from map use research to usability research in geo-information processing · 2013-01-31 ·...
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION
Corné van Elzakker
From map use research to
usability research in
geo-information processing
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International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands
EducationResearchAdvisory services
www.itc.nl
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International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
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ITC Geo-information Processing Department
Education and Research in Web Cartography
www.itc.nl/about_itc/organisation/science_departments/gip.asp
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Switchboard to the World’s NSO websites
kartoweb.itc.nl/nso
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Outline Vienna seminar 02-03-2007
Map use research since 1950sResearch projects:
Use of maps in the exploration of geographic dataUse of Web maps in the retrieval of regional statistical dataAutomated application-driven generalization of topographic information in order to derive base mapsTesting the usability of well-scaled mobile maps for consumers
Agenda for usability research in geo-information processing and disseminationThe ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues
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Types of map use research since the 1950s
Functional map use research
Perceptual and cognitive research
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Types of map use research
More holistic, functional map use research
e.g. use of cycling maps, investigated by Dutch project group www.geo-info.nl
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Types of map use research
Perceptual and cognitive research
Flannery, 1971
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Simple model of one-way communication
Sender
meaningmeaning
Sign system
Signssent ReceiverSigns
receivedtransmission
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Cartographic communication model Kolácný
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Map use goals positioned in map use cube
MacEachren & Kraak, 1997
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Exploratory cartography
maps as tools for discovery
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Outline
Map use research since 1950sResearch projects:
Use of maps in the exploration of geographic dataUse of Web maps in the retrieval of regional statistical dataAutomated application-driven generalization of topographic information in order to derive base mapsTesting the usability of well-scaled mobile maps for consumers
Agenda for usability research in geo-information processing and disseminationThe ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues
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Map use research van Elzakker (2004)
Research into the use of maps in the exploration of geographic data:
the actual use of existing cartographic displays
plusthe cognitive process of finding, selecting, retrieving, adjusting or generating 'private' map displays
www.itc.nl/personal/elzakker
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Regional exploratory studies
gaining insight into the geography of anunknown region
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Graphical model constructed by one test person
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Graphical model constructed by another test person
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Graphical model constructed by another test person
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Database of the Overijssel region
Available to the test persons:digital geographic (attribute and base map) data, to visualize within the ArcGIS environmentexisting paper maps and atlasesexisting digital maps (static, interactive or dynamic maps in different formats, ArcGIS ‘Map documents’, maps on CD-ROM or on diskette and Web maps
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Search results: tables with the paper & digital maps & data on the topic selected
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Test environment
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Research material
www.itc.nl/personal/elzakker
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Research methodology applied
questionnairethinking aloudvideo recordingscreen transaction logging thinking aloud in retrospectanalysis of verbal protocolsanalysis of action protocolsproduct analysis (graphical model)
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Verbal / action protocol analysis
Theory
Codingscheme
Taskanalysis
Model ofgeographical
problemsolving
Predictedcoded
protocols
Rawprotocols
Codedprotocols
Segmentedprotocols
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Map selection matrix
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Map use matrix
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Protocol analysis
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Exploratory map use research results
Use of maps is very much of a supply-driven natureexploratory cartography is not as interactive, private or demand-driven as always assumedusers prefer to start their geographic data exploration with ready-made maps that are immediately availablethey even prefer maps on paper and possibly combined into an atlasmaps not selected on the basis of clear geographic questionsin the earliest stages of regional exploratory studies users do not want to generate their own map displays, nor do they want to adjust existing ones or interact with them
Main reason: time factor!
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Results
Users:devote little time to actually consulting the mapdo not carefully consult legendsdo not notice mistakesare not cartographically awaredo not know which map types provide the best answers to which geographic questions
Experts use the maps for confirming / rejecting geographic hypotheses, as well as for executing high-level map use tasks
Novices use maps to come to grips with the task in hand and mostly stick to elementary map use tasks
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Outline
Map use research since 1950sResearch projects:
Use of maps in the exploration of geographic dataUse of Web maps in the retrieval of regional statistical dataAutomated application-driven generalization of topographic information in order to derive base mapsTesting the usability of well-scaled mobile maps for consumers
Agenda for usability research in geo-information processing and disseminationThe ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION
Testing the use of Web maps in the retrieval of regional statistical data
Corné van Elzakker (ITC, Enschede)Pieter de Graaf (GIMA MSc student)
Duncan Beeckman (Statistics Netherlands)
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StatLine (statline.cbs.nl) : online database of Statistics Netherlands
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Roles of interactive Web maps in geostatistical data dissemination
Geographical interfaces for finding and retrieving data
Web maps as a means of presentation
Web maps for on-line analysis and exploration
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Roles of interactive Web maps in geostatistical data dissemination
Geographical interfaces for finding and retrieving data
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StatLine interface for finding and retrieving data
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StatLine Netherlands: output tables and charts
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StatLine: cartographic output
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Roles of interactive Web maps in geostatistical data dissemination
Geographical interfaces for finding and retrieving data
Web maps as a means of presentation
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Static Web map as means of presentation
www.statssa.gov.za
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Roles of interactive Web maps in geostatistical data dissemination
Geographical interfaces for finding and retrieving data
Web maps as a means of presentation
Web maps for on-line analysis and exploration
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Interactive ONS Web map for on-line analysis and exploration
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StatLine: more and more cartographic functionality with SVG
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StatLine
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Interactivity SVG maps StatLine
Mouseover to view data per administrative unit and highlight legend boxChange year or subjectChange colour scheme
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StatLine
www.cbs.nl
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StatLine
www.cbs.nl
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Interactivity SVG maps StatLine
Mouseover to view data per administrative unit and highlight legend boxChange year or subjectChange colour schemeAdjust classification methodChange number of classesZoom in & outPanningSelection of area of interest
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Roles of interactive Web maps in geostatistical data dissemination
Does this all work in practice?
