from ndltd to technology for digital libraries: progress and challenges costa rica tutorial december...
TRANSCRIPT
From NDLTD to Technology for Digital Libraries:
Progress and Challenges
Costa Rica TutorialDecember 1999
Edward A. Fox [email protected]
CC CS DLRL Internet TIC
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Acknowledgements (Selected)
Trip Support: ISTEC, OAS, …
Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, US Dept. of Education, …
Co-PIs: Marc Abrams, Robert Akscyn, John Eaton, Brian Kleiner, Gail McMillan
Students: Fernando Das Neves, Robert France, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Constantinos Phanouriou, James Powell, Ohm Sornil, David Watkins, Chang Zhang, Jianxin Zhao
Virginia Tech Background Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, town
population 35K plus 25K students, #2 in football Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with
80% of community on Internet Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with
over 600 sites, for education, research, govt LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service,
gigabit wireless networking - 1/3 of Virginia Math Emporium, 500 workstations Faculty Development Initiative, round 2
Virginia Tech CS Department of CS focussed on HCI $2M labs: usability, group decisions, info access Faculty (+ Abrams, Kafura, Shaffer, …)
– Barfield (ISE - wearable)– Carroll (design, scenarios)– Ehrich (equipment, graphics)– Hartson (theory & methodology, remote evaluation)– Hix (usability, VR/CAVE)– Rosson (object orientation/languages, collaboration)– Williges (ISE - experimentation, meta-evaluation)
ACITC Advanced Communications and Information Technology
Center, opening summer 2000 Connects to the library, with a focus on IT 1/3 high-tech (multimedia) classrooms 1/3 digital/electronic library (reading room) 1/3 research labs: 10, including:
– Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL)– Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities– HCI; HPC; Multimedia; Visualization (CAVE), …– Spaces for industry-supported labs, visitors
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
Digital Libraries --- Objectives
World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop Integrated “super” information systems: 5S: streams,
structures, spaces, scenarios, societies Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery Disintermediation -> Collaboration Universities Reclaim Property Interactive Courseware, Student Works Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful
D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t
A rtic le s ,R e p o rts,
B o o ks
T e xtD o cum e n ts
S p ee ch ,M u s ic
V id eoA u d io
(A e ria l)P h o tos
G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation
M o d e lsS im u la tio ns
S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s
N o te :A b ove is fo r
1 hu m ang e no m e.
G e no m e2 0 Tb ytes1 0x3 .5 B bp0 .5K b/bp
B ioIn fo rm ation
2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T
Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics
C o n te n tT yp e s
Cycle of human augmentation
Vision: Serving human needs (augmenting intelligence)
Innovation: Driving changes (digital technology)
Supporting individuals w. specific apps (email, wp, …)
Supporting communities w. collective apps (DLs)
Ref. IP&M 35(3):221
DL Design Space Dimensions
Content
Technology
Community
Services
Ref. IP&M 35(3):220
Computing (flops)Digital content
Com
mun
icat
ions
(ban
dwid
th, c
onne
ctiv
ity)
Locating Digital Libraries in Computing andCommunications Technology Space
Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information
less more
DLs: Why of Global Interest? National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage:
cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly Knowledge and information are essential to economic and
technological growth, education DL - a domain for international collaboration
– wherein all can contribute and benefit
– which leverages investment in networking
– which provides useful content on Internet & WWW
– which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding
Why of Interest in Computing? Next step in fields of DBMS, HT, IR, MM Efficiency requires advances in, e.g.,
– algorithms and data structures (ex., MPHF)– networking (ex., HTTP-NG)– OS (ex., support for streams)
Effectiveness requires advances in, e.g.,– AI (ex., multilingual texts, user adaptation)– HCI (ex., visualization, DLs embedded in activities)
CS Educ. can benefit; CS can aid Dist. Educ.
Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech
MARIAN (NLM) CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) BEV History Base (NSF, Blacksburg) DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) CSTC (NSF, ACM), CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
DLs Shorten the Chain from
Editor
Publisher
A&I
Consolidator
Library
Reviewer
DLs Shorten the Chain to
Editor
A&I
Digital
LibraryReviewer
DLs Shorten the Chain to
Author
Reader
Digital
LibraryEditor
Reviewer
Teacher
Learner
Librarian
Repository of Digital Objects
RepositoryAccessProtocol
handle
Digital object
terms and conditions
DLs --- Educational Implications Support distance education Level the playing field by giving everyone access to high
quality resources Enrich learning by giving access to primary rather than
secondary materials/objects Integrate simulations, visualizations, and multi-modal
presentations to enhance learning Allow learn-at-your-own-pace, ensuring success Allow specialized interfaces, or embedded DL for rich
support of learning activities
How do universities anddigital libraries relate?
Each U. will have its own digital library. Hence there will be large numbers (i.e., critical mass).
All students will learn how to use and how to “feed” digital libraries (and bring those habits to future work as needs and skills).
All digital library problems (esp. federation, flexibility, personalization) appear at U’s (so they are a good type of testbed, with willing collaborators in-place for developing solutions).
SMETE Library -> NSDL(from www.dlib.org)
Context: Global movement toward Digital Libraries (see April 1998 CACM)
NSF effort: Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (focussed on undergraduates)– 3 workshops, yearly increasing funds / new calls
SMETE Library likely to operate as distributed federation, with separate parts for each key discipline, and to lead to a global effort
NSDL = National Science … Digital Library
Enhancing Learning with DLs
DigitalLibraries
In te ra c tiveExperiences
E n hanc ingL earn ing
Enhancing Learning with DLs
DigitalLibraries
A u th o ring(te x t, m a rku p ,h yp e rm e d ia ,
ca ta lo g in g -D C )
S u b m itt ingW o rk (E T D )(M e tad a ta ,P D F , X M L)
P re se rv in g(u s in g s td s,m ig ra tin g ,
ve rs io n in g )
A d d in g toD ig ita lL ib ra ry
(s tu d e n t)
D isco ve rin g ,B ro w s in g ,S e a rch in g ,R e trie v in g
A n n o ta tin g ,D o w n lo a d in g ,
In s ta llin g ,F e e d b a ck
5 S F ra m e w o rk:S o c ie tie s ,S ce n a rio s,
S tre a m s ,S pa ce s,S tru c tu res
U s in gD ig ita l L ib ra ry
(d ire c t)(in fo lite ra cy )
In d ire c tly U s ingD ig ita l L ib ra ry(e m b ed d e d,b y ag e nt, ...)
U s in g D LC o n te n ts (to o ls,d a ta se ts , e n v 's,co u rse w a re , ...)
C o lla b o ra tion(in /a ro u n d DL
a n d its a rt ifa c ts -d is ta n ce e d u c .)
O th e rIn te ra c tiveL e a rn ingA c tiv it ie s
In te ra c tiveExperiences
E n hanc ingL earn ing
Enhancing Learning with DLs
6 0 m em b e rsU S D ep t. E d .
A u s tra liaG e rm a ny
In te rfa ces2 D , 3 D ,C A V E ,
IB M ,O C L C ,...
N D L T DN e tw o rke d DL
o f T h ese s &D isse rta tio n s
S tu de n tP o rtfo lios
A C MD ig ita lL ib ra ry
w w w .a cm .o rg
"E d u ca tionIn n o va tio n"N S F - V T
4 5 co u rses
N C S T R LT e ch n ica lR e fe re n ce
L ib ra ry
C S T CC S
T e a ch ingC e n te r
C R IMC u rricu lu mR e so u rce sIn te r. M M
E N V IS IO NN S F - V T
re su ltsv isu a liza tio n
C o m p u terS c ie n ce
M a te ria lS c i & E ng(T U L IP -
E lse v ie r + 9 U 's )
N A R An e w p ro je ct(S A IC a nda te am ...)
