from colonization to revolution

English Interest in ColonizationEnglish Interest in Colonization•• Initial motive was same as others (profit)Initial motive was same as others (profit)•• Copy Spanish model at first; then slowly Copy Spanish model at first; then slowly

change in response to different change in response to different environmentenvironment

•• Unlike others, England sent large Unlike others, England sent large numbers of men & women who intended numbers of men & women who intended to stayto stay

•• Establish farming coloniesEstablish farming colonies•• TwoTwo

factors explain why so many factors explain why so many

migratemigrate

Social Change in EnglandSocial Change in England•• First reason:First reason:

dramatic population dramatic population

increaseincrease–– Depressed wages, drives many off Depressed wages, drives many off

land, & accelerates urbanizationland, & accelerates urbanization–– Elite use colonies to preserve social Elite use colonies to preserve social

order by relieving order by relieving ““surplus surplus populationpopulation””

–– Many assume migration offers Many assume migration offers chance for economic advancechance for economic advance

The English ReformationThe English Reformation

•• Second Factor:Second Factor:

ReligionReligion–– Henry VIII breaks w/ Roman Catholic Henry VIII breaks w/ Roman Catholic

Church & founds Church of England Church & founds Church of England (1533)(1533)

–– England is then influenced by England is then influenced by Protestant Reformation from continentProtestant Reformation from continent

–– Luther & Calvin reject elaborate rituals Luther & Calvin reject elaborate rituals & church hierarchy; stress reading & church hierarchy; stress reading Bible & salvation by faith aloneBible & salvation by faith alone

The Founding of VirginiaThe Founding of Virginia•• Virginia Co. (1606), a jointVirginia Co. (1606), a joint--stock stock

companycompany•• Advantage: pool resources of many Advantage: pool resources of many

investors & limit riskinvestors & limit risk•• Disadvantage: colonies need massive Disadvantage: colonies need massive

capital & create little immediate profitcapital & create little immediate profit•• Found Jamestown (1607), but Found Jamestown (1607), but

immediate troubleimmediate trouble——drought, disease, drought, disease, & death& death

The Founding of Virginia (cont.)The Founding of Virginia (cont.)•• Men sent are not prepared to farmMen sent are not prepared to farm——

expected quick profit (Spanish expected quick profit (Spanish model)model)

•• 16071607––1624: 8,000 migrate; 1,300 1624: 8,000 migrate; 1,300 survivesurvive

•• PowhatanPowhatan’’s help is vital to colonys help is vital to colony’’s s survivalsurvival

•• Powhatan wanted English knives & Powhatan wanted English knives & guns to consolidate his confederacy; guns to consolidate his confederacy; in exchange, traded foodin exchange, traded food

The Founding of Virginia (cont.)The Founding of Virginia (cont.)•• English/Indian relations quickly English/Indian relations quickly

deterioratedeteriorate•• Although similarities existed, each Although similarities existed, each

group focused on differences (role of group focused on differences (role of men in agriculture, importance of men in agriculture, importance of hunting)hunting)

•• Both have political hierarchies, but Both have political hierarchies, but English are more autocratic whereas English are more autocratic whereas Algonquians rely on consensus (chiefs Algonquians rely on consensus (chiefs less powerful)less powerful)

The Founding of Virginia (cont.)The Founding of Virginia (cont.)•• Key differences are in concepts of Key differences are in concepts of

propertyproperty–– Algonquians assume property is Algonquians assume property is

held by groupheld by group–– English stress individual ownership English stress individual ownership

& reject Indian claims& reject Indian claims•• Reflects general English refusal to Reflects general English refusal to

respect Native American traditionsrespect Native American traditions

The Founding of Virginia (cont.)The Founding of Virginia (cont.)•• Tobacco brings key changes Tobacco brings key changes

–– Saves colony w/ a profitable export Saves colony w/ a profitable export product & changes Virginia to product & changes Virginia to agrarian settlementagrarian settlement

–– But tobacco needs lots of land & But tobacco needs lots of land & laborlabor

•• As incentives to migrate, Co. As incentives to migrate, Co. develops develops HeadrightHeadright

system (1617) system (1617)

& House of Burgesses (1619)& House of Burgesses (1619)

The Founding of Virginia (cont.)The Founding of Virginia (cont.)•• Encroachment increases tension w/ Encroachment increases tension w/

Native Americans Native Americans —— attack English attack English (1622)(1622)

•• English defeat & slowly subordinate English defeat & slowly subordinate Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

•• Virginia survives, but Co. collapses (1624)Virginia survives, but Co. collapses (1624)•• Becomes a royal colony; unlike other Becomes a royal colony; unlike other

European colonies, more local selfEuropean colonies, more local self-- government in English coloniesgovernment in English colonies

Life in the ChesapeakeLife in the Chesapeake•• Maryland founded (1634)Maryland founded (1634)——firstfirst

colony colony

w/ religious freedom (haven for w/ religious freedom (haven for Catholics)Catholics)

•• Parallels Virginia in economy & Parallels Virginia in economy & societysociety——focus on tobacco & focus on tobacco & widespread settlementwidespread settlement

•• For labor, two colonies rely on For labor, two colonies rely on indentured servants from Englandindentured servants from England

•• Indenture contract & Indenture contract & ““freedom duesfreedom dues””

Life in the Chesapeake (cont.)Life in the Chesapeake (cont.)••

Difficult life (disease, harsh discipline), but Difficult life (disease, harsh discipline), but some legal protections & possibility of some legal protections & possibility of economic advancement until late 1600seconomic advancement until late 1600s

••

Mostly men move; gender imbalance 1600sMostly men move; gender imbalance 1600s••

Families are unstable because few females Families are unstable because few females & high mortality rate for adults & children& high mortality rate for adults & children

••

Slow rate of natural increase; most settlers Slow rate of natural increase; most settlers are immigrantsare immigrants——creates political creates political instabilityinstability

The Founding of New EnglandThe Founding of New England•• Contrast w/ Virginia: different Contrast w/ Virginia: different

environment & key role of religion environment & key role of religion for Puritansfor Puritans

•• Congregationalists & SeparatistsCongregationalists & Separatists•• Pilgrims (the later) found Plymouth Pilgrims (the later) found Plymouth

(1620)(1620)•• Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact——land is land is

outside Virginia Co. jurisdiction & outside Virginia Co. jurisdiction & ensures Pilgrim control; local selfensures Pilgrim control; local self--

governmentgovernment

The Founding of New England (cont.)The Founding of New England (cont.)

