by a variety o aments dysentery and dptera among tem- e contracted we servng as an ordery during e rancoPrssanWar, te eects o wc contnued to pague m And te syps e seems someow to ave acqured despte eadng a vrtuay cebate e), tat was te key cause o s na coapse a dozen years ater, may we ave begun

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to cotrbut to t dtrioratio of is alt durg t gstatio prodof Humn, All T Humn

Nitzsc t from o at crsis to aotr, fidig t rigoursad burds of is acadmic positio icrasigy difficut to bar, dspit

t fact tat rarly ad as may as a doz studts attdig islcturs H oft as uab to rad or rit, ad frqutly as obigdto ta mdica las from is tacig His colapss r al too commo,ad at tims as irtualy a iaid H isitd cliics, spas adspcialists, os diagoss ad prscrptios may oft a oy madtigs ors Atatig bouts of bidig adacs ad racigomitig oud ast for days; ad is cturig bcam r mor sporadicad difficut Fially, i t sprig of 1879, submittd is rsigatio,

rciig a smal psio tat as is so icom traftr H t ftBas ad bga t omadic lif moig from boardigous to boardigous i sarc of t rgt cimat ad coditios - tat oud adfor t dcad of act if rmaiig to im prior to is colaps

It is miracuous tat ayo it suc sr probms ad liig suc aif coud a ritt aytig at a, lt ao t sris of briiat boostat Nitzsc maagd to compt i tis priod, bgiig it t rstolum of Humn, All T Humn Ad to a of tis must b addd t

pubicato istory of ts boos, ic compouds t mirac isistory as troubd by Nitzsc's oft straid ratios it ispubisrs ad prtrs, ad pagud by suc otr atoouma difficuts as is y problms, rquirg im to rsort to dictatio muc of ttim, ad to riac o t assistac of otrs to put is mauscriptstogtr, as ll as maig proofradig a tormt But orst of a,Nitzsc's publicato istory is a ritab croic of faiur A rctstudy by Wiliam Scabrg mas al of tis paify car, sttig out t

o log ad sorry story i dprssig dtai The Brth Tgedy sodmodsty l, ad attractd a good da of attto if muc of itas ostl But t sam caot b said of ay of Nitzsc's subsqutboos, durig is stit iftm Prior to is coaps, o of tm sodmor ta a f udrd copis, ad f of tm attractd ay atttioatsor

Humn, All T Humn is a iid cas i poit Of t 1, copis i trst pritg of t orgia rsio, oly 120 r sold i 1878; ad morta af rmaid usod i 1886, Nitzsc racquird tm adrpacagd tm it a itroductio as t frst oum of t toolum scod ditio suppmt publisd i 1879 udr tsubtt Assortd Opos ad Maxims' sold mor poory of t 1,copis prtd, oly a trd ad b sod by 1886 scod suppmtThe Wndee nd H Shdw pubisd a yar atr, fard ors frta 2 of its ita 1,0 copis ad b sold by 1886, Nitzscacquird t rgts to bot suppmts ad rpubisd tm it a itroductio, as t scod olum of t scod dito of Humn, All THmn r as o tru rprtg of additoal copis util 1893, aotr pritg of 1,0 copis of t combid or as ; ad its

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saes reained sow even ater his ater works began to receive ore attention

Humn All T Humn attained greater circuation and avaiabiity as part o the editons o his coected works that began to appear ater Nietzsche's death but it was ong ecipsed by The Brth Trgedy beore it and by ThuSpe Zrthutr and its seques ater it both in Europe and in the Engish speaking word. he sae is true o the other two works in Nietzsche's ree spirit' series Dybre and The Gy Scence he negect o Humn, All THumn in the Engishspeaking word is at east party owing to Water Kauann's ack o interest in it. t was through his transations and his widey read study etzche hlpher ychlgt Antchrt, irst pubished in 19 that any Engishspeaking readers ater Word War becae interested in and acquainted with Nietzsche. Kauann transatedNietzsche's rst book The Brth Trgedy, and virtuay everythingNietzsche pubished ro The Gy Scence onward but he never got around to transating any o the things Nietzsche pubished in the interva during the crucia period in which he pubished not ony the three instaents oHumn All T Humn but aso the our Untmely Medttn and Dybre, except or brie excerpts which he inserted in other voues. ndeed even Kauann's transation oThe Gy Scence was soething o aterthought

appearing ong ater ost o his other transations. Kauann can hardy be baed or having the interests he did and or the things he did not choose to do but they had consequences since there were no other readiy avaiabe copete transations o Humn, All THumn or Dybre in Engish unti the eary 198os when arion Faber transated the irst voue o Humn All T Humn pubished by theUniversity o Nebraska Press) and Hoingdae's Cabridge University Press transations appeared. heir ong inaccessibiity ensured that these

works and Nietzsche's thinking during e period in which he wrote the woud reain virtuay unknown to Engishspeaking readers during the preceding three decades hey ikewise had been virtuay invisibe previousy when Nietzsche was known ainy secondhand in the Engish speaking word and was coony assued to be the protoNazi he had been ade out to be by Nazi propaganda.)

he probe was copounded by Kauann's treatent o Humn AllT Humn and Dybre and The Gy Scence as we) in his popuar

inteectuabiographica study which had itte copetiton or neary two decades. his entre period or Kauan was a gestation period inNietzsche's thought o itte interest in its own right. He appears to have deeed it deserving o coent at a chiey or the antcipations to be ound in soe aphoriss o ideas that becae proinent in his ater thinking and or the aunition other aphoriss aord that were useu in cobating Nietzsche's Nazi isinterpretation Humn, All T Humn is reegated to a ew pages in a chapter entited Discovery o the Wi to Power' here woud be itte sense' Kauann wrote without expana tion) in trying here to sape the ges o Humn, lltHumn orDybre He restricted hise to assertng with a ew iustrations that

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Proceedng qute unsystematcally and consderng eac problem on ts own merts, wtout a teory to prove or an axe to grnd, Netzsce reverts now and then to explanatons n terms o wat e was later to call a wll to power he works o ts perod, or Kaumann, were o sgncance prmarly as the record o Netzsces development rom te autor o The

Brth Trgedy nto a psycologcal tnker on a par wt Freud, wt s urter transormaton nto a plosoper comng somewat later

ere certanly s some trut n ts. Humn, All T Humn undenably does sow us Netzsce as psycologst bot under development and at work, nventng a knd o psycologzng or wc e ound a wealt o applcatons all around m- socally, culturally, beavourally, ntellectually, even plosopcally- and smultaneously nventng msel as a new knd o tnker capable o employng ts sort o analyss to ascnatng and mportant eect He was not operatng n a vod He ad some brllant aporstc predecessors, te nspraton o suc Enlgtenment exemplars asVoltare, and te benet o readng s educator and plosopcal psycologcal mentor Scopenauer He also ad te more mmedate example and encouragement o s newound rend Paul Re, wo ad ust wrtten a book n a somewat smlar sprt enttled ychlgclObervtn Res nuence was readly and prousely acknowledged by

Netzsce, wo went so ar as to say tat s own poston at ts tme could be called Realsm; and t was evdent to all wo knew m- ncludng teWagners, wo btterly lamented t all te more because Re was Jews).

But te results were muc more tan te sum o ter nluences even ere.And tey also added up to sometng that was muc more tan psycology as well It s true enoug tat Netzsces tnkng contnued to develop, even rom one book to te next n ts perod, as well as over te course o te next decade; and tat, as Kaumann mantaned, Netzsces plo

sopcal maturty was yet some tme o. Yet s accomplsment n te tree nstalments oHumn All T Humn s remarkable n ts own rgt, and can stand on ts own eet. I e ad ded wthout publsng anoter tng as mgt very well ave appened), t would ave been sucent to earn m an mportant place n te ntellectual story o te past several centures - even a somewat derent one tan e as come to ave.

e gul tat separates ts work rom Netzsces prevous publsed wrtngs s wde. e entusasms, aspratons and assumptons tat so

strkngly pervade and anmate s earler work are no longer n evdenceIt s a muc more sober and analytcal, colder and wser tnker wo s at work ere. Its autor s stll opeul o ndng bot a dagnoss and a cure to wat als our culture and treatens ts uture, and ressts Scopenauers pessmsm; but e s as dsllusoned now wt Wagner, te newRech and oter ped ppers o mode tmes as e earler ad been wt tradtonal relgous consolatons and ter plosopcal cousns He as become convnced tat only sometng lke a contnuaton and radcalzaton o

Enlgtenment tnkng, gettng to te bottom o tngs and rutlessly exposng all alse opes and dangerous pallatves, can aord us at least te possbty o a uture wort avng and a le wort lvng Netzsces