O th e rP ro je c ts
DigitalLibraries
In te ra c tiveExperiences
En hanc ingL earn ing
NSF Education Innovation (EI) NSF “Interactive Learning with a Digital Library in
Computer Science” (1993-98) 45 online courses (esp. Internet, IR, MM,
Professionalism, overall EI project pages): 100+K accesses/wk
Tools: SWAN (visualization), QUIZIT Evaluation
– traditional– network logging and analysis– tools for visualization
Digital Library Courseware
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/ WWW pages or large PDF copy files Online quizzes based on book by Michael Lesk
(Morgan Kaufmann Publishers) Contents based on book, with several other popular
topics added (e.g., agents) Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,
Resources (People, Projects), and References
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education
– CSTC, CRIM 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
CS -> CSTC -> CRIM NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding a 2
year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/
College of NJ, GVSU (Georgia), Virginia Tech Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia Multimedia part is also supported by “Curriculum
Resources in Interactive Multimedia” - CRIM - grant to Virginia Tech and George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/
CS Teaching Center (CSTC) Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages,
that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.
Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.
Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built. (See NSF SMETE-Lib Study at http://www.dlib.org/smete/public/smete-public.html)
Browsing (1)
Browsing (2)
CRIM Rationale
MM field needs properly trained personnel Support this with resources + curricula Together these help us move toward a DL
for Interactive MM -> CS -> SMETE Benefits will go to teachers (who have more
to build upon) and students (who will have a richer environment for learning
Concerns, Problems Motivating educators to create modules that can be
used elsewhere is difficult without a suitable reward structure and an infrastructure of testing, packaging, discovery, reuse, and evaluation.
There is a unnecessary disconnect between researchers (e.g., in laboratories) preparing exciting demonstrations for conferences and instructors interesting in helping students grasp underlying concepts and innovations in their area.
Solutions, Plans CSTC will have a variety of focused centers so
that different types of resources can be collected, tested, and suitably packaged:– laboratory exercises, activities, assignments– visualizations and visualization tools– interactive multimedia resources (CRIM)
ACM may launch a digital library journal of/on courseware and education in computing to provide an ongoing infrastructure for CSTC.
CRIM Project Activities
Workshops, other ways to involve community WWW site including DL in CSTC re MM
– Devised cataloging schema, designed interface– Referring to all MM syllabi and curriculum– Inviting learning resources for the CRIM DL, with
reviews, reuse certifications Publish report on MM curriculum through
ACM and IEEE, after careful review
Dimensions / Categories (matrix+)
Level: K-12, ugrad (low, upper), grad (MS, PhD), prof. Length: reference, short course, course unit, course, … Academic orientation: science, engineering, art, communications,
multidisciplinary, marketing Pedagogical orientation: mm use, survey/hands-on,
traditional/constructivist (design, develop) Tool connection: course on <Photoshop>, compare animation tools,
assume know or can learn, use tool as example (Target) audience (and background): culture Learning style: visual/auditory, indiv/group Relation: closed/complete, part of some structure (e.g., course, program)
Virginia Tech Courses
Art: Digital Art and Design course (Photoshop) CS: 1604 Introduction to the Internet (1 cr.) CS: 3604 Professionalism in Computing CS: 4624 Multimedia, Hypertext and
Information Access (3 cr.) CS: 5604 Information Storage & Retrieval (3 cr.) CS: 6604 Digital Libraries (3 cr.)
CS4624 Units
– Applications&Authoring– Capture&Representation– Compression&Models– Presentation&Interaction– Communication&Networking
Pedagogy – field trips– readings & quizzes; exercises in lab; final– “real” term project in groups
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
How to Build a Digital Library
Understand the problem (using the 5S
Framework)
Solve the problem (using the Star
Methodology)
– design, develop, evaluate,
– refine, operate
Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that help
satisfy info needs of users (societies) provide info services (scenarios) organize info in usable ways (structures) manage the location of info (spaces) communicate info with users (streams)
Note: “info” stands for data/information/knowledge; “users” may include their agents too.
