from gutenberg to internet 1 seema narendran, ramnarain ruia college

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1Seema Narendran, Ramnarain Ruia College

The InventorThe Inventor

Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and businessman from the mining town of Mainz in southern Germany, invented the printing press with replaceable/moveable wooden or metal letters in 1436 (completed by 1440).


Prior to Gutenberg publishing wasaccomplished using two primary means-

The most common way was to hand copy works. For a book the size of a Bible the process took a year or more to complete one copy.

Alternately printing (images) was done

with hand carved wood blocks which was also an incredibly labor intensive process.


Paper was brought from China to Italy in the 12th century, but was thought too flimsy for books.

So, books were made of vellum (calf or lamb skin)

The books written were religious texts, in Latin by monks of the church


The Development of Printing The Development of Printing PressPressGutenberg brought together the

technologies of paper, oil-based ink and the wine-press to print books. The printing press is not a single invention. It is the aggregation in one place, of technologies known for centuries before Gutenberg.

The world's first book using movable type, the 42-line (the number of lines per page) Gutenberg Bible.


Printing technology is considered a key factor inthe Renaissance, which saw many advances in

science, technology and standardized forms.

The availability of printed materials at a reasonable

cost led to rising levels of literacy among the middle class.

Knowledge which was concentrated in the hands of a few through the exclusive use of Latin became available to the masses in the language they understood.

Inquiry, and the questioning of received wisdom, greatly increased leading to socio- political- economic awareness.


Inquiry, and the questioning of received wisdom, greatly increased.

Another consequence of wider public access to the printed word is that those in authority felt it to be challenging to their positions. This led to more rigorous censorship efforts

Lower cost printing also meant that libraries could obtain and store more information at lower cost.

Because each copy of a text was the same, the exact citing of references became possible.


Also, authorship became profitable. Both these factors contributed to the notion of intellectual property.

This, in turn, led to the British King’s Licensing Act of 1662, a predecessor to the first copyright law.


Lithography: 1798-1875Lithography: 1798-1875In 1798 an unsuccessful dramatist, Alois Senefelder,

makes a discovery of profound significance in the history of artists' prints and later of commercial printing .

He had been attempting to print from stone (prompted by a incident of 1796 when he jots down his mother's laundry list in greasy ink on a slab of limestone). What he comes to realize, is that the antipathy between grease and water, can be used as a basis for printing.Lithographic printing was thus invented.

In lithography, marks are made on a stone surface in greasy crayon or ink. The stone is then wetted. Newly applied ink will stick only to the greasy marks. Paper pressed against the stone will pick up those marks and nothing else.


Offset PrintingOffset Printing

An offset press is a sophisticated printing machine designed to produce fine quality reproductions.


Chromolithography is a method for making multi-color prints. This type of color printing stemmed from the process of lithography, and it includes all types of lithography that are printed in color. It replaced coloring prints by hand, and eventually served as a replica of a real painting.


Screenprinting, is a printmaking technique that creates a sharp-edged image using a stencil. A screen-print or serigraph is an image created using this technique.

Photocopying was introduced by Xerox in the 1960s.


The dot-matrix printer invented in (1971)

The laser printer invented in (1975 )


RadioRadioRadio owes its development to two

other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone, all three technologies are closely related. Radio technology began as "wireless telegraphy".

Started with the discovery of "radio waves" - electromagnetic waves that have the capacity to transmit music, speech, pictures and other data invisibly through the air.


G Marconi, an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895.

By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from England to Newfoundland. This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message in 1902.


Radio-telegraphy is the sending by radio waves the same dot-dash message (Morse code) used in a telegraph.

It was developed mainly for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication.

When the United States entered the first world war in 1917, all radio development was controlled by the U.S. Navy to prevent its possible use by enemy spies. 16

Seema Narendran, Ramnarain Ruia College

Nikola Tesla was however awarded the patent rights, for radio by the United States Supreme Court after his death in 1943.


Radio in IndiaRadio in IndiaIn November 1894, the Indian

physicist, Jagdish Chandra Bose, demonstrated publicly the use of radio waves in Calcutta, but he was not interested in patenting his work.

Broadcasting began in India with the formation of a private radio service in Madras in 1924.