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ddiation t o Votai was mo than a sap at Wagn athogh that it sy was) It aso was th annonmnt of a mao inttua ointation, paing him sqay in th oftn a id bt oagos tadition of Enightnmnt thoght and ffot

o Nitsh of Humn, All T Humn nothing is byond itiism

and th is a stong sspiion that as h wod at pt it) a idos of o vn wi t ot to b hoow and atoohman whn sbtd to itia stiny. His nw psyhoogia toos a boght to ba pon thm, with sts that ampy sppot this sspiion Bt th is mo to th otoo and way of thining that h is dvising and ptting into pati h than this In Tth and Lis in a Nonmoa Sns, som fiv yas ai, Nitsh had bgn sthing a fndamntay and svy nataisti pit of o gna hman ondition, in a wod ov whih no bnvont dity igns and in whih no bnfint ationaity is at wo W a dpitd as aon and adift in a godss nivs, a m osmi aidnt, iqippd ith to omphnd what is going on o to do mh abot it; and w a idding osvs if w thin othwis - athogh w sm amost isistiby dawn to do so. Can w iv withot sh isions Nitsh was at fist inind to dobt itas on ss in TheBrh Trgedy wittn at abot th sam tim

By th tim of Humn, All T Humn, h sms to hav sovd to tyTh pow of myths and isions to sstain anyon possssd of an n ompomising inttua onsin is ndmind whn on ss thogh thm; and so on may hav itt oth hoi, if - as fo Nitsh - Kigaadian aps of faith a ot of th qstion, and a Shopnhaian ngation of if is pnt. Humn, All T Humn is a wo of od passion, in whih nothing mo is assmd abot o hmanity than th pit sthd in th Tuth and Lis ssay, and in whih vything in hman

if that might sm to b of ofti oigins is ad bfo th tibna of sutiny, with hmbing sts. Yt th spiit of th invstigation is pofondy and pvasivy affimativ; fo th passion that divs it is not ony that of an honsty that wi toat no nonsns o gondss wishf thining, bt aso of a dspat sah fo nogh to wo with and ways of doing so to sstain osvs dspit a. To a this sa hmanism wod b to s it shot; fo whi Nitshs otoo is adiay sa, h is fa fom taing hmanity ith in gna o as mbodid in ah and

vy on of s to b th os of maning and va. Bt it is a ind of togh mindd and yt doggdy affimativ nataism, th pshot of whih is that o atoohman hmanity avs a good da to b dsid, and yt givs s somthing to wo with at is not to b dspisd.

Bt if w a to ma somthing wothwhi of osvs, w hav to ta a good had oo at osvs. And this, fo Nitsh, mans many thingsIt mans ooing at osvs in th ight of vything w an a abot th wod and osvs fom th nata sins - most mphatiay

inding votionay bioogy, physioogy and vn mdia sin It aso mans ooing at osvs in th ight of vything w an an abot hman if fom histoy, fom th soia sins, fom th stdy of ats,

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elgons, languages, teatues, moes and ote featues of vaouscultes t fute means attendng closey to uman conduct on dffeentlevels of uman nteacton, to e eaton between wat people say andseem to tnk about temselves and wat tey do, to te eactons ndffeent sots of stuatons, and to eveytng else about them tat affods

cues to wat makes tem tck Al of ts, and moe, s wat Netzsce s upto n Humn, All T Humn He s at once developng and empoyng tevaous pespectva tecnques at seem to m to be elevant to te undestandng of wat we ave come to be and wat we ave t n us to becomeTs nvoves gateng mateals fo a entepetaton and eassessment ofuman lfe, makng tentatve effots along tose lnes and ten tyng temout on ote uman penomena bot to put tem to te test and to see watfute lgt can be sed by dong so

Ts multpespectva and multdectonal metod, wc Netzscheempoyed wth nceasng dextety and ngenuty tougout te emande of s poductve fe, fnds ts fst extended tals and applcatonsn Humn, All T Humn Te esults ae uneven, as one mgt expect- andndeed as s always te case n Netzsce's wtngs (o, fo tat matte, nte case of anyone wo engages n suc a complex, uncetan and adventuesome sot of ntepetve entepse) Dstngusng between genune

nsgts and pesonal pefeences, pejudces, ovegenealzatons,esstble puns and ote such nspatos s not easy It often can be done bette by otes tan by oneself even f one's ntellectual conscence s asalet and vgoous as Netzsce's, to wom te atoouman was nostange. But by pecept and example e nvtes us to subject m to the samesot of scutny to wc e subjects otes; and at s sometng many wlwant to do He oly asks tat one be pepaed to ave one's vey objectonssubjected n tu to e same seacng ctca assessment fo tey too may

be questonabe.Netzse msef ooked back on Humn, All T Humn twce n pntTe fnal tme was n s ate ceatvey and gandosely selfntepetveEcce Hm n 888 n te couse of a evew of all of hs man publcatosunde te caactestcaly mmodest eadng Wy I Wte Suc GoodBooks' Te occason of s fst subsequent etospectve- the essung ofa tee nstaments togete n 1886 may tself ave ad ts altooumanmotvatos (not te least of wch was Netzsce's ope tat by e

pckagng tem wt new pefaces e mgt be abe to sell moe of themand attact moe attenton to them) Nonetheless, te two new pefaces ewote on ts occason ae of no ltte nteest and t s mpotant foeades to bea n mnd tat tey wee wtten long afte te matea teypecede- egt yeas afte e fst voume, and sx and seven yeas afte tetwo pats of te second voume Indeed, te pefaces temseves weewtten at· dffeent tmes and paces- te fome n Nce, on te FencMedteanean coast n Spng 1886 and te atte n Sls Maa, n te

mountanous Swss Engadne egon, n ptembe of tat yea Tey botdeseve close eadn bot befoe and afte one as made one's way toute maze of te 4 aposms.

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th first prfac Nitzsch ss himsf at th tim of th first voumas arady burdnd ith th arg and havy qustions that compd himtoard phiosophy, and aso as strugging to achiv th intctua andspiritua frdom and rsourcs ndd to da ith thm, hich h fsh had ackd in sufficint masur prviousy H aso ss himsf as

having bn in a prcarious stat of hath both physicay and intctuay,soy convascing from th maadis of both sorts that had thratnd tonguf him Th sam tm is soundd again in th scond prfac andthr h maks it vn carr hat th chif dangrs r to hich h hadto dvop rsistanc and a to ovrcom H rfrs to ts ritings asa continuation and rdoubing of a spiritua cur, namy of th ntmntc sftratmnt that my sti hathy instinct had itsf discovrd andprscribd for m against a tmporary attack of th most dangrous form ofromanticism, and as th xprssions of a couragous pssimism that is thantithsis of a romantic mndacity ::2 4)

As Nitzsch obsrvs in th first prfac, his dtrmination to rsist andrct a such tmptations (hich for him coud b summd up in a singnam Wagnr) as sti immatur hr, and as not yt that mtuefrdom of spirit hich is quay sfmastry and discipin of th hartand prmits accss to many and contradictory mods of thought, and hich

h vidnty fs h subsqunty had com to attain 1: : 4) But h sshimsf in Humn, All T Humn as having bn on th ay to it And it isof no itt importanc to th undrstanding of Nitzsch both to obsrvat h not ony pacs this intrprtation upon th dirction and outcomof his on intctua dvopmnt, and to rcogniz hat is fundamntato it: th rpudiation of a romantic mndacity, and its rpacmnt by thcutivation of th intctua conscinc and naytica, critica andintrprtiv abiitis of th fr spirit h as attmpting to bcom and

conur among his radrs by his on xamp.Nitzsch thus sa himsf hr as having turnd aay from thWagnrian-Schopnhaurian Romanticism of The Bth Tgedy (of hichh as xpicity critica aong s vry ins in a n prfac to that orkaso rittn in 16 ntitd Attmpt at a SfCriticism) In doing so, andparty as a ay of doing so, h had turnd ith a sfdiscipin andintct h coud mustr in an anaytica dirction, rpacing art ithscinc as his n paradigm of high spirituaity. hus, in th prfac to th

scond voum, h rfrs to t various instamnts of Humn, All T Humnas pect helth that may b rcommndd to th mor spiritua natursof th gnration ust coming up as a dcpln vluntt [discipin of i] 2 It is a discipin as much ndd today as it as ndd byNitzsc himsf and by t gnration ust coming up in his on tim