5S Layers
Societies
Scenarios
Spaces
Structures
Streams
Definition: 5S Framework Societies: interacting people (, computers) Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance,
adjacency): 2D, vector, probability Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video,
network traffic) (5 Element System: Fire, Wood, Earth, Metal, Water)
5S: Components
Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational,
conceptual Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema,
grammars, links, objects Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows,
turbulences
Star Methodology
Neill Kipp Dissertation
Training interested groups about 5S and the Star Methodology, refining the Framework to have solid mathematical foundation
Case studies of projects at Virginia Tech or involving VT staff/students: CSTC, NDLTD, NARA (with SAIC), Lexis, ...
Open also to study DL projects elsewhere Focusing too on the design artifacts developed and related
issues of efficient description and representation (esp. with markup, hypermedia)
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
A Digital Library Case StudyDomain: graduate education,
researchGenre:ETDs=electronic
theses & dissertationsSubmission: http://etd.vt.eduCollection:
http://www.theses.org
Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD) http:// www.ndltd.org
Media
ETD Web Sitehttp://www.ndltd.org/
ETDs Got Your Interest?
Graduate Students
Singapore AMChronicle of Higher Ed.National Public RadioNY Times ...
U. Laval
Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure
Scalability
Education is the rationale
University collaboration
Workflow, automation
Authors must submitMaximal access
PDF, SGML, MMStandards
Federated search
8th graders vs. grads
MARC, DC, URNs
What led to today’s meeting? 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10
universities with 3 reps each 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic
Library (MEL): SURA, SOLINET 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF +
SGML + multimedia objects 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education
(FIPSE) for regional, national projects 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ... Sept. 1999 meeting in Paris at UNESCO Headquart.
http://www.unesco.org/webworld/etd/
Status of the Local Project Approved by university governance Spring
1996; required starting 1/1/97 Submission & access software in place Submission workshops for students (and
faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. Faculty training as part of Faculty
Development Initiative Over 2000 ETDs in collection
Archiving ETDs
Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet-approved submissions
Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs
Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection
Copies stored on-site and off-site
VT ETD Cataloging
same as current cataloging policies, except:– author-assigned keywords (not LCSH)– generic (not LC) call no.– fields/subfields as required for computer files– full abstracts
time savings– cataloger familiar with computer files– equipment, software for word processing– 5 minutes avg. (10-15 minutes for paper TDs)
Library Costs
$12/vol. for paper thesis processing– catalog, bind, security strip, label, shelve– @950 vols./yr. = $11,466
$3.20/vol. ETD processing– cataloging @950 vols./yr. = $3040
$.07/vol. shelving $.04/vol. circulation
Costs/Savings at VT
Graduate School stopped shipping to the library 3000 copies of paper TDs/year
Library stopped binding, shelving, and circulating 3000 copies of TDs/year
166 ft of shelf space saved/year by the library VT used existing equipment in Library (vs. start-up
costs for staff, hardware and software from from a zero-base estimate: $65,000 – see http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/)
Aiding universities to enhance grad educ., publishing and IPR efforts
Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations
Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)
What are we doing?
What are the long term goals? 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are
exposed / involved 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into
electronic portfolios Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: lit.
reviews, bibliographies, … Services providing lifelong access for students:
browse, search, prior searches, citation links
ETDs: Library Goals Improve library services
–Better turn-around time –Always available
Reduce work –catalog from e-text –eliminate handling: mailing to UMI, bindery
prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc.Save space
NDLTD
Computer Resources
Research
Literature
Student Prepares Thesis or Dissertation
Student Defends and Finalizes ETD
My Thesis
ETD
Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD
Signed
Grad School
Graduate School Approves ETD Student is Graduated
Ph.D.
Library Catalogs ETD and New StudentsHave Access to the New Research
WWW
NDLTD
Institutional Members
Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC) Diplomica.com Dissertation.com Dissertationen Online (Germany) Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium
(ISTEC) National Library of Portugal Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS) UNESCO
US University Members (35) U. of Colorado Health Sci. Cntr. U. of Florida U. of Georgia University of Hawaii, Manoa U. of Iowa U. of Maine U. of Oklahoma U. of South Florida U. of Tennessee, Knoxville U. of Tennessee, Memphis U. of Texas at Austin U. of Virginia U. Wisconsin - Madison Vanderbilt U. Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 West Virginia U. - required beginning fall 1998 Worcester Polytechnic Inst.
