From the Atom to the Outer Cosmos

of Size

Length, Area, Volume

Our Room—Estimates,

Measurements and

Calculations

Ways of Measuring• An Entity in Nature : a foot, an AU, a

gram, a light year

• Agreed upon weights and measures

• International System of Units or…

• SI (le Systeme Internationale d’ Unites)

• American (was English) e.g.

• Yards,miles,acres,quarts, gallons, pounds

• Consistent accurate weights very important –Constitution set up a common system of weights and measures for all the USA.

Definitions of a foot and hand and cubit

One handequals four

inches

• The average depth of the Atlantic Ocean 2.5 miles

• From Lake Crystal to Mankato and Back 25 miles

How Deep in the Earth?

• To boil water-100C

• To melt Rock-1000C

• To match the temperature of the surface of the Sun-6000C

Distance

250 miles width of Minnesota

2500 miles LA- Wash DC

25,000 miles distance around earth at equator

250,000 miles distance to moon (286,000)

93 million miles to Sun

93million miles = one astronomical unit (AU) measurement used for planets (Mars is 1.6AU from sun)

Height and Depth

Highest point on earth: Mt Everest, Himalayas 29,000 ft (5.5miles) miles

Highest point in N. America: Mt McKinley, Alaska 20,370ft

Lowest point on land Dead Sea-1385 ft

Lowest point on Earth Mariana trench in Pacific ocean: 6.8 miles down

Pacific averages 2.8 mi deep

Atlantic: 2.5 mi

Distance to center of earth: 4000 miles. Diameter of earth-8000 miles)

Astronomical Unit 93 million miles (Earth to the Sun)

Planets Distance from Sun in AU

Light Year• Speed of light 186,000 miles /second

(3x10+8m/sec)• So it takes light 1.5 seconds to get to earth from

moon, 8 minutes from sun• A light year is a measurement of distance—distance

light travels in a year• A light year is 6 trillion miles• The nearest star we can see at night (not counting

our star the sun) is 4 light years away• The farthest object we can see in the night sky is the

Andromeda Galaxy-2.5 million light years away)• The universe is 160 billion light years wide

The farthest object in the night sky visible to “the naked eye” (2.5million ly)

Andromeda Galaxy

Definitions of a Meter

• 1/10million from North Pole to Equator by way of Paris

• A specific platinum iridium bar• A fraction of the speed of light in seconds • For our working definition we will accept

The meter stick

The meter stick divided by 1000A millimeter (lead in pencil)

10-3 m

Polio VirusPolio Virus: 25x 10 -9 meters (nanometers)

A bacterial cell is 10-6m (one micron)

A human (eukaryotic) cell is 10-100 microns

Thickness of Dime: 1.7 x10-3m (millimeter)

The Meter Stick divided by a MillionOne Micron(µm)-a bacteria cell

10-6 m

Cell Sizes

Bacterial Cell-1 micronEucaryote Cell 10-100 microns(1x10--5 m)

One micron =10 -6 meter

Comparative Sizes-Virus, Bacteria, Eucaryote

A meter stick divided by a billiona nanometer(cell membrane= 4nm)

10-9 m

The Meter Stick divided by 10 billion-

(1 angstrom = diameter of atom) 10-10 m

Meter Stick Divided by 1000 trillion Nucleus of an atom

1x10-15m

Atomic Size

• An atom 1x10-10 meter (an angstrom)

• Nucleus of atom is10-15 meter( a femtometer)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Helium_atom_QM.svg

Definitions and Conversions Everyone should Know

• 2.5 centimeters = 1 inch• 12 inches = 1 foot• 3 feet (36 inches) = 1 yard• 1 meter is a little more than a yard (39.37 inches)• 1760yds (5280ft) = 1 mile• 1000 meters = 1 kilometer• 1 kilometer = .6 miles• 1 mile =1.6 km• One Light year =6 trillion miles 9.5 trillion km• One Astronomical Unit= 93 million miles 150 million km• The speed of Light= 186,000 miles/second 300,000 km /sec

Scientific Notation10+12 is a trillion 10+9 is a billion 10+6 is a million

10+3 is a thousand

ZERO

10-2m is a centimeter10-3 m is a millimeter

10-6 m is a micrometer10-9 m is a nanometer

10-10m is an angstrom

10+3 means 10x10x1010+6 means 10x10x10x10x10x10

10-3 means 1/10+3 or 1/1000

Areas• Two dimensions

Each County is divided into townships

How Many Square miles in a Township?