This in part ansrs th qustion of th intndd audinc of thsvoums. Nitzsch did not ink of himsf, ithr at this tim or atr, asriting primariy for profssiona phiosophrs, or vn for studnts in

piosophy courss. H cary as moving in hat h concivd to b aphiosopica dirction; but h as riting frst and formost for inquiringand advntursom minds of sufficint sophistication to kp pac ith him,

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woever and werever ey may be- not only in aademia but also amongte inteigent reading pubi He oped in partiular to be abe to rea te better mnds o te younger generaton wo migt be more reeptive tanteir elders to alenges to preoneived ideas and assumed values Yet ealso ad opes o aving te sort o wider impat Votaire and oter re brands o e Enligtenment ad ad a entury earlier

At te same time Nietse worried about wat te likes o te Wagnersand te ew oleagues wo ad not given up on im would tink o it Fora time e even onsidered publising te irst volume anonymously oruder a pseudonym Humn All T Humn may not seem to us today to besandaously radial owever provoative it may be on some topis; but atte time Nietse rigtly eared tat it would be deeply oensive to manyo its readers not in e ways

Th Brth Trgdyad been to is ellow

piologists but in an almost opposite way Now it was tose wo ad beenenamoured o Nietse te romanti wo were oended by is abandonment o Romantiism in avour o a oldy and severely analytialNaturalism- or wi e sougt te widest possible audiene Beyond teirle o tose wo aready knew o im owever Nietse need not aveworried about te sandalousness o is new venture - or to is dismayno one else paid te sligtest attention Even today ew reognie it as te

gold mine it is not only as an eellent way o beoming aquainted witis tinking but also or its wealt o ideas wort tinking about.t does not do ull juste to tese ideas to araterie tem as psy

logial' let alone as revolving around te disovery o te will to power'(as Kauman suggests) Nietse imsel in is 1886 preae to te irstvolume observes tat altoug e may not ave realied it at te time iteventually dawned upon im tat it is h prblm rdr rn - tat iste problem o values and teir revaluation and ordering o wi we

may say it is ur problem'; and tat to position temselves to address tisproblem adequately we ree spirits' irst ave to beome adventurers andirumnavigators o tat inner world alled "man" as surveyors and[measurers] o tat iger" and one above] te oter" tat is likewisealled man"- penetrating everywere almost!] witout ear disdaiingnoting losing noting asking everyting leansing everyting o wat isane and aident in it and as it were torougly siting it ' (P)

at is a air arateriation o wat Nietse does in Humn All T

Humn; and it is in tat sense tat te term psyologial' appies to is taskand way o going about it Psyology' in is time ater all was not adisipline in its own rgt separate and distint rom pilosopy but raterwas oneived bot loosey and stritly as a part o it; and in Nietse'sands it retained tis intimate onnetion wit pilosopy as e ame tounderstand and ratie it Pilosopy or im revolves around teeploration o tings uman and is irst and oremost te attempt toompreend tem - even i tat ompreension is not an end in itsel tprepares te way or te urter ompreension o te wole oplematter o value as it relates to issues o quality and wot in and aboutuman lie in te servie o its enanement. n Humn All T Humn

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Nietzche took and in hi preface aw himef a taking) major tep in that direction He had yet to ea to temper hi new enthuiam for the natura cience to figure out how to reviit the perpective reating to the art and cuture he had known o we without becoming captive once again to them to uppement both with yet other and to deveop e abiity to make arger interpretive ene of our humanity in the ight of thi mutipicity of perpective upon it. But he wa on hi way.

hi aement of the pace of Humn, All T Humn in the context ofNietzche arger inteectua deveopment ha the virtue of acknowedging the great difference between it and it companion voume in the free pirit erie) and hi earier writing and ao of coherenty reating hi ater writing to both Many reader - and interpreter - make the mitake of

regarding theefree pirit work a a kind of interude between The Brth Trgedy and Thu Spe Zrthutr, and of reading them- if at a- from the perpective of hi ater writing in reation to which they are generay found to pae by comparion both rhetoricay and phioophicay. It woud make a good dea more ene to view hi ater writing in the perpective of hi free pirit work taking Humn All T Humn a one point of de parture and regarding Zrthutr a an interude between the at of themthe firt fourpart verion of The Gy Scence) and the continuation of

Nietzche aphoritic work beginning with Beynd Gd nd Evl and the expanded verion of The Gy Scence he pubihed a year ater or the continuitie between them are trong even if Nietzche arena of perpective grow hi phioophica ophitication increae hi rhetoric harpen and heat up and hi inteectua penduum wing back from it cientificayoriented exeme point in the direction of hi artitic and cutura conce and enibiity moving ubequenty in conideraby horter arc in the genera vicinity of the centre of the pectrum they mark out)

hi even appie to the organization of Humn All T Humn and the two ater work that are not devoted to pecific topic or figure Beynd Gdnd Evl and Twlght the Idl Like both of them the firt verion ofHumn All T Humn doe have an organization in the form of the divi ion of the voume into part with heading nteretingy enough a three have the ame number of major part - nine pu an epiogue And ere i a triking imiarity among the heading a we. Each tart out with ection on topic reating to phioopher and phioophy each ha a ection

reating to moraity and another to reigiou and metaphyica matter each ha a ection on ocia and poitica matter and another on cutura and inteectua topic and each at ome point contain a coection of one iner on a variety of enitive topic guaranteed to offend amot everyone.o be ure the parae are not exact but they are coe enough to warrant the uggetion of a continuity of form - and in content ere are not ony ignificant difference but ao remarkabe imiaritie One might we ak oneef in what way Nietzche thinking changed on thee matter from hi initia dicuion of them in Humn, All T Humn to Beynd Gd ndEvl to Twlght, what hi reaon may have been if he doe not make them expicit)- and whether the change were invariaby for the better

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The two parts o the second volume o Humn, All T Humn were notsupped wth the same sorts o headngs or ndeed wth an subheadngsat al Most o the aphorsms n them can easl be assgned to one or anothero those Netzsche uses n the rst voume however; or the chel rangeover and al nto the same general topcs An examnaton o the lst o thesetopcs makes t clear both that Humn, All T Humn s ar rom beng asormess as t s oten taken to be and also that Netzsche's nterests ncude but are not restrcted to ssues that are normall deemed phlosophcal' herst (appropratel enough) O Frst and Last hngs' deals wthmetaphscal thnkng - but n a curous detached sort o wa more as aphenomenon to be understood than a set o arguments to be engaged headon he same sort o approach s taken to moralt n the second ' the

Hstor o Moral Sensatons'- Netzsche's rst go at what he came to callthe genealog o morals'); to relgon n the thrd (he Relgous Le'); andto art n the ourth (From the Souls o Artsts and Wrters') In each caseNetzsche s proposng that we make the experment o lookng at theseseemngl sublme thngs as humn phenomena- experences and actvteso human bengs-askng what s gong on when such thngs occur n humanle and shtng the presumpton rom ther sublmt to the suspcon thatther appearance o sublmt ma well be decevng

In the next our sectons Netzsche tus hs attenton to the doman ocultura soca and nterpersonal relatonshps and tpes here s more toculture than art and lterature; and he attempts to brng t nto ocus n theth secton (okens o Hgher and Lower Culture') Socal nsttutons andrelatonshps are the logcal next stop n the sxth secton (Man n Socet')wth aml matters comng next (Woman and Chld') ollowed b poltca le ( A Glance at the State') I n the rst our sectons he surves thngsthat clam some sort o transcendent sgncance o the sort Hegel sought

to express n hs characterzaton o ther doman as that o absolutesprtualt' here Netzsche surves those thngs that lesh out what Hegelhad caled the le o a people' on the level o ts objectve sprtuat' hesetoo are among the che sorts o thngs n terms o whch our humant andhuman meanng and worth are commonl conceved I one asks what t sthat sets us apart rom and above other creatures whose exstence s merelanmal and s not permtted to gve a uck relgous or metaphsca answerappealng to transcendent prncples and powers ths s a ar nventor o

possble answers hat s the larger (and genunel unconventonallphosophca) pont o these collectons o relectons man o whch mghtnot appear to have an phlosophcal sgncance whatsoever

In the nal secton Netzsche tus to what he consders to be let ater onehas consdered all o these other dmensons o human le: what we are orcan be on our own as ndvduals wthn or b ourseves (Man Aone wthHmsel') Later he would add another tem to the rst our on the st beongng wth them but not et as problematcal n hs ees as he subsuent recognzed t to be: scentc thnkng o the ver sort he had becomeso enamoured o and relant upon here Lke the glasses wth whch one ma

be provded to deal wth vson probems and to whch one ma become so

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accsto tat o cass to b awar of t, tis sort of tiig caco to b tak for grat byo t poit to wic riac po it iswarrat. To is grat crit, Nitzsc was far qickr ta ost to

bco ssitiv to t iitatios of ways of tikig to wic wasattract - a t, avig o so, to gt past is isappoitt witt a ascrtai t bst ss tat igt b a of t, tir iitatos otwistaig Humn, All T Humn owvr, is roac witt scics was sti yog, a tis procss a yt to r its cors

