from clusters to ecologies an exploration of australia's research environment
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[. ]. From Clusters to Ecologies An exploration of Australia's research environment. Marco Fahmi Queensland University of Technology. Australia’s Research Strategy. The objectives of research funding policies Increase the global competitiveness of Australian research - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
From Clusters to EcologiesAn exploration of Australia's
research environment
Marco FahmiQueensland University of Technology
[ ]
Australia’s Research Strategy
The objectives of research funding policies– Increase the global competitiveness of
Australian research– Increase the relevance of Australian research
to the community at large
However,– Australian research is ranked 15th in the world– The role of research is increasingly changing
The Problem
• Lack of Clarity– Hard to identify problems early– Hard to determine the extent of problems
• Lack of Reliable Solutions– Unclear what impact solutions have– No investigation of root causes (if any)
• An Alternative Approach– Need for a clinical approach (better diagnosis)– Need for stewardship (longterm management)
A 4-Layer Stewardship Model
Data
Policy
Conceptual Framework
Analysis } Evidence-basedStewardship
Strategy
A 4-Layer Stewardship Model
Data
Policy
Conceptual Framework
Analysis
←
ToolsData streams
ProcessCollection and classification of data
OutputData repository
A 4-Layer Stewardship Model
Data
Policy
Conceptual Framework
Analysis ←
ToolsStatistical analytics
ProcessMining available data sources
OutputStatistics and profiles
A 4-Layer Stewardship Model
Data
Policy
Conceptual Framework
Analysis
←ToolsConceptual framework
ProcessAn interpretation of patterns and motifs
OutputA status report on the environment
A 4-Layer Stewardship Model
Data
Policy
Conceptual Framework
Analysis
← ToolsRules and rewards
ProcessExtrapolation of future scenarios and outcomes
OutputA stewardship policy
A Triad of Resources
Research
Interactions
Funding
Enhances scientists’ productivity(e.g. Lee & Bozeman, 2005; Landry et al., 1996; Harman, 1999)
Acquiring contracts and funding(Nieminen& Kaukonen, 2001; Harman, 2001)
Policy
Research priorities
A Clinical Approach I
A fundamental change in the way diseases were dealt with in the 18th century is indicated
“… by the minute but decisive change, whereby the question: What is the matter with you?, with which the eighteenth-century dialogue between doctor and patient began
… was replaced by that other question: Where does it hurt?”
Foucault, The birth of the clinic p. xviii
Policy
A Clinical Approach II
Diagnosis becomes “perceptible and stable... a welding of the disease onto the organism”:
“a new distribution of the discrete elements of corporal space”
“a reorganization of the elements that made up the pathological phenomenon”
“a definition of the linear series of morbid events”
Foucault, The birth of the clinic p. xviii
Topology
Patterns
Evolution
Policy
The Ecosystem Paradigm
• Socio-technical environment
• Sustainable competition and the resource-based view
• A Research Ecosystem
• Holistic System Approach
Conceptual Framework
What is an ecosystem?
• Interactions between agents are restricted to their local vicinity. But give rise to system-wide "emergent" properties
• The system lacks strong top-down control. Top-down control is often weakened by bottom-up forces
• The ecosystem is organised as a heterogeneous network structure
• The various elements of the ecosystem are able to adapt to the changing conditions of their environment
• The elements of the ecosystem possess mechanisms that evolve new properties and functions under the influence of environmental forces
Conceptual Framework
Analytical Tools
• Research– Statistics– Bibliometrics
• Funding– Competitive grants/projects– Research Centres
• Interactions– Social Networking Analysis
Analysis
Caveats
• The validity of bibliometric studies rests on the crucial assumption that co-authors are identical to co-operators.
• Empirical research has shown that this is not always the case (Laudel 2002) and (Martin, 1997)
Analysis
Data Sources
• Coarse-grained Statistics– ABS & University rankings
• Research– Publication Repositories
• Interactions– University HR Data
• Funding– Grants/Projects Databases
Data
Stewardship: How to Impact the System
Micro
Macro
Meso
ForesightOversight Insight
Feedback loops Paradigm rulesConstraints
Buffers PatternsFlows
Parameters Self-organisationDelays
Adapted from (Meadows 1997)
Research Oversight
Micro
Macro
Meso
Oversight
Feedback loops
Buffers
Parameters
Parameters: Financial
• Budget of universities is balanced by income generated from attracting international students
• We maximize the revenues from international education
• Minimize its impact on our system
(Marginson 2009)
Micro
Oversight
Parameters
Buffers: Financial
• “It is inescapable that the present incentive for hyper-growth of international students will continue to skew the whole system in favour of exports at the expense of domestic capacity…”
Meso
Oversight
Buffers
Feedback Loops
• Research: Move away from basic research and towards applied research
• Financial: Reticence to change the structure: “The fear is that if the incentive structure changes export growth will level off or trend downwards.”
(Marginson 2009)
Macro
Oversight
Feedback loops
Stewardship:How to Impact the System
Micro
Macro
Meso
Insight
Constraints
Flows
Delays
Delays: Research
• Commercialisation of research is counterproductive on the long term– If universities lock breakthrough discoveries in
long patent chains it slows the rate of innovation overall.
