from: carter r (1998) mapping the mind. seven dials, london
TRANSCRIPT
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From: Carter R (1998) Mapping the Mind. Seven Dials, London.
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EMOTIONSPRIMARY SECONDARY(reflexive) (cognitive)
• fear• anger• happiness• sadness• disgust• surprise
• envy• shame• guilt• et cetera, et cetera,
et cetera
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INDICES OF FEARIN ANIMAL MODELS IN GENERALISED ANXIETY
heart rate salivation• stomach ulcers• respiration change• scanning & vigilance startle• urination• defecation• grooming• freezing
• heart pounding• dry mouth• upset stomach respiration• scanning & vigilance• jumpiness, easy startle• frequent urination• diarrhoea• fidgeting• apprehensive expectation
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From: www.cns.nyu.edu/home/ledoux
See: LeDoux JE (2002) Emotion, memory & the brain.In: “The Hidden Mind”, Scientific American.
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“The subcortical visual pathway may transmit low-frequency images (left) that arouse the amygdala better than high-
frequency ones (right)”
From: Helmuth L (2003) Fear & trembling in the amygdala.
Science 300, 568-569.
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From: Dolan RJ (2000)Emotional processing in the
human brain revealed throughfunctional neuroimaging. In:
Gazzaniga MS (Ed) The NewCognitive Neurosciences, 2nd
Edn, MIT Press. Pp 1115-1131.
Blood flow ( neuronal O2
consumption) increases in the right amygdala as
the facial expression becomes more fearful and
decreases as the facial expression becomes
happier.
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Paquette V, et al. (2003) “Change the mind & you change
the brain”: effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the neural
correlates of spider phobia. NeuroImage 18, 401-409.
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DEFICITS OF FEAR CONTROL
• Anxiety (social, generalized, situational)
• Phobias (e.g. dogs, air travel)
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Panic disorder
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http://www.iac-usnc.org/Lectures/Symposium1/index.html
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Patients with lesions that include the amygdala show:
• Deficits in fear conditioning
• Deficits in the perception of fear in facial expressions & voices