T xprssio Nitzsc aopt to caractriz t ki of tkr aa big cociv isf to av bco or at ay rat to av

b o t way to bcoig- at t ti of Humn, All T Humn is tatwic fatrs i its sbtit fr spirit, Frege Humn All T Humn

is procai i its sbtit to A Book for Fr Spirits Tr yars aftrt pbicatio of its first istat, w Nitzsc pbis t firstvrsio of The Gy Scence a t foowig prit o t back covrTis book arks t cocsio of a sris of writigs by FREDRHNETZSHE wos coo goa it is to rct new mge nd del he eepr H t wt o to ist Humn, All T Humn a its spptsa sqs p to a icig The Gy Scence

Bt tis i ot ark t of Nitzscs attact to t ia of t

fr spirit It rappars vry sigificaty i Beynd Gd nd Evl, as taig of t sco part of t book i wic, foowig is argycritca first part O t rics of iosoprs, procs to st forta varity of is ow ias o a broa rag of piosopica isss. A itrapparsagai ot oy i is rtrospctiv Ecce Hm as o wo xpct, bt aso i Twlgh he dl, i a sctio barig t aig My cncepn eedm Fro first to ast it is ivok to covy t ob aig of bot ibratio fro tigs tat av t to ir a obb o,

a of triatio to rtak tasks rqirig ipc, strgt,corag a iagiatio Nitzsca fr spirits ar ot cssariypiosoprs bt Nitzsca piosoprs ar cssariy fr spirits.Votair, for Nitzsc, was a xpary fr spirit, as t origia icatio of Humn, All T Humn iicat To Votairs ory, i cooratio of t ay of is at, 0 May 88 His xap woappar to av tagt Nitzsc t rstwi vot iscip of Wagrsotig ca to raiz bay to a

T fr spirit is a spirit tat as becme ee as Nitzsc pasizsi is rarks o Humn, All T Humn i Ecce Hm I t tigs tatattr ost, Rossa was bot rgt a wrog - rigt i obsrvig tatpop ar vrywr i cais, bt wrog i spposig t to b bofr. Tr fro of t spirit is sotig tat is acqir-if at a- witifficty, a oy by a fw. I, i Nitzscs 1886 prfac to t firstvo v gos so far as to aow at was obig to nven t frspirits to wo t book is arss, sic fr spirits" of tis ki oot xist, i ot xist- atog says I a of t, a t orso bcas ack t ki of acta copaiosip a corasiptat pop of tis sort co provi. Tat fr spirits of ts ki culd o

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day et, o te oter ad, ad deed tat tey wll oe day et, e doeot doubt I ee tem already cmng, e optmtcaly aert ( P: 2) ad ay evet te tatemet o te back cover o he Gy Scence make t cleareoug tat e oped ad teded Humn, All Humn to peed te day,

by bot precept ad eample.But te ame could be ad or al o Netzce aportc work, ater a

wel a beore hu Spe Zthut It perap le true o Zthutte, depte Zaratutra repeated proclamato tat e wat odcpe ad wat compao to tk or temelve; or t ard(toug ot mpoble) to read ad eperece Zthut a a otedetou work Ad t lkewe perap le true o Netzcepolemcal later work- agat Wager, agat Crtaty ad eve (

On the Genelgy Ml) agat te kd o moralty e codered to avecome to preval te Weter world. Polemc may ave ter pace telberato o ettered prt rom te ackle tat bd tem, ad o makg t pobe or ome people wo mgt ot oterwe do o to becomeree prt; but tey are ar rom ucet to compete te proce, ad caeay ubvert t- a te repoe o may people to wat tey d omeo Netzce lutrate well eoug.

Uortuately or Netzce recepto, reeprted de a al too

ote bee overadowed ad eve eclped by te appearace o a mucmore mpaoed ad eemgly dogmatc de, rgteg ome adectg oter - or equaly dubou reao eter cae. Neter te acttat t appearace a bee ee markedy deret (ad compatble)way, or te objecto tat t oly a appearace rater ta te darkde o te reaty o tougt, a uced to keep t rom log mpedg terpretato ad aemet Te bet remedy or t predcamet to drect atteto to toe work wc Netzce egaged ree

prted labour, rom Humn, All Humn to he Gy Scence ad BeyndGd nd El to wlght the Idl T ot to epurgate m; or tere pety eac o tee book to worry about ad argue wt, ad muc tat alltoouma m o le ta target But tee volume eor te mot part carre o te maer o te kd o ree prt e eekto evoke ad ecourage I oe woud udertad te ort o tg e a md peakg o pooper ad poopy o te uture a e wouldave tem be, oe would do well to beg - a e dd - wt t dea md, a te preuppoto o aytg urter tat a Netzcea kd opoopy mgt vove

Tere o better commetary Netzce o wat reeprtedemeat to m, a te dea took ape ad beyod Humn, All Humn,ta te paragrap wt wc e cocude te part o Bnd Gd nd Elettled Te Free Sprt It deerve to be read togeter wt te preace tote two voume o Humn, All Humn e ortly wet o to wrte. Wt

tem md oe ca tu to Humn, All Humn te ad ee wyNetzce wa ot cotet to alow t to go uotced eve ater e ad goeo to pub a good may oter tg - ad wy ere may be o bettertroducto to tougt ad tkg


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N R OD U C ON

At home, or at least having been guests, in many countries of the spirit;having escaped again and again from the musty agreeable nooks intowhich preference and prejudice, youth, origin, the accidents of peopeand books or even exhaustion from wandering seemed to havebashed us; full of malice against the lures of dependence that lie

hidden in honors, or money, or offices, or enthusiasms of the senses;grateful even to need and vacillang sickness because they always ridus from some rule and its 'prejudice, gratefu to god, devil, sheep, andworm n us; curious to a vice, investigators to the point of cruelty, withunihibited fngers for the ufathomable, with teeth and stomachs forthe most indigestible, ready for every feat that requires a sense ofacuteness and acute senses, ready for every venture, thaks to anexcess of 'free will, with fore- and backsouls into whose utimateintentions nobody can look so easiy, with fore and backgrounds

which no foot is ikely to explore to the end; concealed under cloaksof light, conquerors even if we ook ike heirs and prodigas, arrangersand colectors from moing til late, misers o our riches and ourcrammed drawers, economical in leag and forgetting, inventivein schemas, occasionaly proud of tables of categories, occasionallypedants, occasionally nght owls of work even in broad daylight; yes,when it is necessary even scarecrows and today it is necessary;namey, insoar as we are bo, swo, jeaous riends o solitude, of

our own most profound, most midnighty most middaily solitude;that is the type of man we are, we free spirits! And perhaps you havesomething of this, too, you that are comng? you new philosophers -9

te

1 On the Genealogy ofMorals/Ecce Homo, trans Walter Kaufmann (New York, 1967),p 283 ('Why I Write Such Good Books: Human All Too Human, §71) e, eg, The Gay Science trans Water Kaufman (ew York, 1974), §§108, 125

and 343·3 Ecce Homo p 2834 The Nietzsche Canon: A Publication Histo and Bibliography (Chicago, 1995)5 In 1974 (see note 2)6 Walter Kaufman, Nietsche Philosopher Psychologist Antichrist, 4th edn

(Princeton, 1974), pp 157, 1587 The Gay Science, trans Kaufmann, p 308 Twilight ofthe Idols The Portable Nietsche, ed and trans Walter Kaufman (ew

York, 1954), 'Skirmishes of an Untimely Man, §399 Tras Walter Kaufman (New York, 1966), §44

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1881

1882

CHRONOOGY

rdrc Wllm Ntzsc bor o 15 Octobr Rck, tPrussa provc of Saxoy

Hs fatr ds (at t ag of 36)Attds t classcsortd boardgscool Sculpforta playst pao ad compossEtrs Bo Uvrsty to study classcal laguags adltratursAssocat profssor of classcal plology (bfor v compltgs P.D.) at t Sss uvrsty at Baslull profssor at Basl lsts as a mdcal ordrly t raco

Prussa War, cotractg srous llsssrst book The Brth Trgedy appars (ad s mt t scolarlydrso) s oly major classcal studs publcatoPublss t frst r Untmely Medttn, cludg t ssaysOn the Ue nd Ddvntge Ht r e ad Schpenhuer EductrWrts a fourt Medttn omag to Wagr but s tusasm for Wagr cools

