from brain waves to mathematics of fractals...from brain waves to mathematics of fractals - the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals- The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions -
Kiko Kawamura([email protected])
University of North Texas, RIMS Kyoto University
Nara Women’s University, November 2009
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 2: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Motivation
There are a lot of people who are suffering from depression.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 3: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Motivation
There are a lot of people who are suffering from depression.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 4: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Motivation
There are a lot of people who are suffering from depression.
What can I do for them?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 5: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Motivation
There are a lot of people who are suffering from depression.
What can I do for them?
Medical doctor?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 6: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Motivation
There are a lot of people who are suffering from depression.
What can I do for them?
Medical doctor? Sorry....no patience..
Mathematician?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 7: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Motivation
There are a lot of people who are suffering from depression.
What can I do for them?
Medical doctor? Sorry....no patience..
Mathematician? How can I help?
Brain scientist?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 8: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Motivation
There are a lot of people who are suffering from depression.
What can I do for them?
Medical doctor? Sorry....no patience..
Mathematician? How can I help?
Brain scientist? It might be interesting!?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 9: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Brain waves
Why is it difficult to analyze functions like brain waves?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 10: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Brain waves
Why is it difficult to analyze functions like brain waves?
Even if a part is enlarged, the complexity of the data is notreduced.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 11: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Brain waves
Why is it difficult to analyze functions like brain waves?
Even if a part is enlarged, the complexity of the data is notreduced.
The methods of classical calculus can not be applied!
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 12: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Brain waves
Why is it difficult to analyze functions like brain waves?
Even if a part is enlarged, the complexity of the data is notreduced.
The methods of classical calculus can not be applied!
My research dream
Find new techniques to analyze irregular functions like brain waves!
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 13: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fractals
Self-similarity
The geometric characterization of the simplest fractal isself-similarity: the shape is made of smaller copies of itself.The copies are similar to the whole.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 14: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Examples of fractals
The simplest fractals are constructed by iteration. Forexample, start with a filled-in triangle and iterate this process:
For every filled-in triangle, connect the midpoints of the sidesand remove the middle triangle. Iterating this processproduces, in the limit, the Sierpinski Gasket.
The gasket is self-similar.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 15: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Examples of fractals (continued)
Extention of self-similarity
Self-similarity can be extended to allow the pieces to look likethe whole in some sense.
The right window is a rescaling of the x-axis by a factor of 4,and the y-axis by a factor of 2. The right picture has aboutthe same distribution of jumps as the left.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 16: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Examples of fractals (continued)
Extention of self-similarity
Self-similarity can be extended to allow the pieces to look likethe whole in some sense.
The right window is a rescaling of the x-axis by a factor of 4,and the y-axis by a factor of 2. The right picture has aboutthe same distribution of jumps as the left.
Examples
Stock price movement?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 17: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Examples of fractals (continued)
Extention of self-similarity
Self-similarity can be extended to allow the pieces to look likethe whole in some sense.
The right window is a rescaling of the x-axis by a factor of 4,and the y-axis by a factor of 2. The right picture has aboutthe same distribution of jumps as the left.
Examples
Stock price movement? Coastline?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 18: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Examples of fractals (continued)
Extention of self-similarity
Self-similarity can be extended to allow the pieces to look likethe whole in some sense.
The right window is a rescaling of the x-axis by a factor of 4,and the y-axis by a factor of 2. The right picture has aboutthe same distribution of jumps as the left.
Examples
Stock price movement? Coastline? Mountain?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 19: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Examples of fractals (continued)
Extention of self-similarity
Self-similarity can be extended to allow the pieces to look likethe whole in some sense.
The right window is a rescaling of the x-axis by a factor of 4,and the y-axis by a factor of 2. The right picture has aboutthe same distribution of jumps as the left.
Examples
Stock price movement? Coastline? Mountain? Tree?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 20: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Examples of fractals (continued)
Extention of self-similarity
Self-similarity can be extended to allow the pieces to look likethe whole in some sense.
The right window is a rescaling of the x-axis by a factor of 4,and the y-axis by a factor of 2. The right picture has aboutthe same distribution of jumps as the left.
Examples
Stock price movement? Coastline? Mountain? Tree? Female!
