from frbr to frbr oo through cidoc crm… a common ontology for cultural heritage information...
TRANSCRIPT
From FRBR to FRBROO
through CIDOC CRM…A Common Ontology
for Cultural Heritage Information
Patrick Le Bœuf, National Library of France
International Symposium on the Future of Information Organization ResearchOctober 4-5, 2010, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
I. Background
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1990s: 2 simultaneous processes
• 1991-1997IFLADevelopment of a conceptual model for bibliographic information: FRBR
• 1996ICOM CIDOCDevelopment of a conceptual model for museum information: CIDOC CRM
4
FRBR
• “Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records”• An entity-relationship (ER) model• Primary goals:
– explain the content of library catalogs,– provide a scientific basis for simplified cataloging
• Environment: highly standardized, relatively homogeneous (ISBD, MARC)
• Models products, not processes• Chinese translation: <
http://www.ifla.org/files/cataloguing/frbr/frbr-zh.pdf>
5
CIDOC CRM
• “Conceptual Reference Model”• An object-oriented (OO) model• Primary goal:
– enable information exchange and integration between heterogeneous sources of cultural heritage information
• Environment: relatively heterogeneous• Models processes resulting in products, along with
products• Chinese translation: should be available by the end of
October 2010 (Heritage Conservation Center of the National Heritage Board of Singapore)
6
Cultural heritage information
• Both libraries and museums record, manage and publish cultural heritage information
• Borders can be blurred (art prints…)
• Why not bring both models together?...
7
Semantic Web, Linked Data…
• The Web has evolved:– Express data as RDF statements– Relate data to ontologies
Increases the interest in developing a common ontology for library and museum information
8
A cross-domain effort
• 2003: Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonization– Members from both communities– Goal: rephrase FRBR as an extension to
CIDOC CRM• using same methodology as CIDOC CRM• reusing basic structures from CIDOC CRM• occasionally modifying CIDOC CRM
– 2009: publication of FRBROO version 1.0
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Main features of FRBR (1/3)
• Her book was read throughout the world
• Her book is in Chinese
• I ordered that book
• The book is on the bookshelf Item
Manifestation
Expression
Work
is realized through
is embodied in
is exemplified by
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Main features of FRBR (2/3)
Item
Manifestation
Expression
Work
Person
Corporate Body
crea
ted
realized
produced
owns
is realized through
is embodied in
is exemplified by
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Object
Event
Place
Concept
Main features of FRBR (3/3)
Item
Manifestation
Expression
Work
Person
Corporate Body
crea
ted
realized
produced
owns
is about
is realized through
is embodied in
is exemplified by
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Main features of CIDOC CRM
E7 Activity
E39 ActorE28 Conceptual Object
E18 Physical Thing
E52 Time-Span E53 Place
E55 Type
E41
App
ella
tion
took part inaffects
occurred at some time during
occurred in
ide
ntif
ies
an
y o
f
serves to categorize any of
E5 Event
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Main activities in CIDOC CRM
E7 Activity E39 Actor
E65 Creation
E11 Modification (etc.)
P11 had participant(participated in)
P14 carried out by(performed)
E12 ProductionWorld of
ideasPhysical
World
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Dates in CIDOC CRM
E7 Activity
E52 Time-Span
P4 has time-span(is time-span of)
E49 TimeAppellation
E50 Date
P78 is identified by(identifies)
e.g.: Ming Dynasty 明朝
e.g.: 1368-1644
II. How to read,understand, and use FRBROO
<http://www.cidoc-crm.org/frbr_drafts.html
>
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The ingredients of FRBROO
• Classes, identified by:– a code, e.g. F1– a name, e.g. Work
F1 Work
• Properties, identified by:– a code, e.g. R2– a name, e.g. is derivative of (has derivative)
F1 Work R2 is derivative of (has derivative) F1 Work
• Names are not sufficient – read the scope notes!• No “attributes” – only “properties” between and
among classes
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Sharper definitions than in FRBR
• F1 Work: a sum of concepts
• F2 Expression: a sum of signs
• 3 meanings for “Work”:– all concepts conveyed by
each individual Expression:F14 Individual Work
– all concepts common to various Expressions and serving to identify “bibliographic families”:F15 Complex Work
– the concept of adding something to Expressions (e.g. by aggregating them):F16 Container Work
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Sharper definitions than in FRBR
• FRBRER:Manifestation = “the physical embodiment of an expression of a work”; a single physical exemplar or a set of multiple copies– ambiguous definition!
physical or abstract?
• FRBROO:Manifestation was split into:– F3 Manifestation Product
Type = an abstract “type” exemplified by “identical” physical copies
– F4 Manifestation Singleton = a unique physical carrier (manuscript, painting, master recording…)
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From processes to products (1/2)E7 Activity
E65 Creation E12 Production
F27 WorkConception
F28 ExpressionCreation
F32 CarrierProduction Event
(of conceptual things) (of physical things)
= Having the initial idea for a Work
= Simultaneously creating a new Expression and producing a unique carrier for that Expression
= Producing Items (copies of a publication)
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From processes to products (2/2)F27 Work
ConceptionF28 Expression
Creation
F32 CarrierProduction Event
F30 PublicationEvent
F1 Work F2 Expression
F24 PublicationExpression
F3 ManifestationProduct Type
F5 Item
R16 initiated(was initiated by)
R17 created(was created by)
R24
cre
ated
(was
crea
ted
thro
ugh)
R28 produced(was produced by)
R7 is example of(has example)
R6 carries(is carried by)
R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)
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Example: Calligraphy
F16 ContainerWork
F22 Self-ContainedExpression
F22 Self-ContainedExpression
F22 Self-ContainedExpression
E33 LinguisticObject
E38 Image
F28 ExpressionCreation
F28 ExpressionCreation
E39 Actor
E39 Actor
instance = also an instance of:
instance = also an instance of:
R17 created(was created by)
R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)
R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)
R17 created (wascreated by)
P14 carried out by(performed)
(The author, emperor Qianlong 乾隆 )
(The calligrapher, Wang Youdun 汪由敦 )
R3 is realized in(realizes)
P14 carried out by(performed)
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How FRBROO can be used
• FRBROO can be used:
– to store bibliographic information in the form of RDF triples available for Semantic Web applications
– to integrate bibliographic information in mediation systems, where it can be used along other information sources
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Some people who expressed their interest for FRBROO:
• The European project CASPAR (Cultural, Artistic and Scientific knowledge for Preservation, Access and Retrieval): http://www.icsrim.org.uk/caspar
• The Perseus Digital Library, e.g. http://www.fragmentarytexts.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Fragmentary-texts-Ontologies.pdf
• The TEI Ontologies Special Interest Group: http://wiki.tei-c.org/index.php/SIG:Ontologies
• ArcheoInf (Informationzsentrum für die Archäologie): http://www.archeoinf.de/veranstaltungen/beiratstreffen-am-30102008/dokumentenrepositorium
• etc. (e.g. http://www.ifla.org/files/hq/papers/ifla76/93-forster-zh.pdf)
III. By way of conclusion
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Cultural biasesin conceptual modeling?
• CIDOC CRM and FRBROO are introduced as “universal” conceptual models
• However, they are just another Western product: how do they fit Asian conceptions?– Is the notion of “Work” as defined in FRBROO
satisfying according to Chinese thought?
– Is such a conceptualization as FRBROO acceptable in non-Western environments?