T frst volum of Humn All T Humn (638 aporsms)appars Wagr sds m rl, ad tr stragmtdpsRsgs ( pso) from s posto at Basl, capactatd by alt problms bgs spdg s summrs t SssEgad rgo, ad s trs ort Italy, lvg boardgoussWrts to squls to Humn All T Humn, subsqutly

publsd as t to parts of ts scod volum (aotr 758aporsms)Publss Dybre (575 aporsms) altatv prods of dprsso ad xlarato frst summr Sls Mara, r t daof tal rcurrc coms to mT yar of s ts but sortlvd rlatosp t ouSalom, c ds badly publss t tal fourpart vrsoof The Gy Scence (342 aporsms ad rflctos)

T rst to parts of Thu Spe Zrthutr ar rtt adpublsd stragmt from famly ad frds dprssorsolvs agast lvg Grmay Wagr ds

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188

1887

1888

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18191Q11

C H R O N O O G Y

Completes and publshes the d pat ofZthut beaks wthhs sste Ezabeth, unabe to endue he antmtc, poeutonc' fancee Bead Fste (She maes hm the nextyea, to Netzsche's dsgust and dstess, accompanyng hm toaaguay whee he sought to found a Teutonc coony)The fouth pat of Zthut s wtten, but s ony pateypnted and cculated condton wosensBond Good nd Evl (9 aphosms and eectons n nne pats,pus a poem Aftesong') s pubshed new edtons of most peZthut woks ae pepaed and supped w pefaces expanded second edton of e Gy Scence s pepaed andpublshed, wth a new peface and ffth pat consstng of 41

addtona eectons, and an appendx of poety', ngs of nceVogefe'On the Genelogy o Mol appeas, consstng of a peface andthee essays (of 17, 25 and 8 numbeed sectons, espectely)completes ochestal scoe fo Hymnu n d eben begns wokng on magnus opus, to be called The Wll to PoweThe Ce o Wgne s publshed and Twlght o the Idol, TheAntcht, etzche cont Wgne Donyn Dthymb (a

collecton of poems) and Ecce Homo ae all wtten The Wll toPowe poject s dopped, n faou of a pojected foupatRevluton o All Vlue condton deteoatesCollapses n eay Januay n Tun, at the age of (nee ecoes, lng hs na eleen yeas n nald nsanty n the caeof hs mothe and sste) Twlght o the Idol s publshed nJanuayFst pubc edton of the fouth pat of Zthut appeas

Sste etu fom aaguay, and unde the name ElzabethFsteNetzsche-asssts the mothe n the management of he

bothe's affasThe Antcht and etzche Cont Wgne ae publshedMothe des, eang compete contol of hs cae - and of hsteay estate- to Elzabeth, who expots hs gowng fame andfostes the assmlaton of hs thout to ghtextemst potcalpuposes dung the next fou decades

Netzsche des, on 25 August, n WemaSste publshes an aangement of selectons fom hs notebooksof 18838 unde the ttle The Wll to Powe and n hs nameEcce Homo s nay publshedFst edton of Netzsche's colected woks s publshed unde thesupeson of Elzabeth ncudng a geatly expanded edtonof The Wll to Powe

RS

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FRTER READNG

ntellectl bcgrn

The history of phiosophy has few chapters as rich and varied as that of

German(orCentra European phiosophy from ant to Nietzsche. A super survey of German phiosophy up to and incuding ant is Lewis WhiteBecks Erly Germn hlphy nt n h reecer (Camridge MA969) The net chapters of the story are we tod y Frederick C Beiser nThe Fte Ren Germn hlphy m nt t Fchte (Camridge MA98) G. A. ey in elm, ltc n Htry Sre Hegeln Thght(Camridge 969) and erert chndeach in hlphy n Germny (Camridge 984)

Two cassic studies of German phiosophy in the nineteenth century oth first puished in 94 are erert Marcuses Ren n Reltn Hegeln the Re Scl Thery (Boston 96) and ar Lwiths Frm Hegel tetzche The Reltn n neteenthCent Thght (New York 964)More recent studies incude Water aufmanns Frm Shepere tExtentlm (Garden City NY 959) Maurice Mandeaums Ht, Mnn Ren (Batimore 9) and Roert oomons Frm Rtnlm tExtentlm (New York 92)

The two most important figures in Nietzsches inteectua ife and deve opment were Arthur chopenhauer and Richard Wagner sefu studies ofchopenhauer incude Patrick Gardiners Schpenher (Batimore 96)D. W amyns Schpenher (London 98) and Christopher anawaysSel n Wrl n Schpenher (Oford 989) On Wagner see ErnestNewmans fourvoume iography The e Rchr Wgner (New York946 and Geoffrey ketons Wgner t Byreth (London and New York

96) The many studies of the Nietzsche-Wagner reationship incudeDietrich FischerDieskaus Wgner n etzche (New York 96) andFrederick Loves The ng etzche n the Wgnern Experence (Chape i 96) Roger oinrake discusses a three of them inetzche, Wgnern the hlphy emm (London 982)

Nietzsche himsef puished essays on oth chopenhauer and Wagner shorty eforeHmn, All T Hmn, athough they oth revea much more aout the Nietzsche of that period of his ife than they do aout

chopenhauer and Wagner themseves. They are the third and fourth of hisUntmely Mettn (Camridge 98) and ear the tites chopenhauer as Educator and Richard Wagner in Bayreuth. Late in his productive ife

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(though only fifteen years after the appearance of the latter essay), Nietzscheaso published two short books as poemically critica of Wagner as his earlyessay had been appreciative T C gnr (New York, 196 andNizc Cnr gnr incuded in Walter Kaufmanns T PrblNizc (New York, 1954

Nizc' l

Perhaps the best recent biography of Nietzsche is Ronald aymansNizc A Criicl L (New York, 198 Another useful and shorter biography is R. . olingdales Nizc (London, 1965 KaufmannsNizc Pilr Pyclgi Anicri (Princeton, 195 Princeton,194 a kind of intelectual biography, is the book that rehabilitatedNietzsche for the postWorld War II generation in the Englishspeakingworld, and remains one of the most accessibe introductions to his life andthought.

ere again, Nietzsche himself has also supplied a contribution at cannot go unmentioned, even if it is no more reliabe and no less tendentiousthan his writings on Schopenhauer and Wagner It is his intellectualautobiographical Ecc Hm (New York, 196 to which he gave the subtitle

ow One Becomes What One Is It is the last book he completed before hiscolapse. Considered by some to be al too clearly indicative of his incipientinsanity, it is regarded by others as a work of profound significance In anyevent, it is wel worth reading

Nizc' wriing

Most of Nietzsches publications have been translated into Engish in a

number of versions, the best of which have long been generaly consideredto be the translations made by Walter Kaufmann and R J olingdale(sometimes in colaboration) A monumenta critica edition of his writingsin German has been published by De Gruyter, edited by Giorgio Coli andMazzino Montinari; and a transation project intended to result in anEnglishlanguage counterpart has now begun, under the editorship of EstBehler, at Stanford University Press.

Other writings of Nietzsches that wil be of particular interest to readers

of the present work certainly include the two similar works folowing it inwhat Nietzsche came to think of and refer to as his free spirit seriesDybr Tug n Prjudic rliy (Cambridge, 1982 also translated by olingdale; and T Gy cinc (New York, 94 translated byKaufmann. Nietzsches earlier writings are wel worth consuting as wel,for the indications they provide of the conces which shaped the directionof his thinking and efforts in this series of aphoristic voumes. Chief amongthem are his first book 182 T Bir Trgdy (New York, 196 trans

lated by Kaufmann, and a series of four essays (frst pubished in the years8-6 Nietzsche gathered together in 1886 under the title Unimlydiin (Cambridge, 198 transated by ollingdale. They also include

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a daft of an mpotant ealy essay Nietzse neve fnised o pubised,w oweve eveals e staky natualist pitue of te uman ondton tat was a pat of s pont of depatue On Tut and Les in aNonmoa Sense (183), tanslated by aniel eazeale and inluded in isvolume Nezce Ply nd Tru (Atlant Higands, NJ, 199)

