From Anthropocentrism to Biocentrism

(Human Centered to Nature Based) How Humanity’s Views on Animals and Nature Affect the Planet

Humanity’s views on animals and nature have varied drastically over the course of our existence, with people’s beliefs being influenced by religion, culture, economics, and notable philosophers of the time. In much of our modern world, Anthropocentrism, or human centered thinking, is the predominant ethos. Anthropocentrism regards humankind as being the center of the world. The existence, welfare, and well-being of humans is the ultimate aim of the universe, therefore everything in the universe is

interpreted in term of humans and their values. This belief has existed since antiquity, with the famous Greek Philosopher, Aristotle, touting this theory. Many ethicists also feel that the widespread acceptance of this belief stems from Judeo-Christian faiths, in which it is believed that humans have “dominion” over “every living thing”. With this belief in place, it is not surprising that animals are often viewed as objects to be used for personal benefit. Animals have been mistreated for centuries, being used as subjects for painful laboratory research, forced to “perform” unnatural behaviors for entertainment purposes, and taken from the wild for the inhumane exotic pet trade. We have also applied this belief of human superiority to our natural resources. Tragically, Anthropocentrism has resulted in a

widespread decimation of plant and animal species, creating the 6th mass extinction, global warming, and the destruction of our valuable resources. We are destroying the earth and the other beings that share our planet, and we must implement other value systems if we wish to stop the destruction and effect change. While anthropocentrism has been a prevailing belief for thousands of years, it also has an equally long history of opposing views. Jainism, which dates back to the 6th Century BC, is the oldest religious philosophy that has advocated complete non-violence towards animals of all forms. Jains believe that animals and plants, as well as human beings, contain living souls. Each of these souls is equal and therefore deserving of respect and compassion. Buddhism, another religion with ancient roots, teaches that animals are sentient beings. Buddha believed that all sentient beings can attain enlightenment and, through infinite rebirths, a soul may be born in any number of sentient forms. Therefore, relatives may come

Pacey was a victim of the exotic pet trade before finding refuge at Pacific Primate Sanctuary

Jains and Buddhists both believe that animals, like humans, have souls

back in the form of different animals. One could not, therefore, make a distinction between moral rules applicable to animals and those applicable to humans; ultimately humans and animals were part of a single family. They are all interconnected. As a result of these beliefs, Buddhists are encouraged to show loving-kindness to all beings, and try to do no harm. One of the original philosophical opponents of anthropocentrism was, noted mathematician and philosopher, Pythagoras, who promoted Animism, the belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Pythagoras, like Jains and Buddhists, held that humans and non-humans have the same kind of soul, one spirit that pervades the universe and makes us one with animals. He was one of the first vegetarians and had many followers; up until the 19th century, vegetarians were actually referred to as “Pythagoreans”. Tribal cultures the world over, including Native Americans, Hawaiians, Incans, Australian Aboriginals,

and Maori, have long held that the earth and animals are sacred. Tribes lived in harmony with all life, and the environment surrounding them, upholding the belief that everything is interconnected. The land is vital for life, and therefore, must be treated with the ultimate respect. These views are diametrically opposed to anthropocentrism. If mankind hopes to reverse the drive to consume and destroy the earth, and begin to heal the world (Tikun Olam), it would be worthwhile to consider the values of traditional tribal cultures, Jainism, Buddhism, and other biocentric and ecocentric world views, and rediscover our true humanity. For over 30 years, Pacific Primate Sanctuary has provided refuge for primates who have suffered in research laboratories, tourist attractions and in the pet trade. The Sanctuary is an entirely volunteer run organization, rooted in the traditional Hawaiian values of Malama aina which means to cherish, respect and nurture the land, and Aloha

no na Holoholona; to show unconditional love, kindness and compassion to all living beings. The PPS Community believes that all life is sacred and interdependent. The animals in our care are treated as equal, sentient beings, and we provide them with the care and compassion that they inherently deserve. May our small light dispel a great darkness, and our selfless service help to heal and illuminate the world. Please help us to continue to provide a place of peace and healing by making a tax-deductible donation to online: http://pacificprimate.org/help.htm References:

- Animal Welfare in Different Human Cultures, Traditions and Religious Faiths. Szucs, et al., Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2012 Nov; 25(11): 1499–1506. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4093044/

