from phrases to clauses.ppt

7/24/2019 FROM PHRASES TO CLAUSES.ppt

1/21

ENGLISHLANGUAGE-

GRAMMAR LEVEL-FROM PHRASES TO

CLAUSES

L/O: To learn about and dent!" t#e $art% o! a &lau%e


2/21

CLAUSES

CLAUSE ELEMENT

FUNCTIONS A &lau%e 'a" be de!ned a% a (rou$ o! )ord% &lu%tered

around a *erb $#ra%e+ &ontann( a :

SU,ECT.S

VER, .V

O,ECT .O

COMPLEMENT .C

A0VER,IAL .A


3/21

HO1 CAN 2OU TELL 1HAT

A SU,ECT IS 3 T#e %ub4e&t % u%uall" t#e ele'ent )# $er!or'% t#e

a&ton e5$re%%ed b" t#e *erb:

T#e &at %a) t#e do(6 T#e &o) 4u'$ed o*er t#e 'oon6

I! t#e %enten&e % a %tate'ent+ t#e %ub4e&t u%uall" a$$ear% be!ore t#e

*erb:

Ran !ell all da" lon(6 T#e bon!re (lo)ed n t#e dar76

Ta7e &are : t % $o%%ble to e'$#a%8e anot#er &lau%e ele'ent b"

$uttn( t be!ore t#e %ub4e&t:

2e%terda"+ ran !ell all da" lon(6 In t#e dar7+ t#e bon!re (lo)ed6

I! t#e %enten&e % a 9ue%ton+ t#e %ub4e&t a$$ear% a!ter t#e o$enn(

*erb:

Are "ou (on( !ar3 0d t#e bon!re (lo) n t#e dar73


4/21

1HAT IF THE SU,ECT IS A

PRONOUN3 I! t#e %ub4e&t % a $ronoun re!errn( to a $er%on+ t 'a"

#a*e a d%tn&t %ub4e&t*e !or'6 1e %a" I, he, she, we

and they.In ot#er $art% o! t#e &lau%e+ t#e%e )ord%

an(e to me, him, us and them. I %a) o#n6 o#n %a) 'e6

S#e (a*e t to Mar"6 Mar" (a*e t to #er6


5/21

FIN0 THE SU,ECT 1rte out t#e%e %enten&e% and underlne t#e %ub4e&t6

Loo7 out !or %enten&e% )t# 'ore t#an one &lau%e+

)#ere t#ere % a %ub4e&t n ea

6 T#e &ar &o%t nearl" nne t#ou%and6

;6 T#e !r"n( $an !ell on t#e !loor6


6/21

VER, . *

T#e *erb ele'ent n a &lau%e $la"% a &entral role n

&lau%e %tru&ture6 It &an #ardl" e*er be le!t out+ )t#out

t#e &lau%e be&o'n( un(ra''at&al6

Loo7 at t#% =- ele'ent &lau%e:

T#at old !ar'er/ drn7% /beer /b" t#e bu&7et!ul S V O A

1e &ould lea*e out t#e ad*erbal+ t#e ob4e&t and . !

%$ea7n( &a%uall" t#e %ub4e&t6 1e &ould ne*er lea*e

out t#e *erb- T#at old !ar'er/ beer/ b" t#e bu&7et!ul6

2ou &an e*en #a*e &lau%e% )# &on%%t only o! a *erb:0rn7 Run Sto$


7/21

1HAT CAN ,E A V3

T#e V ele'ent n a &lau%e &an be 9ute lon( and

&o'$le5+ but t u%uall" &on%%t% o! onl" ; or < )ord%+

and o!ten t #a% onl" )ord n t6 T#e !ollo)n( SV

&lau%e% %#o) %o'e $o%%blte%: T#e" 4u'$ed6

T#e" )ere 4u'$n(6

T#e" )erent 4u'$n(6

T#e" #a*e been 4u'$n(6 T#e" '(#t #a*e been 4u'$n(6

T#e" '(#tnt #a*e been 4u'$n(6


8/21

0ISTINGUISH THE VER,S

2ou #a*e been (*en an e5tra&t !ro' C#arle% Grant%

1#rl)nd+ one o! T#e Fle%+ )#ere all t#e V ele'ent%

#a*e been #(#l(#ted6 Co$" t#e%e ele'ent% nto a

table+ $uttn( t#e 'an *erb% n one &olu'n and an"au5lar" *erb% n anot#er6 I(nore an" )ord% )#