••

Like Virginia, difficult initial settlement & Like Virginia, difficult initial settlement & depends on local Native Americansdepends on local Native Americans

••

Pokanokets ally w/ Pilgrims for help Pokanokets ally w/ Pilgrims for help against Narragansettsagainst Narragansetts

••

Pilgrims are a small group; Pilgrims are a small group; Congregationalist Massachusetts Bay Co. Congregationalist Massachusetts Bay Co. (1629) is much larger (1629) is much larger

••

Found Massachusetts (1630) & bring Co. Found Massachusetts (1630) & bring Co. charter; again, local selfcharter; again, local self--governmentgovernment

The Founding of New England (cont.)The Founding of New England (cont.)•• Bay Co. transforms into a governmentBay Co. transforms into a government•• Creates a legislature Creates a legislature •• Like Virginia, to vote for legislature, Like Virginia, to vote for legislature,

must be male & own propertymust be male & own property•• In Massachusetts, must be church In Massachusetts, must be church

membermember•• New England distributes land New England distributes land

differentlydifferently

The Founding of New England (cont.)The Founding of New England (cont.)••

Allot land to groups of men to form a townAllot land to groups of men to form a town

••

Towns hierarchical, but all men get landTowns hierarchical, but all men get land••

New England settlement more compact New England settlement more compact than Chesapeake & 3 types of towns than Chesapeake & 3 types of towns develop:develop:––

Isolated agrarian towns; coastal towns Isolated agrarian towns; coastal towns (Boston); & commercialized agrarian (Boston); & commercialized agrarian townstowns

••

Increase in settlers leads to Connecticut, Increase in settlers leads to Connecticut, New Haven, & New Hampshire (1636New Haven, & New Hampshire (1636––38)38)

The Founding of New England (cont.)The Founding of New England (cont.)••

As in Virginia, expansion increases As in Virginia, expansion increases tension w/ Native Americans (Pequots) & tension w/ Native Americans (Pequots) & Puritans did not respect Indian land Puritans did not respect Indian land claimsclaims

••

Tension leads to war (1637)Tension leads to war (1637)——English English slaughtered most Pequots who were slaughtered most Pequots who were unable to form alliances w/ other Native unable to form alliances w/ other Native AmericansAmericans

••

Till 1670s, not much warfare, but Native Till 1670s, not much warfare, but Native Americans in New England resist English Americans in New England resist English influenceinfluence


••

Only a few Puritans try to convert Native Only a few Puritans try to convert Native AmericansAmericans

••

Eliot insists converts adopt English Eliot insists converts adopt English cultureculture——results in few convertsresults in few converts

••

Jesuits (New France) are more successful Jesuits (New France) are more successful because they accommodate Native because they accommodate Native American traditions & do not take as much American traditions & do not take as much landland

••

Why they convert: disoriented by Why they convert: disoriented by disruptions to native life (disease, loss of disruptions to native life (disease, loss of land)land)


•• Unlike Indians & Chesapeake Unlike Indians & Chesapeake English, Puritans tend to remain on English, Puritans tend to remain on initial farmsinitial farms

•• Form stable towns & familiesForm stable towns & families•• No gender imbalance because many No gender imbalance because many

families, including women, migratefamilies, including women, migrate•• Greater natural increase; less disease Greater natural increase; less disease

than Chesapeake; & parents exert than Chesapeake; & parents exert more controlmore control

Slavery in AmericaSlavery in America

Origins of slavery:Origins of slavery:

•• Slavery was not an institution Slavery was not an institution directly imported from Europe. directly imported from Europe. Developed in America.Developed in America.

•• Spanish and Spanish and PortugesePortugese

began using began using slavery in their colonies as early as slavery in their colonies as early as the 15th C.the 15th C.

Origins of Origins of slavery:Contslavery:Cont’’ddEventually European powers in America Eventually European powers in America

realized that they had not been able to realized that they had not been able to enslave natives in a highly successful fashion.enslave natives in a highly successful fashion.1. Many died from imported diseases1. Many died from imported diseases2. Many natives were hunters and gatherers, 2. Many natives were hunters and gatherers,

not suited to agricultural lifestyle.not suited to agricultural lifestyle.3. People are hard to enslave on their own 3. People are hard to enslave on their own

landland----

they are able to escape too easy. they are able to escape too easy. This is perhaps the most important reason This is perhaps the most important reason Europeans turned elsewhere for their Europeans turned elsewhere for their slaves.slaves.

Origins of slavery:ContOrigins of slavery:Cont’’dd

A slave trade developed where A slave trade developed where Africans were kidnapped and Africans were kidnapped and brought to America.brought to America.

1. Triangle Trade (Slave Trade 1. Triangle Trade (Slave Trade Web).Web).

2. North and South both 2. North and South both involved.involved.

3. Horrible 3. Horrible ““middle passage.middle passage.””

Development of slavery as an Development of slavery as an institution in what became the U.S.:institution in what became the U.S.:

•• Contrary to what many believe, slavery Contrary to what many believe, slavery did not exist as a precise legal did not exist as a precise legal institution from the earliest institution from the earliest settlements. The first Africans arrived settlements. The first Africans arrived in the (future) U.S. with a status not in the (future) U.S. with a status not entirely different from white entirely different from white indentured servants.indentured servants.

Slave Institution Development: Slave Institution Development: ContCont’’dd

•• First Africans (20) known to arrive in First Africans (20) known to arrive in 1619 in Jamestown. They became 1619 in Jamestown. They became scattered around the area. All scattered around the area. All apparently became free at the end of apparently became free at the end of a period of service (avg. 7 yrs.). Some a period of service (avg. 7 yrs.). Some became masters and landowners became masters and landowners themselves.themselves.

Slave Institution Development: Slave Institution Development: ContCont’’dd

••

Over next 20 yrs. status of Africans Over next 20 yrs. status of Africans changed to the point where they were no changed to the point where they were no longer indentured servants, but slaves for longer indentured servants, but slaves for life, with their children inheriting the life, with their children inheriting the obligation.obligation.

