from film to the internet: 35 years of cartographic animation michael peterson geography -...
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From Film to the Internet: 35 years of
cartographic animation
Michael PetersonGeography - University of Nebraska Omaha
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Personal Landmarks
1975 - Super 8 Film animation
1986 - Interactive animation with Macintosh
Types of animation
1995 - Interactive and Animated Cartography book
1996 - Movie animations. Animation with sound.
2003-2007 - Flight animations
2011 - Thoughts about interaction and animation
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History of Cartographic Animation
Conjecture about first map animated map
Maps in stone/paper for most of modern human existence
Level of map
interaction/
animationTim
e
198
0-
199
0
250
0 B
C
Ice age of cartography
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1939 Cartographic Animation
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German invasion of Warsaw, Poland
Disney
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My Personal Journey
1972-1976 University of Wisconsin-River Falls, BA
Film animation with Super 8
1976-1978 Boston University, MA
Programming in Fortran
1978-1981 State University of New York at Buffalo, Ph.D.
More programming in Fortran / Pascal
1981-1982 University of Zürich, Switzerland, Post-Doc
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Super 8 - 1975
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MacChoro 1985-1991
Macintosh program for Choropleth mapping
Purchased 512KB, “Big Mac” in 1985 for $2,500
Ported a choropleth mapping program from a DEC VAX computer
Program written in Fortran
Many late hours:
Adapting to event-driven computing
menus and dialogs
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1985 Big Mac
512 KB of memory
400 KB floppy-drive
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Display
Bit-map (pixels either on or off), no color
512 pixels
34
2 p
ixels
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How MacChoro worked
Polygon-based map file
Spreadsheet-type data file
Map update done logically by class interval rather than alphabetically
16 shadings, up to 16 classes
Six different methods of data classification - Equal Interval, Quantile, Standard Deviation, Natural Breaks, Unclassed*, User-Defined
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User Interface
Map Elements
Map, Title, Legend, Neatline, Text1, Text2
User-defined bounding box to define size of each element
User input with dialogs and mouse
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MacChoro Map
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Generalization Animation
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Temporal Animation
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Classification Animation
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Trend Animation
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Map Storage/Comparison
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Movie Editing Programs
1993 - Adobe Premiere
Frame-based animation
With individual maps created with MacChoro
1995 - Story maps concept
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Generalization Animation
Percent of births to mothers under 20 years of age; 2 to 7 classes
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Temporal Animation
Nebraska Growth in Irrigation by County
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Classification Animation
Different methods of data classification
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Spatial Trend
Age of Population by Percent, Omaha, Nebraska, by census tract
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Interactive and Animated Cartography
1995 - Prentice-Hall
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Story Maps
University of Hawaii - 1995
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Adobe Premiere
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Motown Maps
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Internet Phase - Javascript
1997 --> Mouseover// TASK: PRELOADING AND RENAMING IMAGES (SEE THE EXPLANATION ABOVE){picker_n = new Image(200,200);picker_n.src = "picker.gif";red_n = new Image(200,200);red_n.src = "red.gif";blue_n = new Image(200,200);blue_n.src = "blue.gif";yellow_n = new Image(200,200);yellow_n.src = "yellow.gif";
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Internet Phase
Interactive animation with Javascript - Mouseover - 1997
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Flight Atlas Project
2002-2006
Interest in Frequently Updated Maps (FUMs)
Internet Frequently Updated Maps (IFUMs)
In cooperation with FlyteComm, Inc.
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING
Background on Flight Tracking
Canada and the USA
Data from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is made available to venture capital companies that attempt to provide services with this data
FlyteTrax program from FlyteComm
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING
Herndon, Virginia (near Washington D.C.)
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING
Flights by Hour over US & Canada
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time of Day
Number of Flights
Series1
Average: 3415; High: 5300; Low: 800
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING
Data made public in 1995
Flight Movement Messages transmitted from the aircraft every minute near airports; every 4 minutes in mid-flight
Since 1998, due to security, transmission of data is delayed by 5-10 minutes
ASDI (Aircraft Situation Display to Industry)
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING
Adobe Photoshop
FlightTrax 2002
- Windows-based program for displaying the geographic location of aircraft
- Program connects to the FlyteComm server through the Internet and receives the current database of air traffic activity
- Updates locations every minute
- FlyteTrax receives a radar position report on each aircraft once every 4 minutes when the are in the ARTCC airspace
- Most minute-by-minute positions based on dead reckoning using the last radar position report, the established ground speed at that position report, and the direction established by the prior two position reports
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ANIMATED ATLAS
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
AIR TRAFFIC ANIMATION
FlyteTrax 2002
CaptureEze Pro+ Script
Adobe Photoshop+ batch script
Adobe Premiere+ batch script
Virtual Dub
Displays current flight traffic by minute
Collection of single pics (1440 min/day)
Automatic enhancement of pictures
Construction of an analog clock
DivX compression
1500 MB
7 MB – 15 MB
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
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39
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40
Time
Number of flights
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
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42
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
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United Airlines - night traffic from west to east
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
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Bombardier CR-J
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
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JFK New Yorkxt
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
FLIGHT TRACKING PATTERNS
Adobe Photoshop
Other Patterns
- Non-hub airline - Southwest Airlines - direct city-to-city
- Boeing 737
- All night Los Angeles
- The effect of zooming on speed (New York)
- Concorde Supersonic
- All flights
- Fedex - overnight package delivery
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Southwest Airlines
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Boeing 737
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All Night LA
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Speed increases with zoom
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Concorde lands in New York
^
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All Flights
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Fedex
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
AIR TRAFFIC ANIMATION
Adobe Photoshop
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ÜberblickANIMATED ATLAS
Air Traffic over North America
PUBLICATION
Adobe Photoshop
Peterson, M. & Wendel, J. (2006) Animated Atlas: Air Traffic over North America. Omaha: Cartography and GIS Laboratory.
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Final comments
Animation is an important technique in our use and understanding of spatial data. Cartographic animation demonstrates that individual maps are only a snap-shot in time. One should ask: What was before? What will come after? What trends would be evident if the time element could be viewed as an animation? The individual map is a snap-shot not only in time but also in terms of the data. What non-temporal trends would be evident if a map were viewed along with other related data sets (e.g., age distribution in a city)? Finally, the individual map is a snap-shot in the choice of the representational forms that were used to depict the world. The use of different symbols or data classifications can also constitute an animation. Interactive and Animated Cartography (1995)
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The Problem
Cartographic animation is not widely used. Why?
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Top Five Problems
1.File size
Distribution dependent on the Internet
Internet users are impatient.
Animation files take too long to download. Compressed video formats (youtube) are unacceptable for maps.
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Top Five Problems
2.Animations are hard to make
Essentially consist of many maps, requiring multiple data sets
May require different levels of generalization
GIS programs either don’t incorporate animation or have poor implementations
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Top Five Problems
3.No monetary incentive
Why make many maps when most people are satisfied with one
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Top Five Problems
4.File format
No standard file format for cartographic animation
Will the file be readable by different computers?
Will the file be readable in the future?
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Top Five Problems
5.Animation is by definition a non-interactive experience
With an interactive map, you can always change something
With paper map, you can always look around the map
With animation, you look at a very small area of the screen
With animation, you just sit and watch - and this is
boring
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The Future of Animation
1.3-D movie technology will transfer to computers
3-D map animations
2.Faster Internet capable of transmitting larger files
3.Better software to make animations
4.More interactive playback/creation
5.People may eventually expect that maps be animated