- From Pythagoras to Today: Animals and Philosophy 101. Ilea, Ramona. February 04, 2013. http://www.ourhenhouse.org/2013/02/from-pythagoras-to-today-animals-and-philosophy-101/

- Moral Status of Animals in the Ancient World. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world

- Everything you Need to Know about Animism. Lawless, Sarah. April 23, 2017. http://sarahannelawless.com/2017/04/23/everthing-you-need-to-know-about-animism/

Respect for All Living Beings is a central belief of many religions and cultures

PPS NEWS

Introducing Assistant Manager Jessica We are pleased to announce that Jessica, who spent a year as a Resident Intern, has assumed the role of Assistant Manager. The Assistant Manager position is available to Interns who have successfully and skillfully completed all 3 Modules of the Resident Internship, and who have a desire to learn more about the management and operations involved in running the Sanctuary. During her year as a Resident Intern, she became an skilled Primary Animal Caregiver. Jessica has demonstrated her true commitment to PPS and the monkeys, always considering the needs of the animals and the Sanctuary first, when making plans and decisions. She has been eager to learn as much as she can, and to be as supportive as possible. She cares deeply about each monkey at PPS and is fully invested in their wellbeing. She values positivity and growth, both for herself and for the other team members. Jessica has truly become an invaluable member of the PPS Team, and we are grateful and very pleased that she has stayed on as the Sanctuary’s Assistant Manager. Jessica writes: I can remember when I first discovered PPS while looking at various primate sanctuaries throughout the country. I was particularly drawn to this internship due to its emphasis on both education as well as the Sanctuary’s belief that all beings are equally sacred. Though I was at first hesitant to apply to somewhere so far away, after having spent the last year and a half here, I know that I definitely made the right choice, as I have learned and grown far more than I could have imagined. From an educational standpoint, my time here has exceeded my expectations. During my animal care internship, I learned many valuable aspects of primate care, ranging from basic animal care to advanced emergency care and colony management. Since becoming assistant manager, I have been able to sharpen these skills, as well as learn a wide array of other management skills, including, but not limited to: medical and behavioral oversight, Intern & Volunteer outreach and training, manual and

documentation oversight, and a variety of other behind the scenes tasks needed for the ongoing operations of a primate sanctuary. In addition to these tasks, I was also able to choose work on a variety of projects based on my own interests. For myself, these have ranged from outdoor projects such as beautifying the PPS graveyard, to projects related more directly to animal care, such as focusing on Behavioral Conditioning, serving as primary trainer to many individuals, as well as working closely with Interns on developing their skills in this area. Aside from being a great learning opportunity from an academic standpoint, PPS has been a wonderful learning environment from a personal standpoint. During my residency, I have been lucky enough to work with a wonderful and diverse group of Volunteers and Interns from around the world and have built countless treasured memories with them. I have learned so much from the monkeys as well. Like people, every monkey has a unique spirit; some shy, some bold, some gentle, some feisty. Unlike people, however, monkeys are not impressed with many of the unimportant things society has taught us to value; they simply care about how you treat them. When I first started at PPS, I can remember the caution displayed by each

monkey upon our first meeting. Slowly, their heedful glances turned to relaxation, and eventually, a happy chorus of chirps. In earning their trust, they allowed me to be part of their world.

Living on site with other Interns who are in the process of their 1-year animal care internship, the Assistant Manager position has the added benefit (and responsibility) of being the first in line to address any emergency situation, as well as serve as the role of the caretaker with whom the monkeys are most familiar. It is in this aspect that the Assistant Manager position has been most rewarding, knowing that every day, I have truly made a difference in the lives of these wonderful and deserving creatures.

Pacific Primate Sanctuary Inc. has been honored with a prestigious 2017 Top-Rated Nonprofit Award by GreatNonprofits, the leading provider of user reviews about nonprofit organizations.

GreatNonprofits is a website designed to help people find trustworthy nonprofits through user reviews. Their mission is to help inspire and inform prospective donors and volunteers, by helping them differentiate between nonprofits; find ones that they trust and be more confident in giving or signing up to volunteer. They also strive to enable nonprofits, regardless of the size of their marketing budget, to harness their most authentic and most effective advertising- the stories of those they serve.