Legal Changes...Legal Changes...

ContCont’’dd--

Slavery in lawSlavery in law••

1640, first clear evidence that Africans 1640, first clear evidence that Africans were different before the law. were different before the law. ““ManuelManuel””, escaped African servant and , escaped African servant and two white servants (of Virginia) were two white servants (of Virginia) were captured after an escape attempt. captured after an escape attempt. Whites had only a year plus community Whites had only a year plus community service added to their terms of service, service added to their terms of service, while Manuel was ordered to serve the while Manuel was ordered to serve the balance of his life. The same year, balance of his life. The same year, another escaped African, John Punch, of another escaped African, John Punch, of another state, received the same another state, received the same sentence after capture.sentence after capture.

ContCont’’dd--

Slavery in lawSlavery in law

1645, first clear laws on the books 1645, first clear laws on the books that state that Africans are slaves that state that Africans are slaves for life, and their children as well. for life, and their children as well. Slavery of children had been a Slavery of children had been a custom, but became law about this custom, but became law about this time.time.

ContCont’’dd--

Slavery in lawSlavery in law••

1670, laws in Virginia sought to make 1670, laws in Virginia sought to make life bondage the normal condition for life bondage the normal condition for all blacks in the state.all blacks in the state.

••

1675 onward, early 1675 onward, early ““black codesblack codes”” appearappear--

restricting the freedoms of free restricting the freedoms of free

and enslaved black in areas of weapons and enslaved black in areas of weapons possession (not allowed), possession of possession (not allowed), possession of servants (free blacks not allowed to servants (free blacks not allowed to have whites as indentured servants), have whites as indentured servants), and trial procedures (blacks not and trial procedures (blacks not allowed to testify against whites, for allowed to testify against whites, for example).example).

ContCont’’dd--

Slavery in lawSlavery in law

•• 1691, Virginia forbade owners to free 1691, Virginia forbade owners to free blacks unless transporting them out blacks unless transporting them out of the state.of the state.

•• By turn of the century slavery By turn of the century slavery relatively entrenched legally, socially, relatively entrenched legally, socially, and economically.and economically.

Why did Slavery replace Why did Slavery replace indentured servitude?indentured servitude?

••

Farmers did not want competition from Farmers did not want competition from freed servantsfreed servants--

more farmers would mean more farmers would mean

lower crop prices.lower crop prices.••

Insufficient number of people willing to Insufficient number of people willing to come to America as indentured servants.come to America as indentured servants.

••

Slaves a better long term investment:Slaves a better long term investment:1. More expensive initially, but slaves 1. More expensive initially, but slaves

stayed longer than servants, and stayed longer than servants, and produced offspring.produced offspring.

Slavery and Racism: Slavery and Racism: Which came first?Which came first?

Historians and other social scientists Historians and other social scientists disagree on the issue of whether disagree on the issue of whether racism created slavery, or slavery racism created slavery, or slavery created racism.created racism.

Racism creates slavery:Racism creates slavery:•• Evidence can be found in Europe prior Evidence can be found in Europe prior

to the existence of slavery that indicates to the existence of slavery that indicates racism.racism.a. Tales of animal like nature (described a. Tales of animal like nature (described

as apes) and dangerous sexuality of as apes) and dangerous sexuality of blacks common place among blacks common place among European travelers to Africa.European travelers to Africa.

Racism creates slavery:Racism creates slavery:b. Term b. Term ““blackblack””

used to describe virtually used to describe virtually

all people of Africa, no matter that few all people of Africa, no matter that few were that dark, and many were much were that dark, and many were much lighter. Term black associated with dirt, lighter. Term black associated with dirt, evil, deadly purposes, wickedness, etc. evil, deadly purposes, wickedness, etc. Whiteness associated with what is good.Whiteness associated with what is good.

c. Negative attitudes towards African c. Negative attitudes towards African races found in popular literature of the races found in popular literature of the day.day.

Slavery creates racism:Slavery creates racism:1. Blacks condition not immediately different 1. Blacks condition not immediately different

from whites. Because blacks were never seen from whites. Because blacks were never seen by whites in America outside of chains, their by whites in America outside of chains, their potential never seen, thus they, over time, potential never seen, thus they, over time, were seen as inferior.were seen as inferior.a. Natives were sometimes described as a. Natives were sometimes described as

““noble savagesnoble savages””

because whites saw them because whites saw them operate in their own environments with operate in their own environments with skill. Blacks never described in terms of skill. Blacks never described in terms of nobility.nobility.

2. As the economic importance of slavery grew, 2. As the economic importance of slavery grew, racism developed to justify what was a racism developed to justify what was a morally suspicious activity to many even at morally suspicious activity to many even at that time.that time.

Slavery and racism reinforced Slavery and racism reinforced one another:one another:

This seems the most appropriate This seems the most appropriate interpretation of the available interpretation of the available evidence.evidence.

The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeAll sections of the U.S. became All sections of the U.S. became

involved in the slave business. New involved in the slave business. New England had many slave traders, and England had many slave traders, and produced much of the rum used in produced much of the rum used in the triangle trade.the triangle trade.1. Involvement of all sections of the 1. Involvement of all sections of the

U.S. made the continuance of U.S. made the continuance of slavery a vested economic interest slavery a vested economic interest for all, thus hard to get rid of.for all, thus hard to get rid of.

The Slave Trade: ContThe Slave Trade: Cont’’dd••

Triangle Trade (Really a Slave Trade Triangle Trade (Really a Slave Trade WebWeb):):1. Molasses from West Indies to America for 1. Molasses from West Indies to America for

cash and slaves. cash and slaves. 2. Rum (from molasses) to Europe (for cash) 2. Rum (from molasses) to Europe (for cash)

and Africa (for slaves). and Africa (for slaves). 3. Slaves directly to America or to West 3. Slaves directly to America or to West

Indies, from which they could be Indies, from which they could be purchased.purchased.

See map on p. 73 in your text for a more accurate See map on p. 73 in your text for a more accurate picture of the complicated slave trade picture of the complicated slave trade ‘‘webweb’’..