– Commercial R&D and knowledge intensive industries should be developing IP, not universities.
(Marginson 2009)
Micro
Insight
Delays
Flows: Financial
• More financial resources need to be allocated to research– Extra funding for identifiable areas of research
strength, plus the most promising new ideas.– It would be much better to provide extra
research funding on the basis of research groupings rather than institutions.
Meso
Insight
Flows
Word map of Australian research
Flows: Interactions
• Research networks are instrumental in the diffusion and creation of new knowledge
• Interactions/collaborations happen at all levels of granularity in the HE environment
• Interactions also take place with the public/private sector
Meso
Insight
Flows
Reasons for Collaboration
Research Cross fertilisation across disciplinesIncreasing specialization of science
Technical Access to expertisePooling knowledge for tackling large and complex problemsEnhancing productivity
Pedagogical Educating a studentLearning tacit knowledge about a technique
Social Improving access to fundsObtaining prestige or visibilityFor fun and pleasure
From (van Rijnsoever, et al. 2008)
Research collaboration between universities in QLD and Northern NSW (10+)
Types of Collaborations with the Private Sector
Research the relation can involve collaborative research
Applied research the company can be an object of a case study
Consulting researcher can be a supplier of knowledge
Financial the company can fund the chair of the researcher
Entrepreneurial the company can be a spin-off of the university
Technical a researcher can be a customer for materials
From (Carayol 2003)
CRC collaborations between universities and the public/private sector ($80M+)
Constraints: Financial
• Financial incentives reward applications– ARC science/technology research– NHMRC health/biology research– CRC problem-solving/technical
• Research is under-funded– Under-funding drives exports, this is why
Australian governments are chronically unable to re-invest in universities.
Macro
Insight
Constraints
ARC funding map by RFCD ($10M+)
CRC funding map ($1B+)
Constrains: Research
• Academic Rewards– Abundance of journals– High rankings journals
Macro
Insight
Constraints
ERA Journal map (Physical, chemical, earth sciences)
ERA Journal map (Humanities and creative arts)
Constraints: Interactions
• The topology of the Network– Network Hubs (determinants of growth)– Network Brokers (determinants of survival)
Macro
Insight
Constraints
2007 research collaborations within QUT (4+)
Stewardship:How to Impact the System
Micro
Macro
Meso
Foresight
Paradigm rules
Patterns
Self-organisation
Self-organisation
Natural tendency to collaborate (although it varies)
• Motivations for collaborations– Research output– Career advancement
• Deterrents for collaborations– Overhead– Opportunity cost
Micro
Foresight
Self-organisation
Patterns
• Some networks are more important than others for innovation– “Strategic information” networks are most
important– Advice networks are less so– Centrality in strategic information networks is
a good predictor of recognition for innovation
(Considine & Lewis 2007)
Meso
Foresight
Patterns
Innovation in Academic Collaboration Networks
Research
Pedagogy
Technical
Social
Most strategic
Least strategic
Patterns
• Collaboration and career advancement are strongly correlated– Collaboration with academic institutions is
most beneficial– Collaboration with the public/private sector is
least beneficial
(van Rijnsoever et al. 2008)
Meso
Foresight
Patterns
Innovation in Collaborations with the Private Sector
Research
Applied research
Consulting
Financial
Entrepreneurial
Technical
Most innovation
Least innovation
Solution: maximise academic collaboration by leveraging funding from industry
Paradigm Rules
• Financial: Research geared towards economic output
• Research: Basic research capacity is more vital in the k-economy: the OECD has shifted its main priority for university research from the nurturing of intellectual property by universities, to the creation and dissemination of ‘open science’.(OECD 2008)
Macro
Foresight
Paradigm rules
Paradigm Rules
• Interactions: The government policy did not create competition but conformity and loss of diversity
• There is a lack of differentiation at the university level
(Marginson & Considine 2000)
Macro
Foresight
Paradigm rules
Solutions: Financial
Three issues need to be tackled by the government’s funding policy– indexation– the unit level of public funding– full cost research funding
Solutions: Research
• Universities should give their main attention to what they are best at, which is curiosity-driven basic research, its dissemination, and research training.
• This leaves Australia at something of a disadvantage because our policy settings have focused on shifting university research out of basic research and into commercializable activity. As if basic research and industry innovation are ‘either/or’, instead of ‘both and more’.
Solutions: Interactions
• Ensure the sustainability of the research environment because:– Address short-term problems as part of the
long-term survival of the environment– It plays an increasing role in Australian
economy (as an attractor to international students)
– It faces increasing competition from external HE research environments
A Research Ecosystem
• A holistic system approach– Identifying distinctive research features of
universities/groupings– Developing ways to maintain the diversity of
the system– Promote a paradigmatic shift to make the
research and financial solutions possible
Challenges
Technical Access to dataData evaluation
Analytics Bibliometric normalisationConcept Mining
Conceptual What is sustainability?What is diversity?
Policy Policy implementationParadigmatic shifts