In the same year, the British government granted a license to a private company, the Indian Broadcasting Company, to open Radio stations in Mumbai and Kolkatta.

The company went bankrupt in 1930 but the colonial government started operating them as the Indian State Broadcasting Corporation.

In 1936, the Corporation was renamed All India Radio (AIR) and placed under the Department of Communications.


When India became independent in 1947, AIR was made a separate Department under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

After Independence, the Congress government under Jawaharlal Nehru had three major goals: to achieve political integration, economic development and social modernization. Broadcasting was expected to play an important role in all three areas.


Broadcasting was harnessed for the task of political nation building. National integration and the development of a "national consciousness" were among the early objectives of All India Radio.

The task of broadcasting was to help in overcoming the immediate crisis of political instability that followed Independence and to foster the long-term process of political modernization and nation building.

Broadcasting was also charged with the task of aiding in the process of economic development


TelevisionTelevision

Television came into being based on the inventions and discoveries of many men and scientists. The 'first' generation of television sets were not entirely electronic.

The display (TV screen) had a small motor with a spinning disc and a neon lamp, which worked together to give a blurry reddish-orange picture about half the size of a business card. The period before 1935 is called the "Mechanical Television Era".


Early Experimentation - Important Early Experimentation - Important Experimenters and InventorsExperimenters and Inventors

EFW (Ernest Frederik Werner) Alexanderson

(American) Belin and Barthelemy (French) Hollis Semple Baird (American) John Logie Baird (Scottish) Karolus (German) Boris Rosing (Russian) Ulises Armand Sanabria (American) Kalman Tihanvi (Hungarian) Kenjiro Takayanagi (Japanese) Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (American)


1935- 19411935- 1941During this period, 'electronic'

television was perfected. Several countries began broadcasting, most experimentally, with limited numbers of TV-sets in the hands of the public.


Television During World Television During World War-IIWar-II

World War-II halted nearly all television broadcasting worldwide. There were some notable exceptions -

1942-1944 - German broadcasts from Paris via Eiffel Tower

1942-1945 - USA experiments with TV-guided missiles in Pacific


1946-19491946-1949

The time period after World War-II is considered the last and final birth of television. Families had accumulated savings during the war years, and were eager to purchase homes, cars and other luxuries denied to them during the war.

Television sets were soon added to the 'must have' list. The explosion of sets into the American marketplace occurred in 1948-1949. The post-war sales boom for England followed a few years later.


1950-19591950-19591950-1959 was an exciting time

period for television. In the USA, this period saw electronic color television and remote controls launched.


Television in IndiaTelevision in IndiaTelevision first came to India (named

as Doordarshan or DD) as the National Television Network of India.

Television broadcasts started from Delhi in September 1959 as part of All India Radio's services.

Programs were broadcast twice a week for an hour a day on such topics as community health, citizens duties and rights, and traffic and road sense.


In time, Indian films and entertainment programs were added.

After a gap of about 13 years, a second television station was established in Mumbai in 1972.

By 1975 there were five more television stations at Srinagar, Amritsar, Kolkatta, Chennai and Lucknow.


In 1975, the government carried out the first test of the possibilities of satellite based television through the SITE program.

SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) was designed to test whether satellite based television services could play a role in socio-economic development.

Till 1982, transmission was in black & white, when Doordarshan introduced colour during the 1982 Asian Games.


The second spark came in the early nineties with the broadcast of satellite TV by foreign programmers like CNN followed by Star TV and a little later by domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV into Indian homes.


InternetInternet

The Internet we know today grew from seeds planted by the U.S. government.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was established in 1957 to respond to the perceived scientific and technological advantage the then-Soviet Union displayed in launching the Sputnik satellite.


ARPA net was funded by the United States military after the Cold War with the aim of having a military command and control center that could withstand nuclear attack.

The point was to distribute information between geographically dispersed computers. ARPAnet created the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) communications standard, which defines data transfer on the Internet


EmailEmailComputer engineer, Ray Tomlinson

invented internet based email in late 1971.

Ray Tomlinson chose the @ symbol to tell which user was "at" what computer.

The first email was sent between two computers that were actually sitting besides each other. The first email message was "QWERTYUIOP".


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