Following is fee spt seies, Nietzse tued is attention to a veydffeent sot of pojet s extaodnay foupat liteay-pilosopiaexpement and mastepee, Tu e Zrur (18835), tanslated(among otes) by bot Kaufmann (in Te Prble Nezce andHolngdae (Hamondswot, 1961) He ten (1886) etuned to te publaton of voumes of a somewat aposti natue, beginnng wit BeyndGd nd Evl w again as been tanslated by bot Kaumann (NewYok, 1966) and Holngdale (Hamondswot, 193), and an expanded

veson of Te Gy cence His next book, On e Genelgy rl (188),tansated by Kaufmann and Hollngdale togete (New Yok, 196), joinss aposti stye to a teeessay fomat wit a moe spefi fous tanany of s pevous aposti woks (publsed in 99, tans. Cao ete,edited by Keit Anselleson) n te fnal yea befoe is ollapse (1888)Netzse not only publsed e two polems against Wagne and the auto

bogapial Ecce Hm mentioned above, but also a polema itque ofCstanity, Te Ancr and a fnal voume of apoisms moe n tetadton of Humn All T Humn w (paodying Wagnes fout Rngopea) e alled Gzendmmerung o Twlg e dl ot of tese astwoks ave been tansated by Kaumann (n Te Prble Nezceand also

by Hoingdae (Hamondswot, 1¢8).Wi of tese many tngs soud one ead afte Humn All T Humn?

at depends upon ones inteests f one is pimaly inteested in matteseatng to moaty, one mgt ook fist at Dybre ten at te fift and

nn pats of Bnd Gd nd Evl and ten at On e Genelgy rl eigion, Dybre again is a good seque, togete wit te setions ofTe Gy cence dealing wt God and eligion, te td pat of Beynd Gdnd Evl and Te Ancr te many pilosopa topis elatng toknowledge, ou wod and ouseves, one migt look bak to te ealy essay Tut and Les, and aead to Te Gy cence te fist two pats ofBeynd Gd nd Evl and Twlg e Idl and one migt aso take a ookat te seletions om Nietzses notebooks fom te 188os publsed unde

te tte Te ll Pwer tanslated by Kaumann and Holingdae (NewYok, 196). And fo an indaton of Nietzses tinking wt espet tote enanement of lfe and te possibty of a ge umanity edises along w te a too uman tendenies e examnes ee andsubsequenty, one mgt look bak to s essay Sopenaue as Eduato(te tid of s Unmely edn as wel as to Tu e Zrur

Nezce' ug

Netzse as been so iuental n so many ways dung te ouse of tetwente entuy, and as been so vaously intepeted tat no one

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accun can b e cnsideed auiaive H e as been claimed as igina,anicipa, inspiain and kinded spii b asciss and umaniss,eiseniaiss and decnsuciniss, ciical eiss and anaicalpispes, and b me aiss, wies and cmpses an an eigue in e is pilsp (a eas since la B is admies

and is ciics can make pesuasive agumens and agains im bu eal en ai ake e uble ead im ugl and aeniveenug undesand im - a an ae ea e ig make eiclaims

Wale Kaumann's classic sud Niezce (menined abve es aeadable inepeain Niezsce's ug ang umanisic eiseniais and pagmais ines Ane eal sud enduing value, wiceples Niezsce's ug me ssemaicall, is Gege Mgan's WNiezce en (Cambidge, MA 1941 New Yk, 1965 Useul inepeains in e analic adiin incude Au Dan's Niezce Pier (New Yk, 1965, Aeande Neamas's Niezce Le Lierure (Cambidge, MA, 1985, Maudemaie Clak's Niezce n Trund Piy (Cambidge, 1990, and Ricad Scac's Niezce (ndnand New Yk, 1983 and ing ene Niezce (Ubana and Cicag,1995 A sampling inepeains alng pssucuais and decnsucinis lines ma be und in David Aisn's cllecin Te NewNiezce Cnemrry ye Inerein (New Yk, 1977 Helpulecen sudies vaius aspecs Niezsce's ug elaing maese discusses in Humn A T Humn include Eic Hele's Te mrnce Niezce (Cicag, 1988, ee Begmann's Niezce Te L AniiicGermn (Blmingn, IN, 1987 and ese Hun's Niezce nd e Origin Virue (ndn, 1991.

R.S

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CNN

REFACE 5

O F F I R S T A N D L A S T T H I N G S

O N T HE H I S T OR Y O F T H E M O R A L S E N S A T I ON S

T H E R E I G I O U S L F E 60

F ROM T HE S OUL S OF ART IS TS A ND WRIT E RS 0

5 T O K E N S O F H I G H E R A N D L O W E R C U L T U R E 0

6 M A N I N S O C I E TY 6

W O M A N A N D C H I L D 50

A GLA NC E AT THE STATE 6

9 M A N A L O N E W I T H H I M S E L F 9

A M O N G F R I E N D S A N E I L O G U E 0


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PREFACE

have bee od ofe eough ad aways wih a expessio of geasupise ha a my wiigs fom he Bi Tgdy* o he mos e

cey pubished Plud Pily Fuu have somehig hadisiguishes hem ad uies hem ogehe hey a of hem have bee give o udesad coai saes ad es fo uway bids adi effec a pesise iviaio o he oveuig of habiua evauaiosad vaued habis Wha? Evying oy huma a oo huma? iswih his sigh ha oe emeges fom my wiigs o wihou a kid ofeseve ad misus eve i egad o moaiy o a ie emped adembodeed ideed fo oce o pay he advocae of he wos higs: as

hough hey have pehaps bee oy he wos sadeed? y wiigshave bee caed a schooig i suspicio eve moe i coemp bufouaey aso i couage ideed i audaciy Ad i fac mysef doo beieve ha ayoe has eve befoe ooked io he wod wih aequay pofoud degee of suspicio ad o meey as a occasioadevis advocae bu o speak heoogicay jus as much as a eemyad idice of God; ad ayoe who coud divie somehig of he cosequeces ha ie i ha pofoud suspiciousess somehig of he

feas ad foss of he isoaio o which ha ucodiioa diiy viw codems him who is ifeced wih i wi aso udesad howofe i a effo o ecove fom mysef as i wee o iduce a empoayseffogeig have sough shee i his o ha - i some piece of admiaio o emiy o scieificaiy o fivoiy o supidiy ad whywhee coud o fid wha ndd had aificiay o efoce fasifyad ive a suiabe ficio fo mysef (- ad wha ese have poes evedoe? ad o wha ed does a exis i he wod a a?) Wha agai

ad agai eeded mos fo my cue ad sefesoaio howeve washe beief ha was n hus isoaed o aoe i ing as did - aechaed sumisig of eaedess ad ideiy i eye ad desies aeposig i a us of fiedship a bidess i coce wih aohewihou suspicio o quesiomaks a peasue i foegouds sufaces higs cose ad coses i eveyhig possessig coou ski adappaiioaiy Pehaps i his egad migh be epoached wih havigempoyed a ceai amou of a a ceai amou of fasecoiage fo

Birth of Traged Niezche' ir ublhed b (87 Peude to a Phloohy o the Future he uble o Beyod ad Evl, ublhed in 886

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example that I knownglywllfully close my eyes efore Schopenhauer' s ln wll to moralty at a tme when I was alreay suffcentlyclearsghte aout moralty lkewse that I eceve myself over RcharWagner's ncurale romantcsm as though t were a egnnng an notan en lkewse over the Greeks lkewse over the Germans an therfuture an perhaps a whole long lst coul e mae of such lkewses? Supposng however that all ths were true an that I was reproachewth t wth goo reason what o yu know what culd you know ofhow much cunnng n selfpreservaton how much reason an hghersafeguarng s contane n such selfecepton- or of how uch falstyI shall rquir f I am to contnue to permt myself the luxury of my truthfulness? nough I am stll lvng; an lfe s after all not a prouct of

moralty t wn ecepton t liv on ecepton ut there you are Iam alreay off agan am I not an ong what I have always one olmmoralst an rcatcher that I am - speakng unmorally extramorally eyon goo an evl?-

2

-hus when I neee to I once also invnd for myself the free sprts towhom ths melancholyvalant ook wth te ttle Humn, All T Humn

s ecate: free sprts of ths kn o not exst not exst- ut as Ihave sa I ha nee of them at that tme f I was to keep n goo sprtswhle surroune y lls (sckness soltue unfamlar places cdi nactvty) as rave companons an falars wth who one can laughan chatter when one feels lke laughng an chatterng an whom onecan sen to the Devl when they ecome teous - as compensaton forthe frens I lacke hat free sprts of ths kn culd one ay exst thatour urope will have such actve an auacous fellows among ts sons of

tomorrow an the next ay physcally present an palpale an not asn my case merely phantoms an hermts phantasmagora I shoulwsh to the last to out t I see the alreay cming slowly slowlyan perhaps I shall o somethng to spee ther comng f I escre navance uner what vcsstues upon what paths I them comng?--