%e$arate an" au5lar" !ro' t% 'an *erb6


9/21

O,ECT .O

T#e ob4e&t n a &lau%e u%uall" tell% "ou )#o or )#at #a%been a!!e&ted b" t#e a&ton o! t#e *erb $#ra%e6 It

u%uall" &o'e% ''edatel" a!ter t#e %ub4e&t and *erb6

SVO % t#e ba%& &lau%e $attern n En(l%#6

In 'o%t &lau%e%+ t#ere % 4u%t one ob4e&t6

T#e lttle bo" %'a%#ed a )ndo)6

S V O

Here+ t#e )ndo) #a% undoubtedl" been a!!e&ted b" t#e

a&ton o! %'a%#n(6 It % t#e )ndo) )# #a% been

%'a%#ed- not t#e lttle bo"6

In t#e !ollo)n( &lau%e%+ t#e *erb% are not reall" a&ton%+

but t#er 'eann( a!!e&t% t#e ob4e&t n a %'lar )a"6

I %a) t#e &ar6 T#e table #a% !our le(%6


10/21

1HAT CAN ,E AN O,ECT3

A% )t# %ub4e&t%+ an ob4e&t &an be a %n(le noun:

I %a) Colette6 1e *%ted Strat!ord6

Ob4e&t% &an al%o be a %trn( o! )ord% ba%ed on a noun . a

noun $#ra%e :

T#e e5$lo%on de%tro"ed a &ar+ a tele$#one bo5+ and a%#o$ !ront6 T#% % not a %e9uen&e o! t#ree ob4e&t%+ but a

%n(le+ &o'$le5 ob4e&t6

Pronoun% &an al%o be ob4e&t%+ re!errn( to t#e noun% n

ot#er &lau%e%+ 4u%t a% %ub4e&t% do:

I !ound an e((6 T#en I &oo7ed t6 1#en I, he, she, we and theya$$ear a% an ob4e&t+ t#e"

#a*e a d%tn&t ob4e&t*e !or'6

A%7 'e6 A%7 #'6 A%7 #er6 A%7 u%6 A%7 t#e'6


11/21

FIN0 THE O,ECT 1rte out t#e%e %enten&e% and underlne t#e ob4e&t6

Loo7 out !or %enten&e% )t# 'ore t#an one &lau%e+)#ere t#ere 'a" be an ob4e&t n ea

6 I %a) t#e dent%t6

;6 Ha*e "ou 'et C#arle3


12/21

CLAUSES 1ITH T1O O,ECTS

So'et'e% a &lau%e #a% t)o ob4e&t%+ a% n t#%

%enten&e:

I / (a*e/ Fred/ a %and)

S V O O

I! )e a%7+ 1#at #a% been (*en3+ t#e an%)er % t#e

%and) T#e a&ton o! t#e *erb+ (*n(+directly

a$$le% to t#e %and) T#e %and) % )#at #a% been

(*en6A sandwich % t#ere!ore &alled t#e direct object

o! t#e *erb6 T#e indirect object % t#e $er%on or an'al

t#at re&e*e% t#e bene!t o! an a&ton- Fred6


13/21

FIN0 THE T1O O,ECTS Loo7 at t#e%e &lau%e% and )or7 out )# % t#e dre&t

ob4e&t and )# % t#e ndre&t ob4e&t6 0ra) a lnebet)een t#e'+ and label t#e dre&t ob4e&t DOand t#e

ndre&t ob4e&t IO.

6 1e #a*e to $a" t#e (ara(e DD

;6 M" 7nd &ou%n lent t#e !are to 'e6


14/21

COMPLEMENT

T#e &o'$le'ent ele'ent e5$re%% a

'eann( )# add% to t#at alread"

$re%ent n t#e %ub4e&t or ob4e&t6 Au%e!ul )a" o! re'e'bern( t% 4ob %

to t#n7 o! t#e )ord complete: t#e

&o'$le'ent &o'$lete% a 'eann(6


15/21

COMPLEMENTS HAVE T1O

VARIETIES T#ere are ; e! 7nd% o! &o'$le'ent6 T#e !r%t 7nd % &alled a subject complement, be&au%e