Pacific Primate Sanctuary is gratified to be recognized as a Top-Rated Nonprofit for the fourth year in a row! The reviews about PPS were written by veterinarians, current and past volunteers, donors, individuals who have placed animals in our care, and other supporters. We are deeply grateful for the encouraging, thoughtful words of the PPS Community. Reading their comments warms our hearts and affirms our commitment to the precious beings in our care. These are some of the awe-inspiring comments written about Pacific Primate Sanctuary this year: “Pacific Primary Sanctuary is a wonderful non-profit. Taking care of abused and exploited monkeys is such a noble calling. They provide a beautiful and healthy environment for the monkeys to live out their lives. All creatures should be shown such love and compassion; how lucky those monkeys are.” “I've followed the progress of PPS since its inception. It is a force for the good as it protects and rehabilitates primates by providing top notch care and a rare ingredient: sanctuary.”

Please read (and write) more wonderful reviews for Pacific Primate Sanctuary at:

http://greatnonprofits.org/org/pacific-primate-sanctuary-inc

HOW YOU CAN HELP the MONKEYS at PPS

Donating to Pacific Primate Sanctuary can be as simple as doing an Internet search! Visit GoodSearch.com and designate Pacific Primate Sanctuary as your charity of choice and get started using this philanthropic program. Each time you do a search using GoodSearch, a small contribution will be made to PPS! Larger donations are made to PPS when you order from one of the many participating online stores, using GoodShop.

GoodShop GoodShop is THE go-to place to find all those coupon codes and promo codes on the web for thousands of stores from The Gap, Best Buy, Expedia, Target, Apple and more! So, don’t ever miss a chance to save a bit of money. AND, when you shop through Goodshop, a percentage of what you spend is donated to Pacific Primate Sanctuary! AmazonSmile AmazonSmile is a simple and automatic way for you to support Pacific Primate Sanctuary every time you shop at Amazon, at no cost to you. When you shop at smile.amazon.com, you’ll find the exact same low prices, vast selection and convenient shopping experience as Amazon.com, with the added bonus that Amazon will donate a portion of the purchase price to PPS. Go to smile.amazon.com, and select Pacific Primate Sanctuary as your charity, or you can click on the following link: https://smile.amazon.com/ch/99-0285731 Give the Gift of Your Service and Volunteer Your Time We are currently in need of more local Volunteers! We need Animal Caregivers, Handy People, and Gardeners/Landscapers. Retirees are welcome. If you live on Maui and are interested in becoming one of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s Angels, by volunteering your time and skills, please e-mail: pacificprimatesanctuary@gmail.com Facebook Fundraisers Facebook now offers online fundraising opportunities, which allows anyone to create a fundraiser for Pacific Primate Sanctuary. Many people have chosen to do a Birthday Fundraiser and raise funds for charity in honor of their birthday. On your personal Facebook page, click on the Fundraisers link, then select “Raise Money for a Nonprofit Organization”. You can then select Pacific Primate Sanctuary, Inc. as your charity, and begin raising donations by sharing with your friends and family. https://www.facebook.com/fundraisers/about/ How to Contribute Directly We rely on and deeply appreciate your continued partnership. Please make tax-deductible donations to the Sanctuary on our Website: www.pacificprimate.org and on Facebook, using PayPal, or by sending a check to:

Pacific Primate Sanctuary 500-A Haloa Road

Haiku, HI 96708

“Malama ‘Ola the Monkeys” and help us provide food, medicine and supplies for the monkeys at Pacific Primate Sanctuary and contribute to the care of the

Beings with whom we share the Earth!

RESIDENT INTERNSHIP Welcome Intern Olivia Introducing PPS Resident Intern, Olivia, who arrived in January. Olivia graduated in May of 2016 with a degree in Psychology and is planning to go on to Veterinary school in the future. She has worked at a wildlife rehabilitation facility and is dedicated to caring for animals. Olivia is eager to learn to care for primates at PPS, and it is a joy to share our knowledge with her.