Each square mile is a Section

An Acre

Areas: Two dimension-Surfaces

Hectare

Hectare: Acre (metric conversion)

• One Hectare =2.47 acres

Areas for common shapes-how we find them

• Area =Width x Length

One cc =One Milliliter

Three Teaspoons in a Tablespoon

One tablespoon =.5 oz 16 tbls=8 oz= 1 Cup

5 Quart Mixer

Two Cups in a

Two Pints in a

Four Quarts in a

Metric conversions

• 1tsp 4.9 ml

• 1 oz-29.8 ml

• 12oz=385 ml

• 500ml-16.9 oz

• 1 liter=328 oz=1.06 qt

Metric conversions: Volume12oz=385 ml

• 120z-355ml

One H

alf Liter 16.9oz

•

Mass

• The amount of material in an object

• Resistance to force (inertia)

MASSOne gm: One cubic centimeter

of H2OOne kilogram-One liter of water

Mass

• 9.1 10 -31 kg mass of electron

• 1.66 10 -27 kg mass of proton, neutron and amu.

• 6x10+24 kg mass Earth

• 1.98 10 +30 kg mass Sun

Mass of the Universe(1050 kg)

Mass/Volume =Density

• Water 1gm/cc

• Earth 5.5 gm/cc

• Sun 1.4gm/cc

Surface Area—the Covering for the Volume

Surface Areas

Surface area of a Cube

Surface area of a Rectancular

9th Grade Assignment—making a “A Sense of Scale” Chart

• We will be taping these on a Science Fair type poster which I can use to teach other grades

• Different Students should do different panels.• Each Student should work on his own.• Each panel is a 11x14 paper with some size on it –and an illustration. • We also need panels called What is a light year? Meter stick vs yard stick, What is Scientific

Notation? Conversions Everyone should Know. • We also need a panel with low and high points of the earth. • Panel of our 25 miles 250 miles 2500 miles 25,000 miles examples (maybe add 2.5 miles- avg

depth of Atlantic Ocean) A good map drawer should do this one,.• Assignmets table one light years several panels with a definition• Table 2 astronomical units definition and pictures of planets with rough distances(in AU)• Table three 2.5mile -250,000 mile scale• Table 4 atom nucleus and diameter as well as sizes of cells• Table 5 SPECIAL PANELS A)Title Panel B) Scientific Notation Panel C) Conversions

everyone should know, OR D) A composite of objects and Scales angstrom, micron, miles. Astronomical unit and light year

• SIGN YOUR WORK IN LOWER RIGHT HAND OF PAPER OR ON BACK• Wed -art projects, thur and fri lecture Friday solar system worksheet due

What is a prism again?

Following Slides Do not Use

Budgets: Thinking About Numbers

• Federal Debt 2006                                     5 trillion• Federal 2008 Expenditures                    3 trillion • Revenues(2006)• 1&2 Wallmart and Exxon                         350 billion• 3&5 GM and Chevron                               200 billion• Ford and GE                                                160 billion• 33Target                                                        60 billion•          Some Government Annual Budgets:• Minnesota 2006 Expenditures                 25 billion  • Big Bang-the manifestation of matter 13.7 billion years ago  • Solar System and Earth Form 4.6 billion   ya       • Minneapolis 2005 Expenditures              1.5 billion• MSU  2007 Annual Revenues                    185 million•   13,500 students•                                                            Tuition: 70 million 

• City of Mankato-2007 Budget                 75 million• Blue Earth County  2007                            57 million 

Light: an Electromagnetic Wave

Oceanic crust: 4 miles thick

Continental crust: 12-40 miles thick

Astronomical Units and Solar System

Planets-Astronomical Units Away

Parallax