Air University (Alabama)Brigham Young UniversityCal TechClemson UniversityCollege of William & MaryConcordia University (Illinois)East Carolina UniversityEast Tenn. State UniversityFlorida Institute of Tech.Florida International UniversityGeorge Washington UniversityMarshall University (W. Va.)Miami U. of OhioMichigan TechNaval Postgraduate School (CA)North Carolina State U.Penn. State UniversityRochester Institute of Tech.
Australian Project Members
U. New South Wales (lead institution)U. of MelbourneU. of QueenslandU. of SydneyAustralian National UniversityCurtin U. of TechnologyGriffith U.
German Project Members
Humboldt University (lead institution) 3 other universities 5 learned societies
– Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Sociology, Education
1 computing center 2 major libraries
Other International MembersChinese University of Hong KongChungnam National U., Dept of CS (S. Korea)City University, London (UK)Darmstadt U. of Tech. (Germany)Free University of Berlin (Germany - Vet. Med.)Gyeongsang National U. (Korea)India Institute of Technology, Bombay (India)Nanyang Technological U. (Singapore, part)National U. of Singapore (Singapore, part)Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain)Rhodes U. (South Africa)St. Petersburg St. Tech.U (Russia)Univ. de las Américas Puebla (Mexico)Univ. of Alicante (Spain)Univ. of Pisa (Italy)U. Laval; U. of Guelph; U. Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier U. (Canada)
NDLTD Members
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10
20
30
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50
60
70
803/
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5/11
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3/11
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Date Joined
Nu
mb
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f M
emb
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NUDL
1/15/99 NUDL proposal to NSF under DLI2 international program– VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng.– Partners: UK (2) , Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany,
plus Iberoamerican group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico)
– Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, …
Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware, ...
National Coverage (red/white)
NUDL Partners
Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece Lautaro Guerra Genskowsky, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria,Chile Juan José Goldschtein, Univesidad de Belgrano, Argentina Peter Diepold, Humboldt University, Germany Francisco Javier Jaén Martinez, Spain Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico
Popular Works 1996458 Seevers, Gary L. Identification of Criteria for Delivery of Theological Education Through Distance Education: An International Delphi Study (Ph.D., Educational Research and Evaluation, April 1993; 1353Kb)
432 Hohauser, Robyn Lisa. The Social Construction of Technology: The Case of LSD (MS in Science and Technology Studies, Feb. 1995; 244Kb)
390 Childress, Vincent William. The Effects of Technology Education, Science, and Mathematics Integration Upon Eighth Grader's Technological Problem-Solving Ability (Ph.D. in Vocational and Technical Education, July 1994; 285Kb)
310 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2Mb)
287 Sprague, Milo D. A High Performance DSP Based System Architecture for Motor Drive Control ( MS in Electrical Engineering, May 1993; 878Kb)
165 Wallace, Richard A. Regional Differences in the Treatment of Karl Marx by the Founders of American Academic Sociology (MS in Sociology, Nov. 1993; 479Kb)
150 McKeel, Scott Andrew. Numerical Simulation of the Transition Region in Hypersonic Flow (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Feb. 1996; 3Mb)
Popular Works 19979920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb)
7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb)
2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb)
2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb)
1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb)
1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb)
1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb)
1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)
Popular Works 1998
K-accesses Mbytes Degree Year Dept Tables/Figures Author
75, 12, PhD, 1997, ME, 38/174, Maillard 56, 6.5, PhD, 1996, CS, 8/93, Liu 20, 3.9, PhD, 1997, EE, 9/121, Laster 15, 4.9, PhD, 1997, CpE, 17/127, Tripathi 12, 6.6, MS, 1997, EE, 7/96, Nicoloso 6.7, 4.6, PhD, 1996, Physics, 8/62 (32 color),
Gonzalez
Usage of ETDs in VT Collections
1996 1997 1998 1999
Jan-Aug
Total
requests
37,171 247,537 465,974 907,104
Daily
Requests
102 685 1,722 3,121
Abstract
requests
25,829 112,633 177,647 143,056
Hosts
served
9,015 22,725 28,022 52,663
International Use 1996 1997 1998 850 2992 8170 United Kingdom 608 2,501 4223 Australia 346 2378 7373 Germany 713 2367 3970 Canada 387 1264 2201 South Korea 463 1161 4431 France 250 725 2553 Italy 191 867 2781 Netherlands 183 1130 1449 Brazil 22 967 1089 Thailand 83 958 1414 Greece
Relationship with publishers
Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times
Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL
Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access– AAP, AAUP– AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...