Why Slavery as an Institution was more Why Slavery as an Institution was more important to the South:important to the South:

••

Cash Crops in the South: Cash Crops in the South: 1. In the South cash crops, those grown in 1. In the South cash crops, those grown in

large quantities for sale, were large quantities for sale, were commonly grown. The cash was used commonly grown. The cash was used to buy the necessities of life. to buy the necessities of life. Subsistence and small crop farming was Subsistence and small crop farming was more common in the north. more common in the north.

2. Examples: cotton, tobacco, indigo, rice.2. Examples: cotton, tobacco, indigo, rice.••

Slaves were very useful in cash crop Slaves were very useful in cash crop agriculture. They were too expensive for agriculture. They were too expensive for most small farmers to use profitably.most small farmers to use profitably.

Growth of SlaveryGrowth of SlaverySlavery grew rapidly over the years.Slavery grew rapidly over the years.

1. 1619: <100 1. 1619: <100 2. 1740s: 300,000 2. 1740s: 300,000 3. 1776: 500,000+3. 1776: 500,000+4. 1800: 894,0004. 1800: 894,0005. 1850: 3,204,0005. 1850: 3,204,0006. 1860: 3,954,0006. 1860: 3,954,000

CausesCauses••

Growing conflict Growing conflict betwbetw. colonists & British . colonists & British GovernmentGovernment——creates debate within creates debate within coloniescolonies

••

British victory in French & Indian (Seven British victory in French & Indian (Seven Years) War keyYears) War key——changes balance of power changes balance of power in North American & affects everyone in North American & affects everyone therethere

••

New British taxes to pay for war & colonial New British taxes to pay for war & colonial resistance to new taxes exposed basic resistance to new taxes exposed basic differences in political ideas between the differences in political ideas between the two sidestwo sides

The French and Indian War The French and Indian War (1756(1756--1763)1763)

•• The war was the product of a clash The war was the product of a clash between the French and English over between the French and English over colonial territory and wealth. In North colonial territory and wealth. In North America, the war can also be seenAmerica, the war can also be seen--

to a to a

lesser degreelesser degree--

as a product of the local as a product of the local rivalry between British and French rivalry between British and French colonists.colonists.

•• Tensions between the British and Tensions between the British and French in America had been getting French in America had been getting worse for some time, as each side worse for some time, as each side wanted to gain more land. wanted to gain more land. In the In the 1740s, both England and France 1740s, both England and France traded for furs with the Native traded for furs with the Native Americans in the Americans in the Ohio CountryOhio Country. By . By the 1750s, English colonists, the 1750s, English colonists, especially the investors in the especially the investors in the Ohio Ohio Company, Company, also hoped to convert the also hoped to convert the wilderness into good farmland.wilderness into good farmland.

The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian War

The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian War••Each side tried to keep the Each side tried to keep the

other out of the Ohio Country. other out of the Ohio Country. In the early 1750s, French In the early 1750s, French soldiers captured several soldiers captured several English trading posts and built English trading posts and built Fort Fort DuquenseDuquense

(now called (now called

Pittsburgh) to defend their Pittsburgh) to defend their territory from English territory from English incursions.incursions.

1754 1754 --

The First ClashThe First Clash

The The Ohio Ohio

ValleyValley

•• What is now considered the What is now considered the ““French French and Indian Warand Indian War””

(though at the time (though at the time

the war was undeclared), began in the war was undeclared), began in 1753, when a young (22 years old) 1753, when a young (22 years old) Virginian, Major Virginian, Major George WashingtonGeorge Washington,,

and a number of men headed out into and a number of men headed out into the Ohio region to deliver a message the Ohio region to deliver a message to a French Captain demanding that to a French Captain demanding that French troops leave the territory.French troops leave the territory.

The The

demand was rejected by the French. demand was rejected by the French.


•• In 1754, In 1754, George Washington George Washington and and a small force of Virginia a small force of Virginia militiamen marched to the Ohio militiamen marched to the Ohio Country to drive the French out. Country to drive the French out. Washington hoped to capture the Washington hoped to capture the forks of the Ohio R. for the state forks of the Ohio R. for the state of VA, but the French had beat of VA, but the French had beat him there. When a small him there. When a small contingent of French troops were contingent of French troops were discovered in the area, discovered in the area, Washington and his Indian allies Washington and his Indian allies attacked them.attacked them.


The French and Indian WarThe French and Indian War•• This was an unwise decision as This was an unwise decision as

Washington was substantially Washington was substantially outnumbered by the French. He outnumbered by the French. He retreated and when chased by the retreated and when chased by the French, quickly built Fort Necessity. It French, quickly built Fort Necessity. It was a poorly chosen site and he was a poorly chosen site and he ultimately had to surrender. He had ultimately had to surrender. He had hoped to convince native people that hoped to convince native people that England was the stronger force, so that England was the stronger force, so that they would ally with the British rather they would ally with the British rather than the French.than the French.

•• A combined force of French soldiers A combined force of French soldiers and their native allies overwhelmed and their native allies overwhelmed Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, marking the start of the marking the start of the ““French and French and Indian WarIndian War””

in North America. The in North America. The

French permitted Washington and French permitted Washington and his men to return to Virginia safely, his men to return to Virginia safely, but made them promise they would but made them promise they would not build another fort west of the not build another fort west of the Appalachian Mountains for at least a Appalachian Mountains for at least a year. year.


•• England did not officially England did not officially declare war until 1756, although declare war until 1756, although the conflict had actually begun the conflict had actually begun two years earlier at Fort two years earlier at Fort Necessity.Necessity.


Native American tribes Native American tribes sought the best possible sought the best possible

advantage for themselves. advantage for themselves. Some sided with the Some sided with the

British. More sided with British. More sided with the French. the French.

1756 -

War Is Formally Declared!

1756 1756 --

War Is Formally War Is Formally Declared!Declared!

•• After a year and a half of undeclared After a year and a half of undeclared war, the French and the English war, the French and the English formally declared war in May 1756. formally declared war in May 1756. For the first three years of the war, For the first three years of the war, the outnumbered French dominated the outnumbered French dominated the battlefield, soundly defeating the the battlefield, soundly defeating the English in battles at Fort Oswego and English in battles at Fort Oswego and Ticonderoga. Perhaps the most Ticonderoga. Perhaps the most notorious battle of the war was the notorious battle of the war was the French victory at French victory at Fort William HenryFort William Henry, , which ended in a massacre of British which ended in a massacre of British soldiers by Indians allied with the soldiers by Indians allied with the French.French.