Olivia has taken over the role of Garden Supervisor and is very enthusiastic about this position. The Garden Supervisor is in charge of overseeing the PPS Garden, and ensuring that it is producing fresh vegetables and herbs for the monkeys. Olivia has proven to be a very effective Garden Supervisor, researching how to create and utilize compost, and when and how to plant, maintain and harvest vegetables. She assigns tasks to various team members to make sure that the garden is well tended and has organized our new garden shed to make it easy to access the necessary tools. The garden is thriving, and the best thing of all is that the monkeys have been enjoying fresh lettuce, cucumbers, celery, and green beans over the last few weeks! In her acceptance letter, Olivia wrote: “I am thrilled to accept your official offer for the position of resident Intern at Pacific Primate Sanctuary. Everything about this Internship excites me, and my skype interview with Erin and Lucy only confirmed the feeling that this is exactly what I am meant to do at this time in my life. I want to come to PPS so that I may use my passion for animals to serve those at the Sanctuary, as well as grow in my knowledge of primate care and behavior. I believe that my time at PPS will be a defining experience in my life in that it will allow me to begin living my dream of dedicating my life to animals and doing my part to ensure that they are treated with the respect, love, and compassion that they deserve. I also believe that this opportunity will provide me a better idea of what my future career could look like, and will deepen my understanding of the many aspects that go into the long-term care and rehabilitation of different animal species. During my time at PPS, I hope to grow on both a personal and professional level. On a professional level, I hope to deepen my knowledge of primate behavior, animal care/rehabilitation, and wildlife medicine. I want to immerse myself completely in every aspect of primate care, so that I may learn all I can from the other staff members, as well as the animals of the sanctuary. In doing so, I hope to serve each animal to the best of my ability, contribute to the mission of PPS, and leave a positive impact on the sanctuary and all who live there. On a personal level, I hope that living at PPS will strengthen my ability to live mindfully and lead with an open heart, as the animals do. Because animal communication/interaction relies on emotion and intuition, rather than thoughts and words, I hope that devoting myself to their care will help strengthen my ability to do the same, which I believe is a crucial practice not only for animal care, but also life in general. Thank you for selecting me for the position of resident intern at Pacific Primate Sanctuary. I feel honored to have been given this opportunity and can’t wait to live and grow with the primates at PPS, both human and monkey alike.”

CONTINUING EDUCATION Special Topic: Intern Lauren Spider Monkey Conservation Spider monkeys are listed as “endangered” by the IUCN, with many subspecies classified as “critically endangered”. The species is estimated to have declined by 50% over the course of the past 45 years, with 8 out of the 16 subspecies in decline. The main threats to spider monkey populations are habitat loss and overhunting.

Olivia harvesting green beans

Spider Monkeys face many challenges and dangers in their declining native forests

There are many factors that contribute to the degradation of spider monkey habitats. Logging and land clearance for agricultural expansion lead to fragmentation and destruction of Central and South American forests. About 80,000 acres of tropical forest are destroyed each day, and another 80,000 acres are damaged. Spider monkey populations are particularly susceptible to decline from habitat degradation due to their arboreal locomotion and their diet, which mostly consists of very ripe fruits. The logging industry destroys the upper canopy pathways these monkeys use to navigate between fruit trees spread across their home ranges. Spider monkeys are often targeted by hunters due to their large size. Overhunting combined with habitat loss have devastated wild spider monkey groups. Their populations are deeply affected and slow to rebuild due to their low reproduction rates, long inter-birth intervals and gestation periods, and long periods of infant dependency. Conservation of spider monkey species is not only important for their survival, but also that of the forest. Spider monkeys disperse the large seeds from the fruit they eat, helping these trees spread throughout the environment. Protected areas throughout Central and South America create boundaries to stop the destruction of the rainforest. These areas can be an effective conservation endeavor, though they require very strict regulations and strong enforcement to be maintained. It is common for logging and agricultural expansion to continue across the borders of these areas. One way to help protected areas remain protected is to compensate local communities for the resources they are unable to access within the area. In order to effectively protect the forests, and spider monkeys within them, the local people must be provided with incentives to follow regulations. At Pacific Primate Sanctuary, we work to educate volunteers, interns, and the public about conservation issues, and provide a permanent home to animals in need, who deserve to live out their lives in peace. References: Ateles geoffroyi. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2279/0.

Accessed 7 December 2017. Butler, Rhett. Deforestation. 2012. https://rainforests.mongabay.com/0801.htm.