Some responses from publishers
ACM: need to acknowledge copyright Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright IEEE-CS: endorse initiative ACS: After first publication, can release Textbook publishers: different market,
manuscript significantly reworked General: restricting access to local campus
will not cause any problems
For professional societies
Like “writing across the curriculum” Besides writing: computing/communications,
information literacy, personal digital library management, tool use, research methods, collaboration, archiving/preservation
Data sets, communities of users of them Classification systems / browsing / searching NRC’s “On becoming a researcher”
Who are sponsors / cooperators? Funding, Donations of hardware/software
– SURA– US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)– Adobe Systems– IBM– Microsoft– OCLC
Others Serving on Steering Committee– National/Regional Projects: Australia, French
speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC), UK (UTOG)
– CGS, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO, ...
How does this relate to UMI?
1987 UMI workshop to explore ETDs Support letter for US Dept. of Ed. proposal Steering and technical committee
membership ProQuest Direct pilot of scanning works
started 1/1/97, free 2 yr access to front part Collaborating on:
– accepting electronic author submissions– standards (e.g., representation), research
ETD Initiative (and UMI)
StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub
TDsbecome more
expressive
N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived
Global TDsbecome more
accessible,archived
UMI
Universities
Why might a university want to be involved?
To improve graduate education / better prepare your students / increase their knowledge and visibility
To unlock university information To save money for students and for the
university / improve workflow To build an important digital library
How can a university get involved?
Select planning/implementation team– Graduate School– Library– Computing / Information Technology– Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.
Send us letter, give us contact names Adapt Virginia Tech solution
– Build interest and consensus– Start trial / allow optional submission
Convene Local Planning Group
ETD
Build Local ETD Site
Digital Library
Policies
Inspection/Approval
Workshop/Training
ETD
ETD
Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs
Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools Automated submission & processing Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,)
Virginia Tech, ... (Local) WWW site, publicity (Local) Assistance provided as requested:
email, phone, listserv(s)
Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs
Like Type 1 but set date not reached Usually has an option or pilot May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter
after; … Build grass roots support
– Advisory committee: representative? expert?– Champions to spread by word of mouth– Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students– Publicity to reach community
NDLTD Members, Types 3-7
3. Part of university requires ETDs4. University allows ETDs5. University investigating, has pilot6. University consortium joins:
– CIC (Big 10 coordinating body)7. Non-university organization joins
– CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)
Everyone Learns Students become “info literate” Students learn about discovery, search,
categorization/classification, e-pub, preservation, helping others find/reuse
Campus starts to think about IPR– e.g., Virginia Tech symposium
http://www.rgs.vt.edu/resmag/seminars.html Faculty and students improve quality as reader base
expands
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– NDLTD services DL as industrial success
User Search Support(multilingual, XML)
NDLTD W orld FederatedSearch
Virg in ia Tech ...(univ)
U M I ...(corporate)
O hioLink ...(univ group)
Portugese N L ...(national lib)
Austra lia(regional)
UserInterface
Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.