He better understood colonial He better understood colonial concerns.concerns.

He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:--

col. loyalty & mil. cooperationcol. loyalty & mil. cooperation----

>>Br.wouldBr.would

reimburse col. reimburse col. assemblies for their costs.assemblies for their costs.

RESULTSRESULTS Colonial morale increased by Colonial morale increased by 17581758..

1757 William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister

1757 1757 William Pitt Becomes William Pitt Becomes Foreign MinisterForeign Minister

1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England

17581758--1761 1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

••

The tide turned for the British in 1758, as The tide turned for the British in 1758, as they began to make peace with they began to make peace with important Indian allies and under the important Indian allies and under the direction of Lord direction of Lord William PittWilliam Pitt

began began

adapting their war strategies to fit the adapting their war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the American territory and landscape of the American frontier. The French were also frontier. The French were also abandoned by many of their Indian abandoned by many of their Indian allies. Exhausted by years of battle, allies. Exhausted by years of battle, outnumbered and outgunned by the outnumbered and outgunned by the British, the French collapsed during the British, the French collapsed during the years 1758years 1758--59, climaxing with a massive 59, climaxing with a massive defeat at Quebec in September 1759.defeat at Quebec in September 1759.


•• By September 1760, the British By September 1760, the British controlled all of the North controlled all of the North American frontier; the war American frontier; the war between the two countries was between the two countries was effectively over. effectively over. The 1763 Treaty of The 1763 Treaty of ParisParis, which ended the European , which ended the European ““Seven Years WarSeven Years War””, set the terms , set the terms by which France would capitulate: by which France would capitulate: France was forced to surrender all France was forced to surrender all of her American possessions to the of her American possessions to the British.British.



••Although the war with the Although the war with the French ended in 1763, the French ended in 1763, the British continued to fight with British continued to fight with the Indians over the issue of the Indians over the issue of land claims. "Pontiac's War" land claims. "Pontiac's War" flared shortly after the Treaty flared shortly after the Treaty of Paris was signedof Paris was signed..

France France ----> > lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

Spain Spain ---->>

got all French lands west of the got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.Florida to England.

England England ---->>

got all French lands in Canada, got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 Treaty of Paris1763 1763 Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris

1.1.

It increased her colonial empire in It increased her colonial empire in the Americasthe Americas..2.2.

It greatly enlarged EnglandIt greatly enlarged England’’s debt.s debt.

3.3.

BritainBritain’’s contempt for the colonials s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings.created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire

was necessary!was necessary!

Effects of the War on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

BritishBritish• March in March in formation or formation or bayonet charge.bayonet charge.••Wanted officers Wanted officers take charge.take charge.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline.discipline.

• Colonists Colonists should pay for should pay for their own their own defense.defense.

• IndianIndian--style style guerillaguerilla tactics.tactics.

• Local militias; Local militias; own captains.own captains.• No mil. No mil. deference ordeference or protocols.protocols.

• Resistance to Resistance to raising taxes.raising taxes.

Methods Methods ofof Fighting:Fighting:MilitaryMilitary Org.:Org.:

MilitaryMilitary Discipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

British-American Colonial TensionsBritishBritish--American Colonial TensionsAmerican Colonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

1.1.

It united them against a common It united them against a common enemy for the first time.enemy for the first time.

2.2.

It created a socializing experience for It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated.all the colonials who participated.

3.3.

It created bitter feelings towards the It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.British that would only intensify.

Effects of the War on the American Colonials

Effects of the War on the Effects of the War on the American ColonialsAmerican Colonials

17631763 PontiacPontiac’’s Rebellions Rebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British British ““giftsgifts””

of smallpoxof smallpox--infected infected blankets from Fort Pitt.blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier

The Aftermath: Tensions The Aftermath: Tensions Along the FrontierAlong the Frontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)PontiacPontiac’’s Rebellion (1763)s Rebellion (1763)

British British ProclamationProclamationLine of 1763.Line of 1763.

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

1763: A Turning Point1763: A Turning Point•• For Native Americans, French defeat For Native Americans, French defeat

& Spanish decline remove key allies & Spanish decline remove key allies •• Less able to resist British expansion; Less able to resist British expansion;

Cherokees defeated in south (1760Cherokees defeated in south (1760–– 61)61)

•• In Ohio, Pontiac forms alliance (1763) In Ohio, Pontiac forms alliance (1763) to fight Angloto fight Anglo--Americans, idea of Americans, idea of NeolinNeolin

•• But British defeat PontiacBut British defeat Pontiac’’s forcess forces

North America in 1763North America in 1763North America in 1763

•Pass a series of tax laws and have the Colonists help pay back the debtdebt.

•Pass a law restrictinglaw restricting Colonists from moving westward into and settling the Northwest

Territory.•Keep British troopsBritish troops in North America to stop

Indian attacks and protect the Colonies.•Stop the smugglingsmuggling of Colonials by enforcing the

Navigation ActsNavigation Acts with a series of unrestricted search warrants.

1763: A Turning Point1763: A Turning Point•• Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763——British British

restrict movement of colonists into restrict movement of colonists into interiorinterior

•• Government wants less conflict w/ Government wants less conflict w/ Native Americans, but colonists Native Americans, but colonists want expansionwant expansion

•• Government burdened w/ massive Government burdened w/ massive war debtwar debt

•• George III takes throne (1760)George III takes throne (1760)—— immature stubborn, erratic, wants to immature stubborn, erratic, wants to

assert power of monarchyassert power of monarchy

“Once vigorous measures appear to be the only

means left of bringing the Americans to a due

submission to the mother country,

the colonies will submit.”

••King of England. King of England. ••Instrumental in ending the Instrumental in ending the

French and Indian War in 1763. French and Indian War in 1763. ••Strong supporter of taxing the Strong supporter of taxing the

colonies to pay for the debt. colonies to pay for the debt. ••He opposed any compromise He opposed any compromise

with the colonial government in with the colonial government in America. America.

••After loosing of the colonies, After loosing of the colonies, he withdrew his efforts at he withdrew his efforts at

personal government and went personal government and went insane.insane.

