DIFFERENCES IN COLONIZATIONFrom Settler Colonies to Resource Exploitation

WHAT IS A SETTLER COLONY? Occurred when European

family units moved into a region in large numbers

Intent is to replace native population with a new population of people

Key resource (pull factor) is the availability of land & economic opportunities

Push Factors Overpopulation back in

Europe

SOUTH AFRICA Originally settled by

farmers and ranchers from the Netherlands (Boers/Afrikaners) Contact with native Xhosa

tribes led to near extinction of the Africans, who didn’t have resistance to disease from the Dutch Europeans

British take control of the tip of Africa in 1806 Abolition of slavery in 1833

leads to eastward migration of Afrikaners who would fight against the Zulu people under their leader, Shaka Zulu

Diamonds and Gold Discovery of diamonds

(1867) and gold (1886) deposits lead to British miner migrations

Led to South African War b/t British and Dutch Afrikaners

Reconciliation b/t Afrikaners and British was reached and the Union of South Africa was formed which had whites control all native black Africans.

SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 1

AUSTRALIA Native Aborigine

population was a foraging/fishing society Considered savages by

the British 1770, James Cook

claims Australia for Britain on his voyages

Originally settled as a penal colony 200 free settlers 800 convicts

Decline of Aboriginal Population Infectious disease Forced resettlement Removal of children Destruction of culture

As number of white British settlers increased, Aboriginal population was forced off land and pushed into the interior (the Outback)

SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 2

FRENCH ALGERIA 1830-1962 Coastal region was

considered an integral part of France

Natives (largely Ottoman Muslims) pushed out as Europeans moved in

Colonized by peasants/working-class

poor from Italy, Spain, and France

political exiles and convicts from France

Napoleon III Respected natives and

tried to prevent contact/exploitation by limiting settlement to the coast

French officials disagreed Continued to grant land to colons

Goal was to provide land for wheat production

Tribal leaders sold land to turn a quick profit

SETTLER COLONIES: Case Study 3

NON-SETTLER COLONIES

What is it? A colony with very

few white European settlers

BELGIAN CONGO Colonized under King

Leopold II – forced local chiefs to sign treaties giving up power at gunpoint

Non settlement colony (in 1900, just over 1,000 Belgians lived in Congo, whose territory was 80x larger than all of Belgium itself)

Based on resource/labor exploitation Rubber tree plantations

Forced labor Cruel treatment of natives, high

taxes As many as 4-8 million native

Congalese died as a result

Belgian Congo

Non-settler Colony: Case Study 1

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION

Attempts to imitate Tran-Oceanic expansion occurred

United States Ideology of

Manifest Destiny caused US gov’t and settlers to push natives off of their land as land & expansion to the Pacific took place

Russia Relied on

serfdom/agriculture Serfdom abolished in

1861, but the system of oppression of peasants didn’t really end

Attempting to expand territory East to the Pacific & South to gain…Warm Water Ports!

Push for Industrialization Trans-Siberian Railroad

Opened Siberia for settlement

Began producing steel, coal, and petroleum