from immigrants to citizens to outsiders? how british and french publics have viewed muslims since...
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From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders?
How British and French Publics have Viewed Muslims since the 1980s
Erik BleichMiddlebury College, USA
From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders?
Europe’s newest citizens? From immigrants, foreigners, and racial,
ethnic, or national groups… …to Muslims
Britain and France large Muslim populations Tend to be (or will become) citizens Muslims problematized
Islamophobia; Muslims as The Enemy (Cesari)
From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders?
Where do Muslims stand? the ethno-racial hierarchy measuring social distance
Measures there are many possible measures focus here is on majority public opinion this is a first step in accurately assessing the
place of Muslims on the ethno-racial hierarchy
From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders?
Talk Outline change over time
negative attitudes have risen comparisons across religious groups
negative attitudes greatest toward Muslims comparisons across ethno-racial groups
Muslims are not (yet) at the bottom of the ethno-racial hierarchy
conclusions
I feel there are too many people in this country of another…
France
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Nationality Race Class Religion Culture
Source: Eurobarometer 1989 (Britain n = c. 1290, France n = c. 960)1All Eurobarometer data calculated based on unweighted raw data.
Britain
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Nationality Race Culture Religion Class
France
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
Race Nationality Class Religion Culture
Britain
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
Class Race Culture Religion Nationality
I personally find disturbing the presence of people of another…
Source: Eurobarometer 1989 (Britain n = c. 1290, France n = c. 960)All Eurobarometer data calculated based on unweighted raw data.
I personally find disturbing the presence of people of another…
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1989 1992 1993 1994 1997 2000
Race (Fr)
Religion (Fr)
Nationality (Fr)
Race (GB)
Religion (GB)
Nationality (GB)
Source: Eurobarometer 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2000 (Britain n = c. 1300; France n = c. 960)1All Eurobarometer data calculated based on unweighted raw data.
Would you say that in France there are too many…
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Feb. 1
990
Oct. 19
90
Nov. 1
991
Nov. 1
992
Nov. 1
993
Nov. 1
994
Nov. 1
995
Nov. 1
996
Nov. 1
997
Nov. 1
998
Arabs
Muslims
Blacks
Source: CNCDH 1998 (n = c. 1,000)
Groups there is more racial prejudice against today compared to five years ago
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2003 2005 2007
Asylum seekers
Asian people
Muslims
Black people
Source: British Citizenship Survey 2003 (n = 5,252), 2005 (n = 5,514), 2007 (n = 2,925)1All BCS figures calculated based on unweighted raw data, which deliberately over-samples ethnic minorities.2Percentage of respondents who had previously indicated they believe there is more racial prejudice today than five years ago.
Discrimination is more common today than five years ago based on…
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
France Britain
Ethnic origin
Religion or beliefs
Age
Source: Eurobarometer 2007 (Britain n = 1,313; France n = 1,009)
Respondents have unfavorable opinion of…
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
2004 2005 2006
Muslims (Fr)
Jews (Fr)
Christians (Fr)
Muslims (GB)
Jews (GB)
Christians (GB)
Source: Pew Global Attitudes 2006 (n = c. 900)
Which one religion is most violent?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Britain France
Islam
Christianity
Judaism
Hinduism
Source: Pew Global Attitudes 2005 (Britain n = 352; France n = 345)1Percentage of respondents who had previously indicated they believe some religions to be more violent than others.
Muslim identity in our country is…
Growing
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2005 2006
Britain
France Britain France
If growing, a bad thing
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2005 2006
Britain
France
Britain
France
Source: Pew Global Attitudes July 2006 (“Growing” Britain n = 902, France n = 905; “Bad thing” Britain n = 622, France n = 615)
Which group do you not want to have as your neighbor?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Britain France
Gypsies
Muslims
Immigrants
Different Race
Jews
Source: 1999/2000 World Values Survey
Generally, people believe discrimination always, usually, or sometimes right based on…
France
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Ethnic origin
Mental illness
Religion
Nationality
Sexual orientation
Physical disa
bility
AgeGender
Britain
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Mental illness
Physical disa
bility
Ethnic origin
Sexual orientationAge
Nationality
ReligionGender
Source: Eurobarometer 2003 (Britain n = 1,260; France n = 1,029)
Discrimination in your country is considered widespread on the basis of…
Britain
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Ethnic origin Religion orbeliefs
Age Sexualorientation
Disability Gender
France
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Ethnic origin Disability Religion orbeliefs
Sexualorientation
Age Gender
Source: Eurobarometer 2007 (Britain n = 1,313; France n = 1,009)
Belonging to the following group is generally a disadvantage
France
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Beingdisabled
Being aRoma
Minorityethnic origin
Being agedover 50
Beinghomosexual
Minorityreligion
Being awoman
Britain
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Beingdisabled
Being aRoma
Being agedover 50
Minorityethnic origin
Beinghomosexual
Minorityreligion
Being awoman
Source: Eurobarometer 2007 (Britain n = 1,313; France n = 1,009)
It is a good thing that people come to work and live in this country from…
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Mid-East and N. Africa (GB)
Eastern Europe (GB)
Mid-East and N. Africa (Fr)
Eastern Europe (Fr)
Source: Pew Global Attitudes (Britain n = 902; France n = 905)
From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders?
Conclusions anti-Muslim prejudice is significant and rising Muslims are lowest on the religious hierarchy
From Immigrants to Citizens to Outsiders?
Conclusions anti-Muslim prejudice is significant and rising Muslims are lowest on the religious hierarchy
but Muslims are not lowest on the ethno-racial hierarchy
ethnic markers still trump religious markers Muslim citizens are outsiders, but they are not
(yet) the ultimate outsiders