Accessed 7 December 2017. Campbell, Christina J., ed. Spider Monkeys: The Biology, Behaviour, and

Ecology of the Genus Ateles. New York: Cambridge U Press, 2008. Print. Cuarón, A.D., Morales, A., Shedden, A., Rodriguez-Luna, E., de Grammont, P.C. &

Cortés-Ortiz, L. 2008. Ateles geoffroyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK. Accessed 10 December 2017.

Special Topic: Intern Tiffany Capuchin anatomy and morphology New World monkeys range in size from just 100g (.2 lbs.) for the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella, to over 10 kg (22 lbs.) for spider monkeys and muriqui, Ateles and Brachyteles, respectively. Capuchins are intermediate in this size range, with wild adult female capuchins weighing, on average, 2.3kg (5 lbs.), and adult males 3.1kg (7 lbs.). However, different species of capuchins can vary somewhat in weight. Although the different species can be difficult to differentiate from one another, there are some

Miracle uses her tail for support

consistent physical and anatomical differences that suggest specific adaptations to their surroundings, their mode of locomotion, and foraging activities. Capuchin fur ranges in color from nearly white through blonde and red tones to deep brown and black. Usually the skin on the face is paler than skin on the other parts of the body, the fur on the chest is lighter, while forearms, back, and tail are the darkest in animals that have mixed coloration. Capuchins have distinctive facial markings and fur coloration that, in principle, make them easy to identify at the individual and species level. However, individuals within species vary greatly, both across geographic regions and within a same group. Therefore, in practice, species identification can be tricky, but in general the monkeys become more individually distinctive with age. Capuchin monkeys eat a wide variety of foods that have hard shells or that have to be removed from woody substrates. They use their mouth to obtain and process these foods, which explains why their jaws and teeth are adapted for strong pulling and crushing. Capuchins have more robust canines, longer and thickly enameled incisors, and square molar teeth with thicker enamel than other non-primate genera, especially those that eat primarily leaves or fruit. Incisors and canines are used for vigorously pulling, and large molars are useful for cracking and grinding. These morphological specializations are most important to capuchins during periods of food scarcity, as they allow the monkeys to feed on different food sources, depending on availability. Capuchins possess prehensile tails, meaning they can use their tails to grasp an object or a surface, and to support weight. Their tails are however, quite different physically and functionally from usual prehensile tails as theirs are shorter and not as flexible and dexterous as the tails of some other species. Adult capuchins rarely suspend themselves only by their tail, although youngsters often do so. Sometimes this difference is highlighted by describing the tail of capuchins as “semi-prehensile”. Nevertheless, the tail is a very important appendage for capuchins, as they use their tails to grasp supports when moving and for balance. The capuchins’ prehensile tail is not a general adaptation to support a large body in the trees, but an adaptation for their style of locomotion and feeding. In most domains, the anatomy and morphology of capuchins are representative of New World monkeys. There are, however, anatomical and morphological features that are particularly distinctive to capuchins, and that contribute in obvious ways to their behavioral ecology. The way they move around, their diet of various and unusual foods, and their specific social dynamics, are all factors that are involved in the capuchins’ distinctive features. At Pacific Primate Sanctuary, we encourage the white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus), Miracle and Prospero, to utilize these naturally acquired features. They are given hard nuts, such as almonds and hazelnuts in shells, which they enjoy cracking open with their strong jaws and teeth. Their Enclosure is set up in a way that they are able to jump and climb as they would in a natural setting, holding on and balancing themselves with the help of their prehensile tails. Although captive animals differ in some ways from wild animals, their anatomical and morphological features remain the same, and allowing them to display similar behaviors to what they would they use in a neotropical forest, contributes to their physical, mental and emotional wellbeing. References: Fragaszy, Dorothy M., Visalberghi, Elisabetta, Fedigan, Linda M. “The Complete Capuchin

– The Biology of the Genus Cebus”. United Kingdom, Cambridge: University Press, 2004. Wright, B. W. “Craniodental Biomechanics and Dietary Toughness in the Genus

Cebus”. Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 48, 2005, pp. 473-492.

Tamarins remain closely bonded to their mates for life. At PPS, Adam and Nadine have been paired for 15 years.

Special Topic: Intern Holly Callitrichid Mating Systems Mating systems refer the structure of a group in relation to who in the group gets to reproduce, and under what conditions. Callitrichid mating systems are the most flexible of non-human primates, but there are generally three recognized, reoccurring mating systems: monogamy, polygyny, and polyandry. Evidence suggests that which system occurs in a breeding population, depends on resource availability and access to non-breeding helpers, as Callitrichids have a cooperative caregiving system.