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 21: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Preparation
Notation
Let the binary expansion of x ∈ [0, 1] be
x =∞∑
k=1
ǫk2−k, ǫk = ǫk(x) ∈ {0, 1}.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 22: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Preparation
Notation
Let the binary expansion of x ∈ [0, 1] be
x =∞∑
k=1
ǫk2−k, ǫk = ǫk(x) ∈ {0, 1}.
0 1
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 23: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Preparation
Notation
Let the binary expansion of x ∈ [0, 1] be
x =∞∑
k=1
ǫk2−k, ǫk = ǫk(x) ∈ {0, 1}.
0 1
1/2
0 1
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 24: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Preparation
Notation
Let the binary expansion of x ∈ [0, 1] be
x =∞∑
k=1
ǫk2−k, ǫk = ǫk(x) ∈ {0, 1}.
0 1
1/2
0 1
0 1
1/21/4 3/4
0 1 0 1
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 25: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Preparation(continued)
Examples
If x ∈ [0, 1] is a dyadic point, there are two ways to express:
1
2= .011111 · · · = .100000 · · · .
If x ∈ [0, 1] is a rational number, the binary expansion iseither terminating or repeating:
3
8= .011,
1
3= .0101010101 · · · = .01.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 26: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Lebesgue’s singular function: unfair coin tossing
Imagine flipping a coin.
Suppose this coin has probability a of landing heads andprobability 1 − a of landing tails. (a 6= 1/2)
Determine a number t ∈ [0, 1] by flipping the coin infinitelymany times:
t = 0.ǫ1ǫ2 · · · =∞∑
k=1
ǫk2−k,
where ǫk is 0 if the kth flip is heads, or 1 if it is tails.
Define Lebesgue’s singular function as the probabilitydistribution
La(x) := Prob(t ≤ x).
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 27: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Functional equation
Theorem (De Rham, 1957)
La(x) is the unique continuous solution of the functional equation
La(x) =
{
aLa(2x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ,
(1 − a)La(2x − 1) + a, 12 ≤ x ≤ 1,
where 0 < a < 1, and a 6= 1/2.
M
0 1
1-
M
M
a
0
1
1
-
0
a
a2
1
a + a(1 − a)
11/2M
M
M
M
- · · ·
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 28: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Property of Lebesgue’s singular function
Figure: Lebesgue’s singular function (a = 0.3)
Theorem (Salem, 1943)
La(x) is strictly increasing and L′
a(x) = 0 almost everywhere.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 29: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Review
Definition (Differentiability)
A function f if differentiable at x = a, if there exist finite numbersM and N such that
f ′
+(a) := limh→0+
f(a + h) − f(a)
h= M,
f ′
−(a) := lim
h→0−
f(a + h) − f(a)
h= N,
and M = N .
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 30: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Question
Question 1
Can I give a concrete example of x ∈ [0, 1] where L′
a(x) = 0?
What set of x ∈ [0, 1] have L′
a(x) = 0?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 31: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Question
Question 1
Can I give a concrete example of x ∈ [0, 1] where L′
a(x) = 0?
What set of x ∈ [0, 1] have L′
a(x) = 0?
For instance,
x = 1/2?
x = 1/3?
x = 3/7?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 32: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Density of 0 and 1 in the binary expansion of x
Definition
For x =∑
∞
k=1 ǫk(x)2−k, define
D1(x) := limn→∞
1
n
n∑
k=1
ǫk(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 1}|
n,
provided the limit exists. Put
D0(x) := 1 − D1(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 0}|
n.
Di(x) is the density of the digit i in the binary expansion of x.
Examples
x = 1/3?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 33: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Density of 0 and 1 in the binary expansion of x
Definition
For x =∑
∞
k=1 ǫk(x)2−k, define
D1(x) := limn→∞
1
n
n∑
k=1
ǫk(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 1}|
n,
provided the limit exists. Put
D0(x) := 1 − D1(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 0}|
n.
Di(x) is the density of the digit i in the binary expansion of x.
Examples
x = 1/3? → x = .01
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 34: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Density of 0 and 1 in the binary expansion of x
Definition
For x =∑
∞
k=1 ǫk(x)2−k, define
D1(x) := limn→∞
1
n
n∑
k=1
ǫk(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 1}|
n,
provided the limit exists. Put
D0(x) := 1 − D1(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 0}|
n.