t &o'$lete% t#e 'eann( o! t#e %ub4e&t6 It &o'e% a!ter

t#e %ub4e&t and *erb6

Hlar" / %/ a do&tor6 A tul$/ %/ a !lo)er6

S V C S V C

1#at &o'e% a!ter t#e *erb dent!e% *er" &lo%el" )t#

)#at #a% (one be!ore t#e *erb6

T#e %e&ond 7nd o! &o'$le'ent % &alled an objectcomplement+ be&au%e t &o'$lete% t#e 'eann( o! t#e

dre&t ob4e&t6 It u%uall" &o'e% ''edatel" a!ter t#e

ob4e&t6

S#e / 'ade/ #er !rend/ an(r"6

S V O C


16/21

EPAN0 THE COMPLEMENTS

Ta7e t#e%e &lau%e% and re$la&e t#er %n(le- )ord

%ub4e&t &o'$le'ent% )t# a %trn( o! )ord%6 Ma7e t#e'

a% une5$e&ted a% $o%%ble6

6 I*e %$ra"ed t#e roo' )t# d%n!e&tant+ and t no)%'ell% lo*el"6

;6 1earn( t#o%e #at%+ )e loo7ed &ool6

6 To %u((e%t t#at I (o to bed at B o &lo&7 %ound% %en%ble6


17/21

A0VER,IAL .A

T#e &r&u'%tan&e% o! t#e a&ton or e*ent . t#e )#ere+

)#en+ #o)+ !or e5a'$le I %a) #' at the concert.

T#e ad*erbal ele'ent % *er" d!!erent !ro' t#e ot#er

&lau%e ele'ent%6

One &lau%e &an &ontan %e*eral n%tan&e%:

Later+ / O%&ar/ 7&7ed/ t#e ball/ !er&el"/ a&ro%% t#e

A S V O A A

!eld6

T#e t#ree ad*erbal% are o$tonal e5tra%: t#e" add ne)

bt% o! 'eann( to t#e SVO %enten&e+ but t#e" dont

an(e t#e ba%& 'eann(6


18/21

A0VER,IALS EPRESS A 1I0E

RANGE OF MEANINGS TIME: I le!t at < o &lo&76 . Ad*erbal-1#en3

PLACE: I )ent to London6 . Ad*erbal- 1#ere3

MANNER :I )al7ed %lo)l"6 . Ad*erbal- #o)3 A00ING A COMMENT: Fran7l"+ I t#n7 t% r(#t6

LINJING T1O CLAUSES : T#e bu% )a% !ull6 Ho)e*er+ I

!ound a %eat6


19/21

A00 SEVERAL A0VER,IALS 1rte out t#e%e &lau%e% )t# %o'e o$tonal e5tra

detal%+ addn( ad*erbal ele'ent% to tell u% )#en3 or)#ere3 or #o)3 U%e %o'e o! t#e%e e5a'$le%+ or

'a7e u$ ad*erbal% o! "our o)n6

1#en3 Soon+ t#en+ ne5t )ee7+ o!ten+ toda"+ n t#e

'ornn(+ on Sunda"

1#ere3T#ere+ n to)n+ nearb"+ u$%tar%+ t#at )a"+out%de+ on t#e table

Ho)3 Slo)l"+ loudl"+ #a$$l"+ )ell+ l7e an e5$ert+ b"

&ar+ )t# #a%te

6 Our tea' beat t#e lea(ue a'$on%6

;6 I' don( a ne) 4(%a)6


20/21

JMP ; HOME1ORJ :1RITE A

SPORTS COMMENTAR2 2ou #a*e been (*en a $e&e o! rado %$ort%

&o''entar"6 . Pun&tuaton #a% been added6

Re)rte t+ ta7n( out all t#e ad*erbal ele'ent%6 1rte

a bre! $ara(ra$# e5$lann( #o) t#e &o''entar" #a%an(ed+ and )#et#er "ou t#n7 t#e ne) *er%on %

better or )or%e+ and )#"6

No) )rte anot#er $e&e o! %$ort% &o''entar" + on

"our !a*ourte %$ort+ $uttn( n a% 'an" ad*erbal% a%

"ou &an t#n7 o!6 Ne5t le%%on+ )ell read our re%ult% outand de&de )#o )ould 'a7e t#e be%t &o''entator


21/21

VARIATIONS IN CLAUSE

PATTERNS T#ere are @ ba%& &lau%e t"$e% :

S V

I "a)ned

S V O

I o$ened t#e door

S V C

I a' read"

S V A

I )ent to London

S V O O

I (a*e #' a $en

S V O C I (ot '" %#oe% )et

S V O A

I $ut t#e bo5 on t#e !loor

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