One may conecture that a sprt n whom the type free sprt wll one

ay ecome rpe an sweet to the pont of perfecton has ha ts ecsveexperence n a gr librin an that prevously t was all the more a fettere sprt an seeme to e chane for ever to ts pllar an cornerWhat fetters the fastest? What ns are all ut unreakale? In the caseof men of a hgh an select kn they wll e ther utes that reverenceproper to youth that reserve an elcacy efore all that s honoure an

• Scpenaue Atu Scpenaue 88-86) te pspe, f Netzsceas n s yut a dscpe see te essay, Scpenaue as Educat' n te Um M-aions Rcad Wagne 8), te pse and daatst as, e Scpenaue anbject f te yutful Netzsces veneatn see te essay Rad Wagne n Bayeut nte Unml Mens

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PREFACE

revered from of old that grattde for the ol ot of whch they havegrown for the hand whch led them for the holy place where theylearned to worhp- ther preme moment themeve wl fetter themthe fatet ay pon them the mot endrng obgaton. he great ber

aton come for thoe who are th fettered ddeny lke the hock of anearthqake: the yothfl o all at once conved torn ooe tornaway t tef doe not know what happenng. A drve and mpere and mater t lke a command a wll and dere awaken to go offanywhere at any cot a vehement dangero croty for an ndcovered world ame and fcker n al t ene Better to de than to goon lvng r - th repond the mpero voce and temptaton andth here th at home everythng t had htherto loved A dden

terror and pcon of what t loved a lghtnngbot of contempt forwhat t caled dty a rebello arbtrary volcancaly erptng derefor trave trange place etrangement codne oberne frot ahatred of love perhap a deecratng blow and glance bcwrds to wheret formery loved and worhpped perhap a hot blh of hame at whatt ha t done and at the ame tme an exltaton t ha done t adrnken nwardly exltant hdder whch betray that a vctory ha been won - a vctory? over what? over whom? an engmatc qeton

packed qetonable vctory bt the r vctory nonethee ch badand panfl thng are part of the htory of the great beraton. t at theame tme a ckne that can detroy the man who ha t th frt ot

break of trength and wll to elfdetermnaton to evaatng on oneown accont th wll to fr wll and how mch ckne expreed nthe wld experment and nglarte throgh whch the lberated proner now eek to demontrate h matery over thng He prowcrely arond wth an naked lacvone; what he captre ha to

expate the perlo tenon of h prde what excte hm he tear apartth a wcked lagh he trn rond whatever he fnd veed andthrogh ome ene of hame or other pared and pampered he pt tothe tet what thee thng look lke wn they are revered t an act ofwflne and peare n wllfne f now he perhap betow hfavor on that whch ha htherto had a bad reptaton f fll of nqtvene and the dere to tempt and experment he creep arondthe thng mot forbdden. Behnd al h tong and weavng- for he

retely and amey on h way a f n a deert- tand the qetonmark of a more and more pero croty Can ll vae not be trnedrond? and good perhap evl? and God only an nventon and fneeof the Devl? everythng perhap n the at reort fale? And f we aredeceved are we not for that very reaon ao decever? mus we not bedecever? ch thoght a thee tempt hm and ead hm on even frther away even frther down. Soltde encrcle and embrace hm evermore threatenng ffocatng hearttghtenng that terrble godde

and m sv cuidinum- bt who today know what sliud ?

• matr sava unum l te f te passns


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H U A N A L L O O H U A N

4Fom ts mod soaton, fom t dst of ts as of tmptatonand xpmnt, t s stl a long oad to tat tmndos ovflowng ctant and alt wc ma not dspns vn wt wcdnss, as amans and fsoo of nowldg, to tat mure fdom of sptwc s qa slfmast and dscpn of t at and pmtsaccss to man and contadcto mods of togt- to tat nn spacosnss and ndgnc of spandanc wc xcds t dangtat t spt ma vn on ts own oad paps los tsf and comnfatatd and man satd ntoxcatd n som con o ot, to tatspt of fomatv, catv, moldng and stoatv focs wcs pcsl t sgn of gre at, tat spt wc gants to t

f spt t dangos pvlg of vng exerimenlly and of ngallowd to off tslf to advnt t mast's pvg of t fspt n twn t ma l ong as of convalscnc, as f ofvagatd, panfl magcal tansfomatons ld and d along atnacos will o helh wc oftn vnts to cot and dsgs tslfas at aad acvd. T s a mdwa condton wc a man ofsc a dstn wll not al to call wtot moton t s caactzd a pal, st appnss of gt and snsn, a fng of d

l fdom, d alttd, d xanc, and a td tng nwc cost s ntd wt a tnd contmpt A 'fspt'- ts coolxpsson dos on good n v condton, t s almost wamng. Onlvs no ong n t ftts of ov and atd, wtot s, wtot no,na o fa as on wss, pfa slppng awa, vadng, ttngoff, gon agan, agan ng aoft on s spold, as von s wo asat som tm sn a tmndos nm of tngs beneh m- and oncoms t opost of tos wo concn tmslvs wt tngs

wc av notng to do wt tm ndd, t f spt ncfotas to o onl wt tngs and ow man tngs! - wt wc s noong concerned

5A stp ft n convascnc and t f spt agan daws na tof- sowl, to s, almost lctantl, almost mststfl t agan

gows wam aond m, low, as t w fng and flng foots acq dpt, wam zs of al nd ow acoss m. t smsto m as f s s a on now opn to wat s close hnd H s astonsd and sts snt w hd n? Ts clos and closst tngsow cangd t sm wat oom and magc t av acqd Hoos ac gatfl- gatf to s wandng, to s adnss and slfanaton, to s vwng of fa dstancs and d flgts n codgts. Wat a good tng ad not alwas stad 'at om, stad'nd s own oo a dcat apattc oaf H ad n besidemsf no dot of tat. Onl now dos s mslf and wat spss xpncs as dos so! Wat npcdntd sdds

8


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R EF CE

Wat appness even n te wearness te old skness te relapses o te onvalesent! How e loves to st sadly stll to spn out patene to le n te sun Wo understands as e does te appness tat oes n wnter te spots o sunlgt on te wall Tey are te ost grateul an als n te world also te ost odest tese onvalesents and lzards agan al turned towards le tere are soe aong te wo allow no day to pass wtout angng a lttle song o prase on te e o ts departng roe nd to speak serously to eoe sk n te anner o tese ree sprts to rean sk or a long te and ten slowly slowly to eoe ealty y w ean ealter s a undaental r or all pesss te anerous sore and nveterate ve as s well known o old dealsts and nveterate lars Tere s wsdo pratal wsdo n or a long te presrng even ealt or onesel only n sall doses.

6t tat te t ay nally appen tat under te sudden llunaton o a stll stressul stll angeale ealt te ree ever reer sprt egns to unvel te rddle o tat great leraton w ad untl ten wated dark questonale alost untouale n s eory. e as or long

ardly dared to ask sel wy so apart? so alone? renounng every tng one reverened? renounng reverene tsel? wy ts ardness ts suspousness ts atred or your own vrtues? now e dares to ask t aloud and ears n reply soetng lke an answer. ou salleoe aster over yoursel aster also over your vrtues orerly were your asters ut tey ust e only your nstruents esde oter nstruents ou sall get ontrol over your or and ganst and learn ow to dsplay rst one and ten te oter n aordane wt your

ger goal ou sall learn to grasp te sense o perspetve n every va ue judgeent te dsplaeent dstorton and erely apparent tel eology o orzons and watever else pertans to perspetvs also te quantu o stupdty tat resdes n antteses o values and te wole ntelletual loss w every or every ganst osts us. ou sall learn to grasp te ncss njuste n every or and ganst njuste as n separale ro le le tsel as cniin y te sense o perspetve and ts n uste ou sall aove all see wt your own eyes were njuste s always at ts greatest were le as developed at ts sallest narrowest needest ost npent and yet annot avod takng isf as te goal and easure o tngs and or te sake o ts own preservaton seretly and eanly and easelessly rulng away and allng nto queston teger greater rer you sall see wt your own eyes te prole or f nk and ow power and rgt and spaousness o perspetvegrow nto te egts togeter ou sall enoug ro now on te ree sprt knws wat you sall e as oeyed and e also knows wat e now cn wat only now e do