1763: A Turning Point1763: A Turning Point•• Because people in England faced high Because people in England faced high

taxes, Grenville (new prime minister) taxes, Grenville (new prime minister) decides to tax colonies to pay debtdecides to tax colonies to pay debt

•• Government asserts it can tax colonies Government asserts it can tax colonies on concept of on concept of ““virtual representationvirtual representation””

•• Colonists advocate Colonists advocate ““actual actual representationrepresentation””

•• Both assert government by consent, Both assert government by consent, but differ in how to create but differ in how to create representationrepresentation

•• The 13 Colonies were The 13 Colonies were represented under the represented under the principle ofprinciple of ““virtualvirtual”” representation.representation.

•• It did not matter if the It did not matter if the Colonists did not elect Colonists did not elect members from each members from each colony to represent them colony to represent them in the British Parliament.in the British Parliament.

•• Not all citizens in Britain Not all citizens in Britain were represented either.were represented either.

•• The British Parliament The British Parliament pledged to represent pledged to represent every person in Britain every person in Britain and the empireand the empire

•• Americans resented Americans resented ““virtualvirtual”” representation.representation.

•• Colonists Colonists governed governed themselvesthemselves since the early since the early settlerssettlers..

•• They had They had direct direct representationrepresentation by electing by electing colonial assembly members colonial assembly members to represent their interests.to represent their interests.

•• Colonists were not opposed Colonists were not opposed to paying taxes because the to paying taxes because the Colonies taxed their citizens.Colonies taxed their citizens.

•• If the British Parliament was If the British Parliament was to tax them, they should be to tax them, they should be able to elect a able to elect a representativerepresentative from their colony to represent from their colony to represent their interests in Parliamenttheir interests in Parliament..

Virtual RepresentationVirtual Representation Actual RepresentationActual Representation

1763: A Turning Point1763: A Turning Point

•• Colonists also accept ideas of Colonists also accept ideas of ““Real Real WhigsWhigs””

•• Distrust those w/ power, assume they Distrust those w/ power, assume they will encroach on liberty & property will encroach on liberty & property

•• Advocate less active central Advocate less active central government; distrust monarchs, & government; distrust monarchs, & only elected representatives can only elected representatives can protect peopleprotect people

•• Efforts to increase control & raise Efforts to increase control & raise revenue interpreted through Real revenue interpreted through Real Whig ideasWhig ideas

1763: A Turning Point1763: A Turning Point•• At first colonists assume new acts At first colonists assume new acts

were unwise; over time many believe were unwise; over time many believe it is a conspiracy to oppress themit is a conspiracy to oppress them

•• Sugar Act (1764)Sugar Act (1764)——1st tax designed to 1st tax designed to raise revenue in colonies, not just raise revenue in colonies, not just regulate traderegulate trade

•• Currency Act (1764) outlaws colonial Currency Act (1764) outlaws colonial paper money; both laws hit in midst of paper money; both laws hit in midst of depressiondepression

•• Early protest is hesitant & Early protest is hesitant & uncoordinateduncoordinated

North North America America After theAfter the

Treaty of Treaty of Paris, 1783Paris, 1783

1.1.

Sugar Act Sugar Act --

17641764

2.2.

Currency Act Currency Act --

17641764

4.4.

Stamp Act Stamp Act --

17651765

3.3.

Quartering Act Quartering Act --

17651765

George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765

George GrenvilleGeorge Grenville’’s s Program, 1763Program, 1763--17651765

Real WhigsReal WhigsQQ-->>

What was the extent of ParliamentWhat was the extent of Parliament’’ss

authority over the colonies??authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? Limited?Limited?

QQ-->>

How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentarywithhold consent for parliamentary

legislation when they did not havelegislation when they did not have representation in that body??representation in that body??

Theories of RepresentationTheories of RepresentationTheories of Representation

OROR

•Tax on legal documents, playing cards, newspapers, etc.•A direct tax which went to the British government.

•Colonists hated the Stamp Tax = “taxation without representation”•Stamp Act protests led by the Sons of Liberty…..

The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)•• 1st English tax that affects every 1st English tax that affects every

colonistcolonist•• Big break in colonial tradition of only Big break in colonial tradition of only

being taxed by elected assembliesbeing taxed by elected assemblies•• Rights of British ColoniesRights of British Colonies

by Otis by Otis

reflects colonial dilemma: how to reflects colonial dilemma: how to oppose act without rejecting authority oppose act without rejecting authority of Parliamentof Parliament

•• Most colonists want selfMost colonists want self--government, government, notnot

independence (late 1760s & early independence (late 1760s & early

1770s)1770s)

Loyal NineLoyal Nine

––

17651765Merchants and Craftsmen: Wanted Merchants and Craftsmen: Wanted nonnon--violent protest against Stamp Act.violent protest against Stamp Act.

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty

––

17651765Began in NYC. Lower level Began in NYC. Lower level merchants and craftsmen, merchants and craftsmen, laborers, sailors. Samuel laborers, sailors. Samuel AdamsAdams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress

––

17651765

Stamp Stamp Act Resolves: First pledge loyalty to King Act Resolves: First pledge loyalty to King and parliament, but insists on principle of and parliament, but insists on principle of taxation w/ consent. Leads to boycotts to taxation w/ consent. Leads to boycotts to force repeal.force repeal.

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

The Stamp Act CrisisThe Stamp Act Crisis (1765)(1765)

•• Colonial protest is indecisive until Colonial protest is indecisive until Henry & Virginia Stamp Act Henry & Virginia Stamp Act Resolves widen debateResolves widen debate

•• VA House passes 1st four resolves VA House passes 1st four resolves (stress rights of colonists & tax (stress rights of colonists & tax only w/ consent)only w/ consent)

•• Inspires other urban protestsInspires other urban protests—— eventually stamp collectors agree eventually stamp collectors agree

not to perform jobnot to perform job

The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)•• Some protests turn violentSome protests turn violent•• Worries elite colonists & artisans who Worries elite colonists & artisans who

want protest but fear activism of want protest but fear activism of unskilled, poor, slaves, & womenunskilled, poor, slaves, & women

•• Create Sons of Liberty (an interCreate Sons of Liberty (an inter-- colonial organization) to keep protest colonial organization) to keep protest

orderly, but not always successfulorderly, but not always successful•• Artisans like Revere are the backbone Artisans like Revere are the backbone

of resistanceof resistance

“If our trade be taxed, why not our lands, or produce, in short, everything we possess? They

tax us without having legal representation.”