Di(x) is the density of the digit i in the binary expansion of x.
Examples
x = 1/3? → x = .01 → D0(x) = D1(x) = 1/2.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 35: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Density of 0 and 1 in the binary expansion of x
Definition
For x =∑
∞
k=1 ǫk(x)2−k, define
D1(x) := limn→∞
1
n
n∑
k=1
ǫk(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 1}|
n,
provided the limit exists. Put
D0(x) := 1 − D1(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 0}|
n.
Di(x) is the density of the digit i in the binary expansion of x.
Examples
x = 1/3? → x = .01 → D0(x) = D1(x) = 1/2.
x = 3/7?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 36: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Density of 0 and 1 in the binary expansion of x
Definition
For x =∑
∞
k=1 ǫk(x)2−k, define
D1(x) := limn→∞
1
n
n∑
k=1
ǫk(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 1}|
n,
provided the limit exists. Put
D0(x) := 1 − D1(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 0}|
n.
Di(x) is the density of the digit i in the binary expansion of x.
Examples
x = 1/3? → x = .01 → D0(x) = D1(x) = 1/2.
x = 3/7? → x = .011
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 37: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Density of 0 and 1 in the binary expansion of x
Definition
For x =∑
∞
k=1 ǫk(x)2−k, define
D1(x) := limn→∞
1
n
n∑
k=1
ǫk(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 1}|
n,
provided the limit exists. Put
D0(x) := 1 − D1(x) = limn→∞
|{1 ≤ k ≤ n : ǫk = 0}|
n.
Di(x) is the density of the digit i in the binary expansion of x.
Examples
x = 1/3? → x = .01 → D0(x) = D1(x) = 1/2.
x = 3/7? → x = .011 → D0(x) = 1/3, D1(x) = 2/3.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 38: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Answer to Question 1
Theorem (Kawamura, 2009)
1 If x ∈ [0, 1] is dyadic, then L′
a(x) does not exist, since
L′
a+(x) 6= L′
a−(x).
2 If x ∈ [0, 1] is not dyadic and
D0(x) = D1(x), then L′
a(x) = 0.
D0(x) 6= D1(x), then
L′
a(x) =
{
0, if aD0(x)(1 − a)D1(x) < 1/2,
+∞, if aD0(x)(1 − a)D1(x) > 1/2.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 39: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Answer for Question 1 (cont.)
Examples
x = 1/2?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 40: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Answer for Question 1 (cont.)
Examples
x = 1/2? → 1/2 is a dyadic point!
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 41: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Answer for Question 1 (cont.)
Examples
x = 1/2? → 1/2 is a dyadic point!→ L′
a(1/2) does not exist.
x = 1/3?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 42: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Answer for Question 1 (cont.)
Examples
x = 1/2? → 1/2 is a dyadic point!→ L′
a(1/2) does not exist.
x = 1/3? → D0(x) = D1(x) = 1/2.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 43: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Answer for Question 1 (cont.)
Examples
x = 1/2? → 1/2 is a dyadic point!→ L′
a(1/2) does not exist.
x = 1/3? → D0(x) = D1(x) = 1/2.→ L′
a(1/3) = 0.
x = 3/7?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 44: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Answer for Question 1 (cont.)
Examples
x = 1/2? → 1/2 is a dyadic point!→ L′
a(1/2) does not exist.
x = 1/3? → D0(x) = D1(x) = 1/2.→ L′
a(1/3) = 0.
x = 3/7? → D0(x) = 1/3, D1(x) = 2/3.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 45: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Answer for Question 1 (cont.)
Examples
x = 1/2? → 1/2 is a dyadic point!→ L′
a(1/2) does not exist.
x = 1/3? → D0(x) = D1(x) = 1/2.→ L′
a(1/3) = 0.
x = 3/7? → D0(x) = 1/3, D1(x) = 2/3.
→ L′
a(3/7) =
{
0, if a1/3(1 − a)2/3 < 1/2,
+∞, if a1/3(1 − a)2/3 > 1/2.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 46: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Takagi’s nowhere differentiable function
Definition (Takagi’s function, 1903)
T (x) :=∞∑
n=1
1
2nφ(n)(x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
where
φ(x) :=
{
2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1/2,
2 − 2x, 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1.