What is the use and the effectiveness of the current cartographic entry on the website of Statistics Netherlands? Which problems do users come across when using it?What functionalities are missing according to the user?
User research executed by Pieter de Graaf from September 2005 until February 2006.
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Applied research methodology
questionnaire before test sessionthinking aloud during task executionreal-time analysis in observatory roomvideo recordingscreen transaction logging questionnaire after test sessionanalysis of research materials (tapes)
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Test environments at 3 locations
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Three different user groups
General interest (5 subjects)Business interest (7 subjects)Scientific interest (7 subjects)
Had to execute tasks of different complexity. e.g.Which part of the province of Overijssel was most densely populated in 2003?For each COROP-region in the western part of the Netherlands, present in a map the area farming land per 1,000 inhabitants.
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Some results
users are not very critical (take for granted what is presented)
only limited interaction with map display
users want to print the map
many recommendations to improve aspects of the cartographic functionality
users’ awareness of the potential roles of Web map displays in the retrieval, exploration, analysis and presentation of regional statistical data must be increased
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Outline
Map use research since 1950sResearch projects:
Use of maps in the exploration of geographic dataUse of Web maps in the retrieval of regional statistical dataAutomated application-driven generalization of topographic information in order to derive base mapsTesting the usability of well-scaled mobile maps for consumers
Agenda for usability research in geo-information processing and disseminationThe ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION
Automated application-driven generalization of base maps
part of RGI project:Generation and use of base maps for integrated querying of digital
physical plans
Eddie Poppe / Theodor Foerster / Jantien Stoter /Corné van Elzakker (ITC, Enschede)
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What is a base map?
A base map is a map layer which provides a topographic setting for a thematic map.
Main functions:To facilitate localization and orientationTo highlight geographical relations between the thematic information and the topographic information
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What is the problem with base maps?
Usually not adapted to user and use!
use is often made of exisiting topographic maps (with a thematic layer on top of it)pre-defined, fixed scale levelsno specific purpose (multi-purpose)
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Solution: generalization
(digital) generalization: “the process of deriving, from a data source, a symbolically or digitally-encoded cartographic data set through the application of spatial and attribute transformations”.
McMaster & Shea, 1992
… according to user and use requirements (application)!
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Specification of requirements
Which topographic information is requiredto carry out the map use tasks properly at each scale (level)?
model generalization
How should this information be representedon the base map at each scale (level)?
cartographic generalization
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Specification of requirements
Which functionality is required to support the users’ tasks?
Grouping of requirements in user profiles
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Research question and objective
Research question: In which way can users’ needs drive the automated generalization of base maps?
Research objective: to develop a methodology for the production of base maps for specific applications from one single detailed topographic database.
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Implications for the research project
Know the user!Know the use!
How?User Centred Design (UCD)Task Analysis
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User-centred design of geospatial data dissemination systems
source:
van Elzakker, C.P.J.M. & K. Wealands (2007), Use and users of multimedia cartography. In: W. Cartwright; M.P. Peterson & G. Gartner (eds.), Multimedia Cartography, Second Edition. Berlin etc. : Springer. Chapter 34, pp. 487 – 504.
in the same book, also see:
Kramers, R.E. (2007), The Atlas of Canada – User Centred Development, Chapter 11, pp. 139 – 160.
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION
Met
hodo
logy
Generalization in a user-centred design
process…
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Application of research methods
‘professionals’ ‘consumers’questionnaires preceding focus groups or interviews
know
the
use
rkn
ow t
he u
se focus groups if possible, otherwise interviews
questionnaires and, if possible, focus groups or interviews at user panels
observations and interviews at participation events
interviews at information desks of government bodies
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Results
No results yet; user research has just started.