Samuel Adams

•Sons of Liberty

was a secret society formed in protest of British rule.

•

They had a large role in the repeal of the Stamp Act

and the Boston Tea

Party. •9 original members which included the

leaders Samuel Adams and

Paul Revere

Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams

Paul Revere

Boycotts: Colonists refused to trade or buy British goods until Stamp Act was repealed.Protests: Led by the Sons of Liberty up and down the colonies from 1765 to 1766.Committees of Correspondence:

Colonies kept in contact with one another and described British actions through letters exchanged by carriers on horseback.

BritishlawsBritishlaws

Stamp Act Protests: 1765 to 1766

•Between 1765 to 1766, the Sons of

Liberty led over 40 protests up and down the colonial coastline.•Most of the protests

are located in the Middle Colonies up

through the New England Colonies.

•Successful in forcing the British Parliament

to repeal the Stamp Act.

Costs of Colonial ResistanceCosts of Colonial ResistanceCosts of Colonial Resistance

Exports & Exports & Imports: Imports: 17681768--17831783

Costs of Colonial ResistanceCosts of Colonial ResistanceCosts of Colonial Resistance

The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)The Stamp Act Crisis (1765)•• 17651765––66: colonial assemblies & Stamp 66: colonial assemblies & Stamp

Act Congress petition; Sons of Liberty Act Congress petition; Sons of Liberty protest, & merchants organize protest, & merchants organize embargoembargo

•• Rockingham, new prime minister, Rockingham, new prime minister, repeals act (1766) because he decides repeals act (1766) because he decides it was divisiveit was divisive

•• Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act——Parliament asserts Parliament asserts authority over coloniesauthority over colonies

•• ‘‘SonsSons’’

celebrate, then dissolvecelebrate, then dissolve

17671767

--

William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer.

••

Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops quartering of troops --

paying col. govt. salaries.paying col. govt. salaries.

••

He diverted revenue collection from internal to He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade.external trade.

•• Tax these imports Tax these imports --

paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.paper, paint, lead, glass, tea.

••

Increase custom officials at American ports Increase custom officials at American ports -- established a Board of Customs in Boston.established a Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767--17701770

Resistance to Townshend ActsResistance to Townshend Acts•• Renewed effort (1767) to raise money Renewed effort (1767) to raise money

from colonies w/ duties on items from colonies w/ duties on items from Englandfrom England

•• Use some money to pay royal Use some money to pay royal officialsofficials—— makes them independent makes them independent of assembliesof assemblies

•• Increase enforcement of Navigation Increase enforcement of Navigation ActsActs

•• Immediate resistance; DickinsonImmediate resistance; Dickinson’’s s FarmerFarmer’’s Letterss Letters: England can regulate : England can regulate trade but not tax coloniestrade but not tax colonies

Resistance to Townshend ActsResistance to Townshend Acts•• Assemblies are motivated to act Assemblies are motivated to act

when royal governors block when royal governors block discussion by dissolving assemblies, discussion by dissolving assemblies, starting w/ Massachusettsstarting w/ Massachusetts

•• Create rituals of resistance to reach Create rituals of resistance to reach illiteratesilliterates

•• Sons of Liberty resume & try to Sons of Liberty resume & try to involve average colonists in involve average colonists in resistanceresistance

•• They neither purchase nor import They neither purchase nor import British goodsBritish goods

Resistance to Townshend ActsResistance to Townshend Acts•• Women active, especially w/ home Women active, especially w/ home

manufacturing & Daughters of manufacturing & Daughters of LibertyLiberty

•• Still divisions, especially w/ Still divisions, especially w/ merchants who are hurt merchants who are hurt economically by economically by nonconsumptionnonconsumption

•• Artisans are again central; protests Artisans are again central; protests cut imports, but often violentcut imports, but often violent——

scare colonial elitescare colonial elite•• Duties repealed, except tea, & Duties repealed, except tea, &

salaries postponed (1770)salaries postponed (1770)

Confrontations in BostonConfrontations in Boston•• Originate w/ clashes between Originate w/ clashes between

custom officials & British troops w/ custom officials & British troops w/ BostoniansBostonians

•• March 5, 1770: crowd of laborers March 5, 1770: crowd of laborers harass soldiers who respond w/ harass soldiers who respond w/ shotsshots

•• Boston Boston ‘‘MassacreMassacre’’•• 5 colonists die, & resistance leaders 5 colonists die, & resistance leaders

use incident to generate support for use incident to generate support for protest, but elite Sons of Liberty protest, but elite Sons of Liberty dislike mob actionsdislike mob actions

•1768—1770, British soldiers arrived in Boston, MA to maintain order and enforce the taxes the colonists were asked to pay after the French and Indian.

•The people of Boston resented the British soldiers and considered them a foreign presence.

•

High tensions between British and Bostonians over enforcing British

policies.•March 1770, the British shed Colonial blood for

first time blood.•The relationship

between the Colonies and England would never

improve•

Used as propaganda to convince people of the

colonial cause.

Boston Mass.Boston Mass.

Confrontations in BostonConfrontations in Boston••

After England starts to pay royal salaries After England starts to pay royal salaries (late 1772), Samuel Adams organizes 1st (late 1772), Samuel Adams organizes 1st Committee of Correspondence in BostonCommittee of Correspondence in Boston

••

Established in all 13, committees increase Established in all 13, committees increase popular support, especially in interiorpopular support, especially in interior

••

Boston committee drafts statement Boston committee drafts statement asserting rights to life, liberty, & asserting rights to life, liberty, & property; approved by most property; approved by most Massachusetts townsMassachusetts towns––

Contrast w/ earlier statementsContrast w/ earlier statements——loyalty loyalty to England to England lessless

important than secure important than secure

rightsrights

••Tea Act, East India CompanyTea Act, East India Company---The Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the trade in tea, made it illegal for the colonies to buy non-British tea and forced the colonies to pay the tea tax of 3 cents/pound.