www.theses.org
James Powell student project, D-Lib Magazine description in Sept. 1998
XML description of each site– type of search engine / service– language– coverage (for resource discovery)
Adding Z39.50 gateway capability and integrating with MARIAN, along with Harvest and Open Archives protocols (according to Santa Fe Convention) – see www.openarchives.org
Interoperability Testing
IBM DL: donated equipment, technical support, powerful IPR (see TOIS, D-Lib)
Z39.50: OCLC SiteSearch / VT tailored s/w– university libraries w. catalogs of freely shared
MARC records pointing to archival copies– via URNs: handles & PURLs
Dienst / NCSTRL - www.ncstrl.org: CS depts., DARPA, NSF, CNRI, Cornell – MIT uses it for its ETD site; Portugal is studying use for Europe
Access Approaches
Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by encouraging:
UMI centralized services Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50, … Regional services (e.g., OhioLink) Global service: Open Archives Local servers with browse, search
– From local catalogs to local archives WWW robot indexing and search services
Support Services Developed
WWW site with > 300 Mb, CD, videotape Automated submission system (MySQL, UNIX,
WWW scripts - grad school/library) Student guidelines, style sheets, multimedia training
materials, FAQs, press info SGML and XML DTDs for ETDs SGML to HTML (web generator) LaTeX, Word templates, converters
Support Offered
Software, documentation, tech support Email, listservs ([email protected], -eval, -
grad, -library, -technical) Donations: Adobe, Microsoft Evaluation: instruments, analysis
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu - solutions/statistics (Temporary storage / archiving; aid - in setting up
an int’l service & archive)
Enhancements
Dublin Core spec, MARC crosswalk DTDs for SGML, XML(+ <discipline>ML) Annotation system (author, friends, notes) Routing system (based on Sift) Multilingual WWW site, training materials
(Spanish recently done in Valencia) Better federated search (w. Z39.50, planned
with Dienst and Harvest - using MARIAN)
Further Services
Adding services currently prototyped– support with IBM DL, OCLC SiteSearch
Adding other services planned– building and using citation database (w. SFX)– implementing plagiarism check (like “SCAM”)
Developing NUDL as a sustainable self governing global institution (w. committees)
Other Work Working with publishers to increase level of access as
much as possible Interoperability tests among universities and with UMI
to provide integrated services Study with testbed that emerges, to improve
information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user support
Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– Networking DL as industrial success
Network Research Group NSF 3 year grant on WWW logging, characterization,
and optimization: Abrams, Fox, Pollard (CNS)
Core member of Web Characterization Activity of World-Wide Web Consortium
Providing DL (with OCLC) to support WCA (at http://www.cs.vt.edu/repository/):– logs– tools– publications
NRG Tools
WebJamma: Artificial HTTP traffic generator
WebWatcher: HTTP traffic monitoring and logging system
CLFmunge: Anonymizes common log format
HTTPdump: Protocol decode for tcpdump
Caching proxy simulator
Splus programs
Log description and validation interface & routines
DL Submission Software Similar software developed for WCA, CSTC, and
NDLTD
CSTC version field-tested to manage papers for ACM Digital Libraries ‘99
May generalize for
– conferences
– electronic journal
– resource description (e.g., courses, Web content)
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– Interfaces DL as industrial success
Accessibility Activities / Plans
Interface design (simple, 3D, VR) Usability studies Generic multi-lingual support Support for those with disabilities Hybrid collection (paper, MARC,
abstracts, full-text, multimedia) Disciplinary classifications, tools Visualization of results, collection
SPIRE Visualization
CAVE Experiments
Use a familiar metaphor– building / floor / room / shelf / book
Rearrange orderings / shelving– use categories, clustering, ranking – use visualization: colors and gaps– study space mappings: physical, logical
Simplify movement for key tasks
ENVISION
NSF “A User-Centered Database from the Computer Science Literature” (1991-93)
Collected bib/typesetter data, converted to SGML Scanned thousands of page images MARIAN search engine - can be made available (also
applied to the Virginia Tech library catalog) used as part of a prototype object-based DL, with tailored visualization interface (L. Nowell dissertation)