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HU A N A L L OO HU A N

Tis is ow te free spirit eucidtes to imsef tt enigm of ibertionnd insmuc s e generizes is own cse ends by dudicting onwt e s experienced tus. Wt s ppened to me e sys to

imsef must ppen to everyone in wom s wnts to become incrnte nd come into te word.' Te secret force nd necessity of tistsk wi rue mong nd in te individu fcets of is destiny ike nunconscious pregnncy ong before e s cugt sigt of tis tsk itsefor knows its nme. ur voction commnds nd disposes of us evenwen we do not yet know it it is te future tt regutes our tody.Given it is e roblm o order o rn of wic we my sy it is our probemwe free spirits: it is ony now t te middy of our ife tt we under

stnd wt preprtions bypts experiments tempttions disguiseste probem d need of before it ws llowed to rise up before us ndow we first d to experience te most mnifod nd contrdictorysttes of oy nd distress in sou nd body s dventurers nd circumnvigtors of tt inner word ced mn s surveyors nd gugers of ttiger' nd one upon te oter tt is ikewise ced mn' penetrting everywere most witout fer disdining noting osing noting sking everyting censing everyting of wt is cnce nd

cident in it nd s it were torougy siftig it- unti t st we d terigt to sy we free spirits Here new probem! Here ong dderupon wose rungs we ourseves ve st nd cimbed - wic we ourseves ve t some time been Here iger deeper benetus tremendous ong ordering n order of rnk wic we see ere- ourprobem! --

8- o psycoogist or reder of signs wi ve moments difficuty inrecognizing to wt stge in te evoution ust described te present book beongs (or s been lced - But were tody re tere psycoogists? In Frnce certiny; perps in Russi; definitey not in GermnyTere is no ck of resons s to wy te Germns of tody coud evenregrd tis fct s redounding to teir onour: n i fte for one wo intis mtter is by nture nd ttinment unGen Tis Germn book

wic s known ow to find its reders in wide circe of nds ndpeopes it s been on its wy for bout ten yers- nd must be cpbeof some kind of music nd utepyer's rt by wic even coy foreigners re seduced to isten - it is precisey in Germny tt tis book s

been red most creessy nd erd te worst wy is tt?- 't demndstoo muc' s been te repy it ddresses itsef to peope wo re notoppressed by uncout duties it wnts refined nd experienced senses itneeds superuity superuity of time of crity in ert nd sky of

oum• in te most udcious sense - of tem good tings tt we Ger

um lese dleness n alls sage denes a vce cndn eu

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PREACE

mans of today do not ave and terefore also annot give - After soourteous a reply my pilosopy advises me to keep silent and to ask nomore questions; espeially as in ertain ases as te saying as it onermins a pilosoper only by- keeping silent

NicSpring


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1

OF FRS

AND

AS HNGS

Cmisr of concps n snsions Alost all the pobles o phlosoph oce aga pose the sae o o questo as the dd two thousad eas ago how ca soethg ogate ts opposte o exaple

atoalt atoalt the setet the dead logc ulogc dsteested coteplato covetous dese lvg o othes egostuth eo? etaphscal phlosoph has htheto suouted thsdcult b deg that the oe ogates the othe ad assugo the oe hghl valued thg a aculous souce the ve keelad beg o the thg tsel.* Hstocal phlosoph o the othehad whch ca o loge be sepaated o atual scece theougest o all phlosophcal ethods has dscoveed dvdual cases

(ad ths wll pobabl be the esult eve case) that thee ae o oppostes except the custoa exaggeato o popula o etaphscaltepetatos ad that a stake easog les at the botto o thsatthess accodg to ths explaato thee exsts stctl speakgethe a uegostc acto o copletel dsteested coteplato

both ae ol sublatos whch the basc eleet sees alost tohave dspesed ad eveals tsel ol ude the ost pastakg obsevato. All we eque ad what ca be gve us ol ow the dvdual

sceces have attaed the peset level s a cmisr o the oal elgous ad aesthetc coceptos ad sesatos lkewse o all the agtatos we expeece wth ouselves cultual ad socal tecousead deed eve whe we ae aloe: what ths chest would ed up b evealg that ths doa too the ost gloous colous ae devedo base deed o despsed ateals? Wll thee be a whodese to pusue such eseaches? akd lkes to put questos o ogs ad beggs out o ts id ust oe ot be alost hua to

detect oesel a cota clato? 2

mi fiing of piosoprs All phlosophes have the coo algo statg out o a as he s ow ad thkg the ca each thegoal though a aalss o h he volutail thk o a as arn ris as soethg that eas costat the dst o allux as a sue easue o thgs Evethg the phlosophe has

• tngntself Kants te f jets as tey ae ndependenty f u nledge fte ntasted see setn 1 t appeaanes, jets nsdeed as nfng t des f nng te

atrna vrita setng evelastngly tue

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OF RS AND LAS HNGS

declared about man is, however, at bottom no more tan a testimony asto te man of a e lmed period of time Lack of istorical sense is tefamily failing of all pilosopers; many, witout being aware of it, eventake te most recent manifestation of man, suc as as arisen under teimpress of certain religions, even certain political events, as te fixed

form from wic one as to start out Tey will not lea tat man asbecome, tat te faculty of cognition as become; wile some of temwould ave it tat te wole world is spun out of tis faculty of cognition Now, everyting essenal in te development of mankind tookplace in primeval times, long before te four tousand years we more orless know about; during tese years mankind may well not ave alteredvery muc. But te plosoper ere sees 'instincts in man as e now isand assumes tat tese belong to te unalterable facts of mankind and totat extent could provide a key to te understanding of te world in general: te wole of teleology is constructed by speaking of te man of telast four millennia as of an eenal man towards wom all tings in teworld ave ad a natural relationsip from te time e began. But everyting as become tere are no eenal as just as tere are no absolutetruts Consequently wat is needed from now on is soal losong and wit it te virtue of modesty

Esmaon o uneenous us It is te mark of a iger culture tovalue te little unpretentious tuts wic ave been discovered bymeans of rigorous metod more igly tan te errors anded down bymetapysical and artistic ages and men, wic blind us and make usappy. At first te former are regarded wit sco, as toug te twotings could not possibly be accorded equal rigts tey stand tere so

modest, simple, sober, so apparently discouraging, wile te latter are sofair, splendid, intoxicating, peraps indeed enrapturing. Yet tat wicas been attained by lborious struggle, te certain, enduring and tus ofsignificance for any furter development of kowledge is nonetelesste iger; to adere to it is manly and demonstrates courage, simplicityand abstemiousness Gradually not only te individual but all mankndwill be raised to tis manliness, wen tey ave finally become accustomed to valuing viable, enduring knowledge more igly and lost all

fait in inspiration and te acquisition of knowledge by miraculousmeans - Worsippers of om wit teir standards of te beautiful andsublime, will, to be sure, at first ave good ground for mockery once estimation of unpretentious truts and te scientfic spirt begns to dominate: but only because eiter teir eye as not yet discovered te caof te smles form or because tose raised in tat spirit are as yet very farfrom being torougly permeated by it, so tat tey stll tougtlesslyimitate old forms (and do so badly, as does everyone to wom a tg no

longer matters very muc) Formerly te spirt was not engaged in rgorous tinking, its serious occupation was te spinning out of forms andsymbols at as now canged seous occupaon wit te symbolc

1


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H U N L TOO H U N

become mrk of ower cuure our r emeve grow evermore ineecu ur ene more piriu nd for exmpe we nowdjudge w i pen ounding quie differeny from e wy we did undred yer go: o e form of our ife wi grow ever more spiriperp o e eye of erier ge gir bu ony becue i i incpbe of

eeing ow e rem of inner piriu beuy i coninuy growingdeeper nd wider nd o w exen we my now ccord e eye ofinig greer vue n e fire rucure or e ubime edice

Asroog n w is r o i - i probbe e objec of e reigiou mor nd eeic enion beong ony o e urfce ofing wie mn ike o beieve ere e e i in ouc wi e

word' er; e reon e deude imef i ee ing producein im uc profound ppine nd unppine nd u e exibiere e me pride in e ce of roogy For roogy beieve erry firmmen revove round e fe of mn e mor mn owever uppoe w e eeniy er mu o coniuee eence nd er of ing

5Misnrsning of rm - e mn of e ge of brbrou primordi cuure beieved in e drem e w geing o know scon r wor ere i e origin of mepyic iou e dremone woud ve d no occion o divide e word ino wo e diecion ino ou nd body i o conneced wi e ode ide of edrem ikewie e pouion of ife of e ou* u e origin of

beief in piri nd probby o of e beief in god e ded ive onfor ey pper o e iving i drem: w e concuion one formery drew rougou mny mienni

6T spiri of scinc rs is prs no wo - e epre smsregion of cience re reed purey objecivey e gre univercince on e oer nd viewed woe poe e queion- veryunobjecive queion o be ure o w end of w uiiy Onccoun of i reg

friedrich nietzsche - human all too human a book for free spirits (1996)

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