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From Normal School to College- and From Normal School to College- and University-based Teacher TrainingUniversity-based Teacher Training

Fall, 2006Fall, 2006

EDCI658EDCI658

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What Is A Normal School?What Is A Normal School?

A normal school or teachers college is an A normal school or teachers college is an educational institution for training teachers.educational institution for training teachers.

Its purpose is to establish teaching standards Its purpose is to establish teaching standards or or normsnorms, hence its name. The term , hence its name. The term normal normal schoolschool is now archaic in all but a few countries. is now archaic in all but a few countries. In New Zealand, for example, normal schools In New Zealand, for example, normal schools are affiliated with Teachers colleges. are affiliated with Teachers colleges.

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What Is A Normal School?What Is A Normal School?

According to the According to the Oxford English Dictionary,Oxford English Dictionary, normal schools in the United States and normal schools in the United States and Canada trained primary school teachers, while Canada trained primary school teachers, while in Europe, normal schools educated primary, in Europe, normal schools educated primary, secondary and tertiary-level teachers.secondary and tertiary-level teachers.

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Terminology of Normal SchoolTerminology of Normal School The term The term normal schoolnormal school originated in the early originated in the early

1919thth century from the France. Because the century from the France. Because the graduates of these schools, that is, the teachers, graduates of these schools, that is, the teachers, were expected to uphold and teach norms, or were expected to uphold and teach norms, or rules, they were called normal schools.rules, they were called normal schools.

The terminology is preserved in the official The terminology is preserved in the official translations of such schools in People's Republic translations of such schools in People's Republic of China since the early 20th century. A Chinese of China since the early 20th century. A Chinese normal universitynormal university is usually controlled by the is usually controlled by the national or provincial government. A teacher’s national or provincial government. A teacher’s college has lower entrance requirements. college has lower entrance requirements.

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Terminology of Normal SchoolTerminology of Normal SchoolThe terminology is also preserved in The terminology is also preserved in

Europe even if some of the original normal Europe even if some of the original normal schools do not serve the purpose of schools do not serve the purpose of teacher education anymore.teacher education anymore.

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Origin of Normal SchoolOrigin of Normal School

Specific training for teachers was originated in Specific training for teachers was originated in France (1685) by St. John Baptist de la Salle. France (1685) by St. John Baptist de la Salle. Teacher training spread rapidly in Europe as a Teacher training spread rapidly in Europe as a result of the work of August Hermann Francke result of the work of August Hermann Francke and Johann Pestalozzi and through the influence and Johann Pestalozzi and through the influence of the monitorial system. of the monitorial system.

Germany established the first curriculum for Germany established the first curriculum for teacher training in the 18th cent. From Europe teacher training in the 18th cent. From Europe the monitorial training method spread to the the monitorial training method spread to the United States United States

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Normal Schools in the United StatesNormal Schools in the United StatesThe first normal schools in the United The first normal schools in the United

States were founded in Massachusetts States were founded in Massachusetts beginning in the late 1830s, thanks largely beginning in the late 1830s, thanks largely to the efforts of education reformers such to the efforts of education reformers such as Horace Mann and Henry Barnard. as Horace Mann and Henry Barnard.

In 1839, a school known simply as In 1839, a school known simply as Normal Normal SchoolSchool, the first of its kind in the United , the first of its kind in the United States, opened in Lexington, States, opened in Lexington, Massachusetts; it has since moved and is Massachusetts; it has since moved and is now known as Framingham State College. now known as Framingham State College.

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Normal Schools in the United StatesNormal Schools in the United States

Influenced by similar academies in Prussia and Influenced by similar academies in Prussia and elsewhere in Europe, they were intended to elsewhere in Europe, they were intended to improve the quality of the burgeoning common improve the quality of the burgeoning common school system by producing more qualified school system by producing more qualified teachers.teachers.

Normal schools were established outside of the Normal schools were established outside of the control/influence of universities and collegescontrol/influence of universities and colleges

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Early Normal Schools in the United StatesEarly Normal Schools in the United States First normal school west of the Appalachian First normal school west of the Appalachian

Mountains in the United States: the Michigan State Mountains in the United States: the Michigan State Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University. It Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University. It was created by legislative action in 1849 and was created by legislative action in 1849 and opened in 1853.opened in 1853.

Oldest normal school west of Mississippi River was Oldest normal school west of Mississippi River was Harris-Stowe State University founded by the St. Harris-Stowe State University founded by the St. Louis public school system in 1857Louis public school system in 1857

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Early Normal Schools in the United StatesEarly Normal Schools in the United States The first The first state-authorizedstate-authorized normal college to open normal college to open

west of the Mississippi River was Winona State west of the Mississippi River was Winona State Normal School, now called Winona State University. Normal School, now called Winona State University. Opening in 1858.Opening in 1858.

The first normal school in what is now considered The first normal school in what is now considered the Southwest was opened in 1879 as Sam the Southwest was opened in 1879 as Sam Houston Normal Institute (now Sam Houston State Houston Normal Institute (now Sam Houston State University) University)

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Early Normal Schools in the Early Normal Schools in the United States Cont.United States Cont.