Problem ahead: to translate the results into rules and constraints that trigger the automatic generalization process.
www.durpondergronden.nl
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Outline
Map use research since 1950sResearch projects:
Use of maps in the exploration of geographic dataUse of Web maps in the retrieval of regional statistical dataAutomated application-driven generalization of topographic information in order to derive base mapsTesting the usability of well-scaled mobile maps for consumers
Agenda for usability research in geo-information processing and disseminationThe ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION
Building a usability testing methodology for mobile geo-
applicationspart of the RGI project:
Usable (and well scaled) mobile maps for consumers
Ioannis Delikostidis & Corné van Elzakker (ITC, Enschede)
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Usable (and well scaled) mobile maps for consumers
Dutch research project:kick off in 2006led by Prof. Peter van Oosterom (TU Delft)keywords:
User-Centred Designgeneralizationmobile geo-applications
www.gdmc.nl/uwsm2/
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Generalization & mobile geo-applications
Zooming = way of interaction with map interfaceProgressive transfer of geo-information (e.g. first retrieve ‘rough’ representations and get additional detail when required)Continuous change of map scale (animation) to help users orient themselvesApplication of GAP-face tree / GAP-edge forest concepts in variable scale topological data structures.
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Usable (and well scaled) mobile maps for consumers
Development of prototypes through UCD techniques
Two use cases: parking service in Amsterdamtourist navigation
Evaluation of the usability of the prototypes
This work package: development of methodology for usability evaluation
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Developed field observation system for testing mobile geo-applications
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Field observation system for testing mobile geo-applications
User Observer
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Video’s
User / test person and observer in action
Resulting synchronized research mats
play video
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Outline
Map use research since 1950sResearch projects:
Use of maps in the exploration of geographic dataUse of Web maps in the retrieval of regional statistical dataAutomated application-driven generalization of topographic information in order to derive base mapsTesting the usability of well-scaled mobile maps for consumers
Agenda for usability research in geo-information processing and disseminationThe ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues
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Importance of the user …
ICA conference Durban, 2003:
“User”
mentioned
in 69% of the 346 papers!
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Not only MAPMAP use research
Some use topics adressed in ICA seminar Madrid 2005:Use of search engines to find maps on the Internet (Peterson)User-centred design of Atlas of Canada (Williams)Usability techniques to evaluate geovisualization in teaching and learning (Marsh)Observing computer based mapping activity: review of research approaches (Owen)Users national atlas information systems (Trainor)
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Not only MAPMAP use research
Some other topics adressed in ICA Madrid/A Coruña:User need analysis for Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica (Caquard)User guides for Atlas Scolaire du Québec (Anderson)The many dimensions of map use (Carter)Usability tests and rendering methods in real-time 3D geovisualization (Nielsen)
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Not only MAPMAP use issues …
But also use and user issues related to, e.g.:
Data and databasesOther output formatsSoftware and information systemsHardwareInterfaces
From map use research to usability research in geo-information processing …..
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION
The ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues and its activities
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Use and user issues
The user
Usability
Improving user abilities
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The user
User characteristics / profiles
Use context
User requirements
Use goals
Task analysis and modeling
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Usability
User-centered design
Methods and techniques of evaluation/testing
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Usability testing: methods and techniques
QualitativeQuantitative
InterviewsFocus groupsThinking aloudQuestionnairesPerformance analysisfMRI scanningEye-movement…
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Improving user abilities
User training (e.g. children, visually impaired people)
Participatory / collaborative mapping
Map use in education and training
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Terms of Reference 2005 – 2007ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues
Set up an on-line bibliographical databaseSet up a forum on the Web to exchange knowledgeSet up a database of individuals with expertise in various use and user issues and denote it with keywords to stimulate exchange of information
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Website http://plone.itc.nl/icawguse
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Terms of Reference 2005 – 2007ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues
Set up an on-line bibliographical databaseSet up a forum on the Web to exchange knowledgeSet up a database of individuals with expertise in various use and user issues and denote it with keywords to stimulate exchange of informationFoster publications on use and user issuesPromote sessions on use and user issues at ICC 2007 in Moscow, August 2007Organize workshops / seminars
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Are you …
… interested in participating in the work of the ICA Working Group on Use and User Issues?
Dr. Corné van ElzakkerITC, P.O. Box 6, 7500 AA Enschede, The [email protected]/personal/elzakker
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Map use tasks in regional exploratory studies (examples)
to regionalizeCan different sub-regions be identified?
Overall
to determine changesHas that object always been there?
Temporal
to explain a locationWhy is it there?
Intermediate
to recognize objects What is there?
Elementary
TasksGeographical questions
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Map use activities (examples)
to generate maps from database
to draw elements of chorèmeModel construction
to pan or to zoom
to change the mapping methodAdjustment
to juxtapose map displays
to measure on the mapAnalysis
to click on a symbol
to look at the legendReading
to search for existing maps
to select from maps availableSelection
ActivitiesStages in map use