φ is a typical chaotic dynamical system on [0, 1].
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 47: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Question
Question 2
We know that Takagi’s function is nowhere differentiable.But, at which x ∈ [0, 1] does T (x) have an infinite derivative?
Note!
Recall that if T ′(x) = ±∞, the graph of T has a vertical tangentline at x.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 48: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Answer to Question 2
Let In and On be the number of 1’s and 0’s, respectively inthe first n binary digits of x.
Let Dn := On − In.
Theorem (Begle & Ayres, 1937)
1 If x ∈ [0, 1] is dyadic, then T ′(x) does not exist, since
T ′
+(x) 6= T ′
−(x).
2 If x ∈ [0, 1] is not dyadic, then
T ′(x) =
+∞, if limn→∞ Dn = +∞,
−∞, if limn→∞ Dn = −∞,
does not exist, if limn→∞ Dn does not exist.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 49: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Composition of functions
Recall that in classical calculus, the chain rule is used to computethe derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions: If
h(x) = f(g(x)),
thenh′(x) = f ′(g(x))g′(x).
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 50: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Composition of functions
Recall that in classical calculus, the chain rule is used to computethe derivative of the composition of two differentiable functions: If
h(x) = f(g(x)),
thenh′(x) = f ′(g(x))g′(x).
Question 3
But what about a function such as T (L−1a (x)): the composition of
Takagi’s function and the inverse of Lebesgue’s singular function?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 51: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Question
Putf(x) = T (x), g(x) = L−1
a (x),
andh(x) = f(g(x)) = T (L−1
a (x)).
If we try to use the chain rule to compute h′(x), we may run intoone of the indeterminate products
+∞ · 0, or −∞ · 0.
How can we overcome this problem?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 52: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Question
Putf(x) = T (x), g(x) = L−1
a (x),
andh(x) = f(g(x)) = T (L−1
a (x)).
If we try to use the chain rule to compute h′(x), we may run intoone of the indeterminate products
+∞ · 0, or −∞ · 0.
How can we overcome this problem?
Answer
Wait for my next paper, please!
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 53: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Maximum points of T (x)
Question 4
Takagi’s function T (x) is nowhere differentiable. Then how can wefind the maximum points?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 54: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Maximum points of T (x)
Question 4
Takagi’s function T (x) is nowhere differentiable. Then how can wefind the maximum points?
Theorem (Kahane, 1959)
The maximum value of T (x) is 2/3.
The binary expansion of any maximum point of T (x) is
x = .
01
or
10
01
or
10
01
or
10
01
or
10
· · · .
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 55: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Relationship among two irregular functions
Theorem (Hata-Yamaguti, 1984)
Takagi’s function and Lebesgue’s singular function are related by
T (x) =1
2
∂La(x)
∂a
∣∣∣∣a= 1
2
Why not keep differentiating?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 56: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Relationship among two irregular functions
Theorem (Hata-Yamaguti, 1984)
Takagi’s function and Lebesgue’s singular function are related by
T (x) =1
2
∂La(x)
∂a
∣∣∣∣a= 1
2
Why not keep differentiating?
Definition (n-th partial derivatives of La(x))
Tn(x) :=1
n!
∂nLa(x)
∂an
∣∣∣∣a= 1
2
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 57: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
n-th partial derivatives of La(x).
1.2
0.8
0.0
1.0
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.80 10.2 0.4 0.6
1.5
0.5
-1.5
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.8 10.2 0.4 0.6
3
1
2
0
-1
0.6 0.8 10.2 0.4
4
0
2
-2
-4
0.6 0.8 10.2 0.4
Figure: Graphs of T1 (top left), T2 (top right), T3 (bottom left) and T4
(bottom right).
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 58: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Question
Theorem (Allaart-Kawamura, 2006)
For each n ∈ N, Tn(x) is continuous but nowhere differentiable.
Question 5
What are the maximum values of Tn?