The first state-run normal school on the The first state-run normal school on the West Coast was the Minns' Evening West Coast was the Minns' Evening Normal School, created in 1857 to train Normal School, created in 1857 to train teachers for San Francisco's schools. It teachers for San Francisco's schools. It was taken over by the State of California was taken over by the State of California in 1862 and became the California State in 1862 and became the California State Normal School (now San Jose State Normal School (now San Jose State University). University).

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The TransitionThe Transition Two year normal schools transform into 4 year Two year normal schools transform into 4 year

normal schoolsnormal schools Four year normal schools transform into 4 year Four year normal schools transform into 4 year

teachers colleges or state universitiesteachers colleges or state universities State Universities transform into UniversitiesState Universities transform into Universities

1879 Sam Houston Normal Institute1879 Sam Houston Normal Institute 1923 State Normal Schools change name to 1923 State Normal Schools change name to

State Teacher Colleges (SHTC)State Teacher Colleges (SHTC) 1975 State Teacher Colleges change to State 1975 State Teacher Colleges change to State

University (SHSU)University (SHSU)

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The TransitionThe Transition

Others leave state university systemOthers leave state university system

North Texas State University becomes North Texas State University becomes University of North TexasUniversity of North Texas

East Texas State University becomes Texas East Texas State University becomes Texas A&M University - CommerceA&M University - Commerce

West Texas State University becomes Texas West Texas State University becomes Texas A&M University - CanyonA&M University - Canyon

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The TransitionThe Transition

In the United States, the function of normal In the United States, the function of normal school has been taken up by school has been taken up by undergraduate and graduate schools of undergraduate and graduate schools of education; the schools themselves were education; the schools themselves were upgraded to universities focused on upgraded to universities focused on meeting the needs of the region in which meeting the needs of the region in which they were located. they were located.

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The Transition Cont.The Transition Cont.

Many famous universities, such as the Many famous universities, such as the University of California, Los Angeles were University of California, Los Angeles were founded as normal schools. In Canada, founded as normal schools. In Canada, such institutions are typically part of a such institutions are typically part of a university as the Faculty of Education university as the Faculty of Education offering a one- or two-year Bachelor of offering a one- or two-year Bachelor of Education program. It requires at least Education program. It requires at least three (usually four) years of prior three (usually four) years of prior undergraduate studies.undergraduate studies.

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The Transition Cont.The Transition Cont.The sole purpose of normal schools was The sole purpose of normal schools was

professional instruction of elementary-professional instruction of elementary-school teachers, an especially strong school teachers, an especially strong emphasis was placed on the psychology emphasis was placed on the psychology of child development. of child development.

Preparation for secondary-school Preparation for secondary-school teaching, which demanded a larger teaching, which demanded a larger academic component, was still left to academic component, was still left to liberal arts colleges. liberal arts colleges.

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The Transition Cont.The Transition Cont.Nevertheless, by the turn of the century Nevertheless, by the turn of the century

many normal schools had expanded into many normal schools had expanded into four-year degree-granting teachers four-year degree-granting teachers colleges, and by the 1920s and 30s these colleges, and by the 1920s and 30s these teachers colleges, generally supported by teachers colleges, generally supported by the public, were training substantial the public, were training substantial numbers of the nation’s public-school numbers of the nation’s public-school teachers.teachers.      

Training for secondary-school teachers Training for secondary-school teachers remained primarily a function of liberal-arts remained primarily a function of liberal-arts colleges until after World War II.colleges until after World War II.

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Transition Cont.Transition Cont.The growing numbers of students and the The growing numbers of students and the

growing need for technical skills in the growing need for technical skills in the nation’s workforce led to a demand for nation’s workforce led to a demand for secondary education that traditional colleges secondary education that traditional colleges could not meet. could not meet.

Since 1945, consequently, most teachers Since 1945, consequently, most teachers colleges have expanded their educational colleges have expanded their educational missions and become liberal-arts colleges missions and become liberal-arts colleges offering a broad general education in addition offering a broad general education in addition to specialized courses in pedagogy. to specialized courses in pedagogy.

1919

Transition Cont.Transition Cont.

In the United States, the first graduate In the United States, the first graduate program in education was established at New program in education was established at New York Univ. (1887). In the following year the York Univ. (1887). In the following year the teacher-training school that is presently teacher-training school that is presently known as Teachers College, Columbia Univ., known as Teachers College, Columbia Univ., was founded. Since the establishment of was founded. Since the establishment of those two institutions, graduate study in those two institutions, graduate study in education has expanded rapidly. education has expanded rapidly.

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The Contribution of Normal SchoolsThe Contribution of Normal Schools

Established teaching as a professionEstablished teaching as a professionProvide women with opportunities to Provide women with opportunities to

continue their education and to advance in continue their education and to advance in public careerpublic career

Met the demand of economic and social Met the demand of economic and social changes such as the common school changes such as the common school movement, industrialization, democratic movement, industrialization, democratic citizenshipcitizenship

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SourcesSources

http://www.bartleby.com/65/te/teachert.htmlhttp://www.bartleby.com/65/te/teachert.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_school http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/normal.htmlhttp://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/normal.html http://www.primaryresearch.org/PRTHB/schoolhishttp://www.primaryresearch.org/PRTHB/schoolhis

tory/synenki.pdftory/synenki.pdf http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI92174http://escholarship.bc.edu/dissertations/AAI92174

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