Envision Results Window
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– MARIAN DL as industrial success
MARIAN
Multiple Access Retrieval of Information with ANnotations
(Musical: Marian the Librarian …) Evolved from 1980’s CODER system to a
distributed Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), then DL backend, now becoming a full DL system
From C/C++ to Java by Jianxin Zhao Future uses: NDLTD, NUDL, PetaPlex
MARIAN Layers
Database Layer
Search Engine Layer
User Information Layer
User Interface Layer
User User User User
MARIAN Testing Architecture
LoadGenerator
Webgate
JavaServer
C/C++Server
MARIAN Parallelism
Java part response time vs. query rate comparation
(type 1 requests)
01000200030004000
0 100 200 300 400 500
query rate (#/min)
resp
onse
tim
e (m
s)
all modules in one machine one "webgate"
two "webgate"s four "webgate"s
MARIAN Response Time
Four "webgate"s, decomposed time delay vs. query
rate
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 100 200 300 400 500
query rate (#/min)
time
dela
y (m
s)
system after Java server
France Dissertation
Key developer since CODER Applying computational linguistics efforts
with machine readable dictionaries Applying opportunistic handling of term
lists for ranking, usable displays (“to be or not to be, that is the”)
Developing and evaluating variety of interfaces
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress
– PetaPlex DL as industrial success
PetaPlex
Digital Library Machine (“super” object store)
Parallel computer / storage utility for scale of 1000 to 100,000,000 gigabytes (1 Tbyte - 100 Pbyte)
Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying VT-PetaPlex-1 for $250,000 with
– high speed backbone connection (OC-12)
– 2.5 terabytes through 100 “Nanoservers”:
– Each = Network connection + IBM 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium II + Linux
PetaPlex Approach
Extend work on KMS from 1970s Achieve qualitative improvement in quality of
hypertext– sub-second response– with terabyte and petabyte scale stores
Do everything with one seek - through hashing over a very large storage space– support URN access as primitive service– support name / repository model for digital library
PetaPlex Complex
FRONT END MACHINERS/6000, 1G RAM, 4 Proc.
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver
Nanoserver
Nanoserver Nanoserver
Service
Machine 1
Service
Machine 2
Service
Machine 3
Service
Machine 4
PetaPlex Service Machines
Small object server Large object server
– video on demand– streaming audio
Information retrieval server Proxy / cache server (e.g., 1 terabyte server
of 1000 worldwide for Comsat/Intelsat)
PetaPlex Top View
4 ft.
side
PetaPlex Side View
4 ft. wide
8 ft.
high
Roles:* Support* Cooling* Power
15
shelves
PetaPlex Cost Goals, Approach Maximize number of seeks achievable Maximize % of cost invested in disks Maximize flexibility and reliability Minimize cost per unit of storage
Approach “information utility” Increase throughput and reliability by replicating on
other PetaPlex systems Use robotics, wireless, and commodity production of
nanoservers
Sornil & Mather Dissertations
Proposing 100 Tbyte wireless Petaplex for $2M Mather: efficiently handling very large numbers
of objects of varying sizes Sornil: efficiently handling IR for very large
collections, large numbers of users, high transaction rates, large inverted files– modeling and simulation– data organization– parallelization of algorithms, alone and in
combination for retrieval (related) tasks
OUTLINE Challenges to CS Opportunities for education 5S framework NDLTD case study Technical progress DL as industrial success
DL Challenges
Preservation - so people with trust DLs
Supporting infrastructure – affordable storage in large capacity, very fast networks, ...
Scalability, sustainability, interoperability
DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...
– Need tools & methods to make them easier to build
DLs: Broad Impact DLs should be in companies DLs should be in government (integrated) DLs should be built for all types of data, information, and
knowledge– covering knowledge management– covering data mining, IR, discovery, visualization– promoting specialized work on all types of collections for all types of user
groups DLs should encompass libraries, archives, museums, and other
institutions -- we can now store all data generated! 5S framework and university-industry collaboration may help
move us to these goals!
Invitations!
Use 5S (to understand, build DLs)Join NDLTD and NUDLWork to expand and improve ETD efforts
worldwide: dissemination, standardization, R&D