Where are they attained?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 59: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Maximum of T2
1.5
0.5
-1.5
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.8 10.2 0.4 0.6
Theorem (A-K, 2006)
The binary expansion of any maximum point of T2(x) has the form:
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 60: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Maximum of T2
1.5
0.5
-1.5
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.8 10.2 0.4 0.6
Theorem (A-K, 2006)
The binary expansion of any maximum point of T2(x) has the form:
x = .00
01
or
10
010
01
or
10
01010
01
or
10
0101010
01
or
10
010101010 · · · .
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 61: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Maximum of T3
3
1
2
0
-1
0.6 0.8 10.2 0.4
Theorem (A-K, 2006)
The binary expansion of any maximum point of T3(x) in [0, 12 ] has
the form:
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 62: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Maximum of T3
3
1
2
0
-1
0.6 0.8 10.2 0.4
Theorem (A-K, 2006)
The binary expansion of any maximum point of T3(x) in [0, 12 ] has
the form:
x = .0000
01
or
10
0
01
or
10
010︸︷︷︸
010︸︷︷︸
01
or
10
010︸︷︷︸
01
or
10
01010︸ ︷︷ ︸
01010︸ ︷︷ ︸
01
or
10
01010︸ ︷︷ ︸
01
or
10
0101010︸ ︷︷ ︸
0101010︸ ︷︷ ︸
01
or
10
0101010︸ ︷︷ ︸
· · · .
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 63: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Mysterious conjecture for Tn
Extensive numerical computation suggested that
Conjecture
For each n ≥ 4, Tn has only finitely many maximum points!
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 64: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Self-similar sets in the complex plane
Consider a unique bounded continous solution Gα(x) of
Gα(x) =
{
αGα(2x), 0 ≤ x < 1/2,
(1 − α)Gα(2x − 1) + α, 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1,
where α ∈ C such that |α| < 1.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 65: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Self-similar sets in the complex plane
Consider a unique bounded continous solution Gα(x) of
Gα(x) =
{
αGα(2x), 0 ≤ x < 1/2,
(1 − α)Gα(2x − 1) + α, 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1,
where α ∈ C such that |α| < 1.
Remark
If α = a, a real number, then
Ga(x) = La(x), 0 < a < 1, a 6= 1/2.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 66: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Self-similar sets in the complex plane
Consider a unique bounded continous solution Gα(x) of
Gα(x) =
{
αGα(2x), 0 ≤ x < 1/2,
(1 − α)Gα(2x − 1) + α, 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 1,
where α ∈ C such that |α| < 1.
Remark
If α = a, a real number, then
Ga(x) = La(x), 0 < a < 1, a 6= 1/2.
Properties of Gα
Gα : [0, 1] → C,
Gα([0, 1]): self-similar set on C.
Example: if α = 1/2 + 1/2i, Gα([0, 1]) is Levy’s dragon curve.
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 67: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Figure: Graphs of Gα (top left), view from the top (top right), from adifferent angle (bottom left), Levy dragon curve (bottom right).
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 68: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Observation
Each coordinate function is somewhat similar to Takagi’s function!
This is no surprise, because...
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 69: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Observation
Each coordinate function is somewhat similar to Takagi’s function!
This is no surprise, because...
Theorem (K, 2003)
Im∂Gα(x)
∂αI
∣∣∣∣αR=1/2
= 2T (x).
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 70: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
What about my dream?!?!
It seems that I have enjoyed exploring the wonders of irregularfunctions, but...
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 71: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
What about my dream?!?!
It seems that I have enjoyed exploring the wonders of irregularfunctions, but...
Did I forget about my dream?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 72: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
What about my dream?!?!
It seems that I have enjoyed exploring the wonders of irregularfunctions, but...
Did I forget about my dream?
Where are the applications?
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 73: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
What about my dream?!?!
It seems that I have enjoyed exploring the wonders of irregularfunctions, but...
Did I forget about my dream?
Where are the applications?
Brain science (Tsuda and Yamaguchi, 2006)
Self-similar functions whose graphs look remarkably like Gα(x)appear in neural systems!
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 74: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Message to future female scientists
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut
![Page 75: From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals...From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beauty of numbers behind irregular functions - Kiko Kawamura (kkawamur@kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp)](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081402/5f12d583b3f81575655b41ce/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Message to future female scientists
Kiko Kawamura ([email protected]) From Brain Waves to Mathematics of Fractals - The beaut