Monogamy is when one male and one female exclusively breed with one another and have full mating rights within the group. When it comes to reproductive success on an individual level, a monogamous mating system ensures that the breeding pair have full access to resources and helpers to raise their offspring. When Callitrichid family groups utilize a monogamous mating system, the breeding pair are usually the parents of the other family members and engage in reproductive suppression to prevent their children or possible non-related group

members from breeding. However, subordinate females have been known to reproduce despite reproductive suppression from the

dominant female (usually their mother). In cases where a subordinate female reproduced, their offspring often don’t survive, usually due to not receiving the same care the breeding female’s offspring received, and the female often emigrates out of the group soon after. This type of mating system is the one predominantly seen in Callitrichids. Polygyny is when one male has a breeding relationship with two or more females of the group, but each female only mates with one male. Pseudo-polygyny is when a subordinate female breeds in a monogamous family group, but true polygyny is rare, only accounting for about 15% of observed wild populations. A true polygynous mating system has two (or more) breeding females who breed repeatedly, have surviving offspring, are stable members of the group, and have equal access to the same male. For females, a polygynous mating system has costs in reproductive success. If the females give birth at the same time, there is a higher chance of infant death. Females in these groups tend to give birth asynchronously to avoid the possibility of their infants dying. Polygynous family groups are more efficient at producing infants, and larger family groups are more efficient at ensuring those infants survive. However, the dominant and breeding subordinate females lose reproductive fitness because the group is caring for all of their children and not focusing on the offspring of a specific female. For individual reproductive success, a polygynous mating system does not benefit females, so the question becomes why a dominant female would allow a subordinate to breed. One possible explanation is allowing subordinate females to breed keeps them within the family group as potential helpers, while another is that a dominant female cannot completely prevent a subordinate from reproducing. Observations of wild white-tufted-ear marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) suggest that true polygynous groups can be formed when two well-established groups split, after the deaths of the dominant female, and join with one another. Polyandry occurs when one female has a breeding relationship with two or more males of the group. Since Callitrichids are cooperative caregivers, a dominant breeding female’s offspring will receive care from multiple helpers, so parental investment is not the driving force for why a female would take more than one partner. Evidence suggests a breeding male may accept another male as a breeding partner with the dominant female, if the family group is very small. If the group is just comprised of one male and one female, then raising the twin offspring will be very difficult. But if another male joins the group in a breeding relationship with the female, then both males have benefits and risks in a polyandrous

group. The benefit is that there is another helper to successfully raise the offspring, but there is also the fact that one of the males will be raising unrelated offspring. Once a family group has adult offspring that become the non-reproductive helpers, a monogamous mating system becomes more commonplace. This is an unusual mating system for marmosets, and one that we have never seen at PPS. At Pacific Primate Sanctuary, we strive to emulate the monkey’s natural environment as closely as possible, both in terms of Enclosure set-up as well as socially; because of this, marmosets and tamarins are housed as social pairs whenever possible. Male/female pairs are able to have the same monogamous mating system they would likely experience in the wild; they live together in their own “territory,” copulate, and behave like true mated pairs. Since the males are vasectomized, they are not currently reproducing, but all other aspects of the social system remain intact. References: Yamamoto, Maria E., de Fatima Arruda, Maria, Alencar, Anuska I., Cordeiro de Sousa, Maria

B., Araujo, Arrilton. “Mating Systems and Female-Female Competition in the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus.” The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/Callimico Radiation, edited by Susan M. Ford, Leila M. Porter, & Lesa C. Davis, Springer, 2009, pp. 119-133.

There is no environment “out there” separate from us. The environment is embedded in us. We are as much a part of our surroundings as the trees and the birds and fish, the sky, water and rocks. — David Suzuki (Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia, holds 29 honorary degrees from universities around the world)

We hope you have enjoyed this issue of Pacific Primate Sanctuary’s E-Newsletter. Thank you for your support of our life giving work. Because of compassionate people, the Sanctuary can continue to provide a place of peace and happiness for primates saved from research laboratories, animal dealers, and tourist attractions. Here they can heal, form social groups, and live free from exploitation.