Tea & TurmoilTea & Turmoil•• Tea is a key symbol of earlier Tea is a key symbol of earlier

resistanceresistance•• Tea Act (1773) saves East India Tea Act (1773) saves East India

Company from bankruptcy w/ a Company from bankruptcy w/ a monopoly in coloniesmonopoly in colonies

•• Upsets patriots, who see act as Upsets patriots, who see act as either a new tax or 1st step in a either a new tax or 1st step in a monopoly on all trademonopoly on all trade

•• Protests in several cities; in Boston Protests in several cities; in Boston neither patriots nor governor neither patriots nor governor compromisecompromise

Tea & TurmoilTea & Turmoil••

Tea Party (Dec. 16): artisans are key, but a Tea Party (Dec. 16): artisans are key, but a crosscross--section of community participatessection of community participates

••

Parliament responds w/ Coercive Acts (4)Parliament responds w/ Coercive Acts (4)1) Port Act closes Boston until tea 1) Port Act closes Boston until tea

reimbursedreimbursed2) Massachusetts Government Act 2) Massachusetts Government Act

weakens elected bodies & strengthens weakens elected bodies & strengthens appointed onesappointed ones

3) Justice Act protects royal officials 3) Justice Act protects royal officials charged w/ crime by moving trialcharged w/ crime by moving trial

4) Quartering Act allows seizure of 4) Quartering Act allows seizure of private buildings for housing troopsprivate buildings for housing troops

Tea & TurmoilTea & Turmoil•• Patriots agree to an Patriots agree to an intercolonialintercolonial

meeting to decide response, but do meeting to decide response, but do notnot

call for revolutioncall for revolution

•• 17631763––1774: key because many 1774: key because many colonists become politically active colonists become politically active & begin to see clear differences w/ & begin to see clear differences w/ EnglandEngland

•• American identity emerges from American identity emerges from interaction interaction between British action & colonial between British action & colonial responseresponse

PopulationPopulation

ManufacturingManufacturing

MoneyMoney

ArmyArmy

LeadersLeaders

GeographyGeography

NavyNavy

Will to FightWill to Fight

Approximately 12 million

Highly developed

Richest country in the world

Large, well trained army plus Hessians

Few officers capable of leading

Strange land---difficult to re-supply troops

Naval world power

Trained soldiers---but no heart in the fight

Approximately 3 million and 1/3 loyal to England.

Practically none

No $$$ to support the war

Volunteers, poorly equipped

Dedicated (though not experienced) officers

Familiar land, easy access to suppliesNo navy

Defending homeland--- strong will to fight

Factors Great Britain United States

•After the Boston Tea Party the British send more troops to enforce the Intolerable Acts.

•Colonial militias prepare for war.

•British searching for stolen weapons–

“search and seizure”•Stopped at Lexington

and encountered 56 Minutemen

•Minutemen stood up for what they believed

was their land

SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD

British attempt to “search and seize”stolen weapons.

First shots of the Revolution in Action

Americans

•90 dead wounded or captured British

•250 dead, wounded, or captured

•Minutemen engage British troops at Concord

Bridge.•British find some

weapons at Concord.• British return to Boston, 5,000 Minutemen attack

British troops.

••Organized first American army called the Continental Army and Organized first American army called the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as our Commanding General.appointed George Washington as our Commanding General.

••Willing to stay part of the empire but King must Willing to stay part of the empire but King must ““redress our redress our grievancesgrievances””

••Congress prepares for warCongress prepares for war…………..

••Came together Came together again after the again after the

battles of battles of Lexington and Lexington and

Concord, May 10, Concord, May 10, 1775.1775.

•Colonial leaders met in Philadelphia, PA to discuss their options in response to the Intolerable Acts.•The decision was to negotiate with King George III and send him a declaration of their willingness to remain British.•BUT, they have grievances (problems) which they want the King and Parliament to address.•AND, they instructed the local militias in each town to begin preparing for war with the MINUTEMEN!

Who would be our first commanding general?•2nd Continental Congress based their decision on the following considerations:

•Political•Economic•Military•Social

George Washington John Hancock

George Washington was chosen based on his qualifications and

these considerations.

•First US Army made up of volunteers, militias and

Minutemen.•George Washington chosen

as the first Commanding General.

•Not an army of professionals but mostly

farmers.

•Lacked the discipline of a professional army at first.•Lacked resources, men weren’t paid and some quit after the first few battles.•2nd Continental Congress lacked resources to supply army.

•June 17, 1775•The British suffered over 40% casualties.

•2,250 men•1,054 injured•226 killed

•Americans: Moral victory

•800 men•140 killed•271 wounded

•King George sends 10,000 Hessian soldiers to help put down the rebellion.

Battle of Bunker Hill raised the moral of the American Army thouBattle of Bunker Hill raised the moral of the American Army though gh the British won the battle and suffered severe casualties. Thethe British won the battle and suffered severe casualties. The

Americans held there own against the greatest army in the world.Americans held there own against the greatest army in the world. The British never broke out of Boston or gained access to the The British never broke out of Boston or gained access to the

countryside which the American army held.countryside which the American army held.

••Referred to as the Referred to as the ““ten ten crucial dayscrucial days”…”…Dec. 25Dec. 25thth to to

Jan. 3rdJan. 3rd••First major victory for the First major victory for the

Continental Army and Continental Army and Washington Washington

••Raised the morale of the Raised the morale of the American troops as well as American troops as well as

the countrythe country

••Led to soldiers reLed to soldiers re--enlisting and future enlistmentsenlisting and future enlistments••Captured over 1,000 Hessian soldiers, weapons, food and etc.Captured over 1,000 Hessian soldiers, weapons, food and etc.

••American Army reAmerican Army re--crossed the Delaware to Valley Forge in Pennsylvaniacrossed the Delaware to Valley Forge in Pennsylvania

General Horatio Gates surrounds the British with the help of Benedict ArnoldBritish defeat stopped them from cutting off New England from the rest of the country and ending the war.British lacked knowledge of geography and failed at communications.

Oct. 1777, British General, John Burgoyne was surrounded by US General Horatio Gates and forced to surrender 6,000 British troops.

Led to a military alliance with France providing soldiers, naval fleet and $$$$$. (Franco-American alliance, 1778)

from colonization to revolution

Economy & Finance